WELD PROCEDURES FOR KRESS CORPORATION EQUIPMENT

Kress Standard #095202, Revision A

Released May 8, 2006

1.0 Purpose:
To provide a method of communicating the end requirement for arc-welded joints based
on the type of loading, e.g. bending, fatigue, shock, static, torsion, etc., and the resulting
stress levels as determined by Kress Corporation engineering analysis and / or field
experience.
2.0 WELD SAFETY & WARNINGS:

2.1 Under No Circumstances should wheel rims be welded while the tire is mounted.
Dangerous fumes can form inside the tire during welding that has resulted in
severe explosions causing severe injury and death.

2.2 All factory welding on Kress machines is done in accordance with Kress
Engineering Weld Quality Standard #095200.
2.3 All welding personnel are qualified per Section 5.11 Method B of the AWS D14.3-
94 specification for welding earth moving and construction equipment.

2.4 Protect yourself and others; read and understand this warning. Fumes and gases
can be dangerous to your health. Ultraviolet rays from the weld arc can injure eyes
and burn skin. Electric shock can kill.
2.5 Read and understand the manufacturer’s instruction and your employer’s safety
practices. Keep your head out of the fumes. Use ventilation, exhaust at the arc, or
both, to keep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and the general area. Wear
correct eye, ear and body protection. Do not touch live electric parts.
2.6 Refer to the American National Standard Z49.1, "Safety in Welding and Cutting"
published by the American Welding Society, 2501 N.W. 7th Street, Miami, Florida
33125: OHSA Safety and Health Standards, 29 CFR 1910, available from U.S.
Dept. of Labor, Washington D.C. 20210. Proper Welding Procedure on Machines
and Engines with Electronic Controls

3.0 PROPER CLEANING FOR INSPECTION:

3.1 Personal injury can result from working with cleaning solvent. Because of the
volatile nature of many cleaning solvents, extreme caution must be exercised when
using them. If unsure about a particular cleaning fluid, refer to the manufacturer’s

1/22/07 1 FweldR5
 instructions and directions. Always wear protective clothing and eye protection
when working with cleaning solvents.
3.2 Care must be taken to ensure that fluids are contained during performance of
inspections, maintenance, testing adjusting and repair of the product. Be prepared
to collect the fluids with suitable containers before opening any compartments or
disassembling any component containing fluids. Dispose of all fluids according to
local regulations and mandates.

4.0 Preparing the Area for Welding

4.1 Clean the area that will be welded. Make sure that the substances that follow are
removed from the area that will be welded.
• Oil
• Grease
• Paint
• Dirt

5.0 The carrier portion of the Kress machine has approximately 80% content of quenched and
tempered steel plate comparable to ASTM A514 specifications. The remaining steel in the
machine is Mild SAE 1018 or 1020 material, however in most cases this mild steel material
is welded to ASTM A514. Because of these conditions, all welds must be treated as if the
base material meets ASTM A514 at 100,000 PSI minimum yield.
5.1 The welding material used on Kress machines is to have a published yield of
62,000 to 80,000 PSI. This is important if the fatigue life of the machine is to be
maintained.
5.2 Manual welding ("Stick") electrodes MUST meet American Welding Society
E7018 Grade Specifications for low hydrogen electrodes - these electrodes must
be kept dry and maintained in a rod oven.
5.3 Semi-automatic wire electrode MUST meet American Welding Society E71T-1 or
E70T-5 Grade Specifications.

6.0 WELD PRE-HEAT:

6.1 No welding should be done on Kress machines when the metal is below 70 degrees
Fahrenheit without pre-heat.
6.2 When welds are being made in areas where plates are 1.00 inch thick or thicker,
and/or where the joint is highly constrained (a flat plate crack is a good example of
this), the weld area should be pre-heated to and maintained at between 250 and 400
degrees F. Do not exceed 400 degrees F. for pre-heat and interpass temperature. A
temperature stick, or a surface pyrometer should be used to correctly judge
temperature.
6.3 When the ASTM A-514 plate thickness is more than 2.50" the preheat temperature
is to be maintained throughout the welding process at the higher part of the range,
but do not exceed 450 deg. F. The welding electrode is to be AWS CLASS E70T-
5 (Kress# T16180) which is similar to AWS A5.5-81 E7018-A1 electrode.

1/22/07 2 FweldR5
 6.3.1 Heat distortion of the base metal is possible when you weld. Avoid
excessive heating of the base metal.
6.3.2 Attach the welding ground cable directly to the base metal. Protect
machined surfaces from sparks. Protect the machined surfaces from the
weld splatter.

7.0 WELD POST HEAT:

7.1 Weld post heat is not required unless the ambient temperature is less than 50º F. If
the ambient temperature is less than 50º F then a weld blanket should be used to
allow the welds and adjacent material to cool slowly.

8.0 CRACK REPAIR:

8.1 All cracks are to be gouged out to their full depth with an air-carbon arc. If
possible the arc gouge should be followed by grinding to a depth of 1/32 to 1/16
inch to remove any carbon deposits that may have been introduced by the carbon
arc.
8.2 The gouge should always be at least twice as wide on top as it is deep. In areas
where both sides of a crack are available for repair, the gouging should be done
from both sides leaving a minimal area in the middle for a 100% penetration weld.
In areas where the back side of the crack is not exposed, the gouge should extend
almost, but not quite, through the plate for a 100% penetration weld.
8.3 In cases where a complete break has occurred, the broken parts should be scarfed
(beveled on the broken edge) to allow a full depth weld, and welded from both
sides if possible.

