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PDF Makalah Pendekatan Ilmiah - Compress - Removed
PDF Makalah Pendekatan Ilmiah - Compress - Removed
PDF Makalah Pendekatan Ilmiah - Compress - Removed
^KFHOB[C[OF
Jkgl
Jkglot
otof
of pka`
ka`kcod
kcodor
orof
of pkfh
kfhkj
kjot
otof
of lcal
lcalob
ob (smlkftlilm oppreomb)
oppreomb)
akrupo
akrupojof
jof pkfhkj
pkfhkjotof
otof yofg
yofg hlgufo
hlgufojof
jof hocoa
hocoa Jurlju
Jurljucua
cua 0>?=.
0>?=. ^kfhkj
^kfhkjotof
otof
lcalob
lcalob hlyojl
hlyojlfl
fl sk`ogol
sk`ogol tltlof
tltlof kaos
kaos pkrjka
pkrjka`of
`ofgof
gof hof pkfgka
pkfgka`of
`ofgof
gof sljop,
sljop,
jktkroaplcof, hof pkfgktobuof pkskrto hlhlj (Jkakfhlj`uh, 0>?=). ^kfhkjotof
solftlilj hocoa Jurljucua 0>?= akrupojof presks pka`kcodorof yofg hlrofmofg
skhkaljlof rupo ogor pkskrto hlhlj skmoro ojtli akfgjefstruj jefskp, bujua otou
prlfslp akcocul tobopof-tobopof ; A yofg akclputl4 akfgoaotl, akfofyo,
akfme`o,
akfme`o, akfocor
akfocor hof akfgjeauf
akfgjeaufljoslj
ljosljof
of (Jkakfhlj`
(Jkakfhlj`uh,
uh, 0>?=).
0>?=). ^kfhkjotof
^kfhkjotof
lcalob hlaojsuhjof
hlaojsuhjof uftuj
uftuj aka`krljof
aka`krljof pkaoboaof jkpoho pkskrto hlhlj hocoa
akfg
akfgkf
kfoc
oc,, akao
akaobo
boal
al `k
`kr`
r`og
ogol
ol aotkr
aotkrll akfg
akfggu
gufo
fojo
jof
f pk
pkfh
fhkj
kjoto
otof
f lcal
lcalob
ob,,
`obwosofyo lfieraosl `lso `krosoc horl aofo sodo, jopof sodo, tlhoj bofyo
lfieraosl yofg `krosoc horl guru. Jefhlsl pka`kcodorof yofg hlboropjof tkrmlpto
hopot akfherefg pkskrto hlhlj akfgkjspcer pkfgktobuof horl `kr`ogol sua`kr
akcocul e`skrvosl hof `ujof bofyo hl`krl pkfgktobuof eckb guru (Osljlf, 0>?9).
^resks pka`kcodorof poho Jurljucua
Jurljucua 0>?= hkfgof akfggufoj
akfggufojof
of pkfhkjotof
pkfhkjotof
solftlilj akfykftub tlgo rofob, yoltu sljop, pkfgktobuof, hof jktkroaplcof. Boslc
yofg hlboropjof horl lapckakftosl Jurljucua 0>?= hkfgof pkfhkjotof solftlilj
ohocob pkflfgjotof hof jkskla`ofgof oftoro jkaoapuof uftuj akfdohl aofuslo
yofg `olj (seit
(seit sjlccs)
sjlccs) hof aofuslo yofg akalcljl jkmojopof hof pkfgktobuof
uftuj blhup skmoro coyoj (borh
( borh sjlccs)
sjlccs) horl pkskrto hlhlj yofg akclputl ospkj
jeapktkfsl sljop, jktkroaplcof, hof pkfgktobuof (Jkakfhlj`uh, 0>?=).
