Migration, Empires and the People

Revision booklet

Name:

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Contents
Timeline ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Revision content checklist ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Exam question structure – desk mat ................................................................................................................................. 6
All potential exam questions ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Summary notes on ‘Conquered and Conquerors’ (MEDIEVAL, c.790-1500) ...................................................................10
Revision notes on Conquered and Conquerors ...............................................................................................................13
Summary notes on ‘Looking West’ (EARLY MODERN, 1500-1750) .................................................................................15
Revision notes on ‘Looking West’ ....................................................................................................................................18
Summary notes on Expansion and Empire (19TH CENTURY)............................................................................................21
Revision notes on Expansion and Empire (19TH CENTURY) .............................................................................................26
Summary notes on Britain in the 20th century ................................................................................................................30
Revision notes on Britain in the 20th century ..................................................................................................................33
BIG FACTORS SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................37

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Timeline

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Revision content checklist
Key topic Details of topic Notes for Revision Tested Practice
this topic? notes? yourself? questions?
Conquered and conquerors c790-1450
Vikings and Reasons for Viking invasions
Anglo-Saxons
Impact of Viking invasions (Danelaw etc).
Alfred and Wessex

Significance of King Cnut, Emma of Normandy

and the North Sea Empire
A Norman Reasons for Norman invasion
Kingdom and
Impact of Norman invasion
‘Angevin’
Empire Significance of Henry II including on Ireland
Significance of King John
The birth of Significance of The Hundred Year’s War
English including Agincourt
identity
Looking West c1450-1800
Sugar and Piracy and plunder – reasons for Tudor
the exploration
Caribbean
The development of the slave trade and the
role of John Hawkins
Significance of the slave trade for Britain and
the Caribbean
Colonisation Causes and consequences of British
in North colonisation and role of Raleigh
America
Jamestown: relations with indigenous people
Reasons people moved over: Pilgrim Fathers;
indentured servants
The War of Independence and the loss of the
colonies
Migrants to Huguenot migration: reasons and significance
and from
Highland Clearances: impact
Britain
The Ulster plantations: impact

Expansion and Empire c1800-1902

Expansion in Causes and impact of British control
India
East India Company – significance
Robert Clive and Warren Hastings and their
significance
The Indian Rebellion (1857)

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 Social, political, cultural and economic impact
of empire on Britain and India
Expansion in Causes and impact of British involvement:
Africa trade and missionaries
South Africa: the Boer War (1899-1902)
The Scramble for Africa: Cecil Rhodes

Imperial propaganda

Migrants to, Irish migration within Britain

from and
within Britain Jewish migration to Britain

Transportation

Migration to and within the Empire: Asians and

Africans
Migration within Britain: urbanisation

Britain in the twentieth century c1900 – present day

The end of Impact of the First World War and the Second
Empire World War
Impact of the Suez Crisis

Nationalism and independence in India and

Africa: Ghandi; Nkrumah and Kenyatta
The legacy of ‘Windrush’ and Caribbean migrants: Claudia
the Empire Jones
Migration from Asia and Africa: Idi Amin

The Commonwealth

The Falklands War

Britain’s Impact of the Second World War

relationship
with Europe Economic, social and cultural interaction
and its
impact The end of the Cold War and membership of
the European Union
European and non-European migration

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Exam question structure – desk mat

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All potential exam questions

Key Issue Exam questions

Conquered 1. How useful is Source A to a historian studying...? (8 marks)

