Environmental Sustainability

and Landscape Management

Editors
Recep Efe
İsa Cürebal
Abdalla Gad
Brigitta Tóth

ISBN 978-954-07-4140-6

ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI UNIVERSITY PRESS

SOFIA, 2016
 Editors
Prof. Dr. Recep Efe Prof. Dr. Isa Cürebal
Balikesir University, Balikesir University
Faculty of Arts and Sciences Faculty of Arts and Sciences
Department of Geography Department of Geography
Balıkesir, Turkey Balıkesir, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Abdalla Gad Prof. Dr. Brigitta Tóth
Environmental Studies and Land Use University of Debrecen
Division, Faculty of Agricultural and
National Authority for Remote Sensing Food Sciences and Environmental
and Space Sciences (NARSS), Management
Cairo, Egypt Debrecen, Hungary

St. Kliment Ohridski University Press

ISBN 978-954-07-4140-6

The contents of chapters/papers are the sole responsibility of the authors,

and publication shall not imply the concurrence of the Editors or Publisher.

© 2016 Recep Efe

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without prior permission of the editors and authors
Cover Design: İsa Cürebal

ii
 CONTENTS
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1
Landscape Architecture and Creating Innovative Spaces under Highway
Overpasses
Yasemin CINDIK AKINCI, Sara DEMIR, Oner DEMIREL
Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................... 11
Visual Landscape Assessment of the Alpine Rocky Habitats: A Case Study of
Hatila Valley National Park, Artvin, Turkey
Derya SARI, Cengiz ACAR
Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................... 35
Assessment of Children’s Playgrounds in Terms of Design Approach, Physical
Characteristics and User’s Ideas
Habibe ACAR
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................... 58
A Methodological Research on the Investigation of the Urban Landscapes Using
Serial Vision Qualities: The Case of Trabzon City
Arzu KALIN, Ali ÖZBİLEN, Sonay ÇEVİK
Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................................... 81
Sustainable Management and Protection of Historical Landscape: The Case of
Bakırköy Mental and Psychiatric Diseases Hospital Garden, Istanbul - Turkey
Hande Sanem CINAR ALTINCEKIC, Reyhan ERDOGAN, Huseyin DIRIK,
Ekin OKTAY
Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................... 100
Urban Green Areas and Design Principles
Serap YILMAZ, Sema MUMCU
Chapter 7 ................................................................................................................... 119
Agricultural Landscape Values of Turkey
Nilgün GÜNEROĞLU, Makbulenur BEKAR
Chapter 8 ................................................................................................................... 138
The Effect of Plants on Indoor Air Quality
Hakan SEVIK, Mehmet CETIN, Nur BELKAYALI, Kerim GUNEY
Chapter 9 ................................................................................................................... 150
Evaluation of Open Space Utilization Opportunities of University Campuses in
the Aspect of Physical Disabled People: Case of Karadeniz Technical University
Campus
Ertan DÜZGÜNEŞ, Mehtap ERDOĞAN
Chapter 10 ................................................................................................................. 169
Seating Furniture in Open Spaces and Their Contribution to the Social Life
Sema MUMCU, Serap YILMAZ

