MODUL Cut Ali Private Course

CUT ALI PRIVATE COURSE LEARNING MODULE
2023
1
ALPHABET
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
R S T U V W X Y Z
PLOSIVE SOUNDS
Plosive sound = letupan /ledakan suara
1. High = bunyi K | T | P
e.g: Car /kHar:/, Take /THeakh/, Passport /PHaspHorth/
2. Low = bunyi B | D | G | J
e.g: Bad /bheadh/, Darling /Dhar:ling/, Garlic /Gharlikh/, Goerge /Djhorjh/
LINKING SOUND
Linking sounds merupakan salah satu cara berbicara atau membaca dengan
cepat, yaitu dengan menyambungkan bunyi konsonan dengan bunyi vowel/vocal.
e.g:
There are eighteen different kinds of penguins, and they all live in south of the equator
/dheraekthiin difrent khainsof phinguins, endheyolivin soutshof diequadher/
PENGUINS
2023
2
There are eighteen different kinds of penguins, and they all live south of the equator.
The largest are the emperor penguins, which live in Antarctica. They lay their eggs about
fifty miles from the coast. There the penguins have nothing to make a nest out of, but the
eggs cannot be laid directly on the ice, or they would freeze. The emperor penguins have to
take care of their eggs in a special way.
The female produces one egg. As soon as she lays her egg. The male penguin rolls it
on top of his feet. A special fold of skin on the bottom of his stomach comes down over the
egg to protect it from the cold. For two months the male penguins stand together to protect
themselves from the cold with their eggs on their feet. They cannot move or eat.
The female goes to find food as soon as she lays her egg. Finally, after two months she
returns and takes the egg from the male. The male penguin, which now has had no food for
two months, returns to the sea.
After the egg is hatched, the female and the male take turns carrying the baby penguin
on their feet. When the weather get cold, the baby is covered by the fold of skin, which keeps
it warm.
TONGUE TWISTER
1. How much caramel can a canny cannonball cram in a camel if a canny cannonball can cram
caramel in a camel?
2. Tommy Tucker tried to tie Tammy's Turtles tie.

3. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
4. Good blood, bad blood, good blood, bad blood, good blood, bad blood.
5. Can you imagine an imaginary menagerie manager
imagining managing an imaginary menagerie?
6. Yally Bally had a jolly golliwog. Feeling folly, Yally Bally Bought his jolly golli' a dollie made
of holly! The golli', feeling jolly, named the holly dollie, Polly. So Yally Bally's jolly golli's holly
dollie Polly's also jolly! by Mistah Twistah, Tony Valuch
7. The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.
8. A twister of twists once twisted a twist. and the twist that he twisted was a three-twisted twist.
now in twisting this twist, if a twist should untwist, would the twist that untwisted untwist the
twists?
9. Six sick hicks nick six slick bricks with picks and sticks.
10. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish
the wish you wish to wish.
2023
3
Daily Expression
A. Greetings
Something friendly or polite that you say or do when you meet or welcome someone.
No. Greetings Response Explaination
1. Hi / Hello/Howdy Hi/Hello/Howdy Sapaan informal

Good day! Good day!
2. Morning! Morning!
Good Afternoon! Good Afternoon!
Evening! Evening!
3. How do you do? How do you do? Bertemu dengan

teman baru
Glad to see/meet you Glad to see/meet you, too Bertemu teman baru/
Nice to see/meet you Nice to see/meet you, too lama
4. I’m fine. Thank you

How are you? (formal) I’m well. (formal) Kabar baik
I’m good Thanks (informal)
How is your life?
I’m not so bad. Thank you
(formal)
I’m not so good. (formal) Kabar Lumayan baik
Thanks (informal)
What’s up? (informal) I’m not too well
I’m sick. Thank you

I’m not fine (formal)
I’m not well Kabar tidak baik

I’m not good Thanks (informal)
I’ve a headache
5. How is your mother? She is good Thank you

(formal) Menanyakan keadaan
How is he? He is well
orang lain
How are they? They are fine Thanks (informal)
2023
No. Parting Response Explaination

1. Bye! Bye! Sapaan informal
Good night! Good night!
Good day! Good day!
2. Ketika merespon
Later (Later) boleh mengulang
Tomorrow (Tomorrow) pernyataan atau cukup
On Monday See you (On Monday) dengan mengatakan
Next time (Next time) see you
Next meeting (Next meeting)
See you Next day/week (Next day/week
/year/month /year/month)
In Medan (In Medan)
At 10 o’clock (At 10 o’clock)
soon (soon)
Then (Then)
Around (Around)
3. Glad to see/meet you Glad to see/meet you, too Berpisah dengan
Nice to see/meet you Nice to see/meet you, too teman baru/lama
B. Parting
When you are saparated from another person, often for long time.
C. Self Introduction
When you want to introduce yourself
 Allow me to introduce myself

(izinkan saya memperkenalkan diri)
Formal
 I would like to introduce myself
(saya ingin memperkenalkan diri)
 Hello! My name is Erni informal

 Hi guys! I’m Erni
 Let me introduce myself
D. Other Introduction
When you want to introduce others
 Allow me to introduce my sister
(izinkan saya memperkenalkan adik saya)
Formal
 I would like to introduce my friend
(saya ingin memperkenalkan teman saya)
 Rayyan, let me introduce you to my friend, Doni

(Rayyan, biar saya kenalkan kamu dengan teman saya Doni) informal
 Rayyan, this is Doni, my brother
Example 1
2023
5
Muhammad Iqbal is a new student and has to introduce himself in front of the class.
“Good morning everybody. I would like to introduce myself. My name is Muhammad Iqbal. My
nickname is Ibal. I come from Banda Aceh but now I live at Kelinci street number 209 in
Lhokseumawe. I graduated from Senior high school of Modal Bangsa Banda Aceh. Nice to meet you.
Thank you so much”
Example 2
Lastri meets someone (Amir) in the park when she is waiting for her sister.
Amir : “Excuse me, I’m waiting for my friend. May I sit here?”
Lastri : “Sure! Are you Amir? Amirullah? I’m Lastri. Do you remember me?
Amir : “Yes. I am. I’m Amirullah, but I’m sorry. I don’t know you. Do we know each
other?
Lastri : “ Yes. We do. I’m your senior in Sukma Bangsa Senior High School.
Amir : “Oh I see! You helped me to find my new class. How are you, sister?
Lastri : “I’m fine. Thank you. How are you?
Amir : “I’m fine, too. Thank you. Nice to meet you.
Lastri : “Nice to meet you, too”
Lastri’s sister is coming
Yani : “Good afternoon!”

Amir & Lastri : “Good afternoon!”
Lastri : “Amir, Let me introduce you to my sister”
Amir : “Hello! I’m Amir. How do you do!
Yani : “Hi! I’m Yani. How do you do.”
Lastri : “I’m very glad to see you here, but...I’m sorry Amir, I’m afraid I gotta (have got to)
go now. I have to take her home soon because she has to take English course at
two.”
Amir : “It’s ok. See you next time, sister. See you, Yani”
Lastri & Yani : “See you”
*Possible Questions and Answers
 How old are you? ......I’m twenty years old.

 What are you? / What do you do? .....I’m a doctor in Bunda Hospital
 Where did you study? ...................I graduated from Sukma Bangsa Lhokseumawe
 Where do you study? ..... I’m studying at Islamic State Collage of Malikussaleh
 When was you born?..... I was born at 08th September, 1991
 where do you live?...... I live at Darussalam Street on Lhokseumawe In Aceh Utara
 what is your Favorite book/movie/drink/food/etc?..... My favorite book is Harry Potter
NUMERICAL EXPRESSIONS
2023
6
 Say it in English Correctly!
- 876.920.311.789.067
- 082367583491
- 085360003400
1.One 11. Eleven 30. Thirty Teen : belas

2. Two 12. Twelve 40. Fourty
Ty : puluh
3. Three 13. Thirteen 50. Fifty
Hundred : ratus
4. Four 14. Fourteen 60. Sixty
5. Five 15. Fifteen 70. Seventy Thousand : ribu
6. Six 16. Sixteen 80. Eighty Million : juta
7. Seven 17. Seventeen 90. ninety
Billion : milyar
8. Eight 18. Eighteen 100. a hundred /
9. Nine 19. Nineteen one hundred Trillion : triliun
10. Ten 20. Twenty
Notes:
 Use “How Much” to ask about price or cost,

 Use “How Many” to ask about the amount of thing
 Use “What is” to ask about number.
e.g:
1. How much is your car? It is 570.000.000.

2. How many books do you have? I need 10.000 books for my bookstore
3. What is your phone number? My phone number is 0823 6758 3491
 Now, read these numbers in correct English orally

Price of Money Number
1. 567.698.240 1. 092303840
2. 12.567. 003.000 2. 0852 6008 7442
3. 873.819.902. 111.000 3. 0853 7220 2029
4. 809. 003. 780. 108. 037 4. 0852 7746 4947
5. 999.999.999.999.999 5. 0852 7715 3637
2023
Telling Time
Jika di Indonesia, menyampaikan waktu dalam 24 jam dalam sehari semalam, berbeda
halnya dengan kebudayaan barat yang menyampaikan waktu dalam 12 jam siang dan 12 jam
malam. Untuk menunjukkan keadaan siang atau malam, mereka menggunakan tanda:
A.M (ante maradian) = dari jam 12 malam ke jam 12 siang

e.g: I go to school at 07.00 a.m
P.M (post maradian) = dari jam 12 siang ke jam 12 malam

e.g: I back from the school at 2 p.m
 Ada 3 cara menanyakan waktu dalam bahasa inggris 1 hour = 60 minutes

1. What time is it (now)? A half hour = 30 minutes
Jam berapa (sekarang)? A quarter hour = 15 minutes
2. What is the time (now)?
Jam berapa (sekarang)?(jam berapa waktunya?)
3. When........? (kapan)
 Untuk menjawab, gunakan kata “it is...”/ “the time is...” untuk pertanyaan tersebut.
e.g : - what time is it now? It is 03.00 p.m
- what is the time? The time is 03.00 p.m
Once : sekali
Twice : dua kali
Trice : tiga kali
Four times : empat kali
A hundred times : ratusan kali
A Thousand Time : ribuan kali
A million time : Jutaan kali
A Billion time : Milyaran kali
Many time : berkali-kali
Several Times : beberapa kali
On time : tepat waktu (based on schedule)
In time : tepat waktu (based on situation)
Waste time : menghabiskan / membuang waktu (bad way)
Spend Time : menghabiskan waktu (in good way)
24/7 (twenty four seven) : buka 24 jam
in the nick of time : disaat saat terakhir
make up for the lost time : mengganti waktu yang telah hilang
call it a day : kita akhiri saja hari ini
killing time/ to kill the time : membunuh waktu (biar ga bosan)
time Flies/fly : waktu cepat berlalu
2023
Part of Speech
1. Noun
(kata benda), kata yg digunakan untuk menunjukkan orang, barang, dan nama. Eg:
dictionary, Jakarta, beauty, critic, etc.
2. Pronoun
(kata ganti), kata yg digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda. Eg: you, me,
this, her, ourselves, etc.
3. Adjective
(kata sifat), kata yg digunakan untuk menerangkan benda atau kata ganti. Eg:
beautiful, successful, strong, educational, etc.
4. Verb
(kata kerja), kata yg menyatakan perbuatan yang mengandung gerak nyata atau tidak
nyata. Eg: speak, eat, criticize, satisfy, drink, educate, etc.
5. Adverb
(kata Keterangan tambahan), kata yg digunakan untuk menerangkan segala bentuk
kata, kecuali Noun dan Pronoun. Eg: today, always, successfully, strongly,
beautifully, etc.
6. Preposition
(kata depan), kata yg menunjukkan hubungan dari kata benda dengan kata-kata lain
dalam kalimat. Eg: in, on, at, to, from, for, with, before, after, near, behind, under,
below, over, above, about, into, etc.
7. Conjunction
(kata penghubung), kata yg menghubungkan kata atau kumpulan kata atau kalimat.
Eg: and, but, or, both, either....or, neither....nor, not only....but also, etc.
8. Interjection
(kata seru) kata yg menyatakan keheranan dan tidak berhubungan dengan kata lain
dalam kalimat. Eg: oh!, Well!, Amazing!, Unbelievable!, Wow!, Really!, etc.
2023
NOUN
NOUN
Concrite Abstract
1. Common noun 1. Kata benda yang menyatakan idea,