and - How useful is Source B to a historian studying the Norman attitude to England? (Oxford TB
conquerors p.189)
2. Explain the significance of ... for... (8 marks)
- Explain the significance of the Viking invasion of England.
- Explain the significance of Alfred the Great for the development of English identity.
- Explain the significance of King Cnut and Emma or Normandy.
- Explain the significance of the Norman conquest of England in 1066 on English identity.
- Explain the significance of Henry II’s empire.
- Explain the significance of King John.
- Explain the significance of the Hundred Years’ War.
3. Compare ... with .... In what ways were they similar? (8 marks)
- Compare the impact on Britain of the Hundred Years War and the Viking invasions of Britain.
In what ways were they similar?
- Compare the impact on Britain of the Viking invasion of Britain and the Norman invasion of
Britain. In what ways were they similar?
- Compare the rule of Henry II with the rule of King John. In what ways were they different?
Looking west 1. How useful is Source A to a historian studying...? (8 marks)
- How useful is Source C to a historian studying the impact on the indigenous people of the
British colonisation of North America? (Oxford TB p.209)
- How useful is Source B to a historian studying British involvement in America in the eighteenth
century? (Oxford TB p.211)
- How useful is Source B to a historian studying Scottish emigration from the Highlands in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? (Oxford TB p.217)
- How useful is Source A to an historian studying British colonisation in North America?
2. Explain the significance of ... for... (8 marks)
- Explain the significance of the Slave Trade for Britain.
- Explain the significance of piracy in the development of British control over the Caribbean.
- Explain the significance of the American War of Independence.
- Explain the significance of Sir John Hawkins for the development of the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of the Highland clearances for migration to Britain.
3. Compare ... with .... In what ways were they similar? (8 marks)
- Compare the Vikings and the British slave traders. In what ways were they similar?
- Compare the impact of the Huguenots on Britain with the Pilgrim Fathers on America. In what
ways were they similar?
- Compare the Hundred Years’ War with the American War of Independence. In what ways were
they similar?
Expansion 1. How useful is Source A to a historian studying...? (8 marks)
and empire - How useful is Source A to an historian studying the British Empire in the 19th century?
- How useful is Source A to an historian studying British involvement in Africa in the nineteenth
century?
- How useful is Source A to an historian studying attitudes to the British Empire in the late
nineteenth century? (Oxford TB p.241)
- How useful is Source D to a historian studying attitudes to European expansion in Africa?
(Oxford TB p.231)
- How useful is Source 8 to a historian studying the response of British people to immigrants in
the period 1880-1910? (Hodder TB p.60)
2. Explain the significance of ... for... (8 marks)
- Explain the significance of the East India Company on the development of the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of Robert Clive for the British Empire in India.
- Explain the significance of Warren Hastings for the British Empire in India.
- Explain the significance of the Indian Rebellion on the development of the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of Cecil Rhodes for the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of the Boer War.
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 - Explain the significance of Irish migration to Britain.
- Explain the significance of migration from rural to urban sessions on the British economy.
- Explain the significance of the Jews Free School for immigration to Britain in the nineteenth
century.
- Explain the significance of the Suez Canal for the development of the British Empire up to
1914.
3. Compare ... with .... In what ways were they similar? (8 marks)
- Compare British actions in India with those in North America in the seventeenth century. In
what ways were they different?
- Compare the impact of the British Empire on Britain and India. In what ways were they
different?
- Compare the British colonisation of India with the British colonisation of Africa. In what ways
were they similar?
- Compare the Huguenot migration to Britain and the Irish migration to Britain. In what ways
were they similar?
- Compare the Ulster plantations and transportation to Australia. In what ways were they
different?
- Compare Irish migration to Britain and Jewish migration to Britain. In what ways were they
similar?
- Compare the Great Irish Famine and the Highland clearances. In what ways were they similar?
- Compare Cecil Rhodes and Emily Hobhouse. In what ways were they different?
- Compare Huguenot migration with Jewish migration to Britain. In what ways were they
similar?
- Compare the impact of the Vikings on Britain with the impact of the British on 17th century
North America. In what ways were they similar?
Britain in the 1. How useful is Source A to a historian studying...? (8 marks)
20th century - How useful is Source C to an historian studying the reaction in Britain to Caribbean migrants?
(Oxford TB p.257)
- How useful is Source A to a historian studying Caribbean migration to Britain in the 20th
century?
- How useful is Source 10 to an historian studying the response of British people to Caribbean
migrants in the period 1948-1960? (Hodder TB p.92)
2. Explain the significance of ... for... (8 marks)
- Explain the significance of the First World War for the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of the Second World War for the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of the Suez Crisis on the end of the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of nationalist movements in India and Africa on the end of the British
Empire.
- Explain the significance of Gandhi on the end of the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of Nkrumah on the end of the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of Kenyatta on the end of the British Empire.
- Explain the significance of Claudia Jones for the development of British society in the second
half of the 20th century.
- Explain the significance of the Commonwealth.
- Explain the significance of the Falklands War.
- Explain the significance of the end of the Cold War.
- Explain the significance of British membership of the European Union for the development of
Britain.
3. Compare ... with .... In what ways were they similar? (8 marks)
- Compare England’s loss of European land in medieval times with the loss of the British Empire
in the 20th century. In what ways were they similar?
- Compare the reception of Irish migrants in the 19th century with the reception of Caribbean
migrants in the 20th century. In what ways were they similar?
- Compare the Suez crisis of 1956 and the fall of Singapore in 1942. In what ways were they
similar?
- Compare the experience of the Windrush migrants and the Ugandan Asians. In what ways
were they different?
- Compare the migration to Britain of Huguenots in the 1680s and Ugandan Asians in the 1970s.
In what ways were they different?

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 - Compare Britain’s reaction to the invasion of the Falklands with the seizure of the Suez Canal.
In what ways were they different?
16-MARK QUESTIONS: Has.... been the main factor in .... since Medieval times?
- CAUSES OF MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT

Has war and violence been migration to Britain sinc

religion the migration to and from Britain e
economic factors main migration to and within Britain Me
political conflict factor in the settlement of people in diev
causing Britain al
political ideas migration from and within tim
Ideology Britain es.
science and technology
individuals

- IMPACT OF MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT ON BRITAIN AND THE WIDER WORLD

o Has economic development been the main impact of migration to Britain since medieval times?
▪ Political change
▪ Social change
▪ Racism and intolerance
- CAUSES OF WARS
o Have economic factors been the main cause of wars over territories between Britain and other
countries since Medieval times?
- IMPACT OF WARS
o Has economic development of Britain been the main impact of British wars abroad since Medieval
times?
- CAUSES OF CONQUEST/EMPIRE
o Has a desire for economic resources been the main cause of British expansion abroad since Medieval
times?
o Has the role of ideas been the main motivator for conquest of Britain and British conquest abroad
since Medieval times?
- IMPACT OF CONQUEST/EMPIRE
o Has economic development been the main impact of British conquest of / control over overseas
territories since Medieval times?
- REASONS FOR SUCCESSFULLY GAINING EMPIRE
o Have success in wars been the main cause of successful conquest of other countries by Britain since
Medieval times?
o Has science and technology been the main cause of the development of Empires since Medieval
times?
o Have economic resources been the main factor in the development of Empires?
- REASONS FOR LOSS OF EMPIRE
o Has political change been the main reason for the loss of empire abroad since medieval times?

Factors:
• war
• religion
• government
• economic resources
• science and technology
• ideas such as imperialism, social Darwinism and civilisation
• the role of individuals.