9.0 WELD FILLET SIZE:

9.1 With manual (stick) electrodes, the single pass fillet size should not exceed 2 rod
diameters. Under no circumstances should any single pass weld, either manual or
semi-automatic, exceed 3/8 inch. Larger welds should be built up with multiple
passes, no one pass exceeding 3/8 inch. Each pass should be de-slagged and wire
brushed before successive passes are made. Check weld temperature before each
pass to make sure that the interpass temperature does not exceed 400 degrees F.

Rod Diameter Weld Fillet Size

(inches) (inches)
1/8 1/4

5/32 5/16

3/16 3/8
Table 1

1/22/07 3 FweldR5
 Table 2.
Fillet Weld – Minimum Number of Weld Passes

Specified Fillet Weld Leg Minimum Number Weld Minimum Number Weld
Passes to Make Weld Passes Showing
On Finished Weld

.12 thru .38 1 1

0.5 2 1

0.75 4 2

1 6 3

10.0 PROPER WELDING PROCEDURE ON MACHINES AND ENGINES WITH

ELECTRONIC CONTROLS
10.1 Proper precautions are necessary to prevent damage to electronic controls. When
you weld on a machine with electronic controls, use the steps that follow:
10.1.1 Turn off the engine. Put the key start switch in the OFF position.
10.1.2 If the machine has a battery disconnect switch, open the switch. If the
machine does not have a battery disconnect switch, disconnect the negative
battery cable at the battery.
10.1.3 Connect the ground cable for the welder directly to the actual machine
component that will be welded. Place the clamp for the ground cable as
close as possible to the area that will be welded. This will reduce the
chance of damage from welding current to the components that follow:
bearings, hydraulic components, and electrical components.

10.1.4 DO NOT use electrical components as a ground point for the welder. DO
NOT use ground points for electronic components as a ground point for the
welder.

1/22/07 4 FweldR5
 10.1.5 Protect the wiring harnesses from the weld splatter.

11.0 WELD SPECIFICATIONS

11.1 Low Hydrogen Electrodes for the SMAW Process
11.1.1 The tables that follow list the mechanical properties of welds that are
deposited by low hydrogen electrodes.

Mechanical Properties of Welds from Low Hydrogen

Electrodes
That are Classified as “ANSI/AWS A5.1 E7018”
Tensile Strength 480 MPa (69618 PSI)
Yield Strength 400 MPa (58015 PSI)
Elongation 22%
Impact Toughness 27 J @ -18° C (20ft lbs @ -20° F)
Table 3

11.1.2 Low hydrogen electrodes must be stored in an electrode oven at 120° C

(248° F). If low hydrogen electrodes get damp, scrap the low hydrogen
electrodes or recondition the low hydrogen electrodes to the
manufacturer’s specifications.
11.1.3 Table 4 shows setting for the welding current for the electrode diameter.

Welding Current for Low Hydrogen Electrodes

Diameter Amperage Rating
3.2 mm (0.13 in) 70-140
4.0 mm (0.16 in) 110-180
4.8 mm (0.19 in) 190-270
Table 4
11.1.4 Use a polarity setting of DC reverse polarity. Remove the slag after each
pass of the welding electrode. The width of the weld should not exceed
two times the electrode diameter
11.2 Flux Cored Welding Electrode for the FCAW Process
11.2.1 Table 5 lists the mechanical properties of welds that are deposited by the
flux cored welding electrode.

1/22/07 5 FweldR5
 Mechanical Properties from Flux Cored Welding Elec-
trode that is
Classified as “ANSI/AWS A5.20 E71T-1 or E70T-5”
Tensile Strength 480 MPa (69618 PSI)
Yield Strength 400 MPa (58015 PSI)
Elongation 22%
Impact Toughness 27 J @ -18° C (20 ft lbs. @ -20° F)
Table 5
11.2.2 Table 6 shows setting for the welding current for the flux cored welding
electrode that has a diameter of 1.3 mm (0.05 inch).

Welding Current for Flux Cored Welding Electrode that is

Classified as “ANSI/AWS A5.20 E71T-1 or E70T-5”
Wire Feed Speed Voltage Amperage
Minimum 5080 mm 24 210
(200 in) per Minute
Optimum 6985 mm 28 250
(275 in) per Minute
Maximum 8255 mm 29 300
(325 in) per Minute
Table 6

11.3 The settings for the welding current can vary due to the position of the weld. Also,
the settings for the welding current can vary with the manufacturer of the welding
electrode.