2. Proper noun concept, feelings, state (keadaan), atau
3. Material noun quality (sifat, karakter). Kt. Benda ini dapat
4. Collective noun dipahami dan dibayangkan namun tidak
5. Countable noun dapat disentuh atau dilihat dengan indera
6. Uncountable noun Eg: show, agreement, development,
information, beauty, etc.
CONCRETE NOUN
1.1 Common noun

kata benda yang bersifat umum. Eg: house, table, car, chair, pencil, etc.
1.2 Proper noun
kata benda yang menunjukkan nama diri dan ditulis dalam awalan kapital, etc:
Jakarta, Robert, Sunday, January, Lido Hotel, Bunda Hospital, etc.
1.3 Material noun
nama benda yang merupakan bahan dasar untuk membuat benda-benda lain. Eg: iron,
gold, sand, air, water, silver, etc.
1.4 Collective noun
kata bentuk tunggal tapi berarti jamak walaupun bisa pula berbentuk jamak. Eg:
family, group, commitee, team, etc. (juga bisa berbentuk jamak. Eg: groups, families,
commitees, teams,etc)
1.5 Countable noun
2023
10
kata benda yg dpt dihitung dan dpt dinyatakan dgn kata bilangan dari satu sampai
seterusnya. Eg: man, table, chair, women, child, pen, eraser, boardmarker, etc.
1.6 Uncountable noun kata benda yg tidak dpt dihitung. Eg: water, coffee, sugar, oul,
etc.
A. Pembentukan Kata Benda Jamak (plural noun)
a. Dengan menambahkan “-s” setelah kata benda.
Singular Plural Meaning

Sharpener Sharpeners Rautan
paper Papers Kertas
Fan Fans Kipas angin
Whiteboard Whiteboards Papan tulis putih
Cupboard Cupboards Lemari
Curtain Curtains Gorden
Window Windows Jendela
b. Kata benda yang berakhiran –s, -sh, -ch, -x, dan –o, maka harus ditambahkan “-es”

Dish Dishes Piring
Watch Watches Arloji
Glass Glasses Gelas
Potato Potatoes Kentang
Hero Heroes Pahlawan
Tomato Tomatoes Tomat
Volcano Volcanoes Gunung berapi
Exception
Radio Radios Radio
Bamboo Bamboos Bambu
Piano Pianos Piano
Photo Photos Foto
c. Kata benda yang berakhiran “–f atau –fe” diganti dengan “–v” lalu ditambahkan
“-es”
Wolf Wolves Srigala
Wife Wives Istri
2023
11
Thief Thieves Pencuri
Knife Knives Pisau
Exception
Roof Roofs Atap
Gulf Gulfs Teluk
Proof Proofs Bukti
Reef Reefs Batu karang
d. Kata benda yg berakhiran “-y” dan didahului oleh konsonan, maka “-y” diganti
menjadi “-i” kemudian ditambahkan “-es”.

Baby Babies Bayi
Family Families Keluarga
Dictionary Dictionaries Kamus
Country Countries Negara
City Cities Kota
Exception
Toy Toys Mainan
Boy Boys Anak laki-laki
Key Keys Kunci
e. Bentuk jamak yang tidak beraturan

Child Children Anak
Man Men Laki-laki
Woman Women Perempuan
Tooth Teeth Gigi
Foot Feet Kaki
Mouse Mice Tikus
Goose Geese Angsa
Louse Lice Kutu
Person People Orang
f. Kata benda yang selalu dalam bentuk jamak dan menggunakan kata kerja
jamak
1. Pakaian/sesuatu yang dipakai orang
Braces Briefs Corduroys Culottes

kawat gigi celana celana beludru kulot
2023
12
Dungarees Flannels Flares Galoshes
celana jengki flanel suar Sepatu karet
Glasses Knickers Leggings Veralls
kacamata celana tanggung pembalut kaki baju kodok
Panties Pants Pyjamas Shorts
celana dalam celana piyama celana pendek
Police Spectacles Sunglasses Tights
polisi kacamata kacamata hitam celana ketat
Trousers Shoes Slippers Trunks
celana panjang sepatu sandal celana pendek
2. Peralatan/sesuatu yang digunakan orang
Binoculars Clippers Compasses Pincers

teropong mesin pangkas kompas penjepit
Pliers Scissors Shears
Scales timbangan
tang gunting Gunting taman
Tongs Tweezers Forceps Crutches
Penjepit kue pinset Gunting tang Tongkat penopang
g. Kata-kata berikut selalu berbentuk tunggal walaupun terdapat huruf “s”

diakhir.
1. Bidang studi dan kegiatan
Accoustics Aerobics Aedrodynamics Aeronaustics

Athletics Economics Electronics Genetics
Gymnastics Linguistics Mathermatics Mechanics
Obstetrics Physics Politics Statistics
2. Jenis-jenis permainan
Bowls Billiards Cards Draughts
3. Jenis-jenis penyakit
Diabetes Mumps Measles

Rabies Appendicitis Abscess
Bronchitis Burns Arthritis
Callus Psoriasis Bleedingtes
Laryngitis Hepatitis Kidney stones
Thypus Scabies Shingles
Colitis Encephalitis Miningitis
Tetanus Measles Stress
Compound Noun adalah kata benda yang terdiri dari dua kata atau lebih.
2023
13
1. Singular /Plural Compound Noun
City stations Death penalties Student books

Stasiun kota Hukuman mati Buku siswa
Fire brigades Generation gaps Human races
Pemadam kebakaran Kesenjangan generasi Ras manusia
Chemistry Labors English teachers Long jumps
Tenaga kerja kimia Guru bahasa Inggris Lompat jauh
Mother tongues Private sectors Public sectors
Bahasa ibu Sektor swasta Sektor publik
Solar systems Private courses Secret admires
Sistem surya Kursus privat Pengagum rahasia
Address books Air conditioners Alarm clocks
Buku alamat AC Jam alarm
Baby sitters Seat drivers Bank accounts
Pengasuh bayi Kursi Pengemudi Akun bank
Blood donors High heels Burglar alarms
Donor darah Sepatu hak tinggi Alarm pencuri
Can openers Mother in law Credit cards
Pembuka kaleng Ibu mertua Kartu kredit
Dining rooms Movie stars French fries
Ruang makan Bintang film Kentang goreng
a. Uncountable Compound Noun
Air conditioning Birth control Blood pressure

AC Pengontrol kelahiran Tekanan darah
Chewing gum Family planning First aid
Permen karet Keluarga berencana Pertolongan pertama
Junk food General knowledge Fast food
Makanan tidak sehat Pengetahuan umum Makanan cepat saji
 Compound Noun juga bisa dibentuk dengan menempatkan gerund (kata kerja –ing
yang berubah menjadi kata benda abstract) di depan kata benda, seperti room, shoes,
cards. Eg: dining-room, dancing shoes, playing cards.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
1. Contoh uncountable noun
Attendance Access Anger Beauty Cancer

absen akses amarah kecantikan kanker
Childhood Confidence Courage Death Depression
2023
14
Masa kecil Percaya diri keberani kematian depresi
Design Education Equipment Evil Existence
desain pendidikan peralanan kejahatan kehadiran
Failure Faith Flesh Ground Happiness
kegagalan keyakinan Daging manusia tanah kebahagiaan
Health Ice Joy Justice Loneliness
kesehatan es Suka cita keadilan kesendirian
Luck Marriage Mercy Music Patience
keberuntungan pernikahan Belas kasih musik kesabaran
Pleasure Policy Protection Respect Sand
kesenangan kebijakan perlindungan penghormatan pasir
Salt Snow Strength Teaching Truth
garam salju kekuatan pengajaran kebenaran
Wealth Weather Welfare Work Oil
kekayaan cuaca kesejahteraan pekerjaan minyak
Water Sugar Money Fish Air
air gula uang ikan udara
Powder Flour Food Drink Information
bubuk tepung makanan Minuman Informasi
2. Partitive adalah kata yang menunjukkan suatu bagian dari keseluruhan dan
digunakan untuk menunjukkan:
a. Satu
Army bagian penuh Audience Bacteria Cast
e.g: a loaf of (sepotong) bread, a bar of (sebatang) soap, a barpemeran
tentara hadirin bakteri of chocolate, etc
Commitee Community Company Council
b. Sebagian
panitia dari keseluruhan
komunitas perusahaan pemerintah
Crew
e.g: a slice of (sepotong) bread, a drop ofFamily
(setetes) water, a pinch of (sejumput)
Enemy Government
Awak kapal
salt, etc musuh keluarga pemerintah
Group
c. Suatu kumpulan Herd Jury Navy
kelompok kawanan juri Angkatan laut
e.g: a pack of (sebungkus) cigarettes, a box of (sekotak korek) maches, a tube of
Nobility
Opposition Public Staff
Kelompok
(sebotol) toothpaste, lawan
a bottle of (sebotol) publik
milk, a pot of (sepoci)
staftea, a pair of
bangsawan
(sepasang) shoes, a sheet of (selembar) paper,
Set a jar of (setoples)jam, etc
Stack
Team Sekelompok Series
Sekelompok
tim barang yang Jenis-jenis buku
buku
sama
Flock
COLLECTIVESwarm NOUN
Pack Shoal
Sekelompok
Sekelompok
1. Kata benda kolektif adalah Sekelompok
nama sekumpulan/sekelompok benda Sekelompok
yang merupakan
burung
anjing/serigala
suatu kesatuan dan bisa/kambing/domba serangga ikan
menggunakan kata kerja singular maupun plural.
Police People
Mob Vermin
Gang
polisi masyarakat hama
Crowd Sekelompok Crew
Sekelompok
kerumunan kangguru/ Kru
kriminal
orang marah
Choir Orchestra Panel Board
Paduan suara Grup orkes Sekelompok ahli Dewan
Troupe Bunch Pile/heap
Sekelompok Sekelompok Tumpukan
akrobat barang kecil barang
2023
15
Military
tentara
Note
Collective nouns, which refer to groups like team, family, goverment, and committe, are usually
treated as singular in American English (my team is winning) and plural in British English (my
team are winning). A singular verb is also used when the group acts together as a single unit (the
comittee has decided), but a plural verb is used when the group’s members act individually (the
team have been practicing since this morning)
ABSTRACT NOUN
Perlu diketahui bahwa abstrak noun dapat dibentuk dari:
1. Abstract Noun yang dibentuk dari Verb
a. Menambahkan akhiran –ment
e.g: Advertisement, agreement, arrangement, development, enjoyment, etc
b. menambahkan akhiran –ion, -tion, -ation, -cation, -ition
e.g : decision, action, expectation, qualification, competition, etc
c. menambahkan akhiran –ance, -ence
e.g : assistance, difference, attendance, obedience, etc
d. menambahkan akhiran – t
e.g : complaint, content, descent, deceit, etc
e. menambahkan akhiran –y
e.g : discovery, delivery, injury, recovery, etc
f. menambahkan akhiran – er , -or, -ar, -ist, -ant, -ent, -ee.
e.g : digger, director, beggar, typist, servant, president, employee, etc
g. menambahkan akhiran –age, -al
e.g : carriage, package, marriage, arrival, approval, proposal, etc
h. menambahkan akhiran –ery, -ary
e.g : bribery, robbery, etc
i. menambahkan akhiran –ing
e.g : building, reading, meeting, swimming, etc
j. menambahkan akhiran–ure, -ture, -ature
e.g : closure, pleasure, departure, signature, etc
k. kata kerja yang memiliki bentuk sama dengan kata benda
2023
16
e.g : call, change, drink, helo, hope, play, work, walk, etc
2. Abstract noun yang dibentuk dari noun