iii
Chapter 11 ................................................................................................................. 188
Landscape Design Approaches Based on Fractal Geometry
Filiz ÇELİK
Chapter 12 ................................................................................................................. 205
Cultural Landscapes as Heritage: A Landscape-Based Approach to Conservation
Ayşegül TANRIVERDI KAYA
Chapter 13 ................................................................................................................. 222
Mycorrhiza and Its Role in Landscape Architecture
Müberra PULATKAN
Chapter 14 ................................................................................................................. 239
Evaluation of Spatial Permeability Concepts: A Case Study of the Trabzon
Forum Shopping Centre
Aysel YAVUZ, Nilgün KULOĞLU
Chapter 15 ................................................................................................................. 257
Endemic Plants of Bursa and Their Landscape Characteristics
Nilüfer SEYIDOGLU AKDENIZ, Murat ZENCIRKIRAN
Chapter 16 ................................................................................................................. 274
Explicating the Historical Landscape Approach According to Renovation
Projects of Historical Environment in Turkey
Aysun TUNA
Chapter 17 ................................................................................................................. 291
Analysis Temporal Land Use/Land Cover Change Based on Landscape Pattern
and Dynamic Metrics in Protected Mary Valley, Trabzon from 1987 to 2015
Sara DEMİR, Öner DEMİREL
Chapter 18 ................................................................................................................. 307
The Monumental Plane Trees of Bursa and Their Contribution to Cultural
Landscape
Murat ZENCIRKIRAN, Nilüfer SEYIDOĞLU AKDENIZ, Elvan ENDER,
Zeynep PIRSELIMOĞLU BATMAN
Chapter 19 ................................................................................................................. 320
Evaluation of Visual Effects of Roadways in Urban Areas: The Case Study of
TAG Highway
Deniz ÇOLAKKADIOĞLU, Muzaffer YÜCEL
Chapter 20 ................................................................................................................. 335
Designing Landscape for Children’s Development and Nature Conservation:
Mutual Benefit
Aysel USLU, Pelin KÖRMEÇLİ
Chapter 21 ................................................................................................................. 351
Landscape Planning and Design in the Fight Against Obesity
Sebahat AÇIKSÖZ, Deniz ÇELİK

iv
Chapter 22 ................................................................................................................. 366
Evaluation of Design and Liveability from a Critical Viewpoint in Çanakkale
Waterfront Area
Melda AÇMAZ ÖZDEN, A. Tolga ÖZDEN
Chapter 23 ................................................................................................................. 382
Slow Cities as a Tool for the Sustainability of a Healthy Physical Environment
Çiğdem KILIÇASLAN, Emine MALKOÇ TRUE
Chapter 24 ................................................................................................................. 396
Land Art as a Contemporary Remark on Forming the Landscape
Banu OZTURK KURTASLAN
Chapter 25 ................................................................................................................. 411
Purposes of Waterscapes Usage in Landscape Architecture
Tuğba DÜZENLİ, Doruk Görkem ÖZKAN
Chapter 26 ................................................................................................................. 425
A New Approach of Landscape Planning for Turkey: Historical Landscape
Character Assessment
Sara DEMİR
Chapter 27 ................................................................................................................. 439
The Significance of Ecological Approaches in Local Governance Systems
Duygu AKYOL, İpek ÖZBEK SÖNMEZ
Chapter 28 ................................................................................................................. 453
The Techniques Improving the Creativity in Landscape Design Process
Banu Çiçek KURDOĞLU, Burcu SALİHOĞLU, Kadir Tolga ÇELİK
Chapter 29 ................................................................................................................. 467
Utilization of Living Walls in Urban Ecosystems
Makbulenur BEKAR, Nilgün GÜNEROĞLU
Chapter 30 ................................................................................................................. 483
Applying Landscape Ecology Principles in Urban Landscape Design for
Improving Biodiversity
Aysel USLU, Nasim SHAKOURI
Chapter 31 ................................................................................................................. 496
A Research on Accessibility of Urban Parks by Disabled Person: The Case
Study of Birlik Park, Konya-Turkey
Sertaç GÜNGÖR
Chapter 32 ................................................................................................................. 512
Ecological Approach to Rural Development
Pınar BOLLUKCU, Sebahat AÇIKSÖZ

