Marriages and Families in The 21st Century A Bioecological Approach 2nd Edition Howe Test Bank

Instructor Resource
Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition

SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 9: Reproduction and Parenting

Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Which method of contraception is as effective as the oral pill?

a. intramuscular injection
b. rhythm method
c. coitus interruptus
d. spermicidal jelly
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the reasons why people choose to parent or not to
parent.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Overview: To Parent or Not To Parent
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Which statement about childbirth in industrialized nations is CORRECT?

a. Male doctors began to attend women as early as the 12th century.
b. Maternal death rates fell dramatically with the discovery of antisepsis in the 18th
century.
c. Throughout history, women gave birth at home, attended only by women.
d. By the 18th century, most women delivered their babies in hospitals.
Ans: C
parent. | 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal development and
birth.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Historical Beliefs and Practices Surrounding Childbirth
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. After what age do women experience greater chances of infertility, miscarriage, and
birth defects?
a. 25
b. 35
c. 45
d. 55
Ans: B
birth. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to become
parents.
Answer Location: The Egg and the Prenatal Environment
Instructor Resource
4. Harmful agents, such as drugs, alcohol, toxic fumes, biohazards, lead, pollution, and
radiation, that can cross the placenta and harm the fetus are called ______.
a. carcinogens
b. prenatal poisonings
c. teratogens
d. placenta-antagonists
Ans: C
parents.
5. The role of HOX genes is to determine ______.

a. the sex of a child
b. the rate at which fetal body structures develop
c. which parent’s genes will predominate
d. the order in which fetal body structures develop
Ans: D
parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Role of Genes After Fertilization
6. The structure that nourishes and protects a fetus during development is the ______.
a. placenta
b. ovary
c. zygote
d. oocyte
Ans: A
parents.
Answer Location: Prenatal Development
7. When does the embryonic stage of development begin?

Instructor Resource
a. at conception
b. 6 days after conception
c. 2 weeks after conception
d. 2 months after conception
Ans: C
parents.
8. Which of the following occurs during the fetal stage of development?

a. The heart begins to beat.
b. The spinal cord develops.
c. The brain begins to develop.
d. The entire body grows rapidly.
Ans: D
parents.
9. A(n) ______ is a surgical incision made in a woman’s perineal tissue to ease

childbirth.
a. epidermal
b. episiotomy
c. epecitius
d. oophorectomy
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Answer Location: Giving Birth
10. The purpose of the Lamaze method is to ______.

a. make labor and delivery painless
b. help women to take charge of labor
c. encourage partners to act as coaches
d. prevent medical intervention in labor
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Natural Birth
11. A woman may suspect that she has postpartum depression when ______.
a. feelings of sadness and fatigue last for more than 2 weeks
b. she experiences mild feelings of sadness and fatigue right after childbirth
c. she experiences increased feelings of marital satisfaction
d. tension between her and her partner escalates after childbirth
Ans: A
development and birth. | 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the
transition to parenthood.
Answer Location: Postpartum Mental Health
12. All of the following factors are associated with male infertility EXCEPT ______.
a. marijuana smoking
b. cancer
c. working in cold environments
d. alcohol and drug use
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Answer Location: Infertility and Innovative Ways to Become a Parent
13. Which statement about IVF (in vitro fertilization) is INCORRECT?

a. Using a donor egg and fresh sperm, the success rate approaches 50%.
b. Even if the embryo implants, most women eventually miscarry.
c. It is possible to choose the infant’s sex with a high degree of accuracy.
d. Multiple births occur in 37% of cases in the United States.
Ans: B
to become parents.
Answer Location: In Vitro Fertilization
14. In which type of adoption are relatively older children usually adopted out of foster
care?
a. open adoption
Instructor Resource
b. private adoption
c. public adoption
d. international adoption
Ans: C
to become parents.
Answer Location: Public Adoption
15. The most important implication of neural plasticity for human development is that
a. children can easily overcome negative influences that occur early in life.
b. children’s brains adapt to the setting in which they have their early experiences.
c. young children learn languages more easily than adults.
d. the brain is continually adding neurons during the first 3 years of life.
Ans: B
development and birth. | 9-6: Identify the basic needs of all children around the world,
and which parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Answer Location: Infant Brains and the Environment
16. Breastfeeding during the first year of life has been linked to ______.
a. higher IQs during childhood
b. lower stress during childhood
c. insecure bonds with fathers during infancy
d. lower weight gain during adolescence
Ans: A
development and birth. | 9-6: Identify the basic needs of all children around the world,
and which parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Answer Location: Historical Views of Motherhood and Fatherhood
17. Which parenting style is high on warmth/responsiveness but low on

control/demandingness?
a. authoritative
b. authoritarian
c. permissive/indulgent
d. neglectful
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 9-6: Identify the basic needs of all children around the world, and
which parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Parenting Styles