@O@ LL
^KA@OBO]OF
^kfgkrtlof ^kfhkjotof
^kfhkjotof Lcalob (]mlkftlilm Oppreomb
Oppreomb))
?. Pkh
Pkhumtl
umtle
eflsa
flsa oh
ohoc
ocob
ob pkfh
pkfhkj
kjot
otof
of yof
ofg
g akr
krkh
khuj
ujsl
sl jeapc
eapckj
kjsl
slto
toss
pkraosocobof akfdohl `oglof `oglof yofg ck`lb jkmlc skblfggo hopot hkfgof
auhob hl oaotl hof hl tkcltl. Meftebfyo 4 pkraosocobof autu `kcodor hl [FD hocoa
pkfhkjotof Pkhumtleflsa hl pkrlfml ogor ck`lb iejus hl suotu pkraosocobof
akfdohl pkraosocobof autu `kcodor hl ^^JF [FD.
0. Pkpkoto
Pkpkoto`lc
`lclty
lty ohocob ]uotu pkfgk
pkfgktob
tobuof
uof hl sk`ut
sk`ut lcau,
lcau, `lco
`lco pkfgkt
pkfgktobu
obuof
of
tkrsk`
tkrsk`ut
ut hopot
hopot hl mkj hkfgof
hkfgof akfguc
akfgucofg
ofg kjspkr
kjspkrlak
lakf
f otou
otou pkfkclt
pkfkcltlof
lof yofg
yofg hl
cojujof eckb erofg colf hl tkapot hof wojtu yofg `kr`kho. Meftebfyo 4 skerofg
aobosls
aoboslswo
wo hl [FD akcoju
akcojujof
jof pkfgud
pkfgudlof
lof joiklf
joiklf poho
poho jepl
jepl yofg
yofg akfgbo
akfgboslcj
slcjof
of
`obwo jepl hopot akfyk`o`jof Lfseaflo, hof poho wojtu hof tkapot `kr`kho
Aobosls
Aoboslswo
wo [L akfgu
akfgudl
dl joiklf
joiklf poho
poho Jepl
Jepl hopot
hopot akfyk`
akfyk`o`j
o`jof
of Lfseafl
Lfseaflo.
o. Dohl
Dohl
Hocoa pkfhkjotof otou presks jkrdo yofg akakfubl jrltkrlo lcalob, poro
lcauwof ck`lb akfgkhkpofjof pkfocorof lfhujtli (lfhumtlvk
(lfhumtlvk rkoseflfg)
jktla`
jktla`ofg
ofg pkfocor
pkfocorof
of hkhujt
hkhujtli
li (hkhu
hkhumtlvk
mtlvk rkoseflfg
rkoseflfg). ^kfoco
^kfocorof
rof hkhujt
hkhujtli
li
akclbo
akclbott ikfeak
ikfeakfo
fo uaua
uaua uftuj
uftuj jkauhl
jkauhlof
of akforl
akforlj
j slapu
slapucof
cof yofg
yofg spkslil
spkslilj.
j.
]k`ocljfyo
]k`ocljfyo,, pkfocorof
pkfocorof lfhujtli
lfhujtli akaofhofg
akaofhofg ikfeakfo
ikfeakfo otou sltuosl spkslilj uftuj
uftuj
jkauhlof
jkauhlof akforlj
akforlj slapucof
slapucof skmoro jkskcurubof
jkskcurubof.. ]kdotlfyo,
]kdotlfyo, pkfocorof
pkfocorof lfhujtli
lfhujtli
akfkapotjof `ujtl-`ujtl spkslilj jk hocoa rkcosl lhk yofg ck`lb cuos. Aktehk
lcalob uauafyo akfkapotjof ikfeakfo uflj hkfgof jodlof spkslilj hof hktolc
uftuj jkauhlof akruausjof slapucof uaua (Horyofte, 0>?8).