v
Chapter 33 ................................................................................................................ 523
Brussels’ Urban Cultural Landscapes: New Design Concepts by International
Students
Veli ORTAÇEŞME, Meryem ATIK, Tahsin YILMAZ, Steven GOOSSENS, Pol
GHEKIERE, Oğuz YILMAZ, Aysel USLU, Cornelius SCHERZER, Wolfgang
FISCHER
Chapter 34 ................................................................................................................. 535
The Importance of Spatial Ability Research: The Case of Landscape
Architecture Education
Ahmet AKINCI, Yasemin CINDIK AKINCI
Chapter 35 ................................................................................................................. 545
Contribution of Green Infrastructure System on Water Management
Aybike Ayfer KARADAĞ, Demet DEMİROĞLU
Chapter 36 ................................................................................................................. 560
LST Calculator: A Python Tool for Retrieving Land Surface Temperature from
Landsat 8 Imagery
Hakan OĞUZ
Chapter 37 ................................................................................................................. 573
Determining the Recreational Potentials of Some of the Bays in Fethiye
Zeynep R. BOZHÜYÜK ARDAHANLIOĞLU, Nihat KARAKUŞ
Chapter 38 ................................................................................................................. 585
Investigation of Active Green Spaces within the Criterion of Earthquake Park
Concept: Case Study of Safranbolu City
Yasin DÖNMEZ
Chapter 39 ................................................................................................................. 592
Utilization of Natural Materials as Mulching Materials in Landscaping
Applications
Şirin DÖNMEZ, Mert ÇAKIR
Chapter 40 ................................................................................................................. 598
Automated Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat 8 Satellite
Imagery: A Case Study of Kahramanmaraş - Turkey
Hakan OĞUZ
Chapter 41 ................................................................................................................. 605
Identifying Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in the Ahir Mountain,
Kahramanmaraş, Using Multi-Temporal and Multi-Scale Satellite Imagery
Nurdan ERDOĞAN, Hakan DOYGUN
Chapter 42 ................................................................................................................. 616
Landscape Preferences of the Elderly
Emine TARAKÇI EREN
Chapter 43 ................................................................................................................. 626
Recreational Requirements of Adolescents on Parks in Ankara, Turkey
Rukiye Duygu ÇAY, Dicle OĞUZ

vi
Chapter 44 ................................................................................................................. 636
Evaluation of Landscape Architecture Students' Awareness of Their Career
Zöhre POLAT
Chapter 45 ................................................................................................................. 646
Urban Design
Murat ÖZYAVUZ
Chapter 46 ................................................................................................................. 655
Stormwater Management in the Context of Sustainable Drainage Concept in
Urban Areas
Elif BAYRAMOĞLU, Öner DEMİREL
Chapter 47 ................................................................................................................. 665
The Influence of Natural Flora on Landscaping: The Case of Uçmakdere
(Tekirdag)
Burcin EKICI
Chapter 48 ................................................................................................................. 675
Topography, Hybridization and Deconstructivism Effects on New Typologies in
Landscape Design
Elvan ENDER, Aysun ÇELIK, Nilüfer SEYIDOĞLU AKDENIZ
Chapter 49 ................................................................................................................. 684
Relations Between Precipitation and Forest Distribution in Turkey
Atilla ATİK
Chapter 50 ................................................................................................................. 694
Assessment of the Relationships Between Urban Furniture and Urban Spaces
Elif SATIROGLU
Chapter 51 ................................................................................................................. 703
Sustainable Landscape Design in Contemporary Residential Gardens
Fatma AŞILIOĞLU
Chapter 52 ................................................................................................................. 721
Assessment of Psycho- Social Effect of Interior Components on User Perception
In Terms of Historical Buildings
Çiğdem ÇETİNKAYA
Chapter 53 ................................................................................................................. 728
Livability and Livable City Image
Banu Çiçek KURDOĞLU, Pınar DİNÇER
Chapter 54 ................................................................................................................. 735
Design Principles of Earthquake Park
Aysun ÇELİK, Elvan ENDER