18. Which parenting style is high on warmth/responsiveness and also high on

control/demandingness?
a. authoritative
b. authoritarian
c. permissive/indulgent
d. neglectful
Ans: A
Answer Location: Socioeconomic Influences on Parenting Styles
19. Approximately what percentage of single parents are single fathers?

A. 5%
B. 30%
C. 45%
D. 60%
Ans: A
Answer Location: Single Parents
20. Research on children who grow up in LGBT homes reveals all of the following
EXCEPT that ______.
a. sons of gay males have the most difficulty accepting their parents’ coming out.
b. outcomes are similar to those of straight families with similar socioeconomic
backgrounds.
c. having two parents, regardless of sexual orientation, leads to better outcomes.
d. children from LGBT homes embrace gender and racial stereotypes more readily than
children of straight parents.
Ans: D
Answer Location: LGBT Parents
True/False
1. Postpartum depression symptoms include feeling sad, hopeless, and overwhelmed.

Instructor Resource
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to
parenthood.
Answer Location: Postpartum Mental Health
2. MRIs are medical procedures that increase the chances that a couple can have
children.
Ans: F
to become parents.
Answer Location: Artificial Insemination
3. In vitro fertilization: The introduction of sperm into the vagina to aid in fertilization.
Ans: F
to become parents.
4. Artificial insemination: The introduction of a zygote or blastocyst into the uterus to

increase the chances of pregnancy.
Ans: F
to become parents.
5. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is an optional procedure occurring during in vitro

fertilization where genetic disorders are screened out and only healthy embryos
implanted.
Ans: T
to become parents.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Instructor Resource
6. Microsort sperm sorting: An optional procedure occurring during in vitro fertilization

where chromosomes are marked with dye so that gender selection of babies can take
place before implantation.
Ans: T
to become parents.
7. Private adoption is foster care with biological family members who are not the child’s
parents.
Ans: F
to become parents.
Answer Location: Adoption
8. Kinship care is when a birth mother decides to give up her newborn or infant and
work with an agency and/or attorney to help her choose a suitable family to adopt.
Ans: F
to become parents.
Answer Location: Adoption
9. International adoptions are adoptions conducted across country lines; usually western
parents adopting children from developing nations.
Ans: T
to become parents.
Answer Location: International Adoption
10. Post-adoption depression syndrome can occur in men or women and has the same
symptoms as postpartum depression.
Ans: T
to become parents.
Answer Location: Unique Challenges of Adoptive Parenting
Instructor Resource
11. Cognitive plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to absorb information from the
environment and organize its own functioning to work well in that specific type of
environment.
Ans: F
to become parents.
12. Concerted cultivation is a socialization principle used by middle-class parents to

cultivate their children’s individuality, self-confidence, and independent thinking.
Ans: F
to become parents.
13. Concerted cultivation is an ideology that drives parents’ plans for their children’s
future and influences the parenting tactics they implement.
Ans: F
to become parents.
14. Aloof fathers are dads who follow traditional gender stereotypes and expect to
contribute to their family mainly by providing material goods.
Ans: T
to become parents.
Answer Location: Intimate and Aloof Fathering
15. Planned same-sex families are gay or lesbian families that contain children who were
born into previous heterosexual unions; these children have experienced divorce and a
parent’s “coming out.”
Ans: F
parenthood. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to
become parents.
Instructor Resource
16. Divorced same-sex families are gay or lesbian families that planned to have children
together in their union.
Ans: F
parenthood. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to
become parents.
Short Answer
1. The egg has a fertile life of about ______ hr.

