ME 346: Heat Transfer

Lecture: Introduction
Date: Instructor: Ankit Jain
 Functional/Non-dimensional Solutions
𝑥
∗ ∗ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 ∗ 𝑃
𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑢 = 𝑣 = 𝑇 = 𝑃 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝑉 𝐿 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 𝜌𝑉 2

𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦: + =0
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗
∗ ∗
∗ 𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑃 ∗ 1 𝜕2 𝑢 ∗
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚: 𝑢 +𝑣 =− ∗+ 𝑉𝐿
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦∗ 𝑑𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2 𝑅𝑒𝐿 = ; Reynolds Number
𝜈
∗ ∗ 2 ∗
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝑇 𝜈
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦: 𝑢 ∗ ∗ + 𝑣 ∗ ∗ = Pr = ; Prandtl Number
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2 𝛼

Boundary Conditions: 𝑢 ∗ 0, 𝑦 ∗ = 1; 𝑢 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ , 0 = 0; 𝑢 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ , ∞ = 1;
𝑣 ∗ 0, 𝑦∗ = 0; 𝑣 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ , 0 = 0; 𝑣 ∗ 𝑥 ∗, ∞ = 0;
𝑇 ∗ 0, 𝑦∗ = 1; 𝑇 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ , 0 = 0; 𝑇 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ , ∞ = 1;

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 Functional/Non-dimensional Solutions
∗ 𝑉𝐿
𝑑𝑃 𝑅𝑒𝐿 = ; Reynolds Number
𝑢 ∗ = 𝑓1 𝑥 ∗ , 𝑦∗ , ∗ , 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝜈
𝑑𝑥
𝜈
Pr = ; Prandtl Number
∗ ∗𝑑𝑃 ∗
∗ 𝛼
𝑇 = 𝑔1 𝑥 , 𝑦 , ∗ , 𝑅𝑒𝐿 , 𝑃𝑟
𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜇𝑉 𝜕𝑢 ∗
𝜏𝑠 𝜇 𝜕𝑦 ȁ𝑦=0 𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ ȁ𝑦 ∗ =0 2 𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝑑𝑃 ∗
𝐶𝑓 ≡ 2 = = = ቚ ∗ = 𝑓 𝑥 ∗ , 𝑦 ∗ , ∗ , 𝑅𝑒𝐿
𝜌𝑉 𝜌𝑉 2 𝜌𝑉 2 ∗
𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 =0 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

𝜕𝑇 𝑘𝑓 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 𝜕𝑇 ∗
−𝑘𝑓 ȁ ȁ ∗ ∗
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝐿 𝜕𝑦∗ 𝑦 =0 𝑘𝑓 𝜕𝑇
ℎ= =− = ∗ ቚ𝑦 ∗ =0
(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐿 𝜕𝑦 𝑁𝑢: Non-dimensional T-gradient at surface

ℎ𝐿 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝑑𝑃 ∗ 𝑁𝑢 to thermal boundary layer is what 𝐶𝑓 to

𝑁𝑢 ≡ = ቚ ∗ = 𝑔 𝑥 ∗, 𝑦 ∗ , ∗ , 𝑅𝑒𝐿 , 𝑃𝑟 velocity boundary layer
𝑘𝑓 ∗
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 =0 𝑑𝑥

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 Pr = 𝜈/𝛼 : measure of the relative effectiveness of
momentum and energy transport by diffusion in the velocity
and thermal boundary layers, respectively.

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 Compute Convection Coefficients for External
Flow
❑ Experimental Approach
❑ Theoretical Approach

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Experimental/ Empirical Approach
❑ Maintain the plate @ const. 𝑇𝑠
❑ Measure 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑇∞ , 𝑞 and other parameters.
❑ Repeat the exp. For different settings:
𝑢∞ , 𝑇∞ , 𝜈, 𝐿, etc.