vii
Chapter 54

Design Principles of Earthquake Park

Aysun ÇELİK*, Elvan ENDER**

INTRODUCTION
Physical components of urban life quality include urban infrastructure and social
reinforcement spaces. Active green spaces, which are within the scope of these
mentioned reinforcements, are of great importance in the context of landscape
architecture studies (Bağcı, 2010). The concept of open space is one of the crucial and
basic elements of urban fabric and is identified as spaces and empty fields which are not
included in architecture and transportation areas (Öztan, 1968). The concept of green
space is defined as the surface area either covered or combined with vegetal elements
(woody and herbaceous ones) among available open spaces (Akdoğan, 1987).
Open and green spaces consist of reinforcements that meet recreational needs of
people and take on tasks in the organic development of the settlements, in the
preservation of population ad structure density, in the stabilisation of space use and in
the prevention of speculative development in residential areas (Öztürk and Özdemir,
2013). Green spaces, which are an important concept in urban planning, are
indisputable elements of urban ecosystem organisation with their functions in
establishing mass-space balance within ecological context; in creation of microclimates
suitable for human life and in providing physical balance and organic integrity in terms
of using spaces with different characteristics (Altunkasa et al. 1995). Besides, they are
the public spaces that positively affect the social, physical and psychological state of an
individual (Öztürk and Özdemir, 2013). The most important open and green spaces are
the parks where people are able to avoid their problems, take a rest and relax, go out for
fresh air and participate in several activities (Kesim et al. 2006).
Today cities are developing rapidly without making adequate research and
ignoring the losses that can be created by natural disasters (Jang et al., 2004). As a
result of this rapid development open spaces and green spaces, which have important
functions in urban space, are being destructed (Ender, 2015). Earthquakes having been
experienced in the past to the present have not only showed the importance of the use of
urban open and green spaces but also made people realise the incompetency of these
spaces both in quality and quantity (Atalay, 2008). Open green spaces in areas with
disaster risk, prevent blockage and jam during a possible earthquake by reducing
building density and correspondingly population and traffic density and provide a
storage yard for sheltering during post-disaster period.
The criteria and the procedure for planning urban open and green spaces should be
evaluated in terms of both creating a healthy urban environment and living spaces to be

*
Assoc. Prof. Dr., Uludağ University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape
Architecture, Bursa, Turkey
**
Dr., Uludağ University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture,
Bursa, Turkey
used after a possible earthquake (Nalbantoğlu and Güzer, 2000). Because people tend to
use relatively delicate places such as empty spaces, gardens, parks, parking lots and
playfields as safe places after a kind of disaster until they get rid of the initial shock
(Özdemir, 2002).
Countries experiencing disasters are obliged to plan pre, during and post-disaster
periods in case of experiencing the disaster again. One of the planning practices is
identifying earthquake parks that provide people with humanly needs such as gathering,
meeting family members and sheltering until the chaos environment that is caused by
the disaster ceases. Earthquake parks are multifunctional with their being temporary
settlement locations besides having recreational, ecological, economic and social
functions. Therefore, they should necessarily take part in disaster management in the
risky regions. This study focuses on the importance of earthquake parks within the
context of disaster management and suggests the criteria devoted to planning and
designing procedures.
THE ROLE OF EARTHQUAKE PARKS in DISASTER MANAGEMENT
It is not possible to avoid earthquakes completely. Therefore, it is vital to be
prepared, take necessary measures and prevent or reduce damages. To that end, besides
the selection of most appropriate construction materials and technologies, accurate
determination of the number of floors it is necessary to create infrastructure-ready
earthquake parks and wide open spaces within settlements (Çelik and Erduran, 2011).
The importance of planned urban green areas and parks is increasing in places with
the risk of natural disasters. Using spaces that are not suitable for settlement as open-
green spaces is a common tendency in urban planning. However, it is not the same for
multifunctional spaces such as earthquake parks. Because, after a possible earthquake,
people prefer to shelter primarily on open-green spaces. Even if one is caught by an
earthquake in a vehicle, it is suggested to stop the vehicle in an open space and stay in
the vehicle. Therefore, open spaces consist areas where people feel safe during and after
an earthquake.
Activities related to earthquakes can be classified into 5 main phases. These phases
can be named as preparation in advance, harm reduction, rescue and first-aid, recovery
and reconstruction (National Earthquake Council, 2005). Designing earthquake parks in
risky regions is of “Pre-Earthquake Precautions” and these parks are spaces that will be
employed in a case of an earthquake so that earthquake victims shall be provided with
life activities at a minimum level which will be considered within recovery phase. Open
spaces, which are indicators of welfare and life standards in daily life, are of great
importance under emergency conditions with their use as emergency access, emergency
gathering, air access, storage and distribution of emergency rescue equipment,
emergency shelter or temporary housing areas (Atalay, 2008).
Earthquake parks are one of the precautions to be taken in order to avoid panic
feeling in people both during a earthquake and post-earthquake period or to overcome
this feeling with minimum loss of life and property. They are premeditated and ready to
use spaces that ensure the victims of the disaster live in a relatively comfortable way
within current conditions. Green spaces where immediate needs of people such as
security, gathering, meeting, shelter, water supply, nutrition, sanitation, communication
are met, treatments are provided and urban services led can be defined as places where
life regenerates.

