Development and Social Change A

Global Perspective 6th Edition

McMichale Test Bank
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 Development and Social Change, 6th edition
Philip McMichael

Chapter 7 - Globalization Countermovements

Test Bank

1. The globalization is lauded for its market-based claims and rules; but these very
claims and rules are criticized because they:
a. impose a one-size fits all program across the diverse world
*b. impose universalist way of thinking around the diverse world
c. convert local cultures into global cultures
d. absorb all nations under one umbreslla
Answer Location: Global Countermovements
Page Number: 179

2. The notion that the market society is a "double statement" is most closely associated
with:
a. Karl Marx
*b. Karl Polyanyi
c. Karl Jaspers
d. Karl Maron
Answer Location: Global Countermovements
Page Number: 180

3. Globalization's countermovement politics are intended to:

a. develop market society visions of development
b. focus attention only on Third World countries
*c. challenge the association of markets with development
d. offer globalization-focused alternative prescriptions
Answer Location: Global Countermovements
Page Number: 180

4. Systemic countermovements are different from reforming movements because

a. they offer the possibility of defending the system
b. they offer the possibility of transforming the system
c. they do not offer the possibility of defending the system
*d. they do not offer the possibility of transforming the system
Answer Location: Global Countermovements
Page Number: 181

5. All of the following are examples of environmentalism, except:

*a. greening
b. swidden
c. transhumance
d. permaculture
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 181

6. As a countermovement, environmentalism challenges

a. the modern paradigm of environmental development
*b. the artificial separation of the social from the natural world
c. the orthodox perspectives on environmentalism
d. governments to address environmental challenges
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 182

7. Pope Francis's concept of 'ecological debt' draws attention to the ecological debt of
the _____, with respect to _______
a. far east, western resources
b. global south, northern resources
*c.global north, southern resources
d. global north, eastern resources
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 182

8. the significance of Pope Francis's encyclical was to draw attention to the short term
focus on_______ by the global north, at the long-term ________ of the global south.
a. development milestones; environmental expense
b. poverty reduction; debt reduction
c. carbon emissions; underdevelopment
*d. accumulation of wealth; environmental expense Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 182

9. The key theme of of Rachel Carson's 'Silent Spring' discussed in the textbook is that
*a. nature is not an infinitely exploitable domain
b. nature is an infinitely exploitable domain
c. modernity's perceives nature as silent spring
d. modernity's perceives nature as a savior
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 182

10. The Brundtland Commission's 1987 call for attention to "Sustainable Development"
illustrates_____
a. the paradox between development and poverty
*b. the paradox between economic prosperity and ecological damage
c. the paradox between economic prosperity and human welfare
d. the paradox between development and self-sufficiency.
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 182

11. All of the following groups engaged in "environmentalism of the poor", except:
a. Kayapo Indians
b. Ogonis
*c. Igbarakas
d. Ijaws.
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 182

12. Collective women's movements such as those arranged by the Kikuyu women in
Laikipia of Kenya illustrate which of the following?
a. infuriate government agencies
b. undermine local production
c. enable dependency on the state
*d. restore women's access to resources denied them by state
Answer Location: Feminism
Page Number: 194

13. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. The agenda of the modern feminist movement, as
detailed in the 1999 Women's International Coalition for Economic Justice, include:
*a. assigning equal value to productive work
*b. valuing the work of social reproduction
*c. reorienting social values from economism to humanism
d. assigning value to ecofeminism
Answer Location: Modern Feminism
Page Number: 195

14. The Women in Development (WID) feminism calls on planners to redress the
absence of gender in development agenda in all the following ways except:
*a. provide tax subsidies to women's environmental movement activities to encourage
their participation in political activism
b. shift the predominant focus on male cash-earning activities and recognize women's
contribution in the household informal economy
c. recognize women's roles in education, reproductive health care, family planning
d. pursue ameliorative measures, including incorporation of women into income-
generating activities
Answer Location: Feminist Formulations
Page Number: 196

15. The Gender in Development (GAD) feminism's development agenda called on

planners and policy makers to address address the gender imbalance in development in
all of the following except:
a. examine how productive and reproductive activities are valued, by whom, and in
whose interests, since gender is socially constructed.
*b.transform and emphasize alternative gender socialization practices to ensure gender
equality and reduce gender inequality.
c. under gendered divisions of labor, and explore the nature of the relationship between
productive and reproductive work
d. shift the focus on development to gender relations, gender roles
Answer Location: Feminist Formulations
Page Number: 197

