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q1 Esci Notes (To Highlight)
q1 Esci Notes (To Highlight)
Atmosphere Biosphere
● Biosphere comes from the Greek word bios
● Atmosphere serves as the Earth's blanket. meaning life.
● Its name is rooted from the Greek word atmos ● It is composed of all living things and the areas
which means gas, and sphaira which means where they are found.
globe or ball. ● It includes all animals, microbes, and plants. It
● It is composed of gases in varying amounts extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere
and its relative abundance is also crucial in where insects and birds can be found.
different parts of the earth. ● Matter and energy flows and cycle between
● The air in the atmosphere is generally the four subsystems to sustain and make life
composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, on Earth possible. Both of it can flow across
0.9% argon, and the remaining 0.10% is made the boundaries of each subsystem
up of different trace gases and vapor. ● The geosphere is where the rocky part of the
● The amount of oxygen we breathe in is about earth is in contact with water, air, and life.
21%, and the amount we breathe out is 16.4% ● In the biosphere, each organism plays an
oxygen. important role in the food web. If one is lost,
● Serves as the Earth's protection from harmful then the others will be affected.
UV rays and keeps the planet warm through
greenhouse gasses.
● Atmosphere is affected by the Earth's gravity, It is also generally where the spheres
so this is the reason why as the altitude intersect and affect each other. The processes
increases, the amount of gases in the that move matter and energy from one sphere
atmosphere decreases. to another are called as sphere interactions.
● Composed of layers namely: troposphere, Changes in any sphere greatly affect the other
stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and spheres as well since all the spheres are
exosphere. interconnected systems.
3.2 STREAK
- The color of a mineral in powdered form.
- You can find a mineral’s streak by rubbing
the mineral against a piece of unglazed
porcelain.
- Streak plate - The piece of unglazed
porcelain.
- The mark left on the streak plate is the
1. Luster streak.
2. Hardness - Streak is a more useful property than color
3. Color and streak for identifying minerals. This is because the
4. Crystal form and habit color of a mineral’s streak is always the
5. Cleavage and fracture same.
6. Specific gravity - For example, the color of the mineral
hematite may vary, but its streak will always
1. LUSTER be red-brown.
- The way a surface reflects light.
- When you say that something looks shiny, 4. CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE
you are describing its luster. - Different minerals break in different ways.
- A mineral can have a metallic, submetallic, - The way that a mineral breaks depends on
or nonmetallic luster. how its atoms are arranged.
- Cleavage - When some minerals break, the
2. HARDNESS surfaces that form are smooth and flat.
- A mineral’s resistance to being scratched. - Fracture - Other minerals break unevenly,
- Scientists use the Mohs hardness scale to along curved or rough surfaces.
describe the hardness of minerals.
- The harder a mineral is to scratch, the 5. DENSITY
higher its rating on the Mohs scale. - A measure of how much matter is in a given
- Talc, one of the softest minerals, has a amount of space.
rating of 1. - It is usually measured in grams per cubic
- Diamond, the hardest mineral, has a centimeter (g/cm³). For example, the density
rating of 10. of water is 1 g/cm³.
- Geologists often use specific gravity to
describe the density of a mineral.
- A mineral’s specific gravity is the density of
the mineral divided by the density of water
(1 g/cm3).
- For example, gold has a density of 19
g/cm3. Its specific gravity is 19.
6. CRYSTAL FORM/HABIT
- The external shape of a crystal or groups of 2. Oxides
crystals.
- It is the natural shape of the mineral before
the development of any cleavage or ● Minerals containing Oxygen anion (O2-)
fracture. combined with one or more metal ions.
● Examples: Common oxide minerals are
magnetite (Fe3O4) and Hematite (Fe2O3).
special PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
3. Sulfates
1. FLUORESCENCE
- Calcite and fluorite show the property of ● Minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion
fluorescence. (SO4) - combined with other ions (metal
- They glow under ultraviolet light. cation).
● They usually precipitate out of water near
2. CHEMICAL REACTION Earth’s surface.
- Calcite produces a chemical reaction when ● Example: Gypsum
a drop of weak acid is placed on it. It fizzes
and produces gas bubbles.
4. Sulfides
3. OPTICAL PROPERTIES
- Some minerals, such as this calcite, show ● Minerals containing sulfur anion (S2-)
optical properties. combined with one or more ions.
- Images look doubled when they are viewed ● Some sulfides are sources of economically
through calcite. important metals such as copper, lead and
zinc.
4. MAGNETISM ● Examples: Covellite (Copper Sulfide), Galena
- Magnetite shows the property of magnetism. (Lead Sulfide), Wurtzite (Zinc Iron Sulfide)
- It is a natural magnet.
- Attracts metallic objects. 5. Carbonates
5. TASTE
- Halite has a salty taste. ● Minerals containing the carbonate anion
- Taste can be influenced by the chemical (CO3)2 - combined with other elements.
composition. ● It is characterized by the presence of
carbonic acid (H2CO3) which bonds
6. RADIOACTIVITY elements such as calcium or magnesium to
- Minerals that contain radioactive elements form calcite or dolomite.
may show the property of radioactivity.
- The radiation they give off can be detected 6. Halides
by a Geiger counter
● Minerals containing halogen elements
Cation – a positively charged ion. combined with one or more elements.
Anion – a negatively charged ion ● Examples: Chlorine or Fluorine which forms
Halite or Rock Salt (NaCl) and Fluorite
Lesson 4.3 (CaF2)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ● Other Example: Dolomite
Bedrock
● mass of consolidated rock that has not been
weathered
● may be exposed at the surface of the Earth
or may be overlain by the broken and
decomposed rock fragments (regolith).
Lesson 5.2
Classification of rocks
Igneous Rock
● Magmatic rocks
● “parent rock”
● Formed through the cooling and
solidification of magma or lava.
3. Pyroclastic rock
○ hybrid of igneous and sedimentary
○ relevant in Philippine setting because it
is a common eruptive product
Sedimentary Rock
● Formed by the deposition and cementation
of mineral or organic particles on the floor
of oceans and other bodies of water at the
Earth's surface.
Metamorphic Rock
● Forms from existing rock types called
“parent rock” in the process called
metamorphism (change in form)
● The original rock, which can be an
igneous, sedimentary, or another
metamorphic rock is subjected to heat and
pressure causing a profound chemical or
physical change.
Agriculture
● NPK Fertilizers - nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium
● Lime - lowers acidity of soil
Health
● Supplements - calcium, magnesium, zinc
2. Underground Mining
● Used to extract the rocks, minerals, and
other precious stones found beneath the
Earth’s surface.
● Miners need to create a tunnel so they
can reach the ore minerals.
● More expensive and dangerous because
miners need to use explosive devices to
remove the minerals from the rocks that
cover them.
Mineral Processing
■ It is the process of extracting minerals from the
ore, refining them, and preparing these minerals
for use. The primary steps involved in processing
minerals include: