Zagazig university

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power and Machine Dept.

High Voltage Engineering

By
Dr. Ashraf Samir
 Zagazig university
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power and Machine Dept.

High Voltage Engineering

Lecture No. 2
Introduction
By
Dr. Ashraf Samir
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High Voltages

 Generation of High D.C. Voltages
 Rectification Circuits
a) Half Wave Rectifier b) Full Wave Rectifier
 Voltage Cascade Circuits
a) Voltage double Circuit (Greinacher) b) Voltage Multiplier Circuits
 Electrostatic Machines: Basic Principle
a) Van de Graaff Generators b) Electrostatic Generators
 Generation of High A.C. Voltages
 Cascade Transformers
 Resonant Circuit
 Generation of Impulse Voltages
 Standard Impulse Waveshapes
 Multistage Impulse Generators—Marx Circuit
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Previous Lecture
 Cockroft-Walton
𝑰 𝒏(𝒏−𝟏)
 𝜹𝑽 =
𝟐𝒇𝑪 𝟐
𝑰 𝒏(𝒏−𝟏)
 𝟐𝜹𝑽 =
𝒇𝑪 𝟐
𝑰 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
 ∆𝑽 = ( 𝒏 + 𝒏 − 𝒏)
𝒇𝑪 𝟑 𝟐 𝟔
 𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − (∆𝑉 + 𝛿𝑉)
𝑰 𝟐 𝟑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 5 =⇒ 𝑽𝒐 = 𝟐𝒏𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 − ( 𝒏 )
𝒇𝑪 𝟑
𝑓𝐶 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 4
 𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑡 = ==⇒ 𝑉𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼 3
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

Electrostatic Machines: Basic Principle
 In electromagnetic machines, current carrying conductors are moved in a
magnetic field, so that the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
 In electrostatic machines charged bodies are moved in an electric field against
an electrostatic field in order that mechanical energy is converted into electrical
energy.
a) Van de Graaff Generators
b) Electrostatic Generators
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

Electrostatic Machines: Basic Principle
a) Van de Graaff Generators
An insulated belt is moving with uniform velocity 𝜈 in an electric field of strength 𝐸(𝑥).
The charge 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑑𝑥
the force experienced by the belt.
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑞 = 𝐸𝜌𝑏 dx
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑏 න 𝐸 dx

∴ 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑏𝑉
𝑏: the width of the belt
𝜌: the charge density
𝑑𝑥: a length of the belt.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

Electrostatic Machines: Basic Principle
a) Van de Graaff Generators
∴ 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑏𝑉
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 = 𝜌𝑏𝑣 𝑉

and
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉
∴ 𝑰 = 𝝆𝒃𝒗
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

Electrostatic Machines: Basic Principle
a) Van de Graaff Generators
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

Electrostatic Machines: Basic Principle
a) Van de Graaff Generators
The generator is usually enclosed in an earthed metallic cylindrical vessel and is operated
under pressure or in vacuum.
Charge is sprayed on to an insulating moving belt from corona points at a potential of 10 to
100 kV above earth and is removed and collected from the belt connected to the inside of an
insulated metal electrode through which the belt moves.
The belt is driven by an electric motor at a speed of 1000 to 2000 meters per minute.
The potential of the high voltage electrode rises at a rate
𝑄 𝑑𝑉 𝐼
𝑉= ===⇒ ∴ =
𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

Electrostatic Machines: Basic Principle
a) Van de Graaff Generators
The advantages of the generator are:
(i) Very high voltages can be easily generated
(ii) Ripple free output
(iii) Precision and flexibility of control
The disadvantages are:
(i) Low current output
(ii) Limitations on belt velocity due to its tendency for vibration.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High A.C. Voltages

 Most of the present day transmission and distribution networks are operating on a.c.
voltages.
 Most of the testing equipment relate to high a.c. voltages.
 Even though most of the equipment on the system are 3-phase systems, a single phase
transformer operating at power frequency is the most common from of HVAC testing
equipment.
The design of a test transformer is similar to a potential transformer used for the
measurement of voltage and power in transmission lines. The flux density chosen is low so
that it does not draw large magnetizing current which would otherwise saturate the core and
produce higher harmonics.