16. DAWN (Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era), WIDE (Women in
Development Europe), WEDO (Women's Environment and Development Organization)
are all examples of ______, and have one common goal, of ____________
a. transnational feminist networks, providing assistance to gendered labor
b. transnational feminist networks, advocating legal aid to women only
*c.transnational feminist networks, advocating equal partnership of women in the
global south in policy making and practice
d. transnational feminist networks, providing the international framework for
ecofeminism and feminist activism.
Answer Location: Feminist Formulations
Page Number: 197-198

17. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY: Unlike other countermovements, the feminist paradigm
not only advocates for inclusion of women in the development process but also calls
attention to:
*a. the limits, silences and violence of neoliberalism
*b. the definition of what constitutes 'productive' work in national accounting systems
c.discounting of women's activities as unproductive
d. emphasis on anti-gendered bias in development thinking.
Answer Location: Feminist Formulations
Page Number: 199

18. The feminist paradigm stresses that development is a relational, not a universal
process, implying:
*a. the need to take into account women's context, not abstract ideals
b. the need to take into account the relation between global south and north
c. the need to take into account the relationship between men and women
d. the need to take into account the relationship between productive and reproductive
activities
Answer Location: Question of Empowerment
Page Number: 199

19. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. Feminists entered the debate linking environmental
damage (stemming from resource impoverishment) to population control in the Third
World because:
a. they are concerned about the overpopulation of the world
*b. they want to protect women from biological manipulation (since most fertility
control methods target women)
*c. the wanted to draw attention to the fact that fertility control policies overlook the
role of the global north in environmental damage
d. of their desire to direct attention to the male bias in fertility discussions
Answer Location: Gender, Poverty, Fertility
Page Number: 200

20. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY: Feminists advocate women take control of their fertility
and recommend the following approaches to reduce fertility in Third World:
*a. female education
*b. use of sexual health services
c. counseling of men
d. counseling of girls and mothers
Answer Location: Gender, Poverty, Fertility
Page Number: 200

21. According to the demographic transition theory, birth rates ______ as economic
growth ______. This transition occurs as societies shift from ____to ____, and children
are viewed as an ______ rather than a(n) ______. Select the best sequence of words to
complete the sentence.
*a. decline, proceeds. preindustrial, industrial, economic liability, necessity.
b. decline, stagnates. industrial, preindustrial, economic asset, liability.
c. decline, proceeds. preindustrial, industrial, economic asset, necessity.
d. c. decline, shifts. pre-industrial, post-industrial, economic asset, necessity.
Answer Location: Gender, Poverty, Fertility
Page Number: 201

22. Evidence from contraceptive use in Bangladesh has been cited as superseding
conventional theories of “demographic transition” because:
a. fertility rates declined purely out of coincidence
*b. fertility rates declined without the required improvements in economic growth
c. fertility rates increased with improvements in the economy
d. fertility rates increased with increasing contraceptive usage
Answer Location: Gender, Poverty, Fertility
Page Number: 201

23. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. The Zapatista movement is unique because it
*a. demonstrated the feasibility of food sovereignty
*b. inspired disadvantaged communities throughout Mexico and the world to seek out
self-determination
*c. provided a powerful and symbolic critique of the politics of globalization
d. demonstrated the feasibility of mass land revitalization
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 205

24. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY: The Zapatista movement arose because
*a. NAFTA flooded Mexico with cheap and subsided corn from Iowa
*b. subsidized corn undercut local maize prices for campesinos, driving million
producers off their lands
c. NAFTA introduced policies that confiscated land from the campesinos
d. NAFTA denied loans to Mexicans.
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 205

25. A handful of ______ that manage ____ of world grain trade contribute to
_________ of the global food chain.
*a. food corporations, largest share, centralized control
b. food conservationists, largest share, distribution
c. farmers, growth, development
d. food industrialists, growth, development
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 206

26. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY: A defining effect of WTO (through its Agreement on
Agriculture)'s policies on food sovereignty is
*a. universalization of a new agro-business model that displaces small-scale producers
by large food cooperations
*b. displacement of small scale farmers through dumping of subsidized grains.
c. development of globalization and its discontents
d. proliferation of peasant uprisings
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 206

27. Food sovereignty, as defined by Paul Nicholson, includes all of the following except:
a. local food markets
b. right of a country to protect borders from imported food
c. defense of biodiversity
*d. import substitution policies
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 207

28. According to the Via Campesina, small producers should be the principal agent to
feed the world because
*a. they feed up to 70% of the world, much more than monocultures of industrial
agriculture.
b. they practice sustainable grain production
c. they are locally controlled
d. they are completely divorced from agro-industry
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 207