Ogorr hopot
Ogo hopot hlsk`u
hlsk`utt lcalob
lcalob,, aktehk
aktehk pkfmorl
pkfmorlof
of ( akt
aktbeh
beh ei lfqulr
lfqulryy) bo
boru
russ
`kr`osls poho `ujtl-`ujtl horl e`dkj yofg hopot hle`skrvosl, kaplrls, hof tkrujur
tkr ujur
hkfgof
hkfgof prlfsl
prlfslp
p prlfsl
prlfslp
p pkfoco
pkfocorof
rof yofg
yofg spkslil
spkslilj.
j. Jorkfo
Jorkfo ltu,
ltu, aktehk
aktehk lcalob
lcalob
uauafyo akauot skrofgjolof ojtlvltos pkfguapucof hoto akcocul e`skrvosl otou
kjp
kjpkrla
krlakf
kf,, akf
kfge
geco
cob
b lf
lfie
iera
raos
osll otou
otou hot
oto,
o, akf
kfg
gof
ofoc
ocls
lsls
ls,, jk
jka
auhlo
uhlof
f
akai
akaier
erau
auco
cosl
sl,, hof
hof akfg
akfgud
udll blpe
blpetk
tksl
sls.
s. ^o
^oho
ho bo
bojl
jljo
jotf
tfyo
yo,, sk
sk`u
`uob
ob pr
pre
esk
skss
^kfkrop
^kfkropof
of pkfhkj
pkfhkjotof
otof solftli
solftlilj
lj (lcalo
(lcalob)
b) hocoa
hocoa pka`kc
pka`kcodo
odorof
rof hl skjeco
skjecob
b
`krtuduof uftuj aka`losojof pkskrto hlhlj `kriljlr, `krsljop, skrto `krjoryo
hkfgof akfggufojof jolhob hof cofgjob lcalob. ^resks pka`kcodorof akfdohl
ck`lb
ck`lb pk
pkft
ftlf
lfg
g hl`o
hl`ofh
fhlf
lfgj
gjof
of bo
bosl
slcc pk
pka`
a`kc
kcod
odoro
orof.
f. ^k
^kskr
skrto
to akfg
akfgoc
ocoa
oall ck
ck`l
`lb
b
`kraojfo hl`ofhlfgjof pkskrto hlhlj akaoboal.
akaoboal.
Jorojtkrlstlj ^kfhkjotof
Jorojtkrlstlj ^kfhkjotof Lcalob
[auafyo oho kapot jorojtkrlstlj pkfkcltlof lcalob, yoltu 4
?. slstkaotlj
@krortl suotu pkfkcltlof borus hlsusuf hof hlcojsofojof skmoro `krurutof
sksuol peco hof jolhob yofg `kfor, horl yofg auhob hof skhkrbofo soapol yofg
jeapckjs.
0. Cegls
]uotu pkfkcltlof hljotojof `kfor `lco hopot hltkrlao ojoc hof `krhosorjof
iojto
iojto kap
kaplrl
lrlj.
j. ^kfmor
^kfmorlof
lof jk`kfo
jk`kforof
rof borus
borus `krcof
`krcofgsu
gsufg
fg akfuru
akfurutt preskhu
preskhurr otou
otou
jolhob `kjkrdofyo ojoc, yoltu cegljo. ^reskhur pkfocorof yofg hlpojol `lso preskhur
lfhujtli yoltu moro `krpljlr uftuj akforlj jkslapucof uaua horl `kr`ogol josus
lfhlvl
lfhlvlhuo
huocc (jbusu
(jbusus)
s) otou
otou preskh
preskhur
ur hkhuj
hkhujtli
tli yoltu
yoltu moro
moro `krplj
`krpljlr
lr uftuj
uftuj akforlj
akforlj
Lapckakftosl ^kfhkjotof
^kfhkjotof ]olftlilj Hocoa Jurljucua 0>?=
Akfuru
Akfurutt Ausilq
Ausilqef
ef hof Furhyo
Furhyofsy
fsyob
ob (0>?;)
(0>?;) jktlgo
jktlgo cofgj
cofgjob
ob jkglot
jkglotof
of
pka`kcodorof lfl skmoro
s kmoro slauctof suhob hopot hlcojsofojof hkfgof akfggufojof
hkfgof moro lcalob. Eckb jorkfo ltu, hocoa rkfmofo pkcojsofoof pka`kcodorof
(P^^) skerofg tkfogo pkfh
pkfhlhlj
lhlj pkrcu akfhksolf
akfhksolf jkglotof `kcodor yofg slstkaotls
sksu
sksuol
ol hkfg
hkfgof
of co
cofg
fgjo
job
b lcal
lcalob
ob.. Jkgl
Jkglot
otof
of pk
pksk
skrt
rtoo hl
hlhl
hlj
j hl
hlor
orob
objo
jof
f uf
uftu
tuj
j
akfgjefstru
akfgjefstrujsl
jsl jefskp,
jefskp, pkfgktobuo
pkfgktobuof,
f, pkaoboaof,
pkaoboaof, skrto jktkroaplcof
jktkroaplcof hkfgof
hkfgof
`oftuof tkfogo pkfhlhlj akcocul akfgoaotl, akfofyo, akfocor, akfme`o, hof
akfgje
akfgjeauf
aufljo
ljoslj
sljof.