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Summary notes on ‘Conquered and Conquerors’ (MEDIEVAL, c.790-1500)

Invading/settling groups migrating TO Britain

Reasons for Method of settlement Short-term impact Medium/long-term impact

invasion or / reasons for success /significance /significance
migration

Vikings • Economic: in • Raiding at first; Economically/socially Political impact

search of then started to damaging
AD790s • King Cnut made
wealth. settle
(Lindisfarne • Raiding / deaths – England part of his
Scandinavia • Use of long-ships
AD793) eg. Destruction of North Sea Empire
hilly and
Lindisfarne in 793 (early 11th century)
Settled crowded.
• Danelaw in North • Vikings remained a
around • Cultural • Military
East – customs, threat in the 11th
AD850. similarities superiority – use
place names, crafts, century – eg. 1085
Captured between the of war and
farming William ordered
much of NE two countries. violence
• Danegeld in 990s Domesday Book to
by 870 • England was an
under Aethelred – check how much
easy target as
Danelaw re- had to pay money tax he could raise
it was • Key individuals –
conquered which was – but ultimately
politically King Cnut and
927 but economically didn’t invade
divided into Emma of
Vikings damaging again.
the Heptarchy Normandy
invaded
(7 kingdoms) Politically unifying Social impact/ impact on
again 954
language:
• Conflict between
Invasion/
Vikings and Anglo- • Place names (-by)
conquest in
Saxon kings eg. prevalent in the
1013
Alfred the Great vs. north
Guthrum in 878 – • Viking names for
this led to first sense days of the week
of a unified ‘England’ • Word eg. Muck,
under a king. egg

Normans: • Political / • Violence / Complete transformation of Language and built

1066 dynastical battle the ruling class environment
onwards claim to power • Castles
• Brutal putting down • French words for
• Domesday
of rebellions. Anglo- upper-class things
Book
Saxons second-class eg. Pork; justice
• Military
citizens. • Churches,
superiority –
• Anglo-Saxon lords cathedrals,
use of war
replaced by Normans. monasteries,
and violence
Building of castles. castles…
• Key individual
• French speaking;
of William of
French customs
Normandy
• Use your Normans
knowledge here!!

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War, invasion and settlement of other countries

Causes Outcome Reasons for Short-term impact Longer-term

outcome impact
Hundred POLITICAL: English victory at English won POLITICAL / ENGLISH MILITARY
Years’ • Weakness/un Battle of Crecy at first due IDENTITY: Ended dominance
War popularity of 1346 – English to military • Agincourt seen as a of cavalry and
1337- Edward II used cannon to strength miracle by people at increased
1453 (1307-27) had disrupt French Agincourt the time (like David importance of
made the advances. Meant 1413: won and Goliath); story missile fire –
French think Calais remained in by English of the victory longbow and later
he was weak. English hands. against the repeated all around. handgun.
Edward III Battle of Poitiers odds due to Seemed proof that Increased use of
wanted to 1356 another luck and god was on their gunpowder,
establish huge victory for tactics. side. Famous victory cannons and
prestige. the English due to Role of Joan by English army led handguns. Castles
• English use of longbow. of Arcin later by first king of in decline.
conflict with Agincourt 1415 period. England to speak POLITICAL /
Scots and won by the English and write in English IDENTITY
French were (role of archers) since the Normans – Birth of English
helping them. played a role in identity? English
ECONOMIC: Eventual French shaping identity. rather than French
• Conflict over victory. • English eventually used as official
land (in 1337 lost all territory language. Saw
Edward III apart from Calais themselves as
claimed SOCIAL/ECONOMIC: apart from
French throne • Areas of France Europe.
and declared devastated by ECONOMIC
war on fighting. English and Better system of
France). French deaths. taxation; able to
• Threat of • Higher taxes; some pay for a full-time
French to people became very army.
Gascony rich but others lost
(which made a out.
lot of money)
• French
threatened
English wool
trade

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Key individuals

King Cnut Brought peace and stability to the country Made sure there were links between England and
other countries
Reigned 1016- Era of peace that lasted 20 years (after much
35 bloodshed) To improve relationships with the Normans, Cnut
married Emma when she was widowed.
Seen as fair and devout – popular
Built an Empire around the North Sea
Brought back fair laws of Edgar the Peaceful.
Inherited kingdoms of Norway and Denmark, and
Encouraged Christianity and created new
ruled parts of Sweden. Marriage to Emma of
English archbishops.
Normandy encouraged stability.
Britain was his richest kingdom, which he saw
Cnut’s grandson, Harald Hardrada, claimed that he
as his main domain.
should be king in 1066

Emma of Was politically important in bringing stability Started the link between Normandy and England
Normandy
Emma was the Duke of Normandy’s sister. Mother of Edward the Confessor, who ended up
Lived 984- being brought up in Normandy which was where
Aethlred made a deal with the Duke of
1052 he promised William the throne.
Normandy to protect each other against
Queen of enemies, so this meant the Vikings could no Was the link to William of Normandy.
England – longer use Normandy as a base for attacks.
Emma influential with lands of her own and
married to
Aethelred sealed the deal by marrying Emma. influential in society and politics for 50 years. Tried
Aethelred and
to ensure succession of her sons; had to go into
then Cnut Later, Cnut married Emma so that he could
exile; had a book called ‘in praise of Queen Emma’
have more legitimacy as king.
written about her.

Henry II Brought England into a huge Empire – the Started off English rule over and conflict in Ireland
‘Angevin’ Empire
1154 – 1189 After helping ‘King’ Dermot of Leinster in 1166,
One of the most powerful rulers in Europe – he English knights and barons seized land and within a
Son of Matilda
ruled England as well as large parts of Western few years controlled more land than the Irish.
King of France. Henry II visited Ireland in 1171 and was recognised
England as ‘overlord’ by English settlers and Irish leaders.
The Angevin empire the largest dominion of any
kings of England up to 1154; Henry II held titles Henry II’s ‘overlord’ status in Ireland was the basis
of ruler in more French regions than the King of of English sovereignty over Irish for hundreds of
France. years.