𝑚 𝑛
𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 𝑐𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑃𝑟
𝑇𝑠 +𝑇∞
Fluid properties @ 𝑇𝑓 ≡
2

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 Theoretical Approach
❑ steady, incompressible, laminar flow with constant
properties and negligible viscous dissipation
❑ parallel flow over a flat plate:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 Boundary Conditions:
Continuity: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 @ 𝑥 = 0: 𝑢 = 𝑉, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇∞
@ 𝑦 = 0: 𝑢 = 0, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 @ 𝑦 → ∞: 𝑢 = 𝑉, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇∞
Momentum: 𝑢 +𝑣 =𝜈 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
Energy: 𝑢 +𝑣 =𝛼 2
𝜕x 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

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 Theoretical Approach
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 Boundary Conditions:
Continuity: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 @ 𝑥 = 0: 𝑢 = 𝑉, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇∞
@ 𝑦 = 0: 𝑢 = 0, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 @ 𝑦 → ∞: 𝑢 = 𝑉, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇∞
Momentum: 𝑢 +𝑣 =𝜈 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
Energy: 𝑢 +𝑣 =𝛼 2
𝜕x 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Observations:
❑ For constant properties, Continuity and Momentum equations can be solved independently of Energy equation
❑ Solution given by Blasius: Introduce similarity variable, 𝜂:
𝑢 𝑦
❑ Experimentally, velocity profile is observed to be similar at different 𝑥, i.e., 𝑉 = 𝑓(𝛿 )
𝜈𝑥
❑ Stokes observed that experimentally 𝛿 varies as 𝑉
𝑦 𝑉 𝑢
❑𝜂 ≡ =𝑦 → = 𝑓(𝜂)
𝜈𝑥 𝜈𝑥 𝑉
𝑉

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Theoretical Approach
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 Boundary Conditions:
Continuity: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 @ 𝑥 = 0: 𝑢 = 𝑉, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇∞
@ 𝑦 = 0: 𝑢 = 0, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 @ 𝑦 → ∞: 𝑢 = 𝑉, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇∞
Momentum: 𝑢 +𝑣 =𝜈 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝑉
𝜂 ≡𝑦
𝜈𝑥

Next, Blasius introduced a stream function Ψ 𝑥, 𝑦 , such that:

𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ Notice that this choice of Ψ automatically

𝑢= 𝑣=− satisfies the continuity equation!
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

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 Isothermal Flat Plate
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow (from expmnts)

𝑅𝑒𝑥 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑐 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑐 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝑥 ≤ 108

5𝑥 Mixed case with sharp transition at 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐 : 0.37𝑥

𝛿= 1 𝑥𝑐 𝐿 𝛿= 1/5
𝑅𝑒𝑥 ℎ𝐿 = න ℎ 𝑑𝑥 + න ℎ𝑥,𝑡𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥
𝐿 0 𝑥,𝑙𝑎𝑚 𝑥𝑐
0.664 0.0592
𝐶𝑓,𝑥 = 𝐶𝑓,𝑥 = 1/5
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥

𝛿
≅ Pr 1/3 𝛿 ≅ 𝛿𝑡
𝛿𝑡
4/5
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332
1/2
Re𝑥 Pr 1/3 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.0296 Re𝑥 Pr 1/3

for Pr ≥ 0.6 for 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60

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 Other Complications: Constant Heat Flux

For laminar flow: Note that 𝑁𝑢𝑥 is 36% and 4% larger than corresponding
cases with constant 𝑇 conditions
1/2
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.453 Re𝑥 Pr 1/3
for Pr ≥ 0.6

” 𝑞” 𝑞”𝐿
For turbulent flow: 𝑞 = ℎ𝑥 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ → 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇∞ + = 𝑇∞ +
ℎ𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑘𝑓
4/5
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.0308 Re𝑥 Pr 1/3
for 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60

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 Other Complications: Unheated Starting Length

For laminar flow:

𝑁𝑢𝑥 ȁ𝜉=0
𝑁𝑢𝑥 =
1 − 𝜉/𝑥 3/4 1/3

For turbulent flow:

𝑁𝑢𝑥 ȁ𝜉=0
𝑁𝑢𝑥 =
1 − 𝜉/𝑥 9/10 1/9

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 Average Coefficients
5𝑥 𝜏𝑠,𝑋 ℎ𝑋𝑋 1 𝑋 𝑋
𝛿𝑥 = 𝐶𝑓,𝑋 ≡ 𝑁𝑢𝑋 ≡ = න ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝜌𝑉 2/2 𝑘𝑓 𝑋 0 𝑘𝑓
1 1 𝑋 1 𝑋
= න 𝜏 𝑑𝑥 = න ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜌𝑉 2/2 𝑋 0 𝑠,𝑥 𝑘𝑓 0
𝜌𝑉 2 1 1 𝑋 𝜌𝑉 2 1 𝑋 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑘𝑓
𝜏𝑠,𝑥 = 0.332 = න 0.332 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝜌𝑉 2/2 𝑋 0 𝑥𝑉/𝜈 𝑘𝑓 0 𝑥
𝑋 1/2
𝜈1 𝑋 1 0.332 Re𝑥 Pr 1/3
= 0.664 න 𝑑𝑥 =න 𝑑𝑥
0.664 𝑉𝑋 0 𝑥 0 𝑥
𝐶𝑓,𝑥 = 𝑋
𝜈 1
𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 1.328 = 0.332 Pr 1/3 𝑉/𝜈 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝑋 0 𝑥
1.328 1/2
= = 0.664 Re𝑋 Pr 1/3 for Pr ≥ 0.6
𝑅𝑒𝑋
1/2
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.332 Re𝑥 Pr 1/3