11.4 Use a polarity setting of DC reverse polarity. Remove the slag after each pass of
the welding electrode. The fast freezing characteristics of flux cored welding
electrode increases the possibility of evolving gas that is trapped in the weld.
Control the size of the weld in order to reduce the possibility of evolving gas that is
trapped in the weld. The volume of the fillet weld should not exceed 8.0 mm (0.32
inch).
11.5 The following are acceptable weld shielding gasses:
100% Carbon Dioxide
75% Carbon Dioxide – 25% Argon
90% Carbon Dioxide – 10% Argon

1/22/07 6 FweldR5
 12.0 WELDING ON FUEL TANKS

12.1 Personal injury or death can result from an explosion. Applying heat to a tank
which has held flammable liquids, even when empty, can result in residual
flammable liquid or vapor igniting with explosive force. Do not weld or flame cut
on any tank that has held flammable liquid without taking the proper precautions
such as filling the tank with either carbon dioxide or water.
12.2 Do Not Weld an Empty Fuel Tank.
12.2.1 An empty fuel tank can not be cleaned sufficiently in order to ensure that
all the flammable vapors have been removed. Vapors remain even after
cleaning with steam or washing with a caustic solution. Also, when caustic
solutions are heated, caustic solutions can also be explosive. In order to
prepare a fuel tank for welding, use one of the following procedures:
• Fill the tank with carbon dioxide.
• Fill the tank with water.
12.3 Filling the Fuel Tank with Carbon Dioxide:

Use the following procedure in order to prepare the tank for welding:
1. Cover all openings or plug all openings, except for the filler hole.
2. Fill the tank with carbon dioxide from a CO2 fire extinguisher.
3. Put a board, or some other object with a flat surface, over the filler hole
in order to keep the carbon dioxide in the tank.
4. Weld the tank by using the welding practices that are detailed in this
document.
12.4 Filling the Fuel Tank with Water

Use the following procedure in order to prepare the tank for welding:
1. Cover all openings or plug all openings, except for the filler hole.
2. Fill the tank with water.
Note: The water must be kept at the very top of the filler hole at all
times. This will ensure that there are no vapors that have collected in
empty cavities.
3. Weld the tank by using the welding practices that are detailed in this
document.
Note: After welding on the tank, the fuel tank must be drained. Fill the
fuel tank with a mixture of fuel and methyl alcohol (methanol). A ratio
of 0.5 L (0.13 US gal) methanol to 38 L (10.04 US gal) of fuel is
satisfactory. The methanol will mix with the water. The methanol and
water will burn with the fuel.

1/22/07 7 FweldR5
 13.0 WELDING ON HYDRAULIC TANKS
13.1 Do not weld on a closed hydraulic tank.

Use the following procedure in order to prepare the tank for welding:
1. Remove the cover.
2. Position the tank so that the welding area is at the highest point. This position
makes sure that any oil that is left in the tank flows away from the welding
area. With no cover on the hydraulic tank, there is little danger of a buildup of
explosive vapors.
Note: Do not put water in a hydraulic tank. Water can damage the valves in the
hydraulic system. If necessary, carbon dioxide can also be used in hydraulic
tanks. Refer to ""Fill the Fuel Tank with Carbon Dioxide" " for the correct
procedure.

14.0 WELDING OF CASTINGS

14.1 Castings on Kress equipment should be treated just as ASTM A-514 and the same
parameters used on both. Also, the same Preheat requirements apply. (see Section
6.0 Weld Preheat)

15.0 WELD INSPECTION

15.1 The weld should not have any of the conditions that follow:
• Cracks
• Porosity
• Undercut
• Incomplete Fusion
15.2 In order to verify the quality of the weld, refer to “American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)/American Welding Society (AWS) Specification D14.3”

1/22/07 8 FweldR5
 TORQUING CAPSCREWS

TORQUING PRECAUTIONS AND SEQUENCE

All torque values unless specifically called out are

wet (lubricated) torque values. Dry threads will
give a false torque reading. The threads should be
coated with anti-seize to reduce the sliding fric-
tion between the threads. This is done so the cap-
screw will stretch the proper amount to ensure the
capscrew stays torqued. The mating surfaces of
the nut and washer (or retainer plate) being
torqued should also be coated with anti-seize.
When torquing capscrews in a circular pattern, do
so in a rotating triangular sequence similar to il-
lustration bts (at right).

ANTI-SEIZE

Kress uses an anti-seize compound purchased from Caterpillar, part number 5P3931. The Kress
part number is 49862. this compound has been found to hold up well during a wide variety of
conditions. When using this anti-seize, care should be taken not to use too much because it con-
tains copper which could cause confusion when analyzing future oil samples taken during service.

All threads and some press fit parts should be coated with sufficient anti-seize to prevent galling
or seizing during assembly and to aid in future disassembly. A different anti-seize compound can
be used which does not contain copper. An example of this is Caterpillar part number 2P2506.

CAPSCREWS AND WASHERS

Kress Corporation uses capscrews in its assemblies that are grade 8 quality to increase service life
of the assembly. If a lower strength capscrew or stud is used, it could fail during torquing or
stretch and fail during service. In some cases, a lower grade is used so it is essential that torque
values be carefully followed during reassembly. The same reasoning applies to the hardened
washes that are used in our assemblies. If replacing any nuts, capscrews, or washers, be sure to
use an equal quality replacement part.

1/22/07 r1 9 Ftorquing R1
STANDARD SERVICE TIGHTENING TORQUES

Kress service torques in this chart apply to S.A.E. grade 8 bolts and/or nuts. These applications
need to use hardened washers and be used in a steel alloy tapped hole with an engaged length of
1.5 times the thread diameter.

LUBRICATION:
The chart values are based on the threads and the face of the nut, or bolt head, being lubricated
with "anti-seize" or similar lubricant. These torque recommendations should be used unless oth-
erwise specified in parts & service publications.