Ans: 24
2. ______ cause the most damage during the first trimester of pregnancy when all of the
major organ structures are forming in the embryo.
Ans: Teratogens
3. ______ genes are a set of 39 genes that determine the order in which a baby’s body
structures develop in the womb.
Ans: HOX
Answer Location: The Role of Genes After Fertilization
4. ______ is the name for the newly created being that is formed when sperm meets
egg.
Ans: Zygote
Instructor Resource

5. This is vascularly rich organ that attaches to the uterus and provides a baby with
nutrients while protecting it from waste and toxins.
Ans: placenta
6. This new being, a fluid-filled sphere of layered cells, called the ______, continues to
travel down the fallopian tubes to the uterus, where it will implant into the uterine lining.
Ans: blastocyst
7. Men often show pregnancy symptoms like weight gain, cravings, and backaches,
known as sympathy pregnancy and the term for this is ______.
Ans: couvade syndrome
8. This is the last stage of prenatal development when no new structures form; growth
and refinement of existing structures take place.
Ans: fetal
9. In a procedure called ______, doctors snipped the mother’s perineum, the flesh at
the bottom of the vaginal opening, to allow a quicker delivery of the baby.
Ans: episiotomy
Instructor Resource
10. ______ is a surgical procedure that removes a baby from its mother’s womb by
cutting directly into the uterus.
Ans: Cesarean section
Essay
1. In what way are most children today treated better than they were in the past? What
do you think is the primary reason for this?
Ans: Answers will vary. The student might focus on economic issues (industrialization,
rising living standards leading to fewer children per family and greater investment per
child) or on religious/cultural issues (paternalistic societies treating children as property,
religions viewing children as inherently evil).
parent. | 9-6: Identify the basic needs of all children around the world, and which
parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Answer Location: Historical Views of Children and Childhood
2. What are the factors that lead to stress in both mothers and fathers after childbirth?
How can these factors be ameliorated?
Ans: Stressors include time pressure, especially in two-earner families, lack of
knowledge of child development, lack of time, and lack of social support. Mitigating
factors include learning as much as possible about child development, seeking out
parenting support groups, establishing a strong social support network, and learning
self-regulating methods such as meditation and massage.
parenthood. | 9-7: Identify some key challenges that all parents face and outline some
of the main differences experienced by diverse types of parents.
Answer Location: The Transition to Parenthood
3. Discuss the various means of assisted fertility covered in the chapter, including
adoption. Do you think more or less regulation is required? What new legislation might
make the adoption system more rational?
Ans: Answers will vary. Students may focus on the relative lack of regulation of
reproductive technologies in the United States, in comparison to other western
Instructor Resource
countries, or the lack of health insurance coverage. Or they may focus on the difficulties
put in the path of prospective adoptive parents who differ from the SNAF model.
Answer Location: Infertility and Innovative Ways to Become a Parent
4. Discuss the positive and negative effects of neural plasticity on human social and
cognitive development.
Ans: Positive: Because young children’s brains are so plastic, they readily adapt to the
social situation into which they are born. Negative: The effects of harmful influences,
such as malnutrition, lack of intellectual stimulation, or neglectful parenting, can be long-
lasting.

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Instructor Resource

Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition

Chapter 9: Reproduction and Parenting

1. Which method of contraception is as effective as the oral pill?

2. Which statement about childbirth in industrialized nations is CORRECT?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The role of HOX genes is to determine ______.

7. When does the embryonic stage of development begin?

8. Which of the following occurs during the fetal stage of development?

9. A(n) ______ is a surgical incision made in a woman’s perineal tissue to ease

10. The purpose of the Lamaze method is to ______.

13. Which statement about IVF (in vitro fertilization) is INCORRECT?

17. Which parenting style is high on warmth/responsiveness but low on

Answer Location: Parenting Styles

18. Which parenting style is high on warmth/responsiveness and also high on

19. Approximately what percentage of single parents are single fathers?

1. Postpartum depression symptoms include feeling sad, hopeless, and overwhelmed.

4. Artificial insemination: The introduction of a zygote or blastocyst into the uterus to

5. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is an optional procedure occurring during in vitro

6. Microsort sperm sorting: An optional procedure occurring during in vitro fertilization

12. Concerted cultivation is a socialization principle used by middle-class parents to

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. The egg has a fertile life of about ______ hr.

Answer Location: Prenatal Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

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