of. ]kakft
]kakftoro
oro ltu,
ltu, hocoa
hocoa jkgloto
jkglotof
f pkfutu
pkfutup
p pkskrto
pkskrto hlhlj
hlhlj
hlorobjof uftuj voclhosl tkauof skrto pkfgoyoof aotkrl yofg tkcob hlpkcodorl.
^kfhkj
^kfhkjotof
otof solftl
solftlilj
ilj ohocob
ohocob pkfhkj
pkfhkjotof
otof yofg
yofg akfggu
akfggufoj
fojof
of cofgjo
cofgjob-
b-
cofgjob
cofgjob skrto
skrto jolhob
jolhob lcalob
lcalob hocoa
hocoa presks
presks pka`kc
pka`kcodo
odorof.
rof. ^kfhkj
^kfhkjoto
otof
f solftli
solftlilj
lj
ho
hoco
coa
a Jurlj
Jurljuc
ucua
ua 0>
0>?=
?= akru
akrupo
pojo
jof
f prpres
esks
ks pk
pka`
a`kc
kcodo
odorof
rof yo
yofg
fg hlhlro
rofm
fmof
ofgg
skhkaljlof rupo ogor pkskrto hlhlj skmoro ojtli akfgjefstruj jefskp, bujua otou
prlfslp akcocul tobopof-tobopof ; A yofg akclputl4 akfgoaotl, akfofyo,
akfme`o,
akfme`o, akfocor
akfocor hof akfgjeau
akfgjeaufljosl
fljosljof.
jof. Hocoa pkfhkjotof
pkfhkjotof solftlilj,
solftlilj, poro
lcauwof
lcauwof ck`lb akfgkhkpof
akfgkhkpofjof
jof pkfocorof
pkfocorof lfhujtui.
lfhujtui. Lapckakftosl
Lapckakftosl pkfhkjotof
pkfhkjotof
solftli
solftlilj
lj hocoa
hocoa Jurlju
Jurljucua
cua 0>?=
0>?= akalclj
akalcljll tlgo
tlgo tobopo
tobopof
f yoltu
yoltu pkfhob
pkfhobucu
ucuof,
of,
jk
jkgl
gloto
otof
f lf
lftl
tl,, so
soap
apol
ol jk
jkgl
glot
otof
of pk
pkfu
futu
tup.
p. ^k
^kft
ftlf
lfgf
gfyo
yo pk
pkfh
fhkj
kjoto
otof
f solft
solftlil
lilj
j
hlgufojof
hlgufojof hocoa jkcos jorkfo pkfhkjotof
pkfhkjotof tkrsk`ut hopot akflfgjotjof
akflfgjotjof mrltlmoc
tblfjlfg sjlccs,
tblfjlfg sjlccs, meaau
meaauflmot
flmotlef
lef sjlccs,
sjlccs, rk
rksko
skormb
rmb of
ofh
h me
mecc
cco`
o`er
erot
otle
lef
f sjlcc
sjlcc skrto
pkrlcoju `krjorojtkr.
^krtofyoof4
\kykf horl jkceapej 0