TORQUE
BOLT DIA. THREAD FOOT-POUNDS NEWON-METERS
PER INCH (ft-lbs) (N•m)
1/ ”
4 20 13 18
28 14 19
5/ ”
16 18 26 35
24 28 38
3/ ”
8 16 47 64
24 49 66
7/ ”
16 14 68 92
20 74 100
1/ ”
2 13 105 142
20 117 159
9/ ”
16 12 146 198
18 173 235
5
/8” 11 212 287
18 257 348
3/ ” 10 369 500
4
16 396 537
7
/8” 9 549 744
14 608 824
1” 8 891 1208
14 927 1257
1 1/4” 7 1782 2416
12 1935 2623
1 1/2” 6 3060 4149
12 3420 4637

1/22/07 r1 10 Ftorquing R1
 SEALANTS & CAULKS
PART # COLOR USAGE
038645 Clear 1. Used to form a seal on glass, plastic,
aluminum, stainless steel and steel.
2. Used to seal assemblies that do not use
gaskets or O-rings.
3. Used in high temperature applications
as a "Formed in Place" gasket i.e.
Gear box covers.
4. This is not paintable.
White 1. Used to stablilize Electronic
components on a circuit board.
2. Used to "pot" circuit boards.
3. This should only be used for
electronics, due to cost.
White 1. Used as gasketing material.
2. Used to seal conduit to an electrical
box.
Gray 1. Used to form a skinned seal on seams. ORB-CAULK # 3600
2. Used between skip welds on cabs and This is a skinning Butyl caulk. Service temperature
fenders before painting. -20 to 200ºF.
3. This is paintable.
Clear Used in wire/cable harnesses to seal and
bond back side of connector
assemblies.
105031 Clear Used on battery posts and electrical
connectors. Displaces moisture and
prevents fugus. Surface to be treated
must be free of grease, rust, corrosion,
dirt, wax, etc.
086114 Clear Used on electrical components to enhance
conductivity. Displaces moisture and
leaves a thin protective coating which
protects from rust and corrosion.
127370 Brown Used mainly on connectors and wire
terminations on harnesses. Protects
from rust and corrosion. Displaces
moisture
1/22/07 r1 11
DETAILS
GENERAL ELECTRIC # 108-12C
This is a general purposed sealer. It has a 10 minute
“Tool” time, a 20 minute “Tack-Free” time and a 24
hour cure time. It produces Acetic acid as it is cured
and produces formaldehyde if it is heated in excess
of 150ºC. Service temperature is -75 to +400ºF.
GENERAL ELECTRIC # RTV160
This is an electronic grade sealer. It has a 45 minute
“Tool” time, a 4 hour “Tack-Free” time and a 48
hour cure time. It produces formaldehyde if heated
in excess of 150ºC.
ORB-CAULK # 217
This is a “Non-Skinning” Butyl caulk. Service
temperature -60 to +180ºF.
3M SCOTCHKOTE #14853
This is a fast drying, oil/moisture/corrosion resistant
flexible coating, sealant and bonding compound.
Extremely flammable with harmful vapors until dry.
Insulating varnish, bested used at room temperature
(70ºF) in a well ventilated area. Avoid breathing
vapors and skin/eye contact. Extremely Flammable.
SPRAY CONTACT CLEANER/DEGREASER,
bested used at room temperature (70ºF) in a well
ventilated area. Avoid breathing vapors and skin/eye
contact. Extremely Flammable.
NOVAGARD - Silicon General Purpose Dielectric
Grease. Service temperature -40 to 400ºF.
Fcaulking r1
 CONVERSION CHART SHOWING MILLIMETER,
FRACTIONAL, & DECIMAL INCH SIZES
Frac- Dec. Milli- Frac- Dec. Milli- Frac- Dec. Milli- Frac- Dec. Milli- Frac- Dec. Milli-
tional Equiv. meter tional Equiv. meter tional Equiv. meter tional Equiv. meter tional Equiv. meter
.0039 .1 .0689 1.75 .1570 .... .2677 6.8 27/64” .4219 10.72
.0059 .15 .0700 .... .1575 4.0 .2716 6.9 .4330 11.0
.0079 .2 .0709 1.8 .1590 .... .2720 .... 7/16” .4375 11.11
.0098 .25 .0728 1.85 .1610 ... .2756 7.0 .4528 11.5
.0118 .3 .0730 ... .1614 4.1 .2770 ... 29/64” .4531 11.51
.0135 ... .0748 1.9 .1654 4.2 .2795 7.1 15/32” .4687 11.91