a. Menambahkan akhiran – ship
e.g: championship, frienship, relationship, etc
b. menambahkan akhiran –hood
e.g : brotherhood, childhood, manhood, motherhood, neighbourhood, etc
c. menambahkan akhiran –let
e.g : booklet, etc
d. menambahkan akhiran –cy

e.g : agency, bankruptcy, etc
e. menambahkan akhiran –an , -ian
e.g: librarian, musician, etc
3. Abstract Noun yang dibentuk dari adjective

a. Menambahkan akhiran – ness
e.g : badness, bigness, happiness, loneliness, illness, fatness, etc
b. menambahkan akhiran –t, -ce, -cy
e.g : absence, difference, patience, efficiency, etc
c. kata sifat yang dibentuk dengan bentuk khusus
e.g : depth, length, pride, height, weight, poverty, truth, etc
PRONOUN
Pronoun
Subjective Possessive Possessive Objective Reflexive

pronoun adjective pronoun pronoun pronoun
Singular
I My Mine Me Myself
You Your Yours You Yourself
He His His Him Himself

2023
17
She Her Hers Her Herself
It Its Its It Itself
Plural
We Our Ours Us Ourselves
You Your Yours You Yourselves
They Their Theirs Them Themselves
a. Subjective Pronoun
kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai subject. Eg: John is a lecturer = He is a lecturer.
b. Possessive Adjective
kata ganti kepunyaan yg berfungsi sebagai adjective (mengikat kata benda) & diikuti
oleh kata benda . Eg: it is my job| he is her nephew| she is your daughter| etc
Note:
 Untuk menegaskan arti atau menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu benar-benar milik
seseorang bisa menambahkan kata “own” diantara PA dan noun. Eg: this is
my own plane| he lives in his own home| this is our own office| that is her own
husband| etc.
 Apostrophe s (‘s) juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kepunyaan jika

kata benda pertama adalah orang atau makhluk hidup lainnya, suatu organisasi
atau lembaga, nama-nama tempat / negara, dan setelah keterangan waktu. Eg:
Mr. Brown’s son is very diligent| the horse tail is long | the elephant’s head is
very big | the government’s decision| the town’s new swimming pool| today’s
newspaper| etc.
 Setelah kata benda yang berakhiran dengan huruf “-s” dan atau sudah
berbentuk jamak, maka hanya cukup ditambahkan dgn ( ‘ ). Eg: Azis’ house is
too big| the students’ ability are so good. etc
2023
18
 “belong to” adalah kata kerja yang berarti kepunyaan. E.g: this book belongs
to you, you shouldn’t take what doesn’t belong to you, etc
c. Possesive Pronoun
kata ganti yg menunjukkan kepunyaan dan tidak diikuti oleh kata benda.
Eg: this dictionary is mine| those photographs are yours| that old house is hers| etc.
d. Objective Pronoun
kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai object.
Eg: I love him| she wants to meet you| don’t try to hurt me| please call me later| do
not touch it| etc.
e. Reflexive Pronoun
kata ganti yg diikuti “-self” / “-selves” yg mengacu kepada subject.
Eg: I enjoyed myself at that party last night| my sister cut herself with the bread knife|
etc.
Note:
 RP (Reflexive pronoun) bisa ditempatkan sesudah preposition.
 Eg: look after yourself| take care of yourself| etc.
 By + RP digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu dilakukan sendiri tanpa
bantuan. Eg: Jully came here by herself last night| the lady lives by herself| etc.
 RP juga sering digunakan sesudah noun atau pronoun untuk menekankan arti.
Eg: the refrigerator itself is very expensive| he himself killed my dog| etc.
f. Indefinite Pronouns
digunakan jika kita ingin menunjukka seseorang atau sesuatu yang tidak kita ketahui
secara pasti atau identitasnya tidak begitu penting.
Anybody Everybody Nobody Somebody

Seorangpun Setiap orang Tidak seorangpun seseorang
Anyone Everyone No-one/ none Someone
seorangpun Setiap orang Tidak seorangpun seseorang
Anything Everything Nothing Something
apapun Semuanya (benda) Tidak ada apa-apa sesuatu
2023
19
Note:
 IP yang berakhiran “-thing” digunakan untuk mengacu kepada benda, ide, keadaan
atau aktivitas. Eg: I didn’t see anything in the house.
 IP yang berakhiran “-one” atau “-body” digunakan untuk mengacu kepada orang.
Eg: nobody believed what the man said.
 Meskipun IP menggunakan singular verb, jika ingin menggunakan pronoun untuk
mengacu kembali kepada IP, tetap harus menggunakan kata ganti plural (they, them,
their, theirs, themselves). Eg: everybody was asked to open their books.
 Secara umum, “some...” digunakan untuk kalimat positive sedangkan “any...”
digunakan untuk kalimat negative dan kalimat interrogative.
Eg: anybody knows the answer?
g. Demonstrative Pronouns
Jika this, that, these atau those digunakan sebagai peonoun, maka keempatnya disebut
dengan demonstrative pronoun (kata ganti penunjuk). Eg: That sounds very
interesting, Is that your younger brother?, This is my sister, and that is my brother.
ADJECTIVES
kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan dan atau mengikat kata benda. Adjective
bisa digunakan sebelum kata benda.
Thick book Nice house Clever boy Old man Careless maid Busy workers
Buku tebal Rumah bagus Anak pintar Laki-laki tua
Pembantu Pekerja yang
ceroboh sibuk
Good friend New car Naughty girl Heavy box Tall man Lazy men
Teman yang Mobil baru Gadis nakal Kotak yang Laki-laki Para laki-laki
baik berat tinggi malas
2023
20
PEMBAGIAN ADJECTIVE
1. Possesive Adjective
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepunyaan. Eg: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
2. Qualitative Adjective
Menerangkan bentuk atau keadaan suatu benda. Eg: short, lazy, cheap, great, etc.
3. Distributive Adjective
digunakan untuk membagi atau menyebarkan kata benda. Eg: each, every, etc.
4. Demonstrative Adjective
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu benda. Eg: that, this, these, dan those.
5. Interrogative Adjective
Digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu benda. Eg: whose, what dan which.
6. Quantitative Adjective
Digunakan untuk menerangkan jumlah benda. Eg: some, any, many, much, etc.
7. Colour Adjective
Digunakan untuk menerangkan warna-warna benda. Eg: red, blue, orange, black, etc
PEMBENTUKAN ADJECTIVE
1. Adjective bisa dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran (suffix) pada kata benda.
a. Noun + y
Noun Meaning Adjective Meaning

Anger Kemarahan Angry Marah
Blood Darah Bloody Berdarah
Wind Angin Windy Berangin
b. Noun + ful

Power Kekuatan Powerful Kuat
Meaning Arti Meaningful Penuh arti
Beauty Kecantikan Beautiful Cantik
c. Noun + al
2023
21
Crime Kejahatan Criminal Bersifat kejahatan
Part Bagian Partial Bersifat sepihak
Ratio Akal Rational Menurut akal
d. Noun + ous

Danger Bahaya Dangerous Berbahaya
Poison Racun Poisonous Beracun
Mystery Rahasia Mysterious Penuh rahasia
e. Noun + less

Taste Rasa Tasteless Hambar
End Akhir Endless Abadi
Job Pekerjaan Jobless Tidak bekerja
2. Adjective bisa dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran (suffix) pada kata kerja.
a. Verb + able
Verb Meaning Adjective Meaning

Obtain Memperoleh Obtainable Bisa diperoleh
Enjoy Menikmati Enjoyable Bisa menikmati
Break Memecahkan Breakable Bisa pecah
b. Verb + ive
Verb Meaning Adjective Meaning

Repress Menindas Repressive Bersifat menindas
Educate Mendidik Educative Bersifat mendidik
Talk Bicara Talkative Banyak bicara
3. Adjective bisa dibentuk dengan menambahkan awalan (prefix) pada kata sifat itu
sendiri. Prefix yang digunakan biasanya bersifat negative.
a. Im + adjective
Adjective Meaning Adjective Meaning

Possible Mungkin Impossible Tidak mungkin
Polite Sopan Impolite Tidak sopan
Moral Moral Immoral Tidak bermoral
2023
22
b. Ir + adjective

Regular Beraturan Irregular Tidak beraturan
Rational Masuk akal Irrational Tidak masuk akal
Religious Beriman Irregious Tidak beriman
c. Un + adjective

Interesting Menarik Uninteresting Tidak menarik
Able Sanggup/ mampu Unable Tidak sanggup
Accustomed Terbiasa Unaccustomed Tidak terbiasa
d. il + adjective

Legal Sah Illegal Tidak sah
Logical Logis Iilogical Tidak logis
Literate Melek huruf Illiterate Buta huruf
e. in + adjective

Capable Mampu Incapable Tidak mampu
Active Giat Inactive Lamban
adequate Cukup Inadequate Tidak cukup
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES
1. Sebagai kata yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda, adjective
ditempatkan sebelum kata benda (attributive position) atau sesudah to be
(predicative position). e.g:
- they live in a large house (attributive)
2023
23
- their new house is large (predicative)
2. Beberapa adjective hanya bisa berada di attributive position dan tidak pernah
berada sebagai predicative position. e.g: main, former, etc
- The accident happened near the main road (correct)
- The road is main in the city (wrong)
- Jane and John are former classmates. (correct)