King John Lost territories for England
1199-1216 Lost most land in France (this had started under
his brother Richard). Nicknamed ‘John
Softsword’ because of this.
Conflict with barons and Magna Carta seen as basis
of democracy
Taxes made him unpopular; barons rebelled;
forced to sign Magna Carta.

English pushed out of Normandy by 1204. Magna Carta seen as basis for democratic system
today.
Greedy; lack of honour.
Period between 1215 and 1217 seen as crucial in
French invasion and occupation 1216-17 (John
the development of English national identity.
died October 1216): Hated by the English,
actually united them against the French.

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Revision notes on Conquered and Conquerors
The Vikings: reasons they invaded, their actions, their significance

The Normans: reasons they invaded, their actions, their significance

Significance of King Cnut and Emma of Normandy

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Significance of Henry II

Significance of King John

Significance of the Hundred Years War

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Summary notes on ‘Looking West’ (EARLY MODERN, 1500-1750)
Invading/settling groups migrating TO Britain

Reasons for Reception in Short-term impact Long-term impact

migration England

Huguenots Religious Welcomed by rulers Economic revitalisation Helped Britain

persecution – Edward VI allowed of Britain become first
1560s-1590s, (religious wars first French church 40,000-50,000 settled in industrialised nation
peak after 1572, 1560s-1590s; St to be set up; England. First Governor of the
and then again Bartholomew’s Day Elizabeth’s ministers Assimilated into English Bank of England, Sir
after 1685 Massacre 1572; invited craftsmen to society. James Houblon, came
persecution under work in England and Highly skilled craftsmen – from an old Huguenot
King Louis XIV – teach apprentices revitalised British family.
tore up Edict of their skills. industries such as watch- Skilled Huguenots
Nantes in 1685) making, gun-making and played a big part in
Some anti-Huguenot bookbinding. Businesses wealth as the first
feeling when they in London, Plymouth, industrialised nation.
first arrived – one Rochester, Norwich,
Bristol MP compared Canterbury. Merged names to
them to plagues in Set up new industries eg. become more English
the Bible. Paper-making – by 1710s,
Huguenot expertise
meant Britain had 200
paper mills, supplying
nearly 70% of Britain’s
paper market. Scientists,
intellectuals, and artists.

War, invasion and settlement of other countries

Conflict and Causes (also note Method and reasons Short-term impact Medium/long-term
invasion type of cause) for outcome impact

Privateering Economic and Piracy

and political desire to Henry VIII had built up
plundering improve the the navy. Short-term
Late 1400s country under profit. Galleons.
16th C Elizabeth I
British Religious Tried to establish War and conflict with Creation of America
colonising (persecution of colonies but this was native Americans Pilgrim Fathers – first
America Puritans, difficult – eg. Virginia Many Native Americans ‘real’ Americans? When
Quakers, (Jamestown and Sir killed. Some good they went they signed
Particularly Catholics). 80,000 Walter Raleigh). relations (eg. With the the ‘Mayflower Compact’
from 17th Puritans migrated Powhatan) – which gave most men
century to America Tried to convert the intermarriages, but the right to vote and is
between 1630 Native Americans to generally bad relations. seen as the origin of
and 1641. Christianity – so sent American democracy.
missionaries. Also just 1500: 560,000 Native
Economic pull of went and planted Americans in ‘British
New World stuff. territories’; 1700 – fewer

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 prosperity – joint than 280,000 – due to
stock companies Massachusetts a measles, smallpox…
(eg. Virginia religious colony –
Company); Pilgrim Fathers –
people moving as worked harder, tried
planters. to encourage
democratic principles
– seen as first ‘real’
Americans.
Slave trade Economic greed Awful treatment of Wealth in the short-term Wealth for Britain in the
By 1619 Idea of racism slaves Monarchs made money long-term; legacy of
slaves and social 1787, over 11,000 (Charles II a partner in the slavery seen in terms of
introduced Darwinism British ships took Royal African Company, a racism
slaves to the large slave-trading Slave trade ended in
Americas. business) 1807 but slavery itself
1700s – estimated 6 Masses of money made. not ended until 1834.
million Africans taken British slave trade Black people in places
across the Atlantic to industry made like Jamaica remained
slavery. approximately £60 million seen as second=class
Traders could make up 1761-1808, making citizens. Jamaica –
to 800% profit on their Britain one of the richest Morant Bay Rebellion of
investment. and most powerful 1865 – very harshly put
Eventually transported nations in the world. down.
3.1 million Africans SOCIAL: Cities such as
with nearly 1/6 Liverpool, Glasgow and
perishing along the Bristol grew and
way. buildings were built eg.
National Portrait Gallery.
The Caribbean remained
a British colony and then
after 1945 many people
from there moved to
Britain.
American Political and Americans won Negative economic Alliance between USA
war of economic Due to: impact on Britain; and Britain; expansion
Independen resentment of • Role of the French Increased settlement of of British Empire to
ce Britain - who helped the Canada other parts of the world
Britain had a lot Americans from Britain’s debts increased USA and Britain became
1776 - 1783 of debt due to 1778 (war cost £80 million). allies.
war with France • Superior battle Britain remained strong
and so taxed forces Britain retained Canada, and gained an Empire.
America. • Leadership of which remained really Britain sent criminals to
Ideological dislike Washington important. Britain sent Australia instead of
of being ruled by • British difficulties loyal settlers to Canada, America – which is then
a foreign power - of supplies and but they had to live colonised. 160,000 men
‘no taxation communications alongside French people and 25,000 women were
without (unfamiliar who had been there for eventually transported
representation’ territory) longer. Canada was given to Australia.
more independence and Extermination of a large
remains an important number of Australian
part of the British aborigines.
Commonwealth.