.0138 .35 .0760 ... .1660 ... .2811 ... .4724 12.0
.0145 ... .0767 1.95 .1673 4.25 9/32” .2812 7.14 31/64” .4843 12.30
1/64” .0156 .39 5/64” .0781 1.98 .1693 4.3 .2835 7.2 .4921 12.5
.0157 .4 .0785 ... .1695 ... .2854 7.25 1/2” .5000 12.7
.0160 ... .0787 2.0 11/64” .1719 4.37 .2874 7.3 .5118 13.0
.0177 .45 .0807 2.05 .1730 ... .2900 ... 33/64” .5156 13.10
.0180 ... .0810 ... .1732 4.4 .2913 7.4 17/32” .5312 13.49
.0197 .5 .0820 ... .1770 ... .2950 ... .5315 13.5
.0200 ... .0827 2.1 .1771 4.5 .2953 7.5 35/64” .5469 13.89
.0210 ... .0846 2.15 .1800 ... 19/64” .2968 7.54 .5512 14.0
.0217 .55 .0860 ... .1811 4.6 .2992 7.6 9/16” .5625 14.29
.0225 ... .0866 2.2 .1820 ... .3020 ... .5709 14.5
.0236 .6 .0885 2.25 .1850 4.7 .3031 7.7 37/64” .5781 14.68
.0240 ... .0890 ... .1870 4.75 .3051 7.75 .5906 15.0
.0250 ... .0905 2.3 3/16” .1875 4.76 .3071 7.8 19/32” .5937 15.08
.0256 .65 .0925 2.35 .1890 4.8 .3110 7.9 39/64” .6094 15.48
.0260 ... .0935 ... .1910 ... 5/16” .3125 7.94 .6102 15.5
.0276 .7 3/32” .0937 2.38 .1929 4.9 .3150 8.0 5/8” .6250 15.88
.0280 ... .0945 2.4 .1935 ... .3160 ... .6299 16.0
.0292 ... .0960 ... .1960 ... .3189 8.1 41/64” .6406 16.27
.0295 .75 .0964 2.45 .1968 5.0 .3288 8.2 .6496 16.5
.0310 ... .0980 ... .1990 ... .3230 ... 21/32” .6562 16.67
1/32” .0312 .79 .0984 2.5 .2008 5.1 .3248 8.25 .6693 17.0
.0315 .8 .0995 ... .2010 ... .3268 8.3 43/64” .6719 17.06
.0320 ... .1015 ... 13/64” .2031 5.16 21/64” .3281 8.33 11/16” .6875 17.46
.0330 ... .1024 2.6 .2040 ... .3307 8.4 .6890 17.5
.0335 .85 .1040 ... .2047 5.2 .3320 ... 45/64” .7031 17.86
.0350 ... .1063 2.7 .2055 ... .3346 8.5 .7087 18.0
.0354 .9 .1065 ... .2067 5.25 .3386 8.6 23/32” .7187 18.26
.0360 ... .1082 2.75 .2086 5.3 .3390 ... .7283 18.5
.0370 ... 7/64” .1094 2.78 .2090 ... .3425 8.7 47/64” .7344 18.65
.0374 .95 .1100 ... .2126 5.4 11/32” .3437 8.73 .7480 19.0
.0380 ... .1102 2.8 .2130 ... .3445 8.75 3/4” .7500 19.05
.0390 ... .1110 ... .2165 5.5 .3465 8.8 49/64” .7656 19.45
.0394 1.0 .1130 ... 7/32” .2187 5.56 .3480 ... .7677 19.5
.0400 ... .1141 2.9 .2205 5.6 .3504 8.9 25/32” .7812 19.84
.0410 ... .1160 ... .2210 ... .3543 9.0 .7874 20.0
.0413 1.05 .1181 3.0 .2244 5.7 .3580 ... 51/64” .7969 20.24
.0420 ... .1200 ... .2263 5.75 .3583 9.1 .0871 20.5
.0430 ... .1220 3.1 .2280 ... 23/64” .3594 9.13 13/16” .8125 20.64
.0433 1.1 1/8” .1250 3.18 .2283 5.8 .3622 9.2 .8268 21.0
.0452 1.15 .1260 3.2 .2323 5.9 .3641 9.25 53/64” .8281 21.03
.0465 ... .1279 3.25 .2340 ... .3661 9.3 27/32” .8437 21.43
3/64” .0469 1.19 .1285 ... 15/64” .2344 5.95 .3680 ... .8465 21.5
.0472 1.2 .1299 3.3 .2362 6.0 .3701 9.4 55/64” .8594 21.83
.0492 1.25 .1338 3.4 .2380 ... .3740 9.5 .8661 22.0
.0512 1.3 .1360 ... .2401 6.1 3/8” .3750 9.53 7/8” .8750 22.23
.0520 ... .1378 3.5 .2420 ... .3770 ... .8858 22.5
.0531 1.35 .1405 ... .2441 6.2 .3780 9.6 57/64” .8906 22.62
.0550 ... 9/64” .1406 3.57 .2460 6.25 .3819 9.7 .9055 23.0
.0551 1.4 .1417 3.6 .2480 6.3 .3838 9.75 29/32” .9062 23.02
.0570 1.45 .1440 ... 1/4” .2500 6.35 .3858 9.8 59/64” .9219 23.42
.0591 1.5 .1457 3.7 .2520 6.4 .3860 ... .9252 23.5
.0595 ... .1470 ... .2559 6.5 .3898 9.9 15/16” .9375 23.81
.0610 1.55 .1476 3.75 .2570 ... 25/64” .3906 9.92 .9449 24.0
1/16” .0625 1.59 .1495 ... .2598 6.6 .3937 10.0 61/64” .9531 24.21
.0629 1.6 .1496 3.8 .2610 ... .3970 ... .9646 24.5
.0635 ... .1520 ... .2638 6.7 .4040 ... 31/32” .9687 24.61
.0649 1.65 .1535 3.9 17/64” .2656 6.75 13/32” .4062 10.32 .9843 25.0
.0669 1.7 .1540 ... .2657 6.75 .4130 ... 63/64” .9844 25.03
.0670 ... 5/32” .1562 3.97 .2660 ... .4134 10.5 1” 1.000 25.4

