ME 346: Heat Transfer

Lecture: Introduction
Date: Instructor: Ankit Jain
 View Factor
❑ Radiation heat transfer depends on the orientation
❑ For instance, radiations from sun: standing vs lying on back
❑ View Factor (shape factor, orientation factor, etc):
accounts for the effect of orientation in radiation heat
transfer:
❑ purely geometric quantity
❑ independent of surafce radiative properties, 𝑇
❑ diffuse view factor (assumes diffuse emitters)

𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖𝑗 = the fraction of radiation that leaves surface 𝑖 and strickes surface 𝑗 directly

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 View Factor
𝑑𝐴2 cos 𝜃2
𝑄𝑑𝐴1→𝑑𝐴2 = 𝐼 𝑑𝐴1 cos 𝜃1 𝑑𝜔21 = 𝐼 𝑑𝐴1 cos 𝜃1
𝑟2

𝑑𝐴2 cos 𝜃2
𝑄𝐴1→𝑑𝐴2 = න 𝑄𝑑𝐴1→𝑑𝐴2 = න 𝐼 cos 𝜃1 𝑑𝐴1
𝐴1 𝐴1 𝑟2

cos 𝜃2
𝑄𝐴1→𝐴2 = න 𝑄𝐴1→𝑑𝐴2 = න න 𝐼 cos 𝜃1 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝐴2 𝐴2 𝐴 1 𝑟2

𝐽 = 𝜋𝐼 → 𝑄𝐴1 = 𝜋𝐼𝐴1
cos 𝜃
𝑄𝐴1→𝐴2 ‫ 𝐼 𝐴׬ 𝐴׬‬cos 𝜃1 𝑟 2 2 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2 1 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2
𝐹𝐴1→𝐴2 = = 2 1 = න න 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
𝑄𝐴1 𝜋𝐼𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝜋𝑟 2

1 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2
𝐹𝐴2→𝐴1 = න න 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2 𝐹12𝐴1 = 𝐹21𝐴2
𝐴2 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝜋𝑟 2
(reciprocity relation)

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View Factor

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 View Factor Relations
❑ Reciprocity relation:
𝐹12𝐴1 = 𝐹21 𝐴2
N N− 1
For an enclosure with N surfaces: relations
2

❑ Summation Rule (conservation of energy): the sum of all view factors

(including to itself) from the surface 𝑖 of an enclosure must equal
unity.
𝑁
න 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 1
1

applies to each surface in an enclosure: 𝑁 relations

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 View Factor Relations
❑ Superposition Rule:
𝐹1→(2+3) = 𝐹1→2 + 𝐹1→3

❑ Energy from surface 1 hitting surface (2+3) is the sum of

summation of energies hitting parts of surface (2+3)
❑ View factor from surface 𝑖 to surface 𝑗 is the summation of
View factors from surface 𝑖 to parts of surface 𝑗
Note that: 𝐹 2+3 →1 ≠ 𝐹2→1 + 𝐹3→1

Q: How to determine 𝐹3→1 given view factors between perpendicular surfaces?

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 View Factor Relations
❑ Symmetry Rule: two surfaces that are symmetric wrt to a third
surface will have same view factor wrt that surface

if surfaces 𝑗 and 𝑘 are symetric wrt to surface 𝑖, then:

𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖→𝑘

Also, 𝐹𝑗→𝑖 = 𝐹𝑘→𝑖 (using reciprocity rule)

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 Radiation Heat Transfer between Black
Surfaces
𝑄ሶ 1→2 = 𝐴1 𝐸𝑏,1𝐹1→2 − 𝐴2𝐸𝑏,2𝐹2→1
= 𝐴1 𝐹1→2 𝐸𝑏,1 − 𝐸𝑏,2 using 𝐴1 𝐹1→2 = 𝐴2𝐹2→1
= 𝐴1 𝐹1→2 𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24)

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 Radiation Heat Transfer between Diffuse Gray
Surfaces
❑ multiple reflections → quite complex to analyze without suitable
assumptions
❑ Assumptions:
❑ opaque surface → 𝜏 = 0
❑ diffuse surface (no dependence on direction; diffuse emitter and reflector)
❑ gray surface (no dependence on wavelength)
❑ isothermal surfaces with uniform incoming and outgoing radiations over the
entire surface.