736
 With designing of earthquake parks, problems such as post-disaster chaos; long
lasting residential area selection; opening roads for those areas; providing electricity,
water and sewer services; environmental health; unhygienic environment; mud on roads
especially during winter and tents soaked in water due to heavy rains, which were
experienced with previous disasters, shall not be experienced again. Providing victims,
who are injured both physically and mentally, with shelter within a short time and
giving them some individual space such as a tent, meeting their social needs and
providing them food immediately shall make a great contribution to picking up the
pieces (Kara, 2007).
In addition to these mentioned roles of earthquake parts in disaster management,
they have a function of preparing people for disasters. For this purpose in these parks,
people will be able to teach basic first-aid rules, methods for taking one’s own safety
precautions and proper behaviour in terms of search and rescue and response during a
post-earthquake period (Çelik and Erduran, 2011). Furthermore, practices shall be
performed, deficiencies shall be specified and precautions shall be taken. By this way, a
society prepared against earthquake shall be created.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS of EARTHQUAKE PARKS
Most suitable places for earthquake parks in cities are urban open-green spaces,
hospital gardens, school gardens and university campuses. These spaces also have
important functions in providing people, who are reluctant to enter buildings with the
psychological pressure of earthquake, gathering area and temporary shelter. While
deciding which to assign as earthquake parks and designating locations for ones to be
designed, some particular environmental parameters should be considered. These are as
follows:
Location of the earthquake park is crucial in order not to face any kind of danger
again after a disaster. Interaction with the ground should be considered in designating
the location of an earthquake park. The criteria in the issue are, earthquake risk status of
the picked location; earthquake zone classification and its position by active faults. The
ground structure should not magnify the earthquake intensity felt by people. Alluvial
soil and soil with a high sand ratio bare the mentioned risk. Therefore, they shouldn’t be
included in earthquake management. Filled grounds, grounds with loose texture and
areas exposed to disaster should be avoided.
Earthquake parks should be easily accessible spaces close to both crucial places
and the city centre with a strong transport network, which is of great importance for
immediate response both during and after the earthquake.
The slope of the area should be suitable for both the natural drainage and drainage
of waste water used by the population on it. This rate is between 2% and 4%. If major
drainage and erosion control measures are not taken for the area the mentioned rate
should not exceed 7% (Sphere Project, 2000). Any kind of rain water and waste water
is expected to be drained easily.
Besides, the area should be safe when other disaster risks which might be induced
by the earthquake are considered. For this purpose, the morphological structure of the
area should be safe and far away from the regions bearing landslide, rain-wash, flood
and swamp risks. Swamps and environments with slack water where mosquitos rise
should be avoided. Valley plains and stream beds should not be planned as earthquake
parks. Park space should be at least 3 metres above the expected water accumulating