1/22/07 12 FConvCht r2
 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES
This conversion table can be used to convert temperature to centigrade (°C) or to Fahrenheit (°F). The center column is the base
temperature. If you want to convert from °F to °C, you would look up the number in the center column and the number in the
left column would show the conversion in °C. To convert °C to °F, you would look up the base number and the conversion to °F
is shown in the right column.
As an example, to find the °F for 100°C, look up 100 in the base temperature column. The column to the right shows 212°F as
the conversion.
BASE BASE BASE BASE BASE
TEMP. TEMP. TEMP. TEMP. TEMP.
°C °F or °C °F °C °F or °C °F °C °F or °C °F °C °F or °C °F °C °F or °C °F
-73.33 -100 -148.0 -1.11 30 86.0 40.56 105 221.0 148.89 300 572 357.22 675 1247
-70.56 -95 -139.0 -0.56 31 87.8 41.11 106 222.8 151.67 305 581 360.00 680 1256
-67.78 -90 -130.0 0.00 32 89.6 41.67 107 224.6 154.44 310 590 362.78 685 1265
-65.00 -85 -121.0 0.56 33 91.4 42.22 108 226.4 157.22 315 599 365.56 690 1274
-62.22 -80 -112.0 1.11 34 93.2 42.78 109 228.2 160.00 320 608 368.34 695 1283
-59.44 -75 -103.0 1.67 35 95.0 43.33 110 230.0 162.78 325 617 371.11 700 1292
-56.67 -70 -94.0 2.22 36 96.8 43.89 111 231.8 165.56 330 626 373.89 705 1301
-53.89 -65 -85.0 2.78 37 98.6 44.44 112 233.6 168.33 335 635 376.67 710 1310
-51.11 -60 -76.0 3.33 38 100.4 45.00 113 235.4 171.11 340 644 379.44 715 1319
-48.33 -55 -67.0 3.89 39 102.2 45.56 114 237.2 173.89 345 653 382.22 720 1328
-45.56 -50 -58.0 4.44 40 104.0 46.11 115 239.0 176.67 350 662 385.00 725 1337
-44.44 -48 -54.4 5.00 41 105.8 46.67 116 240.8 179.44 355 671 387.78 730 1346
-43.33 -46 -50.8 5.56 42 107.6 47.22 117 242.6 182.22 360 680 390.56 735 1355
-42.22 -44 -47.2 6.11 43 109.4 47.78 118 244.4 185.00 365 689 393.33 740 1364
-41.11 -42 -43.6 6.67 44 111.2 48.33 119 246.2 187.78 370 698 396.11 745 1373
-40.00 -40 -40.0 7.22 45 113.0 48.87 120 248.0 190.56 375 707 398.89 750 1382
-38.89 -38 -36.4 7.78 46 114.8 49.44 121 249.8 193.33 380 716 401.67 755 1391
-37.78 -36 -32.8 8.33 47 116.6 50.00 122 251.6 196.11 385 725 404.44 760 1400
-36.67 -34 -29.2 8.89 48 118.4 50.56 123 253.4 198.89 390 734 407.22 765 1409
-35.56 -32 -25.6 9.44 49 120.2 51.11 124 255.2 201.67 395 743 410.00 770 1418
-34.44 -30 -22.0 10.00 50 122.0 51.67 125 257.0 204.44 400 752 412.78 775 1427
-33.33 -28 -18.4 10.56 51 123.8 52.22 126 258.8 207.22 405 761 415.56 780 1436
-32.22 -26 -14.8 11.11 52 125.6 52.78 127 260.6 210.00 410 770 418.33 785 1445
-31.11 -24 -11.2 11.67 53 127.4 53.33 128 262.4 212.78 415 779 421.11 790 1454
-30.00 -22 -7.6 12.22 54 129.2 53.89 129 264.2 215.56 420 788 423.89 795 1463
-28.89 -20 -4.0 12.78 55 131.0 54.44 130 266.0 218.33 425 797 426.67 800 1472
-28.33 -19 -2.2 13.33 56 132.8 55.00 131 267.8 221.11 430 806 429.44 805 1481
-27.78 -18 -0.4 13.89 57 134.6 55.56 132 269.6 223.89 435 815 432.22 810 1490
-27.22 -17 1.4 14.44 58 136.4 56.11 133 271.4 226.67 440 824 435.00 815 1499
-26.67 -16 3.2 15.00 59 138.2 56.67 134 273.2 229.44 445 833 437.78 820 1508
-26.11 -15 5.0 15.56 60 140.0 57.22 135 275.0 232.22 450 842 440.56 825 1517
-25.56 -14 6.8 16.11 61 141.8 57.78 136 276.8 235.00 455 851 443.33 830 1526
-25.00 -13 8.6 16.67 62 143.6 58.33 137 278.6 237.78 460 860 446.11 835 1535
-24.44 -12 10.4 17.22 63 145.4 58.89 138 280.4 240.56 465 869 448.89 840 1544
-23.89 -11 12.2 17.78 64 147.2 63.44 139 282.2 243.33 470 878 451.67 845 1553
-23.33 -10 14.0 18.33 65 149.0 60.00 140 284.0 246.11 475 887 454.44 850 1562
-22.78 -9 15.8 18.89 66 150.8 60.56 141 285.8 248.89 480 896 457.22 855 1571
-22.22 -8 17.6 19.44 67 152.6 61.11 142 287.6 251.67 485 905 460.00 860 1580
-21.67 -7 19.4 20.00 68 154.4 61.67 143 289.4 254.44 490 914 462.78 865 1589
-21.11 -6 21.2 20.56 69 156.2 62.22 144 291.2 257.22 495 923 465.56 870 1598
-20.56 -5 23.0 21.11 70 158.0 62.78 145 293.0 260.00 500 932 468.33 875 1607
-20.00 -4 24.8 21.67 71 159.8 63.33 146 294.8 262.78 505 941 471.11 880 1616
-19.44 -3 26.6 22.22 72 161.6 63.89 147 296.6 265.56 510 950 473.89 885 1625
-18.89 -2 28.4 22.78 73 163.4 64.44 148 298.4 268.33 515 959 476.67 890 1634
-18.33 -1 30.2 23.33 74 165.2 65.00 149 300.2 271.11 520 968 479.44 895 1643
-17.78 0 32.0 23.89 75 167.0 65.56 150 302.0 273.89 525 977 482.22 900 1652
-17.22 1 33.8 24.44 76 168.8 68.33 155 311.0 276.67 530 986 485.00 905 1661
-16.67 2 35.6 25.00 77 170.6 71.11 160 320.0 279.44 535 995 487.78 910 1670
-16.11 3 37.4 25.56 78 172.4 73.89 165 329.0 282.22 540 1004 490.56 915 1679
-15.56 4 39.2 26.11 79 174.2 76.67 170 338.0 285.00 545 1013 493.33 920 1688
-15.00 5 41.0 26.67 80 176.0 79.44 175 347.0 287.78 550 1022 496.11 925 1697
-14.44 6 42.8 27.22 81 177.8 82.22 180 356.0 290.56 555 1031 498.89 930 1706
-13.89 7 44.6 27.78 82 179.6 85.00 185 365.0 293.33 560 1040 501.67 935 1715
-13.33 8 46.4 28.33 83 181.4 87.78 190 374.0 296.11 565 1049 504.44 940 1724
-12.78 9 48.2 28.89 84 183.2 90.56 195 383.0 298.89 570 1058 507.22 945 1733
-12.22 10 50.0 29.44 85 185.0 93.33 200 392.0 301.67 575 1067 510.00 950 1742
-11.67 11 51.8 30.00 86 168.8 96.11 205 401.0 304.44 580 1076 512.78 955 1751
-11.11 12 53.6 30.56 87 188.6 98.89 210 410.0 307.22 585 1085 515.56 960 1760
-10.56 13 55.4 31.11 88 190.4 101.67 215 419.0 310.00 590 1094 518.33 965 1769
-10.00 14 57.2 31.67 89 192.2 104.44 220 428.0 312.78 595 1103 521.11 970 1778
-9.44 15 59.0 32.22 90 194.0 107.22 225 437.0 315.56 600 1112 523.89 975 1787
-8.89 16 60.8 32.78 91 195.8 110.00 230 446.0 318.33 605 1121 526.67 980 1796
-8.33 17 62.6 33.33 92 197.6 112.78 235 455.0 321.11 610 1130 529.44 985 1805
-7.78 18 64.4 33.89 93 199.4 115.56 240 464.0 323.89 615 1139 532.22 990 1814
-7.22 19 66.2 34.44 94 201.2 118.33 245 473.0 326.67 620 1148 535.00 995 1823
-6.67 20 68.0 35.00 95 203.0 121.11 250 482.0 329.44 625 1157 537.78 1000 1832
-6.11 21 69.8 35.56 96 204.8 123.89 255 491.0 332.22 630 1166 565.56 1050 1922
-5.56 22 71.6 36.11 97 206.6 126.67 260 500.0 335.00 635 1175 593.33 1100 2012
-5.00 23 73.4 36.67 98 208.4 129.44 265 509.0 337.78 640 1184 612.11 1500 2102
-4.44 24 75.2 37.22 99 210.2 132.22 270 518.0 340.56 645 1193 648.89 1200 2192
-3.89 25 77.0 37.78 100 212.0 135.00 275 527.0 343.33 650 1202 676.67 1250 2282
-3.33 26 78.8 38.33 101 213.8 137.78 280 536.0 346.11 655 1211 704.44 1300 2372
-2.78 27 80.6 38.89 102 215.6 140.56 285 545.0 348.89 660 1220 732.22 1350 2462
-2.22 28 82.4 39.44 103 217.4 143.33 290 554.0 351.67 665 1229 760.00 1400 2552
-1.67 29 84.2 40.00 104 219.2 146.11 295 563.0 354.44 670 1238 815.56 1500 2732

