water storage below the top filtrates into the soil and subsequently joins th + Rainwater int surfac: + When the natural relief is such that the ground s surface of groundwater reservoir then there exss er mass. + The groundwater under pressure then fit forming a, stream. be divided into three types: nds way Streams may i. Torrents, ii. Intermittent streams, ut. Springs In Intermittent streams ‘Afier rainy season the intermittent streams dry out. This so because frequent rains raise the -water-table temporarily. Thus ground vate level is above the bottom ofthe steam temporarily This causes flow of water from the soil to a ditch so long as water table is high _ Springs are peren : z + Water flows through them throughout the year since the waterable i higher than the depressed ground level permanent.Y When water isnot available naturally atthe fime of necessity. {rom the knowledge of subsurface, underground water can be made avail Subsurface sources are further divided into- (i) Infiltration galleries (ii) Infiltration wells (i) Springs ete. ¥ INFILTRATION GALLERIES- + When water can be obtained within a reasonable distance below ground level, for example, below the riverbed, horizontal porous pips with open joints can be laid ‘under the ground. It is apparent that a very large proportion of the groundwater will be intercepted by galleries than by a vertical wel. ‘A horizontal nearly horizontal tunnel which is constructed through water bearing strata for tapping underground water near rivers, lakes or streams are called “[nfiltration galleries”. The intercepted water can be collected at suitable points in vertical collecting wells and can be used. ,event clo} Inverted filter surrounding the pipes can be prov ided to pr Horizontal galleries laid ata depth more than 8 me! The yield from the galleries may be as much 2s infiltration gallery. For maximum yield the galleries may be placed at fll equifer with weep holes of nomial. Jayimetre length of Infiltration galleries may be constructed with masonary or concrINFILTR : + Tn order to obtain large quantity of water, the infiltration wells are sunk in series in the blanks of river. + The wells are closed at top and open at bottom. «They are constr + For the purpose of i frome of well, the m + The water filtrates through the bottom of such wells and as it has to pass through sand bed, it gets purified to some extent. + The infiltrat ell and there water is pumped to purification pint for treatment. are provided in the top cover. Infiltration Wellsinking infiltration wells in the porous soil, for ‘Sometimes water can be made available by example, in the dry bed of a river. ion well can be joined to vertical c bank of the river by means of horizontal under; It intercepts water also and is called Infiltration infiltration wells and galleries supplement each othe While carrying out sinking operation itis very es tilt. Tit may cause breakage of pipe line which is aid horizontal. This also essential to sce that after sinking of well there is no appreciable settlement. Itis aso essential to see that after final sinking the well does not settle or sink under its ‘own weight. tial to sce that infiltration well does not