- My classmates are former (wrong)
3. Beberapa adjective hanya bisa berada di predicative position dan tidak pernah
berada sebagai attributive position. E.g:
Afraid (takut) Alight (turun) Alike (sama)
Alive (hidup) Alone (sendiri) Ashemed (malu)
Asleep (ngantuk) Awake (sadar) Aware (sadar)
4. Sebuah noun bisa saja diterangkan oleh lebih dari satu kata sifat yang berbeda
jenisnya.
FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVE
1. Jika adjective ditempatkan sesudah linking verb (kata kerja penghubung),
adjective berfungsi sebagai subject complement yang berfungsi menerangkan
subjek kalimat, linking verb antara lain:
2023
24
Appear Become Feel Grow Keep Look
Prove Remain Seem Smell Sound Stay
Taste Turn Stand Run Act Be (to be)
e.g: - the man looks healthy , the food tastes delicious, etc.
2. Adjective bisa berfungsi sebagai pelengkap object (object complement)jika

ditempatkan setelah kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai objek kalimat.
e.g : -father wanted to paint the wall green
3. Adjective bisa digunakan sesudah kata-kata yang menunjukkan suatu ukuran

(measurement)
e.g: - the river is fivr hundred kilometers long.
4. Adjective bisa digunakan langsung setelah demonstrative pronoun.

e.g: - I want something new
5. Kata bilangan bisa digabungkan dengan singular noun dan diberi tanda
penghubung (hypen) untuk membentuk compound adjectives yang disebut
“hypenated adjevtives” dan digunakan untuk menunjukkan:
 Age
e.g: - a fifty-years old building (wrong)
- a fifty- year-old building (correct)
 Volume
e.g: - my father has just bought a fourty-liters car (wrong)
- my father has just bought a fourty-liter car (correct)
 Price
e.g: - he has bought a two hundred-dollars gold watch (wrong)
- he has bought a two hundred-dollar gold watch (correct)
 Weight
e.g: - I have received a ten-kilos package from my uncle (wrong)
- I have received a ten-kilo package from my uncle (correct)
 Time
e.g: - attending a three-hours discussion is really tiring (wrong)
- attending a three-hour discussion is really tiring (correct)
COMPARISON DEGREE
digunakan untuk menunjukkan derajat / tingkatan perbandingan ketika kita
membandingkan seseorang atau benda. CD terbagi atas tiga bagian:
a. Positive Degree (perbandingan tingkat sama)
2023
25
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kesamaan mutu, banyaknya, tingkatan atau derajat
dan lainnya antara satu benda dengan benda lain.
as + adjective + as
Eg: - the man is as old as my father
- She is as tall as my sister
b. Comparative Degree (perbandingan tingkat lebih)

2023
26
Digunakan jika ingin menunjukkan dengan jelas bahwa terdapat kelebihan antara
satu benda dengan benda lainnya.
1. (adjective) + “-er” than ..........
2. More + (adjective) than..........
Note:
Struktur pertama digunakan jika adjective terdiri dari satu suku kata, sedangkan stuktur
kedua digunakan jika adjective terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih. E.g :
- English book costs Rp 30.000
- History book costs Rp 25.000
Jika dibandingkan maka bisa menjadi:

1. The History book is cheaper than the English book, atau
2. The English book is more expensive than the history book.
Note: Adjective berikut berasal dari bahasa latin dan bentuk comparative-nya disebut
Latin comparative yang tidak diikuti “than” tetapi selalu diikuti oleh “to” untuk
menunjukkan comparative degree- nya.
Junior Senior Prior (kepala biara)
Inferior (org bawahan) Posterior (yang Supeior (atasan)
berikutnya)
Eg: - There are some managers senior to me in this office.

- I told that he was junior to you.
c. Superlative Degree (tingkat perbandingan paling)

Digunakan untuk membandingkan yang paling..... dari pada benda-benda lainnya.
1. The (adjective) “-est”
2. The most + (adjective)
Note: Stuktur pertama digunakan jika kata sifat terdiri dari satu suku kata, sedangkan struktur
kedua digunakan jika adjective terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih.
Eg:
1. The English book costs Rp 35.000
2023
27
2. The History book costs Rp 25.000
3. The french book cost Rp 45.000
jika dibandingkan dengan superlative degree:

 The history book is the cheapest of the three books, atau
 The french book is the most expensive of the three books.
Note:
 Apabila adjective berakhiran dengan huruf konsonan dan didahului oleh huruf vocal,
maka apabila dijadikan comparative maupun superlatif, huruf teakhirnya harud
digandakan.
Possitive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

As hot as Hotter Hottest
As fat as Fatter Fattest
As sad as Sadder Saddest
As wet as Wetter wettest
 Adjective yang huruf akhirnya “-y” diganti dengan “-i” lalu ditambahkan dengan “-
er” atau “-est”
Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

As heavy as Heavier Heaviest
As lazy as Lazier Laziest
As lucky as Luckier Luckiest
 Adjective yang terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih diberi tambahan “more” untuk
comperative degree dan “most” untuk superlative.

As beautiful as More beautiful Most beautiful
As handsome as More handsome Most handsome
As dangerous as More dangerous Most dangerous
 Beberapa adjective mempunyai bentuk tersendiri untuk comparative dan superlative.

As good as Better Best
As far as Further Furthest
2023
28
As little as Less Least
As bad as Worse Worst
As evil as Worse Worst
As much as/ As many as More/ More Most /Most
Verb
dalam bahasa inggris, verb diklasifikasikan menjadi 6 jenis, yaitu:
1. Transitive verb
2. Intransitive verb
3. Linking verb
2023
29
4. Auxiliary verb
5. Regular verb
6. Irregular verb
2023
30
Regular verb Irregular verb
Regular verb adalah kata kerja
Irregular verb adalah kata kerja tidak beraturan
beraturan
Bentuk lampaunya diberi akhiran '-ed' Bentuk kata kerja participle/perfect-nya khusus
Pembentukan katanya tidak mengikuti pola
Memiliki pola konjugasi yang khas
konjugasi
Contoh: stop/stopped/stopped Contoh: do/did/done
16 Tenses
Tenses adalah bentuk perubahan kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris yang menunjukkan
suatu kejadian berdasarkan waktunya.
Terdapat 16 tenses dalam tata bahasa Inggris, yaitu:
1. Simple present 9. Present perfect

2. Simple past 10. Past perfect
3. Simple future 11. Future perfect
4. Simple past future 12. Past future perfect
5. Present continuous 13. Present perfect continuous

6. Past continuous 14. Past perfect continuous
7. Future continuous 15. Future perfect continuous
8. Past future continuous 16. Past future perfect continuous
Note:
 Keenam belas tenses tersebut dibagi dalam dua bentuk, yaitu:

 bentuk verbal (kalimat yang prediketnya kata kerja/ verb) dan
 bentuk nominal (kalimat yang prediketnya bukan kata kerja/ verb)
1. SIMPLE PRESENT
2023
31
a. Verbal
I / We / You / They + Verb1 + Object/ Complement
She / He / It + Verb1 + “-s / -es” + O/ C
1. Affirmative (+)
- I play tennis every week
- She plays tennis every week
Note:
 Verb yang berakhiran –x, -s, -ch, -sh, dan –o harus ditambahkan “-s/-es” jika
subjeknya She /He / It.
- She passes the exam
- He fixes his computer
- Rini teaches English
- He calls her Ema
- She goes to school
 Verb yang berakhiran “-y” yang didahului oleh consonant, maka “-y” diganti dengan
“i” dan ditambahkan “-es”.
- He studies Dutch
- She fries a fish
- Susi tries to come
 Verb yang berakhiran “-y” dan didahului oleh vocal, maka langsung ditambahkan “-s”.
- He plays chess (catur)
- She buys a new car
- Rudi prays to God
- Lola stays at hotel
2. Negative (-)
Kalimat negative dalam bentuk simple present dibuat dengan menambahkan kata
“not” setelah auxiliary “do” ( I / You / They / We) atau “ does” ( She / He / It) dan dapat
disingkat menjadi “ don’t” atau “ doesn’t”
- We do not play badminton every week
- She does not read this book everyday
3. Interrogative (?)
2023
32
Kalimat tanya dalam bentuk simple present dapat dibentuk dengan menempatkan
kata “do” atau “does” di awal kalimat.
- Do you play badminton every week? Yes. I do | No. I don’t
- Does she read this book everyday? Yes. She does | No. She doesn’t
PENGGUNAAN SIMPLE PRESENT
1. Untuk menyatakan kejadin yang terjadi berulang–ulang atau kebiasaan yang masih
dilakukan sampai sekarang.
- We go to Tandaseru every day.
- I usually get up at five o’clock every morning.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum
- Water boils at high temperature.
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3. Untuk menyatakan perintah atau permintaan
- Read your book, please!
- Come on!
4. Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sudah terjadwal
- The subway train leaves at seven tomorrow morning.
- Our badminton team plays next month.
Note:
 Keterangan waktu yang digunakan dalam Simple Present

Always Selalu Usually Selalu
Never Tak pernah Sometimes Kadang-kadang
Every Setiap Generally Umumnya
Regulary Teratur Normally Biasanya
Often Sering Frequently Seringkali
Occasionally Ada kalanya Everyday Setiap hari
Seldom Jarang On Monday Pada hari senin
Steadily Terus-menerus Right now Sekarang juga

2023
33
2. SIMPLE PAST
a. Verbal
Subject + Verb2 + O / C
1. Affirmative (+)
- I studied English yesterday
- They went to Jakarta yesterday
- You played football two days ago
2. Negative (-)
Untuk membuat kalimat negative bentuk simple past, maka digunakan auxiliary
“did” dengan menambahkan kata “ not” (didn’t) dan kata kerja pun kembali menjadi kata
kerja pertama.
- I didn’t study English yesterday
- They didn’t go to Jakarta yesterday
- You didn’t play football two days ago
Kalimat tanya dalam bentuk simple past di bentuk dengan menempatkan kata “did”
di awal kalimat.
- Did you study English yesterday? Yes. I did. | No. I did not (didn’t)
- Did they go to Jakarta yesterday? Yes. They did | No. They did not (didn’t)
- Did you play football two days ago? Yes. I did | No. I did not ( didn’t)
a. Nominal
You / We / They + were + O / C I / She / He / It + was + O / C
1. Affirmative (+)
- I was very busy yesterday
- They were here last night
- He was very mad with me
2. Negative (-)
- I was not (wasn’t) very busy yesterday
- They were not (weren’t) here last night
- He was not (wasn’t) very mad with me
2023
34
- Was you very busy yesterday? Yes. I was | No. I was not (wasn’t)
- Were they here last night? Yes. They were | No. They were not (weren’t)
- Was he very mad with me? Yes. He was | No. He was not (wasn’t)
PENGGUNAAN SIMPLE PAST
1. Untuk menyatakan kejadian di waktu lampau pada waktu tertentu, sekarang sudah selesai
atau tidak dilakukan lagi.
- She ate noodle this morning
- I went to the movie last week
2. Menyatakan kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang dilakukan di waktu lampau, sekarang tidak

dilakukan lagi.
- I used to go to swimming pool every Sunday morning.
- She always woke up at 5 o’clock.
Note:
 Used to berarti pernah dan diikuti oleh bare infinitive/ infinitive without to. Used to be
diikuti oleh noun, adjective atau adverbof place
- My brother used to study in America.
- She used to be our English teacher
- I did not us to live in this city.
- Did she use to study French.
3. Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah jelas dilakukan di masa lampau, walaupun waktunya
tidak disebutkan.
- father bought me a new t-shirt
- the bus was ten minutes late
keterangan waktu yang digunakan:
Yesterday Kemarin Last night Semalam