737
level in rainy seasons so that the shelters, roads, water storage tanks and sanitation areas
shall not be flooded and scoured. Park space should not be within the borders of regions
with the risk of Tsunami after a possible earthquake either. The afore-mentioned issues
should be considered during disaster planning.
Earthquake parks are facilities with ready to use infrastructural features the aim of
which is meeting immediate needs of people in case of an earthquake. Therefore,
infrastructures such as clean water for drinking and cleaning; electricity for safety and
to ease life; sewage to prevent diseases due to waste water and roads to ensure the
transportation of any kind of aid in a timely manner should be ready to use. In the event
that mentioned infrastructural features are damaged after the disaster, they should
immediately be repaired and put into service.
The soil of the parks should be easily excavated in order to enable the tents to be
erected; permeable enough to get rain-water drained and should not be exposed to
erosion.
“Climatic characteristics” is another important factor to be involved in earthquake
management. Being aware of the duration of hot and cold seasons and climatic
characteristics are important while determining indoor and outdoor spaces considering
the general climate characteristics, appropriate location and construction material.
Earthquake parks should not be surrounded by tall buildings. Even if the structure
itself is not damaged during the earthquake, there will possibly be structures and houses
damaged by nearby demolished buildings. In order not to be affected by the situation
the park should have a distance from the surrounding buildings which is two times the
height of the mentioned surrounding structures. Thus, the possible damage to the
environment shall be avoided (Akdur, 2001). Earthquake parks should not be located in
industrial zones due to their possible different reactions against earthquakes and
environmental threats they possibly cause such as fire, explosion, air pollution and
malodour. They should also be far from lamp posts and electric wires. These parks
shouldn’t be located on the fields under which water pipes and gas pipelines pass either.
SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS and DESIGN PRINCIPLES of
EARTHQUAKE PARKS
An earthquake park should be appropriately sized to serve the population. Too
small sized parks are not suitable for serving as earthquake parks. Following
multifunctional sites should definitely be included within earthquake parks (Table 1).
Entrances both for personnel and logistics should be available on earthquake parks
so that chaos shall be avoided in case of an earthquake. These entrances should have
reserve area considering the risk of sudden blockage. Besides, indoor and outdoor
spaces which are ready for training programs such as “Basic Disaster Awareness
Trainings” during the whole year should be available.
Successive earthquakes to follow the major one should be kept in mind. Any kind
of reinforcements, signs and plates should be placed firmly in earthquake parks so that
they don’t cause any danger in case of successive earthquakes and applications should
be qualified. Mentioned reinforcements, signs and plates should be made of durable and
safe materials that are suitable for all weather conditions. Particularly guide signs
should be significant and illuminated. Disorganised applications that restrict the space
where they are used, or that cause chaos should be avoided.

738
 Table 1. Multifunctional sites to be included within earthquake parks
OPEN SPACES
Definition Function in Daily Life Function in case of an Earthquake
Heliport Square, activity field Emergency patient transfer, other emergency
situations
Children’s Kid games Kid games, gathering point for the lost
playgrounds
Amphitheatre Social activities, concerts, Computer and internet aided administrative unit,
theatre computer centre where records shall be kept
Picnic site Recreation, entertainment, Gathering point for the lost, shelter and tent site,
games field hospital, kitchen-scullery-laundry tent site
Playgrounds Games Gathering point for the lost, shelter and tent site,
field hospital, kitchen-scullery-laundry tent site
Sports Sports Gathering point for the lost, tent site, soup kitchen,
facilities field hospital
Ice-skating Sports Supply drop zone, mortuary
rinks
Parking lot Parking lot Parking lot, distribution point for drinking water-
cleaning supplies and other equipment
Greenhouse Collection gardens, herb Hospital
exhibition, plant production
Skateboard Roller skate and skateboard Supply unloading area for vehicles.
ramps track, access for the disabled,
bicycle riding, baby carriage
Pool Shallow pond Tent bathrooms, using the pool water for cleaning
and fire extinguishing in case of fire
Large Visual Tent site, disaster awareness training area,
openings veterinary service area
CLOSED SPACES
Warehouse Storage of supplies Storage area for the supplies
Rainwater Irrigation Water resource and reserves for the purpose of
harvesting drinking and cleaning
area
WC WC WC, shower rooms, laundry
Cafeterias Recreation Kitchen, food distribution unit, soup kitchen,
scullery, communication oriented internet centre,
charging units for mobile phones
Buffets food & beverage Register centre, counseling centre
Waste yards waste yard Waste yards
Religious religious services Worship, shelter, first aid
buildings
Watch boxes Security Generator docking area