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 Ulster Religious/politica ‘Planted’ Ulster with Conflict within Ireland Resentment and conflict
Plantations l: wanted Ireland Protestant people in Ireland
to become from Scotland and Resentment between
Early 1600s Protestant and England. Irish people Protestants and Catholics
under King more strongly resented the continued for many
James I under English ‘invasion’. years
control Northern Ireland remains
part of the UK.
Highlanders Highland Highland clearances – Spread of Scottish people Highland identity
clearances – due Highlanders forced to around the world remains strong in some
From 1746 to religious desire leave their homes. Many emigrated to areas
(Battle of to crush Canada, America and Eg. Canada – Glengarry
Culloden) Catholicism and England as well as to County – Canadian Gaelic
Jacobitism in the Scottish cities. Scottish still spoken by some
Evictions highlands during diaspora contributed people there; there’s a
1780s-1820s the 18th century greatly to these countries Highland Games each
and economic and to the British Empire. year.
belief in sheep Many great explorers
farming rather Scottish (eg. David
than renting Livingstone)
strips of land to
tenant farmers
(enclosures)

Key individuals

Significant Short-term significance Medium/long-term significance

individuals

John Hawkins Started the slave trade Legacy of racism and economic inequality
1532-95 Naval commander, merchant, privateer due to the slave trade.
and pirate
Privateer / naval Responsible for building up the
commander Elizabethan Royal Navy
Cousin of Sir Francis Drake
‘Father of the Slave Trade’ – partner of
Elizabeth I, first English trader to profit
from Triangular Trade.
Walter Raleigh Increased colonisation of America America became a British colony and then,
Tried to set up a colony in Virginia once independent, the most powerful
16th century (called Roanoke) but failed – but still country in the world
inspired increased settlement to Known as the ‘father of the American’
Courtier who America. colonies – eg. Roanoke
funded exploration Executed for treason after a failed
expedition to Guiana in south America
in 1618

17
Revision notes on ‘Looking West’
Huguenot migration to Britain: reasons, impact, significance

British in America: why and how they colonised (including pirates, plundering, economic & religious reasons)

18
The slave trade: its impact on Britain and the rest of the world

Significance of the American War of Independence

Significance of the Ulster clearances

19
Significance of the Highland Clearances

Significance of John Hawkins

Significance of Sir Walter Raleigh

20
Summary notes on Expansion and Empire (19TH CENTURY)
Invading/settling groups migrating TO Britain
Group Reasons for Reception in Britain Short-term impact Long-term impact
migration
Irish Economic: Not welcomed Economic Cultural
Escape poverty; find Didn’t like them Found jobs as navvies, 2001: 6 million people
Surge after 1846 better paid work based on: religion; building new canals, (10% population) had
Late 18th century – blamed for high roads, railways. One Irish parents or
large numbers moved Surge after 1846 – crime rates; accused third navvies who grandparents. 25% had
to Britain, mainly potato blight – one of taking British jobs; worked on railways were Irish ancestry of some
through Liverpool and million people died blamed for catching Irish. Worked in mines sort.
Glasgow during the famine, disease and cotton mills. Helped
Continued to arrive over 1.5m left with Britain’s industrial Irish roots remained
1930s, 1940s, 1950s Ireland revolution. strong in Liverpool and
1960s Birmingham
40% soldiers in British
army Irish in early 1800s Political unrest at
some points due to
anti-Irish feeling and
issues around Ireland
and Britain
Jewish Religious Often not welcomed Impact on East London Impact on business
persecution Accused of taking The later wave focused Gained a reputation as
1290: Jews expelled Anti-semitism, jobs – anger & in the East End of being hardworking.
from England; particularly in hostility London. They often lived Business people eg.
allowed back in 17th Eastern Europe after in poor areas and were Michael Marks; Tesco
century. By 1850 – 1880 – eg. Blamed Anti-semitism had uneducated and badly set up by T.E.Stockwell
40,000 Jews. for assassination of been present in paid. This led to anger & British Jews excel
Alex II. Pogroms Britain throughout hostility today eg. Lord Alan
1870s and 1880s: (killing of Jewish the 19th century – eg. Mainly made clothes, Sugar
influx from Eastern people). Fagin in Oliver Twist. were involved in
Europe (particularly shoemaking or furniture- Lots became well
from 1881) 1905 Aliens Act – first making. Took place in integrated – eg. PM
120,000 Jews arrived effort to restrict places known as Benjamin Disraeli
in Britain 1881-1914 immigrants. ‘sweatshops’. (1874)

Migration in the Empire British influence spread Increased

22 million people left Britain 1815-1914 – mainly to Aus, Canada, NZ, around the world globalisation of the
SA, America. Mainly to find jobs and create a better life. Migrants from Britain to world economy
Indenture system – migrants agree to work for five years in return for New Zealand –
basic wage and transport to their new workforce. Eg. Half of established a colony in
immigrants to American colonies in 16th and 17th centuries; Tamils New Zealand – a ‘little
from South India who went to Sri Lanka piece of Britain’.
Between 1841 and 1910, around 150,000 per decade moved around
the Empire under this system.