29. Food sovereignty proponents argue that the global market serves private interests
and reduced food to the status of a commodity, skewing its access. This implies that
a. those who produce food can benefit from it
*b. those who have money will have access to food
c. those who sell food can determine what is produced
d. those who have money can determine the demand for food.
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 207

30. The meaning of food sovereignty is not only applied to small producer coalitions in
the countryside, but also to all of the following except:
a. sustainable/organic/local food systems
b. faith-based charities
*c. micro-credit enterprises
d. Native American rights organizations
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 209

31. According to text, the promises of neoliberalism are not an illusion, but actually real.
True
*False
Answer Location: Global Countermovements
Page Number: 179

32. The concept of "ecological debt" is most closely associated with Dalai Lama and not
Pope Francis
True
*False
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 182

33. The outcome of environmentalism is explore and generate ways to re-embed

economy in ecology
*True
False
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 182

34. In addition to claiming what women need from development, WID advocates what
development needs from women
*a. True
b. False
Answer Location: Feminist Formulations
Page Number: 196

35. DAWN (Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era), WIDE (Women in
Development Europe), WEDO (Women's Environment and Development Organization)
are all examples of Transnational Feminist Multilateral Organizations (TFMO).
True
*False
Answer Location: Feminist Formulations
Page Number: 198

36. The feminist paradigm stresses that development is a relational, not a universal
process.
*True
False
Answer Location: Question of Empowerment
Page Number: 199

37. The Zapatista movement demonstrated the feasibility of food sovereignty and
inspired disadvantaged communities throughout Mexico and the world to seek out self-
determination
*True
False
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 205

38. The food sovereignty countermovement emerged through the experience of a

global agrarian crisis accompanying the neoliberal era (1980s to the 2000)
a. True
*b. False
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 205

39. According to the Via Campesina, small producers should be the principal agent to
feed the world, as they feed up to 70% of the world and have capacity to produce as
much if not more food than large monocultures of industrial agriculture.
*a. True
b. False
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 207

40. Food sovereignty is only used to describe the struggles of the small food producer
coalitions, and not to any entity beyond the countryside.
a. True
*b. False
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 209

41. Diane Perrons states that "neoliberalism is a powerful ideology and appeals to
people’s self-interest. It implies that free markets are somehow a natural and inevitable
state of affairs in which individual endeavor will be rewarded, and perhaps because of
this the poor accept growing inequalities because they think they have a chance of
becoming rich themselves as society appears to be freer and more open." Do you agree
with this statement?
Answer: Varies. Not. because, neoliberalism is an illusion, as decades of development
have not ended hunger and malnutrition, and now material inequality (wealth, health,
resource access) is more entrenched than ever across the world. Further, self-interest
and monetary wealth alone are not universal goals, as evidenced by the social and
political struggles of global countermovements.
Answer Location: Poverty Governance
Page Number: 148

42. Explain Karl Polanyi assertion that the market society is as a “double movement.”
Answer: Varies. Nationwide markets were instituted in the nineteenth century with
varying promises, but at the same time it came with negative consequences. Social
classes deprived of livelihoods on the land, of rights in the workplace, and of stable
business conditions formed protective countermovements against attempts to rule
through free-market principles. To him therefore, this dynamic is a double movement,
where countermovements focused on bringing markets under social control.
Answer Location: Global Countermovements
Page Number: 180

43. What are the consequences of understanding and prescribing the market as the site
and vehicle of development?
Answer: Varies. Markets reinforce the belief that well-being depends on increasing GNP
— a relationship that is increasingly debated by recent studies, and indicators from the
Human Development Indexes. As a consequence, markets link non-monetized activity
with poverty. By implication, if what is productive (and therefore key) to development is
only that which can be measured in monetary terms, then, for example, women’s
unpaid labor is discounted, as are the myriad activities (such as seed-sharing, and crop
rotation) through which people share common resources and construct livelihood
networks. Within the development narrative, then, these practices become targets for
displacement or commercialization in order to switch them to and record monetized
activities, that will ultimately increase the gross domestic product (GDP).
Answer Location: Global Countermovements
Page Number: 180

44. Define environmentalism, giving one concrete example of it.

Answer: Varies. Environmentalism is the process of developing ways to sustain and work
with natural ecological cycles, modifying them for domesticated agriculture, without
neglecting the need to restoring or maintaining natural habitat. Swidden agriculture is
one example of this, involving land clearing for farming, followed by periods of fallow
and renewal of grassland or forestland.
Answer Location: Environmentalism
Page Number: 181