These applications should be easily accessible instead. Deficiencies in these

matters shall probably increase the negative effects of the earthquake.
Reinforcement elements should be designed and located considering maximum
benefit of people in terms of functionality so that earthquake parks can serve their
purpose of construction. In this sense, essential reinforcement components of
earthquake parks are listed in table 2 with their functions.

739
 Table 2. Essential reinforcement components of earthquake parks
ESSENTIAL REINFORCEMENT COMPONENTS OF EARTHQUAKE PARKS
Component Function
Cisterns They meet drinking and cleaning water needs in case of a malfunction in water
systems.
Turnstiles Prevents confluence while supplies are being distributed.
Sitting sets They can easily be transformed into a form that people can take shelter in case
of a crisis
Sound system Used for the announcement of the news that concerns everybody.
Flashers Guide people where to go in case of earthquakes that occur at night.
Generator Used for meeting electric demand, security and for other features that make
life easier in case of any possible power failure.
Fountains Provide drinking water and are used as laundry and washing up sites
Billboards Used for announcements to enable people reach safely and immediately the
service sites to be formed within the earthquake park in the case of any crisis.
Thermal solar systems Provide the shower rooms, laundry and scullery with hot water.

In order to ensure healthy and high quality life standards in earthquake parks, it is
necessary to integrate the planning and design of vegetal elements with the components.
Plant cover on earthquake parks should be so appropriately picked that it should
provide shade during summer and relatively reduce the effects of rain and wind during
winter and prevent erosion with the roots spread underground as well. Grass areas are
advantageous since they prevent dust, dirt, mud and erosion (Akdur, 2001). Trees
providing shade with large crowns are able to form shelter site and cause a sense of
security by creating a kind of space perception. Plants that grow up in messy forms
should not be used because they shall limit the activities by blocking possible passages.
Plants that shall cause a kind of slippery texture on the ground with their seeds, fruits,
thorns and cones or the plants having poisonous fruits or other parts should not be used
either. Also, plants that can shelter flies, beetles, bees, scorpions, snakes and other
similar creatures shouldn’t be used. Park area should include openings as wide as
possible and these openings should not be interrupted with shrubs and rampant plants.
CONCLUSION
Earthquake fact should be prioritised while physically designing urban spaces in
countries that are to live with this fact and earthquake parks should be evaluated
considering their purpose of reducing earthquake damages.
It is impossible to ignore earthquakes. Therefore, in highly risky regions, it is
necessary to designate areas as earthquake parks in the districts with better conditions
when geomorphological, geological and geotechnical characteristics are considered and
studied on “Settlement Suitability Maps” (Çelik, and Erduran, 2011). While designating
Earthquake Park spaces, the earthquake risks should be sensitively considered. In
addition to making weakness analysis in terms of earthquakes, an “urban natural threats
map” should be created for each city and earthquake parks should be planned, designed
and put into practice on non-risky lands.
Neither construction, of buildings not relating with the purpose of earthquake
parks nor sale and transfer of the buildings to various organisations should be a matter
of discussion (Çelik and Erduran, 2011). This issue should be one of the priorities of
the local government and they should cooperate with relevant institutions in order to
ensure proper housing. Local governments should designate earthquake parks, which

740
are escape points, primarily at neighbourhood level and inform people about the issue.
Earthquake parks need to organise quickly, immediately after an earthquake.
Therefore, trained specialists and local people who know the neighbourhood well
should participate in the organisation of these parks. Responsibility limits of the people
should clearly be identified.
In conclusion, the fact of earthquake parks is the guarantee of constructing safe
urban environments and this fact is also a part of designing modern cities. Disaster
management studies that exclude earthquake parks can be deemed as deficient.
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