1/22/07 13 FConvCht r2
 CONVERSION EQUIVALENTS FOR U.S. & METRIC MEASUREMENTS
Measurement When you Know Multiply by To get an equivalent in
Length inches (in.) 25.4 millimeters (mm)
inches 2.54 centimeters (cm)
miles 1.609 kilometers (km)
millimeters 0.03937 inches
centimeters 0.3937 inches
kilometers 0.6214 miles
kilometers 3208.8 feet (ft)
Area square inches (sq. in.) 645.2 square millimeters (mm2)
square inches 6.4516 squate centimeters (cm2)
square millimeters 0.00155 square inches
square centimeters 0.155 square inches
Volume cubic inches (ci) 16.387 cubic centimeters (cc)
cubic centimeters 0.061 cubic inches
liters (1 l=1000 cc) 61.0237 cubic inches
Fluid Volume quarts (qt) 0.946 liters (l)
gallons (gal) 3.785 liters
liters 1.057 quarts
liters 0.264 U.S. gallons
liters 0.22 Imperial gallons
imperial gallons 4.546 liters
Weight pounds (lb) 0.4536 kilograms (kg)
ounces (oz) 28.35 grams (g)
kilograms 2.2046 pounds
grams 0.035 ounces (avoirdupois)
metric tons (1 t = 1000kg) 2204.6 pounds
Force ounces (oz) 0.278 Newtons (N)
pounds (lb) 4.448 Newtons
Newtons 3.5969 ounces
Newtons 2.248 pounds
Engine Torque pound-feet (lb-ft) 1.3558 Newton-meters (N·m)
Newton-meters 0.7356 pound-feet
Hardware Torque foot-pounds (ft-lb) 0.138 kilogram-meters (kg-m)
foot-pounds 1.3558 Newton-meters (N·m)
inch-pounds (in-lb) 0.113 Newton-meters
kilogram-meters 7.23 foot-pounds
Newton-meters 0.7376 foot-pounds
kilogram-meters 9.807 Newton-meters
Newton-meters 0.102 kilogram-meters
Pressure pounds per sq. inch (PSI) 6.895 kilopascals (kPa) (100 = 1 BAR)
kilopascals 0.145 pounds/square inch
Power horsepower (hp) 0.746 kilowatts (KW)
kilowatts 1.341 horsepower
Velocity miles per hour (mph) 1.609 kilometers per hour (km/h)
kilometers per hour 0.621 miles per hour
Fuel Usage miles per gallon (mpg) 0.425 kilometers per liter (km/l)
kilometers per liter 2.353 miles per gallon