45. What is the relationship between colonialism, women and environmental

movements?
Answer: Varies. Women have increasingly played a central role in the protection of local
resources and community, an indirect consequence of colonialism. As private property in
land emerged, women’s work tended to specialize in use of the commons for livestock
grazing, firewood collection, game hunting, and seed gathering for medicinal purposes.
These activities allowed women to supplement the incomes earned by men in the
commercial sector. Women assumed a role as environmental managers, often forced to
adapt to deteriorating conditions as commercial extractions increased over time. The
establishment of individual rights to property under colonialism typically privileged men,
consolidating patriarchy as an anchor of modern capitalism. The result has been to
fragment social systems built on the complementarity of male and female work. Men’s
work became specialized: In national statistics, it is routinely counted as contributing to
the commercial sector. Conversely, the specialization of women’s labor as “nonincome-
earning” work means that women’s work remains outside the commercial sector,
leaving much of it invisible. The domain of invisible work includes maintaining the
commons, and farming and producing food.
Answer Location: Feminism
Page Number: 193

46. Discuss the feminist notion that development is a relational, not a universal, process.
Answer: Varies. The statement calls attention to theorists to be aware of how our ideals
shape assumptions about other societies and their needs. Feminization of global labor,
for example, is ladden with assumptions about the ravaging and disenfranchizing effects
of neoliberalism on women's empowerment. However, concerns for the empowerment
of women in Third World settings should refer to those circumstances, not to abstract
ideals of individual emancipation. In other words, these concerns need to be
contextualized in the realities of lives of women in their respective societies. For
example, the evaluation of the effects of employment for women needs to take into
consideration what happens at the level of gender socialization and power relations.
Answer Location: Question of Empowerment
Page Number: 199

47. What is food sovereignty and why is it important as a globalization

countermovement?
Answer: Varies. Food sovereignty has emerged as a powerful global countermovement
in the twenty-first century, engaging both rural and urban constituencies. The term food
sovereignty refers, ultimately, to community self-determination in producing and
consuming food equitably and sustainably. It embodies the values of environmentalism,
gender rights, collective democracy, and restoring the centrality of farming to the human
life-world. As a countermovement, food sovereignty appeared publicly in 1996, but its
roots are in the 1980s in Central America, where, for example, peasant mobilization in
Costa Rica and organized initiatives in Panama and Nicaragua espoused the goal of food
autonomy.
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 204

48. Discuss the origin of the Zapatista movement, and its significance in the debate on
food sovereignty.
Answer: Varies. When the Mexican government instituted its National Food Program
(Programa Nacional de Alimentación) in 1983, its stated objective was “to achieve food
sovereignty” — implying not simply food self-sufficiency but also reducing food
dependency and imports of agrotechnologies, and strengthening national control of the
food chain. During the next decade, a neoliberal Mexican government entered into
negotiations to eliminate this program and its foundations in its distinctive "ejido"
(collective lands) system as it signed on to the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA). Meanwhile, peasant producers in the southern state of Chiapas, denied the
promise of land reforms, were squeezed by expanding cattle ranches and coffee
plantations and displaced into the Lacandon rainforest to fend for themselves.On New
Year’s Day 1994, hundreds of impoverished peasants rose up against what they
perceived to be the Mexican state’s continued violation of local rights, in the name of
the Mexican revolutionary Emilio Zapata.
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 204-205

49. Why is biodiversity so critical to global countermovements, in particular food

sovereignty?
Answer: Varies. Biodiversity has as a fundamental base the recognition of human
diversity, the acceptance that we are different and that every people and each individual
has the freedom to think and to be. Seen in this way, biodiversity is not only flora, fauna,
earth, water, and ecosystems; it is also cultures, systems of production, human and
economic relations, forms of government; in essence it is freedom
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 207

50. Some argue that neoliberalism has reduced food to the status of a commodity.
Answer: Varies. As a Polanyian countermovement, food sovereignty establishes that the
global market is instituted in such a way that states serve private interests, reducing food
to the status of a commodity. By reducing the meaning of food to a commodity only
those who have money will be able to have access to food. In shifting the emphasis from
market value to social need, Vía Campesina observes that “food is first and foremost a
source of nutrition and only secondarily an item of trade. Reducing food to the status of
a commodity only privileges the richer nations, the rich to the detriment of the poor,
and entrenching class inequalities.
Answer Location: Food Sovereignty
Page Number: 208