Notice that averaged coefficients are twice the local coefficients

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Cylinder/Sphere in a Cross Flow

Fluid Flow Recap (from Fluid Mechanics):

❑ Fluid is brought to rest at the front stagnation point, with accompanying

rise in pressure
❑ From this point, pressure decreases and boundary layer develops.
❑ Pressure eventually reaches minimum and starts to increase.
❑ Increasing pressure unfavorable for boundary layer and as some point fluid
𝜕𝑢
separates from the surface (separation point with ȁ𝑦=0 = 0)
𝜕𝑦
𝜌𝑉𝐷
❑ Separation angle decided by 𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≡ . For 𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≤ 2 × 105 laminar flow
𝜇
and 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑝 = 80° and for 𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≥ 2 × 105 turbulent flow and 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑝 = 140°
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Cylinder/Sphere in a Cross Flow
Heat Convection:

For small 𝑅𝑒𝐷 :

- 𝑁𝑢𝜃 initially decrease with 𝜃 due to development of laminar boundary layer
- 𝑁𝑢𝜃 reaches the minimum at the separation and increases after separation due to
rapid mixing in the wake region

For large 𝑅𝑒𝐷 :

- 𝑁𝑢𝜃 initially decrease with 𝜃 due to development of laminar boundary layer
- 𝑁𝑢𝜃 reaches the minimum at the transition from laminar to turbulent boundary
layer
- 𝑁𝑢𝜃 decreases with the development of turbulent boundary layer
- 𝑁𝑢𝜃 increases after separation due to rapid mixing in the wake region

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Cylinder/Sphere in a Cross Flow
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢𝐷 ≡ = 𝐶𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑚 𝑃𝑟 1/3
𝑘𝑓

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 Problem: A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface
temperature is 110 C passes through some open area that is not protected
against the winds. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of
its length when the air is at 1 atm pressure and 10 C and the wind is blowing
across the pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s.
Schematic:
1 5 4/5
ℎ𝐷 0.62𝑅𝑒𝐷2𝑃𝑟 1/3 𝑅𝑒 8
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = = 0.3 + 1+ with fluid properties at 𝑇𝑓
𝑘 2 1/4 282000
0.4 3
1 + 𝑃𝑟

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 Known: Fluid properties, 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑇∞ , 𝑉, pipe dimension
Unknown: Heat loss per unit length of pipe?
Assumptions:
- Steady state
- Negligible radiation losses
Solution:
𝑊
𝑇∞ + 𝑇𝑠 𝑘𝑓 = 0.02808
𝑚𝐾
𝑇𝑓 = = 60 ℃ → Pr = 0.7202
2
𝜈 = 1.896 × 10−5 𝑚2/𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝐷 8 × 0.1 𝑚
→ 𝑅𝑒𝐷 = = 𝑠 = 4.219 × 104
𝜈 −5 2
1.896 × 10 [𝑚 /𝑠]
1 5 4/5
0.62 × 4.219 × 4
10 2 × 0.72021/3 4.219× 104 8
→ 𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.3 + 1+ → 124
2 1/4 282000
0.4 3
1+
0.7202
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 Known: Fluid properties, 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑇∞ , 𝑉, pipe dimension
Unknown: Heat loss per unit length of pipe?
Assumptions:
- Steady state
- Negligible radiation losses
Solution:
𝑊
𝑁𝑢𝐷 𝑘𝑓 124 × 0.02808 𝑚𝐾 = 34.8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
ℎത = =
𝐷 0.1 [𝑚]

𝑊 2 × 110 − 10 = 1093 𝑊
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 34.8 × 𝜋0.1 𝑚
𝑚2 𝐾

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 © Ankit Jain
All rights reserved.
You may not make copies or disseminate this material in any form
without my express permission.

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 30