Kenya & Uganda: 30,000 Indians moved to build railways, bridges

and roads. By late 1960s – 180,000 ‘Kenyan Asians’ and 60,000
‘Ugandan Asians’. Very difficult conditions building the railways,
including at least 28 men killed by man-eating lions.
Rural to urban Urbanisation Britain today is a very
Internal migration: Particularly 1750-1900 – 1750: 80% lived in urbanised place
countryside; 1825: 60%; 1901 – 75%
Urbanisation due to: immigration from abroad (Irish workers to
Lancashire and Yorkshire cotton mills); 1851 – 10% population of
Manchester and 15% population of Liverpool Irish.
Rural to urban: due to mechanisation; seasonality of farm work;
towns having jobs.
21
War, invasion and settlement of other countries

Conflict or Reasons for conflict Outcomes and Short-term significance Long-term

settlement or settlement reasons for this significance

Transportation -Need to send Convicts used to Economic settlement of Australia became an

to Australia criminals somewhere build the settlement Australia important part of
-Spread political 160,000 men and British Empire
1770: Captain influence: Desire to 25,000 women were
Cook named settle Australia eventually transported
New South to Australia.
Wales Extermination of a large
May 1787: first number of Australian
ships holding aborigines.
convicts set off Life in new settlement
tough: few new farmers
or carpentry.
Majority stayed and
became farmers
Indian Empire Ideas: ‘Civilising’ Took over large Positive economic India continued to
mission – sense of parts of India and impact on Britain: tea be involved in
16th century; racial superiority then all of India. trade worth £30 million Empire
East India Political desire to a year in mid-1800s. Indian soldiers
company set spread British Due to key Lots of trade; jobs. fought in WW1 and
up in 1600 influence around the individuals such as Gave Britain a boost in WW2 – in WW1, by
Expansion of world Robert Clive and wealth – crated jobs. December 1914, 1/3
EIC from 1700 Economic: desire to Warren Hastings Late 1800s – ¼ Britain’s soldiers fighting for
1773 gain trading partners Economic power of exports went to India; British in France was
Government of East India Company by early 1900s these from India.
India Act – Military superiority exports worth nearly Legacy of
government of Britain eg. In £140 million. infrastructure that
stepped in to Indian Mutiny of still survives today?
help EIC and 1957 Impact on India –
government irrigation, coal mining. Indian influences on
involvement Priority was make a Britain
grew. After profit not improve Indian tea became
1857 rebellion people’s lives. popular; Indian
– direct rule. Communications and words such as
transport: British built ‘bangle’, ‘shampoo’,
30,000 km of railways ‘pyjamas’ and ‘cahs’
and 130,000 bridges all became common;
over India. Indian-style buildings
Total British investment (eg. Royal Pavilion in
in India amounted to Brighton).
£400 million by 1914.
British-style legal Legacy of racial
system in Britain. Major tension
impact on education – Between Hindus and
science, humanities, Muslims in India and
literature. Pakistan due to
Partition of India
Many Indians suffered 1947
Some increase in life
expectancy in India due
to vaccines, but
22
 devastating famines in
the late 1800s.

1857 Indian -Religion: pressure to Initial ‘massacres’ of More Indian Continued British
Rebellion convert to British; swift reaction involvement in involvement in India
Christianity; by British – government of India India became the
‘cartridge affair’; resistance crushed. British more careful ‘jewel in the crown’
banning of suttee Horrendous about how they of the British Empire.
-Sepoy anger about treatment of rebels. governed India – Viceroy put in charge
lack of promotion Indians allowed to join on behalf of Victoria
etc. the Indian Civil Service; – direct British rule
-Increased control of Indians encouraged to (from 1858).
India – eg. ‘Doctrine travel to Britain to seek
of Lapse’ – applied to education; many Seen as the first part
Oudh in 1856. Indians trained as in an Indian war of
lawyers. independence by
Less British interference Indians
in religious matters,
beginning of allowing
Indians more say in
ruling India – middle-
class of Indians
emerged.
Colonisation Economic - Stories of European powers Hardship in Africa; Contributed to
of Africa gold and cash crops took over large parts glory for Britain poverty
in Africa of Africa. Partly by African resistance – Contributed to
1870: 10% Key areas of land lay agreement; partly by some victories eg. Zulu poverty of Africa?
Africa along Britain’s sea force (there was war 1879 – but mainly
controlled by route to India significant African defeated Helped Britain win
European resistance). wars
countries; 1900 Political rivalries Suez canal – bought Africans suffered Helped Britain win
– 90% Rivalry with France from France in 1875. hardship and hunger WW1 and WW2
Britain gained and Germany by the
16 colonies 1860s Imperial propaganda
between 1870 ‘Scramble for Africa’ celebrated British rule
and 1900 – race / competition over the rest of the
world. Empire day;
Religious reasons textbooks filled with
Christian British Empire
missionaries: felt it propaganda; queen
duty to convert the Victoria said the aim
‘dark continent’ was to ‘protect the poor
natives and advance
civilisation’.

Boer War Economic:British Boers won due to First use of Development of the
found diamonds and skills of the soldiers concentration camps; welfare state
First Boer War: then gold in Boer and use of guerrilla South Africa a 1906 welfare
1867-81 states and so the warfare. ‘dominion’. reforms (due to
2nd Boer War: Boers (white Dutch British sent half a soldiers being unfit
1899-1902 settlers in Africa) million troops to fight to work) – free
fought back. 50,000 Boer soldiers. school meals, the
Used high-tech dole, job centres…
weaponry. Attacked by

23
 Boers, British
responded savagely –
scorched earth policy –
Boer men, women and
children put into
‘concentration camps’.
Of 116,000 put into
camps, 28,000 died.
1902 – peace talks
began – agreed that
Boer states would
become British colonies
but have control; South
Africa formed 1910 as a
‘dominion’.
Suez Canal Economic: Britain Financial: Trade with India Increased British
needed quick access British bought a Vital for trade with power in the east
Built 1869 to India controlling share in India; within a few years and in the
Under British the canal from the of its opening, 80% Mediterranean
control by Egyptians (organised ships using the canal Lord Curzon
1882 (along by Disraeli; borrowed were British. (governor of India)
with Egypt) money from described buying the
Rothschild). canal as ‘the
determining
Military force: influence of every
1882 – Egyptians considerable
rebelled; British movement of British
responded with power to the east
bombing of and south of the
Alexandria; British Mediterranean.’
soldiers occupied
Egypt, took control
of Cairo; 40 warships
secured the Suez
Canal.