Last week Minggu kemarin Last day Kemain
The day before Kemarin dulu Last month Bulan kemarin
Two days/ ago Dua hari kemarin Last year Tahun kemarin
One year ago Setahun yang lalu A month ago Sebulan yang lalu
2023
35
3. SIMPLE FUTURE
a. Verbal
S+ will/shall + verb1 + O / C
1. Affirmative (+)
- I shall finish this homework tomorrow
- We shall go to Jakarta next week
- They will come here after lunch time
2. Negative (-)
- I shall not (shan’t) finish this homework tomorrow
- We shall not (shan’t) go to Jakarta next week
- They will not (won’t) come here after lunch time
- Shall I finish this homework tomorrow? Yes. You shall | No. You shall not
- Shall we go to Jakarta next week? Yes. We shall | No. We shall not
- Will they come here after lunch time? Yes. They will | No. They will not.
b. Nominal
Subject + shall / will + be + O / C
1. Affirmative (+)
- I shall be busy tomorrow
- We shall be here on Saturday afternoon
- He will be a doctor next year
2. Negative (-)
- I shall not be busy tomorrow
- We shall not be here on Saturday afternoon
- He will not be a doctor next year
- Shall you be busy tomorrow? Yes. I shall | No. I shall not (shan’t)
- Shall we be here on Saturday afternoon? Yes. We shall. | No. We shall not
- Will he be a doctor next year? Yes. She will | No. He will not (won’t)
2023
36
PENGGUNAAN SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
1. Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang akann terjadi di masa yang akan datang.
- I will do my task after this afternoon
- She will buy a new house next month
2. Menyatakan pendapat, spekulasi, atau dugaan yang diperkirakan akan terjadi dimasa
yang akan datang. Hal- hal tersebut di atas dapat pula diikuti oleh verb : assume
(mengira), believe (percaya), suppose (mengira), expect (mengharapkan), feel (merasa),
sure (yakin), know (mengetahui), think (berfikir), hope (mengharapkan), etc.
- I believe she will not lie to us
- I hope you will stay here.
3. Menyatakan kebiasaan diwaktu yang akan datang, yang diperkirakan akan terjadi.
- The concert will be held on January.
- Spring will come again.
4. Digunakan dengan klausa tentang keadaan atau tentang maksud

- if you turn left you will see traffic light.
5. Digunakan dalam surat kabar, radio, televisi sebagai pengumuman resmi rencana yang
akan datang.
- The government will donate the tsunami victims.
6. Will juga digunakan untuk menyatakan permintaan agar seseorang melakukan sesuatu
- Send me a letter, will you?
- Close the door, will you?
7. Shall digunakan dengan kalimat yang menunjukkan ajakan atau saran yang
menggunakan “let’s” digunakan question tag “shall we”.
- Let’s move to the dinning room, shall we?
- Let’s go by bus, shall we?
Keterangan waktu yang digunakan:
Tonight Malam ini This afternoon Siang ini

Tomorrow Besok Next week Minggu depan
When Ketika Next month Bulan depan
While Sementara Next year Tahun depan
If Jika Soon Segera
Before Sebelum After Setelah
Two days later Dua hari lagi A month later Sebulan lagi
2023
37
Note:
 Simple future juga bisa dinyatakan dengan menggunakan rumus
Subject + am / is / are + going to + verb1 + O / C
Subject + am / is / are + going to + be + O / C
- I am going to spend my holiday in Bali next month

- She is going to take English course next week
- He is going to be a docter next year
 Will digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu maksud (intention), sedang be going to

digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kepastian (certainty) yang memang sudah
direncanakan sebelumnya.
4. SIMPLE PAST FUTURE

a. Verbal
Subject + should / would + verb1 + O / C
1. Affirmative (+)
- I should finish my task yesterday
- We would visit Dufan last month
- She would buy new cloth two days ago
2. Negative (-)
- I should not finish my task yesterday
- We would not visit Dufan last month
- She would not buy new cloth two days ago
- Should I finish my task yesterday?
- Would we visit Dufan last month?
- Would she buy new cloth two days ago?
2023
38
Note:
 Should digunakan dalam kalimat tanya yang mempunyai pengertian “seharusnya”

Eg:
- Should I go now?
- Should I tell the truth?
 Would digunakan dalam kalimat tanya yang mempunyai pengertian untuk
menyatakan suatu permintaan.
Eg:
- Would you like to eat?
- Would you come to my birthday party?
b. Nominal
Subject + should / would + be + O / C
1. Affirmative (+)
- I should be busy at Saturday morning.
- He would be in the library last day.
- You would be late yesterday.
2. Negative (-)
- I should not (shouldn’t) be busy at Saturday morning
- He would not (wouldn’t) be in the library last day.
- You would not (wouldn’t) be late yesterday.
- Should I be busy at Saturday morning
- Would he be in the library last day.
- Would you be late yesterday?
Note:
 Past future tense juga bisa digunakan dengan menggunakan rumus
Subject + were / was + going to + verb1 + O / C
Subject + were / was + going to + be + O / C

2023
39
E.g:
- I was going to take your book yesterday

- They were going to be teachers last year.
- I was not going to go to Jakarta yesterday
- We were not going to study in England last year
- She was not going to marry him a couple years ago
PENGGUNAAN SIMPLE PAST FUTURE
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan dilakukan / akan terjadi, tetapi dalam
keadaan waktu yang akan datang.
- he would come to my house yesterday but his father was sick
- we would buy a new house the day before
2. Digunakan dalam kalimat pengandaian (conditional) type-2 , yaitu yang menyatakan

bahwa sesuatu tidak sesungguhnya terjadi pada waktu sekarang, atau hal-hal yang tidak
mungkin terjadi pada waktu sekarang.
- If I were you, I would do anything according to my will
- If I knew her address, I would give it to you
3. Would dapat diikuti oleh kata “like” untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan atau sebagai
kata pengganti untuk kata “want”
- I would like to go to there
- I want to open the door
- I would like to see her
- I want to see her
4. Would rather yang diikuti oleh Verb1 tanpa “to” menunjukkan pilihan terhadap sesuatu
- I would rather go home
- He would rather eat Mango.
5. Would you diikuti oleh like digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu ajakan
- Would you like to go with me tonight?
- What would you like to drink?
6. Would you mind diikuti Verb + ing (gerund) digunakan untuk menujukkan suatu
permintaan yang sopan.
- Would you mind lending me your pen?
- Would you mind posting this letter?
2023
40
Note:
 I would disingkat I’d

 You would disingkat You’d
 We would disingkat We’d
 They would disingkat They’d
 She would disingkat She’d
 He would disingkat He’d
 Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam bentuk past future tense
- Last month = bulan lalu
- Last year = tahun lalu
- The next day = keesokan harinya
- The day before = kemarin dulu
- Last week = minggu lalu
5 . PRESENT CONTINUOUS
a. Verbal
Subject + is/am/are + verb1+ ing + O / C
1. Affirmative
e.g:
- I am reading a book now
- they are playing football at a moment
- She is singing a song
2. Negative
e.g:
-I am not reading a book now
- they are not playing football at a moment
- she is not singing a song
3. Interrogative
e.g:
- Am I reading a book now? Yes. you are | no. you are not
- are they playing football at moment? Yes. They are | no. they are not
- is she siging a song? Yes. she is | no. She is not
2023
41
b. Nominal
Subject + is/am/are + be+ ing + O / C
1. Affirmative
- she is being kind to me
Kalimat diatas berarti bahwa biasanya dia tidak bicara sopan
- She is being a teacher

Kalimat berikut berarti bahwa sebenarnya dia bukan seorang guru, tetapi
karena sesuatu maka dia harus menjadi seorang guru pada waktu itu.
2. Negative
- she is not being kind to me
- She is not being a teacher
3. Interrogative
- Is she being kind to me? Yes. She is | no. She is not
- Is she being a teacher ? Yes. She is | no. She is not
-
PENGGUNAAN PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Untuk menyatakan kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada saat
sekarang
- I am doing my homework now
- She is writing a letter
2. Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang segera akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan
datang
- I am going to Singapure next Sunday
(kalimat ini berarti bahwa saya pasti akan pergi, bahkan mungkin saya telah
membeli tiketnya)
- He is leaving next week
 Kalimat bentuk Present Continuous yang menyatakan hal yang akan datang ini
biasanya menggunakan kata kerja yang mengandung arti gerakan seperti,
come, fly, walk, etc.
3. Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada lingkup sekarang, walaupun
sedang tidak dilakukan.
- I am taking a driving course
2023
42
(kalimat ini berarti bahwa saya memang ikut kursus mengemudi tetapi juga
dapat berarti bahwa saat ini saya sedang mengikuti kursus mengemudi
tersebut)
4. Bentuk present continuous “ be going” bersama-sama dengan “to” dapat digunakan
untuk menyatakan hal-hal yang sedang dilakukan atau yang pasti akan dilakukan.
- I am going to study at Airlangga University this year.
Note: cara menambahkan infinitive dengan “ing”
a. Kebanyakan ditambahkan “ing”

- Read : reading
- Go : going
- Eat : eating
- Study : studying
- Play : playing
b. Jika infinitive memiliki satu suku kata yang berakhir huruf mati, dan didahului oleh
sebuah huruf hidup, maka huruf terakhir itu digandakan, lalu ditambah “ing”
- swim : swimming
- cut : cutting
- run : running
c. apabila infinitive berakhian –L yang didahului sebuah huruf hidup, maka L harus
digandakan dan ditambahkan “ing”
- propel : propelling
- control : controlling
- travel : travelling
d. apabila ifinitive berakhiran dengan huruf –E yang didahului oleh huruf konsonan,
maka –E dihilangkan, lalu ditambah –ing
- write : writing
- ride : riding
- come : coming
e. apabila infinitive berakhiran dengan huruf –E yang didahului oleh huruf –I , maka –ie
di ubah menjadi –Y dan ditambahkan “ing”
- die : dying
- lie : lying
- tie : tying
f. keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam Present Continuous:
- now : sekarang
- at present : pada saat ini
- soon : segera
- tonight : malam ini
- today : hari ini
2023
43
- right now : saat ini
6. PAST CONTINUOUS
a. Verbal
Subject + was/were + verb1+ ing + O / C
1. Affirmative
- I was reading a book last night
- She was cheating with my friend
- He was taking a big suitcase
- They were singing a beautiful song
- We were studying in great collage
- You were saying about your job
2. Negative
- I was not reading a book last night
- She was not cheating with my friend
- He was not taking a big suitcase
- They were not singing a beautiful song
- We were not studying in great collage
- You were not saying about your job
3. Interrogative
- Was I reading a book last night?
- Was she cheating with my friend?
- Was he taking a big suitcase?
- Were they singing a beautiful song?
- Were we studying in great collage?
- Were you saying about your job?
c. Nominal
Subject + was/were + be+ ing + O / C
1. Affirmative
- She was being crazy but she was just being upset
Kalimat tersebut berarti bahwa pada waktu itu (sudah terjadi) dia bukan
sedang gila tapi dia hanya sedang marah saja.
2. Negative
2023
44
- She was not being crazy but she was just being upset
3. Interrogative
- Was she being crazy? Yes. She was | no. She wasn’t
PENGGUNAAN PAST CONTINUOUS
1. untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di waktu lampau