1/22/07 14 FConvCht r2
 NITROGEN (N2) PRECHARGE PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE CONVERSION CHART

1/22/07
Nitrogen cavities are factory precharged with dry nitrogen at 70°F to a specific pressure. This provides the proper volume of nitrogen for the component to function
properly. The nitrogen pressure in the cavity varies with changes in the ambient temperature.
The following table is to be used to determine the required precharge pressure at various temperatures (both Fahrenheit and Centigrade).
The pressure values listed are PSI [pounds per square inch] with kPa [kilopascals] in the shaded row underneath.
Find the initial pressure (across top) and component temperature (down side). The value in the cell where the pressure column and temperature row intersect is the
needed precharge value.
Initial Dry Nitrogen (N2) Precharge Pressure @ 70°F
70 100 350 450 600 700 750 800 1,000 1,200 1,300 1,500 1,600 PSI
°F °C 483 690 2,413 3,103 4,137 4,827 5,171 5,516 6,895 8,274 8,964 10,343 11,032 kPa
62 89 310 399 532 621 665 709 887 1,064 1,153 1,330 1,419 PSI
10 -17.78 428 611 2,140 2,751 3,669 4,280 4,586 4,892 6,114 7,337 7,949 9,172 9,783 kPa
63 91 317 408 543 634 679 725 906 1,087 1,177 1,358 1,449 PSI
20 -6.67 437 624 2,186 2,810 3,747 4,371 4,683 4,996 6,245 7,493 8,118 9,367 9,991 kPa
65 92 324 416 555 647 693 740 925 1,109 1,202 1,387 1,479 PSI
30 -1.11 446 637 2,231 2,869 3,825 4,462 4,781 5,100 6,375 7,650 8,287 9,562 10,199 kPa

15
66 94 330 425 566 660 708 755 943 1,132 1,226 1,415 1,509 PSI
40 4.44 455 650 2,277 2,927 3,903 4,553 4,879 5,204 6,505 7,806 8,456 9,757 10,408 kPa
67 96 337 433 577 674 722 770 962 1,155 1,251 1,443 1,540 PSI
50 10 464 663 2,322 2,986 3,981 4,644 4,976 5,308 6,635 7,962 8,625 9,952 10,616 kPa
69 98 343 442 589 687 736 785 981 1,177 1,275 1,472 1,570 PSI
60 15.56 474 676 2,368 3,044 4,059 4,735 5,074 5,412 6,765 8,118 8,794 10,147 10,824 kPa
70 100 350 450 600 700 750 800 1,000 1,200 1,300 1,500 1,600 PSI
70 21.11 483 690 2,413 3,103 4,137 4,827 5,171 5,516 6,895 8,274 8,964 10,343 11,032 kPa
71 102 357 458 611 713 764 815 1,019 1,223 1,325 1,528 1,630 PSI
80 26.67 492 703 2,459 3,161 4,215 4,918 5,269 5620 7,025 8,430 9,133 10,538 11,240 kPa
73 104 363 467 623 726 778 830 1,038 1,245 1,349 1,557 1,660 PSI
90 32.22 501 716 2,504 3,220 4,293 5,009 5,366 5,724 7,155 8,586 9,302 10,733 11,448 kPa
74 106 370 475 634 740 792 845 1,057 1,268 1,374 1,585 1,691 PSI
100 37.78 510 729 2,550 3,278 4,371 5,100 5,464 5,828 7,285 8,742 9,471 10,928 11,656 kPa
75 108 376 484 645 753 807 860 1,075 1,291 1,398 1,613 1,721 PSI
110 43.33 519 742 2,595 3,337 4,449 5,191 5,562 5,932 7,415 8,898 9,640 11,123 11,865 kPa
77 109 383 492 657 766 821 875 1,094 1,313 1,423 1,642 1,751 PSI
120 48.89 528 755 2,641 3,395 4,527 5,282 5,659 6,036 7,545 9,055 9,809 11,318 12,073 kPa

FConvCht r2