Rebellion in the
Sudan also put down
– under control by
1889

24
Key individuals

Individual Short-term significance Medium/long-term significance

Robert Clive Helped gain India for the East India Importance of India
Company India a hugely important part of the
1725-74 Won the Battle of Plassey 1757: around British Empire.
3000 East India Company troops led by
Worked for the East Robert Clive beat an Indian army of over
India Company; 40,000. Allowed the East India Company to
became General and take over Benghal. Also fought other trading
then Governor and nations eg. The Dutch. Pushed the French
Commander-in-Chief out of India; persuaded the Mughal
of the EIC army from Emperor to grant monopoly trading rights to
1763 the East India Company in 1765.
EIC emerged as major central power –
almost like a state more than a private
company.
Warren Hastings Reformed East India Company rule in India Helped gain more control over India for
Reformer: reorganised tax systems, Britain
1732-1818 tightened anti-corruption laws, wiped out Regarded as key figures in establishing
thieving gangs in the countryside. Tried to India as part of the British Empire. Sped
First Governor preserve Indian traditions and customs – up the move from India being just
General of India saw the value in Indian culture and under the control of the East India
(1772-85) disagreed with harsh treatment of the Company to it being under the control
Indians. Career ended controversially – built of the British government.
up a fortune, attacked by Edmund Burke
(wanted to end power of the EIC); led to the
1784 India Act – gave Parliament in
Westminster joint control of British India
with the EIC.
Rags to riches – poor family but educated at
Westminster school.

Cecil Rhodes Extended British control in southern Africa Legacy of white racism in Africa;
Imperialist who believed Britain should economic benefits for Britain
1853-1902 extend its powers. Believed in Social Boer War caused a lot of changes in
Darwinism Britain (eg. Welfare reforms)
Prime Minister of the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
‘Cape Colony’, parliament Rhodes scholarships
formed De Beers Made a fortune in diamonds; set up De University of Cape Town benefited from
Beers which owned most of gold and his donations
diamond fields in southern Africa; used
money and political skills to gain control of Political controversy
more of the land.
Increased taxes on black people and made it
harder for them to vote
Dragged Britain into the Boer War
Disgraced by his involvement in the
Jameson Raid into the Boer republic of
Transvaal – trying to get more control over
the gold mining business – this failed and
contributed to the Boer war.

25
Revision notes on Expansion and Empire (19TH CENTURY)
Irish migration to Britain: reasons, impact, significance

Jewish migration to Britain: reasons, impact, significance

Migration within the British Empire: reasons, significance

Rural to urban migration in Britain: reasons, significance

26
Transportation to Australia: reasons, impact, significance

British in India: reasons; how it happened; Indian Mutiny; significance

27
British in Africa: reasons; how it happened; Suez Canal; Boer War; significance

Significance of Robert Clive

28
Significance of Warren Hastings

Significance of Cecil Rhodes

29
Summary notes on Britain in the 20th century
Invading/settling groups migrating TO Britain

Reasons for migration Reception in Short-term Long-term significance

Britain significance
Migration after WW2 including Commonwealth migration Increased diversity of
From Ireland 1950s and 1960s; escaping poverty and modern Britain
hardship.
Cyprus:Violence between Greeks & Cypriots in 1950s;
another wave of violence 1970s
Kenya & Uganda: Kenyan & Ugandan Asians moved in 1960s
and 70s – driven out by Kenyan & Ugandan government.
Windrush Poverty & hardship in Newspapers at Racism and race riots Vibrancy and diversity
1940s in Caribbean first full of the Some found better Vibrancy and diversity;
22 June 1948: (hurricane in Jamaica ‘colour problem’ paid jobs but many many important
Empire 1944) that was about ended up in low-paid cultural, political,
Windrush 492 Contribution to WW2 to arrive. jobs social figures.
young men Encouraged to by Found
arrived. British government: difficulties Some violenceeg. Notting Hill Carnival
1948: British finding jobs 1958 Notting Hill (Claudia Jones)
1940s: 500-700 Nationality Act – all Racism – ‘No
Caribbean people who lived in Irish, No Blacks, Race difficulties eg. In
arrivals in Britain the British Empire No dogs’ – Brixton in 1981;
per year (/Commonwealth) colour bar. racism in the police.
1953: 2200 were British passport
1960: 40,000 holders who could live Enoch Powell in 1964
Outnumbered and work in Britain. Racist
all other Felt British immigration acts
immigrants. Britain short of eg. In 1968
workers in transport,
healthcare & building
EU migration Political/ Varied – some Impact on Britain – Impact on other
Around 11 EU governmental worries economic growth European countries
citizens encouragement – Hard-working Money sent back to
currently live Government wanted Leaving EU a migrants in Britain; Poland (£4 billion in
and work in to be member of EU result of anti- filling shortage jobs; 2005/06) helps
another EU from 1960s; joined in migrant strain on housing and economy; fewer
country 1973 sentiment? schools; local and unemployed in
1970s: 20,000 national economy Poland; fewer skilled
EU citizens After end of the Cold 2015: 1.9 million benefits workers in Poland;
entered Britain War, countries in migrants from ageing population in
from EU each Eastern Europe joined EU working in Poland.
year; 60,000 in EU and migrants Britain, 60% of
late 1990s and arrived from there whom were
early 200s. (eg. Poland) from Eastern
600,000 Eastern Europe
European Economic reasons
migrants Better wages
between 2004
and 2006 End of the Cold War

