### Class Notes: Introduction to Calculus

#### I. Definition of Calculus

- Calculus is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the study of rates of change and accumulation of
quantities. It consists of two main branches: **Differential Calculus** and **Integral Calculus**.

#### II. Differential Calculus

##### A. Limits

- **Definition:** The value that a function approaches as the input approaches a certain value.

\[ \lim_{{x \to a}} f(x) = L \]

##### B. Derivatives

- **Definition:** The derivative of a function represents the rate of change of the function at a given
point.

\[ f'(x) = \lim_{{h \to 0}} \frac{{f(x + h) - f(x)}}{h} \]

- **Notation:** \(f'(x)\), \(\frac{{dy}}{{dx}}\), \(\frac{{df}}{{dx}}\)

##### C. Rules of Differentiation

- **Power Rule:** If \(f(x) = x^n\), then \(f'(x) = nx^{(n-1)}\).

- **Product Rule:** \((uv)' = u'v + uv'\).

- **Quotient Rule:** \(\left(\frac{{u}}{{v}}\right)' = \frac{{u'v - uv'}}{{v^2}}\).

- **Chain Rule:** If \(g(x) = f(h(x))\), then \(g'(x) = f'(h(x)) \cdot h'(x)\).

#### III. Integral Calculus

##### A. Definite Integrals

- **Definition:** Represents the accumulation of quantities over an interval.

\[ \int_{{a}}^{{b}} f(x) \,dx \]

- **Geometric Interpretation:** Area under the curve.

##### B. Antiderivatives

- **Definition:** Functions whose derivatives are the given function.

\[ F'(x) = f(x) \]

- **Notation:** \(\int f(x) \,dx = F(x) + C\), where \(C\) is the constant of integration.

##### C. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

- **Statement:** If \(f(x)\) is continuous on \([a, b]\) and \(F(x)\) is an antiderivative of \(f(x)\), then

\[ \int_{{a}}^{{b}} f(x) \,dx = F(b) - F(a) \]

#### IV. Applications of Calculus

##### A. Rate of Change and Motion

- **Velocity:** Derivative of position with respect to time.

- **Acceleration:** Derivative of velocity with respect to time.

##### B. Area and Volume

- **Area Under a Curve:** Using definite integrals.

- **Volume of Solids of Revolution:** Using integrals.

##### C. Optimization

- **Maxima and Minima:** Finding optimal values using derivatives.

#### V. Tips for Success in Calculus

- **Understand Fundamental Concepts:** Mastery of limits, derivatives, and integrals is crucial.

- **Practice Regularly:** Calculus is a skill that improves with consistent practice.

- **Apply to Real-World Problems:** Relate calculus concepts to real-life scenarios for better
understanding.

#### VI. Conclusion

- Calculus is a powerful tool for understanding change, motion, and accumulation.

- Proficiency in calculus is essential for various fields, including physics, engineering, economics, and
more.

#### VII. Additional Resources

- Recommended textbooks, online resources, and practice problems for further exploration of calculus.