- She was teaching biology last year
- I was cleaning the table an hour ago
2. Menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian yang secara jelas dilakukan diwaktu lampau,
walaupun waktunya tidak disebutkan.
- I was sitting in the backyard while my mother was cooking
- I was sleeping while my father was watching TV
3. Menyatakan bahwa dua kejadian yang berlangsung secara bersamaan, tetapi kejadian
yang satu terjadi lebih awal dan masih berlangsung ketika kejadian yang lain terjadi.
- I was taking bath when you knocked the door
- He was studying when you arrived
4. Menyatakan adanya suatu kejadian yang berlangsung antara dua saat di waktu lampau
- Between October and April, I was working very hard
5. Menunjukkan suatu kejadian/ perkembangan bertahap
- Her health was getting better
6. Keterangan waktu yang digunakan dalam bentuk Past Continuous Tense
- As : ketika
- When : ketika
- While : sementara
7. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
a. Verbal
Subject + will/shall+ be+verb1 + ing + O / C
1. Affirmative
- I shall be going home after this
- They will be playing mahjong tomorow morning
- You shall be starting to make your homework tonight
-
PENGGUNAAN FUTURE CONTINUOUS
1. Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian yang akan sedang berlangsung atau akan
terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang.
2023
45
- We shall be preparing everything for our picnic tomorrow
- I will buying a new house next week
2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang akan berlangsung beberapa waktu tanpa
batas tertentu. Aktivitas tersebut dimulai sebelum waktu yang disebutkan dan
mungkin akan terus berlangsung setelah itu.
- When we reach Bandung, it will probably be raining
3. Dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan pada waktu yang
akan datang tanpa adanya niat. Lain halnya dengan bentuk Present Continuous, yang
mengandung niat.
- I am seeing grandma tomorrow
(kalimat ini berarti bahwa saya telah merencanakan dengan sengaja untuk
menemui nenek), bandingkan dengan:
- I will be seeing grandma tomorrow
(kalimat ini berarti bahwa saya tidak merencanakan akan bertemu dengan
nenek, tetapi karena saya dan nenek satu komplek, maka saya biasa bertemu
dengannya)
 Namun selain perbedaan di atas, umumnya kedua bentuk tenses ini dapat saling
menggantikan
- They are attending the meeting tomorrow
or
- They will be attending the meeting tomorrow
 Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam bentuk Future Continuous Tenses
antara lain:
- When : ketika
- If : jika
- While : sementara
- At this time tomorrow : pada saat ini besok
- At the same time next week : pada waktu yang sama minggu depan
PENGGUNAAN PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS
1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian/peristiwa akan berlangsung,

tetapi dalam kurun waktu yang telah lampau. Kalimat dalam bentuk ini umumnya
digunakan pada kalimat tak langsung.
- He said: “ I will be living in Surabaya on Monday”
- He said that he would be living in Surabaya on Monday.
(dia berkata bahwa ia akan sedang tinggal di Surabaya pada hari senin)
 Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam bentuk ini:
- Tomorrow : besok
- Next year : tahun depan
2023
46
- On ............ : pada .............
- Next week : minggu depan
PENGGUNAAN PRESENT PERFECT
1. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang baru saja dilakukan, tetapi waktunya tidak
disebutkan.
- He has explained it to me but I don’t understand
Apabila kalimat tersebut ditentukan waktunya, maka kita dapat menggunakan bentuk
Past Tense.
- He explained it yesterday
2. Untuk menyatakan mengenai perbuatan atau kejadian yang dilakukan di waktu
lampau akan tetapi masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang, yaitu bahwa
perbuatan itu masih bisa dilakukan atau diulangi pada waktu sekarang.
- I have seen elephant in the zoo
(kalimat ini berarti kita masih mungkin melihat gajah dikebun binatang)
- Tina has written a novel
(berarti bahwa Tina masih hidup dan dapat menulis novel lagi)
Tetapi seandainya kebun binatang itu sudah tidak ada dan Tina sudah meninggal,
maka menggunakan Past Tense.
- I saw elephant in the zoo

- Tina wrote a novel
3. Digunakan dengan “just” untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu perbuatan baru saja selesai
dilakukan dan berarti “ baru saja”.
- I have just eaten
- She has just talked to me
4. Digunakan dengan kata “ever, never, lately, recently”
- Have you ever gone to Singapure?
- I have been very busy lately.
5. Digunakan dengan kata “yet” pada kalimat tanya atau menyangkal

- I haven’t eaten yet
- Has she come yet?
6. Menyatakan bahwa suatu aktivitas dilakukan di waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung
sampai sekarang
- I have worked as a taxi driver since three years ago
- He has lived in Semarang for 5 years
7. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang dimulai pada waktu yang lampau dan berakhir pada
saat berbicara
- My car hasn’t been washed for two weeks
2023
47
8. Keterangan waktu yang digunakan dalam tenses ini:
- Just : baru saja
- Already : sudah
- Once : sekali
- Twice : dua kali
- For a week : selama seminggu
- For a month : selama sebulan
- For a year : selama setahun
- Since : sejak
PENGGUNAAN PAST PERFECT
1. Untuk menyatakan dua perbuatan/kejadian di waktu lampau, dimana kejadian pertama

dalam bentuk Past Perfect Tense, sedangkan kejadian yang berikutnya dalam bentuk
Past Tense.
- He ran toward me after he had escaped from the police
- When he had finished his dinner, he asked for the dessert
2. Digunakan dalam Indirect speech (kalimat tak langsung)
- He said that he had sold his car
- She said that she had found a new house
3. Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam tenses ini:
- Before : sebelum
- Just : baru saja
- Already : sudah
- After : setelah
- Until : hingga
- As soon as : secepatnya
PENGGUNAAN FUTURE PERFECT
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/peristiwa yang akan selesai sebelum saat tertentu
diwaktu yang akan datang.
- I shall have finished my task in a week
- They will have passed their exams by the end of the year
- By tomorrow : menjelang besok
- By Sunday : menjelang hari Minggu
- By this week : menjelang minggu ini
- By next month : menjelang bulan depan
- In two days : dalam dua hari
2023
48
- By the end of this year : menjelang akhir tahun ini
- By five o’clock : menjelang jam 5
PENGGUNAAN PAST FUTURE PERFECT
1. Umumnya digunakan dalam kalimat pengandaian (conditional) type-3, yaitu

pengandaian yang sudah pasti tidak akan terjadi, karena menunjukkan kejadian atau
peristiwa lampau
- If he had studied hard, he would have passed his examination
- If you had come to my house, you would have met my sister
- On.....last week : pada hari..........minggu lalu
- On Sunday last week : pada hari Minggu minggu lalu
- In.......last year : pada.......tahun lalu
- In November last year : pada bulan November tahun lalu
- At.......yesterday : pada..............kemarin
- At 10 o’clock yesterday : pada pukul 10 kemarin
PENGGUNAAN PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang dimulai pada waktu yang lampau dan masih
berlangsung sampai saat sekarang atau baru saja selesai
- Joni has been living here since 2003
- I have been working here for 3 years
2. Perbandingan antara Present Perfect Tense dan Present Perfect Continuous
a. Present Perfect Tense dan Present Perfect Continuous Tense dapat digunakan
untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang dimulai pada waktu lmpau dan masih
berlangsung sampai sekarang atau baru selesai.
- I have lived here for 3 years
- I have been living here for 3 years
- She has taught France since last year
- She has been teaching France since last year
Tetapi ada juga kata kerja tertentu yang tidak bisa digantikan oleh present perfect
continuous tense dan tetap menggunakan present perfect tense.
- She has always had a good idea

- I have known you for a long time
3. Kejadian yang dilakukan secara berulang-ulang yang dinyatakan dalam present
perfect tense, kadang dapat dinyatakan pula dengan menggunakan present perfect
continuous tense, sebagai aktivitas yang berkesinambungan
- I have written letter since this morning
2023
49
- I have been writing letter since this morning
- I have smoked
- I have been smoking.
4. Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam bentuk present perfect continuous
tense
- Since : sejak
- All day : sepanjang hari
- A long day : sepanjang hari
- For : selama
- The whole day : sepanjang hari
- All afternoon : sepanjang sore
PENGGUNAAN PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang terus–menerus pada waktu lampau

- When I came to Jakarta in 1990, she had been living there for two years
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung sebelum kejadian lain terjadi
diwaktu lampau
- Mother had been sewing when I arrived
- She had been washing when I got home
3. Hubungan Past Perfect Continuous Tense dengan Past Perfect Tense sama dengan
hubungan antara Present Perfect Continuous Tense dengan Present Perfect Tense.
a. Jika aktivitas dimulai sebelum waktu ketika berbicara di waktu lampau dan terus
berlangsung sampai waktu itu atau baru saja selesai, maka dapat digunakan baik
Past Perfect Tense atau Past Perfect Continuous.
- It was 2 kilometers to the town and we were tired because we had wlked for a
long time.
Atau
- It was 2 kilometers to the town and we were tired because we had been
walking for a long time.
b. Melakukan aktivitas yang dilakukan beberapa kali dalan Past Perfect Tense
kadang-kadang dapat dinyatakan sebagai aktivitas yang berkesinambungan yang
diungkapkan dalam Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
- She had written letters since this morning
- She had been writing letters since this morning.
4. Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- When : ketika
- Since : semenjak
- For : selama
- Before : sebelum
- After : setelah
2023
50
PENGGUNAAN FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Digunakan untuk menekankan mengenai lamanya suatu aktivitas atau kejadian

diwaktu yang akan datang sebelum aktivitas lain terjadi.
- I shall have been working in this company for five years by this month
(kalimat ini berarti bahwa saya sudah bekerja selama 5 tahun, tapi sampai
sekarang pun masih sedang bekerja)
- She will have been studying for an hour before the teacher comes
2. Future Perfect Continuous pengertiannya sama dengan Future Perfect Tense, akan
tetapi perbuatan itu ada kemungkinan masih akan dilanjutkan pada waktu yang kan
datang.
- I shall have been making pancakes for three hours by this afternoon\
(kalimat ini berarti bahwa sebelum nanti sore saya sudah membuat kue itu
selama tiga jam, dan pada saat itu saya masih sedang membuatnya dan bahkan
mungkin akan terus melakukan pekerjaan itu karena belum selesai)
- By the end of...... : menjelang akhir...........
- By the end of this week : menjelang akhir minggu ini
- By the end of 1995 : menjelang akhir tahun 1995
PENGGUNAAN PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Penggunaan past future continuous hampir sama dengan future perfect continuous,
hanya saja terjadi dimasa lampau
- I should have been working in the office by the end of this day
2023
51
ADVERBS
Adverb adalah sebuah kata atau kelompok kata yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan
verb, adjective, dan atau adverb lain.
Contoh Fungsi Adverb
Mendeskripsikan verb I completely agree with you.
Mendeskripsikan adjective The room was good enough for me.
Mendeskripsikan adverb lain She speaks really fast.
Ada pula adverbial yang berarti adverb atau konstruksi laon seperti adverbial phrase
dan adverbial clause yang berperan sebagai adverb. Adverbial phrase merupakan kelompok
kata yang terdiri dari adverb dengan qualifier (seperti: very, so, dan enough) atau kelompok
kata seperti: prepositional phrase atau infinitive phrase yang berfungsi seperti adverb.
Adverbial phrase Contoh
Adverbial + qualifier Very fast, so quickly, etc
Prepositional phrase Before lunch, during the war
Infinitive phrase To pass the exam, to gain weight
Adverbial clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai kata

keterangan dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau kata keterangan lain pada
independent clause. Di dalam suatu complex sentence. Klausa ini mungkin dapat dipersingkat
(reduced adverbial clause) jika dalam complex sentence hanya ada satu subject.
2023
52
Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adverbial Clause
Because he didn’t feel well, he went to Not feeling well, he went to bed early.
bed early.
Contoh perbandingan adverb dan adverbial

