General Biology 1
The Cell Theory
Cell - The fundamental unit of life
- Basic unit of life
- Basic organizational
principles of biology
Zacharias Janssen
The first compound microscope
(circa 1595)
• Unicellular bacteria to multicellular
animals.
• One cell (Bacteria)
Example: Staphylococus Bacteria
cocus- syntherical
dumi
• Multicellular – more than 1
animal, human and plants
Overcell (cancer)
Robert Hooke
- Who first coined the term “cell” in his
book “micrographia” in 1665
- One observation was very thin slice of
bottle cork
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
- Dutch scientist who observed many
cells and organisms such as rotifers,
bacterial cells and blood cells.
Matthias Schleiden
- Animals are composed of cells
Theodor Schwann
- He studied several slides of animal
cells.
Henry Dutrochet Cell-Tissue-Organs-Organ System-
• French psychologist who suggested Organism
that the cell is not only structural Cell - Basic unit of life
but physiological. Tissue - Group of cell
Rudolf Virchow & Robert Remak Largest Organ- Skin
• Robert Remak states that cells Largest Internal - Liver
comes from pre-existing cells Largest Bone - Femur
through cell division. Organ System – 12 organ system
• Rudolf Virchow states in his phrase 1. Integumentary 11. Reproductive
“Omnis Cellulae Cellula” or cell 2. Skeletal System
pathology and the foundations of 3. Muscular 12. Circulatory
cell theory. 4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
Rotifers (dead organic materials) 6. Cardiovascular
RBC – red blood cell 7. Lymphatic
kapag kulang sa rbc (hemoglobin) 8. Respiratory
WBC – white blood cell 9. Digestive
kapag kulang sa wbc(leukemia) 10. Urinary
Importance of cell exhibit characteristics 8. Evolution
1. Reproduction - Cell with better adaptions with
• Cell division same kind of cell thru respect to their environment.
cell division.
• Sexual and asexual DNA – double strand
2. Development RNA – one strand
• Your body proportions changed since
you were young growth us, development. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
3. Movement Ribonucleic Acid
• Better interaction within the environment
and have a higher chance in surviving. Charles Darwin - Galaphagos
4. Responsiveness Russel Walace – Natural Selection
• Cell react accordingly when they encounter
other organisms.
5. Metabolism
• Cell utilize the energy that they obtain from
their diet.
• Blood pressure 120/80
6. Homeostasis
• Maintain stable internal environment
7. Presence of genes
• All lifeforms contain information in the form
of genes (DNA & RNA)
Cell
Based on the works of Schwann, Schleiden
Virchow and Remak.
Cell Theory states that:
1. All organisms are made up of cell
Life began approximately 3.5 million years
ago and give rise to the protobiant.
(Protobiant-first cell-cynobacteria)
2. The cell is the basic structural and functional organism that belongs to the same
unit of life.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
cells divide to produce new cell in the process
called Mitosis.
Mitosis – process for cell growth and repair
Modern Interpretation
1. Energy flows within cell
2. Cells contains genetic material that
can be passed on
3. The activity of an organism depends
on the activity of each individual,
Independent cell.
4. The genetic make up the cells of
species.