Cascade Transformers

 Resonant Circuit
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High A.C. Voltages

Cascade Transformers
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High A.C. Voltages

Cascade Transformers
For voltages higher than about 300 to 500 kV, the
cascading of transformers is a big advantage, as
the weight of a whole testing set can be subdivided
into single units.

For 3-stage
𝑉 = 3𝑉𝑖𝑛

For n-stage
𝑉 = 𝑛𝑉𝑖𝑛
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High A.C. Voltages

Cascade Transformers

Advantages
1- for n-stages 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑉𝑖𝑛
2- lower rating transformer
3- simple construction

Disadvantages
1- high expensive cost
2- the lower stages of the primaries of
the transformers are loaded more as compared with the upper stages.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High A.C. Voltages

 Series Resonant Circuit
The development of series resonance circuit for testing purpose has been very widely welcome
by the cable industry as they faced resonance problem with test transformer while testing short
lengths of cables.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High A.C. Voltages

 Series Resonant Circuit
1
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝜔𝐿 − )
𝜔𝐶
Under resonance,
1
𝜔L = ==⇒ ∴ 𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅
𝜔𝐶
𝑉 1
the output voltage will be 𝑉0 =
𝑅 𝜔𝐶
where 𝑉 is the supply voltage.
But the quality factor of the
Since at resonance inductor 𝐐 = 𝝎𝑳/𝑹
𝜔𝐿
∴ 𝑉0 = 𝑉
𝑅
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High A.C. Voltages

 Series Resonant Circuit
Under resonance,
∴ 𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑄

where Q is the quality factor of the inductor which usually varies between 40 and
80. This means that with Q = 40, the output voltage is 40 times the supply
voltage.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High A.C. Voltages

 The advantages of series resonance circuit
(i) The power requirements in kW of the feed circuit are (𝑘𝑉𝐴)/𝑄. Hence, the requirement is
very small.
(ii) The series resonance circuit suppresses harmonics and interference to a large extent.
(iii) In case of a flashover or breakdown of a test specimen during testing, the short circuit
current is limited by the reactance of the variable reactor.
(iv) A lower overall weight.
(v) When testing SF6 switchgear, multiple breakdowns do not result in high transients. Hence,
no special protection against transients is required.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Example (2)
A 100 kVA 250 V/200 kV feed transformer has resistance and reactance of 1% and 5%
respectively. This transformer is used to test a cable at 400 kV at 50 Hz. The cable takes a
charging current of 0.5 A at 400 kV. Determine the series inductance required. Assume 1%
resistance of the inductor. Also determine input voltage to the transformer. Neglect dielectric
loss of the cable.
Sol.
The capacitive reactance (Test Specimen)
400
Xc = = 800 𝑘Ω
0.5
%
Ω = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Ω
100
2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (200)2
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Ω = = = 400 𝑘Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 0.1
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Example (2)
A 100 kVA 250 V/200 kV feed transformer has resistance and reactance of 1% and 5%
respectively. This transformer is used to test a cable at 400 kV at 50 Hz. The cable takes a
charging current of 0.5 A at 400 kV. Determine the series inductance required. Assume 1%
resistance of the inductor. Also determine input voltage to the transformer. Neglect dielectric
loss of the cable.
Sol.
The resistance and reactance of the transformer are
1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = × 400 = 4 𝑘Ω 𝑎𝑛𝑑
100
5
𝑋𝑒𝑞 = × 400 = 20 𝑘Ω
100
At resonant 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
𝑋𝑒𝑞 + 𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝐶 =⇒ 20 + 𝑋𝑠 = 800
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Example (2)
A 100 kVA 250 V/200 kV feed transformer has resistance and reactance of 1% and 5%
respectively. This transformer is used to test a cable at 400 kV at 50 Hz. The cable takes a
charging current of 0.5 A at 400 kV. Determine the series inductance required. Assume 1%
resistance of the inductor. Also determine input voltage to the transformer. Neglect dielectric
loss of the cable.
Sol.
∴ 𝑋𝑠 = 780 𝑘Ω
𝑋𝑠 780
∴ 𝐿𝑠 = = = 2484 𝐻
𝜔 2𝜋 × 50
𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅𝑇 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑞 + 𝑅𝑠 = 0.5 × 8000 = 4 𝑘𝑉
250
∴ 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 3
=5𝑉
200 × 10