Adverb The waiter smiles politely.
Adverbial phrase the waiter smiles in a friendly way
Adverbial clause The waiter smiled when I entered the restaurant
Adverb merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech ini dapat dibedakan menjadi
beberapa macam, antara lain:
 Adverb of time (waktu)

e.g:
 Two days ago  Last year  Then

 Already  Later  Today
 Before dawn  Next week  Tomorrow
 Early  Now  Yesterday
 Finally  Since yesterday
e.g:
1. it’s hard to wake up early if you sleep late.
2. I haven’t seen him since yesterday
 Adverb of manner (cara)

e.g:
 Automatically  In a friendly  Carefully

 Fast way  Correctly
 Well  Like a child  Hard
e.g:
1. I asked him to explain the situation a little more clearly

2. My goal is to speak English fluently
2023
53
 Adverb of degree (derajat)
e.g:
 Completely  Rather  Too

 Enough  Really  Totally
 Entirely  So  Very
 Hardly  Somewhat  etc
 Positively  Strongly
e.g:
1. Anita really enjoys cooking
2. you work too hard
 Adverb of frequency (frekuensi)
 Adverb of place (tempat)
 Adverb of modality (harapan)
 Focusing adverb
MACAM-MACAM ADVERB
1. Adverb of Time (Waktu)

Adverb of Time (waktu) adalah kata keterangan untuk menyatakan waktu terjadinya
suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa.
Contoh Adverb of Time
 Two days ago  Last year  Since yesterday

 Already  Later  Then
 Before dawn  Next week  Today
 Early  Now  Tomorrow
 Finally  Next week  Yesterday
Contoh:
 It’s hard to wake up early if you sleep late.

 I haven’t seen him since yesterday
 I’ll meet you tomorrow morning at 7 sharp
2023
54
2. Adverb of Manner
Adverb of Manner adalah kata keterangan untuk menyatakan cara suatu kegiatan
dilakukan atau bagaimana suatu peristiwa terjadi.
Contoh Adverb of Manner
 Automatically  Fluently  Suddenly
 Carefully  Hard  Well
 Clearly  Quickly  In a friendly way
 Correctly  Slowly  Like a child
 Fast  successfully
Contoh:
 I asked him to explain the situation a little more clearly.

 My goal is to speak fluently
 I can write fast
3. Adverb of degree
Adverb of degree adalah kata keterangan untuk menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh
(tingkatan atau derajat) suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa
Contoh Adverb of Degree
 Completely  Positively  Strongly
 Enough  Rather  Too
 Entirely  Really  Totally
 Extremely  So  Very
 Hardly  Somewhat  So
Contoh:
 Anita really enjoys cooking

 You work too hard
 Your cake is so delicious
4. Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of frequency adalah kata keterangan yang menyatakan seberapa sering suatu
kegiatan dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi.
Contoh Adverb of Frequency
 Always  Sometimes  Hardly ever  Hourly
 Constantly  Occasionally  Never  Every second
 Usually  Infrequently  Monthly  Once evey month
 Normally  Seldom  Weekly  Three times
 Often  rarely  Daily
2023
55
Contoh:
 She often wears flat shoes

 I visit my grandfather once every month
 She calls me every times
5. Adverb of Place
Adverb of place adalah kata keterangan untuk menjelaskan tempat terjadinya suatu
kegiatan atau peristiwa (location), arah ke mana seseorang atau sesuatu pindah
(direction), seberapa jauh seseorang atau sesuatu (distance), atau kombinasi
diantarany
Contoh Adverb of Place

 Above  Backward(s)  Nearby  Here
 Abroad  Downstairs  Up hill  Beside
 Across  East  At home  Behind
 Anywhere  Here  Under the bed  In the middle
 Away  Indoors  There  On the corner
Contoh:
 A good friend of mine lives nearby

 I store nothing under the bed
 I will always beside you
6. Adverb of Modality
Adverb of Modality merupakan kata keterangan untuk menyatakan tingkat keyakinan
atau harapan
Contoh Adverb of Modality
 Hopefully
 Likely
 Maybe
 Perhaps
 Possibly
 probably
2023
56
PREPOSITION
A. Defination
A preposition is a word that tells you where or when something is in relation to
something else.
Preposisi adalah kata yang memberitahu di mana atau kapan sesuatu berhubungan dengan
sesuatu yang lain. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, preposition juga biasa disebut kata depan.
Preposisi digunakan sebelum kata benda, kata ganti orang, atau frasa benda untuk
menunjukkan arah, lokasi, waktu, hubungan tempat atau mengenalkan sebuah objek.
Preposisi mengindikasikan adanya hubungan antar kata di dalam sebuah kalimat. Banyak
preposisi yang akan memberimu informasi letak dari suatu benda, atau kapan berlangsungnya
sebuah kejadian. Contohnya seperti, on, under, at dan lain-lain.
Terdapat beberapa jenis english prepositions, yaitu, direction, place dan time.
B. List of Preposition :
with on to into around until depite
at off by during near against across
in down among out up among within
C. Object of Preposition berupa :

 Noun
 Pronoun
 Noun phrase
 Gerund
2023
57
D. Rules of Preposition, berupa :
1. Preposition tak bisa disusun dengan kata kerja murni setelahnya, artinya kata
kerja harus menggunakan bentuk gerund terlebih dahulu sebelum
menghubungkannya dengan preposition.
For play : false

For playing : true
Contoh di atas menjelaskan perubahan kata kerja yang harus terjadi sebelum
menggabungkannya dengan preposisi.
2. Preposition harus diikuti oleh object of preposition
I bought this house for my father

Dari contoh diatas kita bisa memahami bahwa preposisi harus diikuti oleh
objek preposisi menurut contoh penjelasan ketika ”for” bertemu dengan ”my
father” yang merupakan noun phrase.
CONJUNCTION
2023
58
VERB (KATA KERJA)

Regular Verb (Kata Kerja Beraturan)
NO Present Past Participle Meaning
1 Accept Accepted Accepted Menerima
2 Accompany Accompanied Accompanied Menemani
3 Accuse Accused Accused Menuduh
4 Achieve Achieved Achieved Mencapai
5 Add Added Added Menambah
6 Admire Admired Admired Mengagumi
7 Admit Admitted Admitted Mengakui
8 Advise Advised Advised Menasehati
2023
59
9 Affect Affected Affected Mempengaruhi

10 Agree Agreed Agreed Menyetujui
11 Allow Allowed Allowed Mengizinkan
12 Announce Announced Announced Mengumumkan
13 Answer Answered Answered Menjawab
14 Apologize Apologized Apologized Minta Maaf
15 Appear Appeared Appeared Muncul
16 Approach Approached Approached Mendekati
17 Arrange Arranged Arranged Mengatur
18 Arrest Arrested Arrested Menangkap
19 Arrive Arrived Arrived Tiba
20 Ask Asked Asked Bertanya
21 Attack Attacked Attacked Menyerang
22 Attend Attended Attended Menghadiri
23 Avoid Avoided Avoided Menghindari
24 Bake Baked Baked Memanggang
25 Ban Banned Banned Melarang
26 Believe Believed Believed Percaya
27 Borrow Borrowed Borrowed Meminjam
28 Breathe Breathed Breathed Bernafas
29 Call Called Called Memanggil
30 Capture Captured Captured Menangkap
31 Carry Carried Carried Membawa
32 Cause Caused Caused Menyebabkan
33 Change Changed Changed Mengubah
34 Chase Chased Chased Mengejar
35 Cheat Cheated Cheated Mencontek
36 Chew Chewed Chewed Mengunyah
37 Clean Cleaned Cleaned Membersihkan
2023
60
38 Climb Climbed Climbed Memanjat
39 Close Closed Closed Menutup
40 Collect Collected Collected Mengumpulkan
41 Compare Compared Compared Membandingkan
42 Consider Considered Considered Mempertimbangkan
43 Contain Contained Contained Berisi / Mengandung
44 Continue Continued Continued Melanjutkan
45 Convince Convinced Convinced Meyakinkan
46 Cook Cooked Cooked Menggoreng
47 Count Counted Counted Menghitung
48 Create Created Created Menciptakan
49 Cry Cried Cried Menangis
50 Decide Decided Decided Memutuskan
51 Define Defined Defined Menetapkan
52 Describe Described Described Menggambarkan
53 Determine Determined Determined Menentukan
54 Develop Developed Developed Mengembangkan
55 Die Died Died Mati
56 Discourage Discouraged Discouraged Meremehkan
57 Drain Drained Drained Menguras
58 Dry Dried Dried Mengeringkan
59 Edit Edited Edited Mengedit
60 Eliminate Elimitated Elimitated Menyingkirkan
61 Employ Employed Employed Mempekerjakan
62 Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Menikmati
63 Enter Entered Entered Masuk
64 Erase Erased Erased Menghapus
65 Establish Established Established Mendirikan
66 Explain Explained Explained Menjelaskan
67 Finish Finished Finished Menyelesaikan
2023
61
68 Fire Fired Fired Memecat
69 Follow Followed Followed Mengikuti
70 Force Forced Forced Memaksa
71 Fry Fried Fried Menggoreng
72 Graduate Graduated Graduated Lulus
73 Greet Greeted Greeted Menyapa
74 Happen Happened Happened Terjadi
75 Hate Hated Hated Membenci
76 Help Helped Helped Menolong
77 Hike Hiked Hiked Mendaki
78 Hire Hired Hired Memperkerjakan
79 Hope Hoped Hoped Berharap
80 Hunt Hunted Hunted Memburu
81 Imagine Imagined Imagined Membayangkan
82 Improve Improved Improved Memperbaiki
83 Include Included Included Memasukan
84 Increase Increased Increased Meningkatkan
85 Inroduce Introduced Introduced Memperkenalkan
86 Invite Invited Invited Mengundang
87 Join Joined Joined Bergabung
88 Jump Jumped Jumped Melompat
89 Justify Justified Justified Membenarkan
90 Kill Killed Killed Membunuh
91 Knock Knocked Knocked Mengetuk
92 Land Landed Landed Mendarat
93 Laugh Laughed Laughed Tertawa
94 Lease Leased Leased Menghutangkan
95 Lie Lied Lied Bohong
96 Lift Lifted Lifted Mengangkat
97 Listen Listened Listened Mendengarkan
2023
62
98 Live Lived Lived Tinggal
99 Lock Locked Locked Mengunci
100 Lock Locked Locked Mengunci
101 Love Loved Loved MenAligi
102 Maintain Maintained Maintained
103 Marry Married Married Menikahi
104 Memorize Memorized Memorized Menghafalkan
105 Mention Mentioned Mentioned Menyebutkan
106 Mislead Misled Misled Menjerumuskan
107 Moisurize Moisturized Moisturized Melembabkan
108 Mop Mopped Mopped Mengepel
109 Need Needed Needed Butuh
110 Notice Noticed Noticed Pemberitahuan
111 Oblige Obliged Obliged Mewajibkan
112 Offer Offered Offered Menawarkan
113 Open Opened Opened Membuka
114 Order Ordered Ordered Memesan
115 Paint Painted Painted Mengecat /Melukis
116 Pass Passed Passed Melewati
117 Pay Paid Paid Membayar
118 Pick Picked Picked Memetik
119 Pick Up Picked up Picked up Menjemput
120 Place Placed Placed Menempatkan
121 Plant Planted Planted Menanam
122 Play Played Played Bermain
123 Pray Prayed Prayed Berdo'a
124 Prefer Preferred Preferred Lebih Suka
125 Prepare Prepared Prepared Mempersiapkan
126 Preserve Preserved Preserved Mengawetkan
127 Pretend Pretended Pretended Berpura-pura
2023
63
128 Prevent Prevented Prevented Mencegah