30
War, invasion and settlement of other countries

Causes/events Short-term Long-term

significance significance

Reasons for the end -Impact of WW1 – no longer an Partition of India – Legacy of religious
of Empire economic superpower (though did huge migration & tension between
expand the British Empire in the Middle violence India and Pakistan
British Empire at its East). today
peak 1920 – 450m Decolonisation of
people/ ¼ population -WW2 – bankrupted; trade with Europe many countries States not
& USA became more important across the world prepared to rule
India decolonised themselves – led to
1947 Colonies demanding independence corrupt and poor
Africa decolonised in after WW2 – education meant they had governments
the 1960s the ideas and the potential to do this;
Africans & Indians who had fought in
WW2 wanted freedom for themselves;
nationalism
Eg. India – Gandhi; WW2

Eg. African Gold Coast – National

Congress of British West Africa 1920s –
asked for control over own affairs;
rejected. Nationalist movements
emerged. Dr Kwame Nkrumah was key
independence leader; campaigned,
thrown in jail; allowed to become PM;
became independent 1957 (Ghana).

Eg. Kenya – Mau Mau used violence;

Kenyan African Union (KAU)
campaigned). Gained independence
December 1963.
Falklands War 1982 2000 people on the island mostly British Political boost for Pride in Britain?
Early 1980s – Arentina’s economy was Thatcher Dispute with
bad and wanted something to distract Stronger Argentina remains
people relationship with
April 1982: invasion of Falkland islands USA
Thatcher recovered the island. Patriotism and
255 men died. 6 ships sunk, 34 aircraft pride
lost, cost £2.5 billion

31
Key individuals

Key individual Short-term significance Longer-term significance

Gandhi Gained publicity for Indian independence Independence for India in 1947
1920s and Non-violent protests; publicity
1930s Had been a lawyer, first in India then in South
Key figure in Africa. Promoted non-cooperation, passive
Indian resistance against British authorities in South
Independence Africa from 1909.

Nkrumah Independence of Ghana Conflict in Ghana and then fled

1909-72 Ghana given independence 1957 (had been Dealt harshly with opposition groups;
Leader of Ghana known as the Gold Coast) economy declined, police seized control
Elected president of independent Ghana in 1966; Nkrumah fled to Guinea and Romania.
1960
Fierce rivalries; attempted assassination 1962

Pan-Africanist. Encouraged struggle in other

colonies (Pan-African Conference in Accra
1958)
Kenyatta Fought for Kenyan independence Helped Kenya gain independence; dealt
1891-1978 Independence in East Africa complicated harshly with opposition groups
because of the number of white settlers who Dealt harshly with groups that opposed his
1947: elected didn’t want to give away power. Idea of rule and eventually banned opposition
President of the ‘power sharing’ between whites and blacks parties.
Kenya Africa opposed by black Africans – Mau Mau
Union; fighting; Kenyatta found guilty of leading this Banned Kenyan Asians from trading in
imprisoned and sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment certain areas; 44,000 Asians from Kenya
1953-61 1953; released from detention 1961, able to came to Britain.
(accused of lead negotiations towards independence
being a Mau between Kenyans and British government.
Mau); Kenya’s
PM 1963 and
President 1964
Claudia Jones Had come from America as she was too radical Notting Hill carnival continues today.
1915-64 Helped create an annual ‘mardigras’ in Legacy of better race relations and pride
Founded the Notting Hill in 1959 to show the culture of the among the Afro-Caribbean community.
first black Caribbean to the people of Britain – due to
British weekly riots in Notting Hill in 1958. Established the
paper The West West Indian Gazette – news from the
Indian Gazette Caribbean and black cultural developments.
Radical
campaigner
Idi Amin Told Ugandan Asians to leave the country in
the 1960s
26,000 Ugandan Asians came to Britain

32
Revision notes on Britain in the 20th century
Commonwealth migration to Britain: reasons, dates, significance (Irish; Cypriot; Kenyan Asians)

Caribbean migration to Britain: reasons, dates, significance

33
EU migration to Britain: reasons, dates, significance

Britain’s relationship with Europe since WW2:

34
The end of the British Empire: reasons, key individuals, significance

Significance of Gandhi

Significance of Nkrumah

35
Significance of Kenyatta

Significance of Claudia Jones

Significance of the Falklands War

36
BIG FACTORS SUMMARY
Add examples to as many boxes as you can find them! Some have been done for you…

Reasons groups have migrated to, from and within Britain

Science and Religion Ideas Governments Economic War and Individuals

technology violence
Medieval
example
Early Huguenots
Modern
example
19th
century
example
20th British
century membership
example of EU

Impact of migration on Britain and other countries

Economic Social change Political change Racism and Death and
development (including religion intolerance hardship
& ideas)
Medieval
example

Early British
Modern transportation to
example Australia

19th Irish migration to

century Britain
example
20th EU migrants help
century the economy
example

Reasons for success in gaining Empires

Science and Individuals and Economics & War and violence Religion and
technology government commerce (trade) ideas
Medieval King Cnut and Vikings
example Emma of Normans
Normandy: family
ties
Early
Modern
example
19th
century
example
20th
century
example

37
Reasons for loss of Empires

Governments Ideas, race and Individuals Social /economic War

culture change
Medieval
example

Early
Modern
example
19th century
example

20th century
example

38