ATP – Adenosine Triposphate

3 phosphate group
MITOSIS
P-rophase
M-etaphase
A-naphase
T-elophase
Chromatics – thread like structure
Chromosome – X like structure
Prophase - (chromatics to chromosome)
Metaphase - middle (aline in the middle
of cell)
Anaphase- one pair of chromosome will
be taken away.
“Taken away by the centrioles”
Telophase- last phase of mitosis where cell
division happen or take place.
32.7 trillions cells
Sex cells – producing meiosis
Sperm cell – xx chromosome
Egg cell – largest chromosome
- xy chromosome
1. Minosaccharides - carbohydrates
Glucose 1 sugar
Disaccharides – 2 sugar (glactose)
Polysaccharides – more than 2
DNA & RNA replication
Cynobacteria – found naturally in all
types of water.
History of cell
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
The term prokaryotic comes from the
Greek word “pro” which means before
and “karyon” which means “nuts or
kernel”.
Example:
Escherichia – E coli
Eukaryotic comes from the Greek word
“ue” which means “true”
Eukaryotic (more than 1)
3 DOMAINS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Archea – can resist excessive heat
Bacteria- can’t resist excessive heat
Archeor – Ancient archea (unang
sumalang)
A eukaryotic organism can be class-
ified as the protist, fungus, plantae
and animalia.
 Prokaryotic E-coli – bacteria in the human
• No membrance- bound organelles digestive system.
• Short circular DNA Amoeba (ameobiasis) LBM
• No introns and exoris Bacterial Immunization
• Smaller ribosome
• Unicellular Good Bacteria
• Smaller and less complex Lactobacilli
• Asexual reproduction Yakult- once a day (Pure
Lactobacilli)
Eukaryotic Delight – (more on milk)
• With membrance – bound organelles (kaunti lang ang
• Long linear DNA wrapped around histone lactobacilli)
• Has introns and exons Lactose intolerance/hyperacidity
• Larger ribosome
• Multicellular Protist- kingdom protista
• Larger and more complex Fungus- Fungi - mushroom
• Sexual reproduction
Mushroom- Moist environment
- Cold temperature
- Darkness over
light
Leaves – stomata (opening layer with the leaves) Eukaryotic- organism
Chloroplast (it holds the chlorophil) (no nucleus)
Introns- coding region of MRNA (messenger) Prokaryotic- bacteria
Exons – non coding radion of MRNA (taga receive) (with nucleus)

Plantae Protein synthesis

Ototrops- plants (depend sun) process of creating
proteins (histone)
Plant release – oxygen (during the day) amino acids
Plant absorbs- night DNA Replication

Human- highest form of animal (intelligence, emotions)

COMMON SHAPE OF BACTERIA
Animalia- multicellular
Bacilli – spherical
Sprillia – sphiral
Comma bacteria
Organelles – “little organs” present in the
cell.
STRUCTURES closely associated with
organelles.
1. Cytoplasm - Consist of the cytosol
(regulation of water molecule)
organelles, ions and other
molecules.
2. Ribosome – minuscle structures
consisty of small and sub units
of proteins and RNA molecules.
3. Cell membrane – Envelops each cell
of an organism boundary between
external and internal environment.
4. Cell wall – Rigid structure that aims
to protect the cell and provide
structural support.
5. Cytoskeleton – Complex and dynamic
networks of protein.
3 Types:
1. Microtubules – hallow cylinder (23 nm)
nanometers diameter and help the
maintenance of cell shape.
2. Intermediate Elements – diameter of
10 nm. They are essential instructural
support and cell to cell junction.
(Keratin proteins)
3. Microfilaments – important in
cytokinesis (mitosis/meiosis), cell
shape cellular transportation and
constraction.
Nucleus – crucial component of a cell
as it contains genetic material.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
System of continuous membrance within
the cytoplasm.
A. Smooth ER – synthesis and storage of
Lipids (fats).
B. Rough ER – synthesis and packaging
of proteins (photosynthesis).
Golgi Apparatis – collecting molecules and
joining them to form macromolecules.
Lysomels (channels) – specialized vehicle
that function for intracellular.
Perixome (mitochondria) – digest toxic
Materials.
Mitochondrion – powerhouse of the cell.
Vacuole (storage system) – being only
the fluid-filled membrance which
stores nutrients, waste and water.
Plastids – specialized membrance bound
in plants.
It holds the ff:
Chloroplast – sunlight (photosynthesis)
Thylakoids – disc-like structure
Chlorophyll and chromoplast
Grana – stacks of thylakoid
Stroma – a gueous fluid inside the
chloroplast.
Chlorophyll
A. green
B. chloroplast - carotenoids