### Class Notes: Introduction to Arithmetic

#### I. Definition of Arithmetic

- Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and manipulation of numbers.

- It involves basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

#### II. Fundamental Operations

##### A. Addition (+)

- Combining two or more numbers to find their sum.

- Example: \(3 + 5 = 8\)

##### B. Subtraction (-)

- Finding the difference between two numbers.

- Example: \(9 - 4 = 5\)

##### C. Multiplication (×)

- Repetitive addition; finding the product of two numbers.

- Example: \(2 \times 6 = 12\)

##### D. Division (÷)

- Sharing or grouping a quantity into equal parts.

- Example: \(8 \div 2 = 4\)

#### III. Properties of Arithmetic Operations

##### A. Commutative Property

- The order of numbers does not change the result in addition and multiplication.

- Example: \(a + b = b + a\)

##### B. Associative Property

- The grouping of numbers does not change the result in addition and multiplication.

- Example: \((a + b) + c = a + (b + c)\)

##### C. Identity Elements

- Addition has an identity element (0) such that \(a + 0 = a\).

- Multiplication has an identity element (1) such that \(a \times 1 = a\).

#### IV. Order of Operations (PEMDAS/BODMAS)

- Parentheses/Brackets

- Exponents/Orders

- Multiplication and Division (from left to right)

- Addition and Subtraction (from left to right)

#### V. Fractions in Arithmetic

- Understanding fractions as part of a whole.

- Operations with fractions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).

#### VI. Decimals and Percents

- Understanding decimals and their relationship to fractions.

- Converting between decimals and percents.

#### VII. Word Problems

- Applying arithmetic to real-life situations.

 - Breaking down word problems into mathematical expressions.

#### VIII. Practical Tips for Arithmetic

- **Practice Regularly:** The key to mastering arithmetic is consistent practice.

- **Memorize Basic Facts:** Memorizing multiplication tables and addition/subtraction facts saves
time.

- **Understand the Concepts:** Don't just memorize procedures; understand the why behind each
step.

- **Check Your Work:** Review your calculations to catch errors.

#### IX. Conclusion

- Arithmetic forms the foundation for more advanced mathematical concepts.

- Developing a strong grasp of arithmetic is essential for various practical applications in everyday life.

#### X. Additional Resources

- Recommended textbooks, online resources, and practice problems.

Feel free to expand on each section during the class, providing examples and encouraging student
participation through exercises and discussions.