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 Surface Resistance
𝐽 = 𝜌𝐺 + 𝜖𝐸𝑏

opaque surface
𝜏=0; 𝛼+𝜌=1
𝐽 = 1 − 𝛼 𝐺 + 𝜖𝐸𝑏

Kirchoff Law
𝐽 = 1 − 𝜖 𝐺 + 𝜖𝐸𝑏

𝑄ሶ 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 (𝐽𝑖 − 𝐺𝑖 )

𝐽𝑖 = 1−𝜖𝑖 𝐺𝑖 +𝜖𝑖 𝐸𝑏,𝑖 𝐽𝑖 − 𝜖𝑖 𝐸𝑏,𝑖

𝑄ሶ 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 𝐽𝑖 −
1 − 𝜖𝑖

rearrange 𝐴𝑖 𝜖𝑖 Ohm′ s law 𝐸𝑏,𝑖 − 𝐽𝑖 1 − 𝜖𝑖

𝑄ሶ 𝑖 = 𝐸 − 𝐽𝑖 𝑄ሶ𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖 = (surface resistance to radiation)
1 − 𝜖𝑖 𝑏,𝑖 𝑅𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜖𝑖

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 Surface Resistance

1 − 𝜖𝑖
𝑅𝑖 = (surface resistance to radiation)
𝐴𝑖 𝜖𝑖

Reradiating surfaces: no convection and under steady-state:

𝐸𝑏,𝑖 − 𝐽𝑖
𝑄ሶ = 0 → = 0 → 𝐸𝑏,𝑖 = 𝐽𝑖 = 𝜎𝑇𝑖4
𝑅𝑖

In radiation resistance networks, reradiating surfaces can be removed from analysis

as no net heat trasnfer through these surfaces.

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 Radiation Heat Transfer between two surfaces

𝑄ሶ 𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐴𝑖 𝐽𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 − 𝐴𝑗 𝐽𝑗 𝐹𝑗→𝑖

= 𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 𝐽𝑖 − 𝐽𝑗

𝐽𝑖 − 𝐽𝑗
=
𝑅𝑖→𝑗

1 1
𝑅𝑖→𝑗 = = (space resistance to radiation)
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑗→𝑖

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 Radiation Heat Transfer Problems
Determine net heat transfer from each of these surfaces to other surfaces?

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 Problem: Consider a cylindrical furnace with r=H=1 m. The top (surface 1) and
the base (surface 2) of the furnace have emissivities 0.8 and 0.4, respectively,
and are maintained at uniform temperatures of 700 K and 500 K. The side
surface closely approximates a black- body and is maintained at a temperature
of 400 K. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer at each surface
during steady operation.
Schematic:

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 Assumptions:
❑ Steady-state operation
❑ Opaque, diffuse, and gray surfaces
Solution:
For radiation heat transfer analysis, first we need to determine the View Factors:

𝐹11 = 0 (plane surface)

𝐹12 (from chart)
𝐹13 (using summation rule)

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦,
𝐹21, 𝐹22 , 𝐹23

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦:
𝐹31, 𝐹32 , 𝐹33

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 For surface 1:
𝐸𝑏,1 − 𝐽1 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 𝐽1 − 𝐽3
= +
𝑅1 𝑅12 𝑅13

𝐸𝑏,1 − 𝐽1 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 𝐽1 − 𝐽3
= +
1 − 𝜖1 1 1
𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴1 𝐹13

For surface 2:
𝐸𝑏,2 − 𝐽2 𝐽2 − 𝐽1 𝐽2 − 𝐽3
= +
1 − 𝜖2 1 1
𝜖2 𝐴2 𝐴2𝐹21 𝐴2𝐹23

Since surface 3 is black:

𝐽3 = 𝜎𝑇34 𝑄1ሶ = 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 + 𝐹13 𝐽1 − 𝐽3
𝑄2ሶ = 𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐽2 − 𝐽1 + 𝐹23 𝐽2 − 𝐽3
𝑄3ሶ = 𝐴3 𝐹31 𝐽3 − 𝐽1 + 𝐹32 𝐽3 − 𝐽2

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 Determine 𝑇𝑅 ?

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 © Ankit Jain
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You may not make copies or disseminate this material in any form
without my express permission.

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