129 Produce Produced Produced Menghasilkan
130 Propose Proposed Proposed Mengajukan
131 Protect Protected Protected Melindungi
132 Publish Published Published Menerbitkan
133 Pull Pulled Pulled Menarik
134 Push Pushed Pushed Mendorong
135 Raise Raised Raised Menaikan
136 Reach Reached Reached Menggapai
137 Realize Realized Realized Menyadari
138 Receive Received Received Menerima
139 Recognize Recognized Recognized Mengakui/Mengenali
140 Reduce Reduced Reduced Mengurangi
141 Refer Referred Referred Mengacu
142 Refuse Refused Refused Menolak
143 Regret Regreted Regreted Menyesal
144 Remember Remembered Remembered Ingat
145 Remind Reminded Reminded Mengingatkan
146 Remove Removed Removed Menghapus
147 Rent Rented Rented Menyewa
148 Repair Repaired Repaired Memperbaiki
149 Repeat Repeated Repeated Mengulangi
150 Represent Represented Represented Mewakili
151 Respond Responded Responded Menanggapi
152 Return Returned Returned Mengembalikan
153 Riview Riviewed Riviewed Mengkaji Ulang
154 Roast Roasted Roasted Memanggang
155 Rob Robbed Robbed Merampok
156 Satisfy Satisfied Satisfied Memuaskan
2023
64
157 Save Saved Saved Menyimpan
158 Select Selected Selected Memilah
159 Serve Served Served Melayani
160 Sew Sewed Sewed Menjahit
161 Share Shared Shared Berbagi
162 Shave Shaved Shaved Mencukur
163 Sign Signed Signed Menandatangani
164 Slaughter Slaughtered Slaughtered Menyembelih
165 Smile Smiled Smiled Senyum
166 Soak Soaked Soaked Merendam
167 Splash Splashed Splashed Memercikan
168 Spray Sprayed Sprayed Menyemprot
169 Stare Stared Stared Memandangi
170 Start Started Started Memulai
171 Stay Stayed Stayed Tinggal
172 Stop Stopped Stopped Berhenti
173 Study Studied Studied Belajar
174 Suck Sucked Sucked Menghisap
175 Suffer Suffered Suffered Menderita
176 Suggest Suggested Suggested Menyarankan
177 Support Supported Supported Mendukung
178 Suspect Suspected Suspected Mencurigai
179 Talk Talked Talked Membicarakan
180 Taste Tasted Tasted Mencicipi
181 Touch Touched Touched Menyentuh
182 Treat Treated Treated Memperlakukan
183 Try Tried Tried Mencoba
184 Underestimate Underestimated Underestimated Meremehkan
185 Unite United United Menyatukan
186 Use Used Used Menggunakan
2023
65
187 Visit Visited Visited Mengunjungi
188 Wait Waited Waited Menunggu
189 Walk Walked Walked Berjalan
190 Want Wanted Wanted Ingin
191 Warn Warned Warned Memperingatkan
192 Wash Washed Washed Mencuci
193 Watch Watched Watched Menonton
194 Wish Wished Wished Berharap
195 Work Worked Worked Bekerja
196 Worry Worried Worried Mencemaskan
197 Wrap Wrapped Wrapped Membungkus
Irregular Verb (Kata Kerja Tidak Beraturan)
Present Past Participle Meaning

Become Became Become Menjadi
Begin Began Begun Mulai
Bite Bit Bitten Menggigit
Blow Blew Blown Meniup
Break Broke Broken Memecahkan
Bring Brought Brought Membawa
Build Built Built Membangun
Burn Burnt Burnt Membakar
Buy Bought Bought Membeli
Catch Caught Caught Menangkap
Choose Chose Chosen Memilih
Come Came Come Datang
Cost Cost Cost Berharga
Creep Crept Crept Merayap
2023
66
Cut Cut Cut Memotong
Dig Dug Dug Menggali
Do Did Done Mengerjakan
Draw Drew Drawn Menggambar
Dream Dreamt Dreamt Bermimpi
Drink Drank Drunk Minum
Drive Drove Driven Mengemudi
Eat Ate Eaten Makan
Fall Fell Fallen Jatuh
Feed Fed Fed Memberi Makan
Feel Felt Felt Merasa
Fight Fought Fought Berkelahi
Find Found Found Menemukan
Fly Flew Flown Terbang
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Melarang
Forget Forgot Forgotten Melupakan
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Memaafkan
Freeze Froze Frozen Membeku
Get Got Gotten Memperoleh
Give Gave Given Memberi
Go Went Gone Pergi
Grow Grew Grown Tumbuh
Hang Hung Hung Menggantungkan
Have Had Had Mempunyai
Hear Heard Heard Mendengar
Hide Hid Hidden Bersembunyi
Hit Hit Hit Memukul
Memegang/
Hold Held Held
Mengadakan
2023
67
Hurt Hurt Hurt Melukai
Keep Kept Kept Menjaga
Kneel Knelt Knelt Berlutut
Know Knew Known Tahu
Lead Led Led Memimpin
Leave Left Left Meninggalkan
Lend Lent Lent Meminjamkan
Let Let Let Membiarkan
Lie Lay Lain Berbaring
Lose Lost Lost Kehilangan
Make Made Made Membuat
Mean Meant Meant Berarti
Meet Met Met Bertemu
Melt Melted Molten Meleleh
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Salah (Kesalahan)
Overcome Overcame Overcome Mengatasi
Pay Paid Paid Membayar
Prove Proved Proved / Proven Membuktikan
Put Put Put Meletakan
Read Read Read Membaca
Rent Rent Rent Menyewa
Ride Rode Riden Mengendarai
Ring Rang Rung Berdering
Rise Rose Risen Terbit
Run Ran Run Berlari
Saw Sawed Sawn Menggergaji
Say Said Said Mengatakan
See Saw Seen Melihat
Seek Sought Sought Mencari
2023
68
Sell Sold Sold Menjual
Send Sent Sent Mengirim
Set Set Set Terbenam
Sew Sewed Sewn Menjahit
Shake Shook Shaken Menggoyangkan
Shave Shaved Shaken Mencukur
Shine Shone Shone Bersinar
Shoot Shot Shot Menembak
Show Showed Shown Menunjukan
Shrink Shrank/Shrunk Shrunk Menyusut
Sing Sang Sung Bernyanyi
Sink Sank Sunk Tenggelam
Sit Sat Sat Duduk
Sleep Slept Slept Tidur
Slide Slid Slid / Slidden Meluncur
Smell Smelt Smelt Berbau
Speak Spoke Spoken Berbicara
Speed Sped Sped Mempercepat
Spell Spelt Spelt Mengeja
Spend Spent Spent Menghabiskan
Spread Spread Spread Menyebarkan
Stand Stood Stood Berdiri
Steal Stole Stolen Mencuri
Sting Stung Stung Menyengat
Swear Swore Sworn Bersumpah
Sweep Swept Swept Menyapu
Swim Swam Swum Berenang
Take Took Taken Mengambil
Teach taught Taught Mengajar
2023
69
Tear Tore Torn Merobek
Tell Told Told Menceritakan
Think Thought Thought Berpikir
Throw Threw Thrown Melempar
Undestand Understood Understood Mengerti
Wake Woke Woken Bangun
Wear Wore Worn Memakai
Win Won Won Menang
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Menarik
Write Wrote Written Menulis

MODUL Cut Ali Private Course

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

MODUL Cut Ali Private Course

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MODUL Cut Ali Private Course

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CUT ALI PRIVATE COURSE LEARNING MODULE

Plosive sound = letupan /ledakan suara

2. Tommy Tucker tried to tie Tammy's Turtles tie.

No. Greetings Response Explaination

1. Hi / Hello/Howdy Hi/Hello/Howdy Sapaan informal

3. How do you do? How do you do? Bertemu dengan

4. I’m fine. Thank you

I’m sick. Thank you

I’m not well Kabar tidak baik

5. How is your mother? She is good Thank you

No. Parting Response Explaination

 Allow me to introduce myself

 Hello! My name is Erni informal

 Rayyan, let me introduce you to my friend, Doni

Yani : “Good afternoon!”

*Possible Questions and Answers

 How old are you? ......I’m twenty years old.

1.One 11. Eleven 30. Thirty Teen : belas

10. Ten 20. Twenty

 Use “How Much” to ask about price or cost,

1. How much is your car? It is 570.000.000.

 Now, read these numbers in correct English orally

A.M (ante maradian) = dari jam 12 malam ke jam 12 siang

P.M (post maradian) = dari jam 12 siang ke jam 12 malam

 Ada 3 cara menanyakan waktu dalam bahasa inggris 1 hour = 60 minutes

1. Common noun 1. Kata benda yang menyatakan idea,

1.1 Common noun

A. Pembentukan Kata Benda Jamak (plural noun)

a. Dengan menambahkan “-s” setelah kata benda.

Singular Plural Meaning

Singular Plural Meaning

menjadi “-i” kemudian ditambahkan “-es”.

Singular Plural Meaning

e. Bentuk jamak yang tidak beraturan

Singular Plural Meaning

Braces Briefs Corduroys Culottes

2. Peralatan/sesuatu yang digunakan orang

Binoculars Clippers Compasses Pincers

g. Kata-kata berikut selalu berbentuk tunggal walaupun terdapat huruf “s”

Accoustics Aerobics Aedrodynamics Aeronaustics

Bowls Billiards Cards Draughts

Diabetes Mumps Measles

City stations Death penalties Student books

a. Uncountable Compound Noun

Air conditioning Birth control Blood pressure

Attendance Access Anger Beauty Cancer

2. Abstract noun yang dibentuk dari noun

d. menambahkan akhiran –cy

3. Abstract Noun yang dibentuk dari adjective

Subjective Possessive Possessive Objective Reflexive

You Your Yours You Yourself

He His His Him Himself

It Its Its It Itself

We Our Ours Us Ourselves

You Your Yours You Yourselves

They Their Theirs Them Themselves

 Apostrophe s (‘s) juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kepunyaan jika

Anybody Everybody Nobody Somebody