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FM Manual With Readings
FM Manual With Readings
FM Manual With Readings
AY-
2023-
2024
Lab Manual
(Fluid mechanics) Lab
Submitted by
Students Name:________________________________________
Page 1 of 60
Class: _________ Roll No:________ AY-2023- 2024
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
METACENTRIC APPARATUS
AIM.
THEORY.
The stability of a body such as a ship which floats in the surface of a liquid, is of
great importance. Whether the equilibrium is stable, natural or unstable is
determined by the height of its center of gravity. Consider the rectangular pontoon
shown floating in equilibrium on Evan keel as shown in cross section in figure.
The weight of pontoon acts vertically downwards through its center of gravity, G &
this is balanced by an equal & opposite buoyant force acting upwards through the
center of buoyancy, B, which lies at the center of gravity go liquid displaced by the
pontoon.
The equal & opposite forces through G & B1 exert a couple on the pontoon that M
lies above G as shown in figure, this couple is acts in the sense of restoring the
pontoon to even keel, i.e. the pontoon is of gravity G, the sense of the couple is to
increase the angular displacement & the pontoon is unstable. The special occurs
when M & G coincide.
w * dx
GM =
W * d
Page 2 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= 0 * 3.142/180
Where,
APPARATUS.
A figure shows the arrangement in which a ship model is made to float in a small
steel tank 400 x 400 mm, having at least one side wall made of glass, filled with
water. Removable steel strips are placed in the ship model for the purpose of
changing its weight. By means of pendulum & the graduated arc, the angle of tilt,
ø can be measured.
A crossbar is fixed on the ship model & two weights of equal mass are suspended
from it. There weights are placed at unequal distance with respect to the center of
cross bar so as to tilt the model by an angle ø. Pendulum & graduate arc are
sutiable fixed at the center of the crossbar itself.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.
a. Calculate the ratio of the graduate arc to length of the pointer, say n.
b. Weigh the slip model & note shown its valve, Say W.
c. Put the ship model in the tank filled with water & displace the movable masses so
as the tilt the model through a small angle dø.
d. Note the distance x1 & x2 of the masses from the center of crossbar & find dx.
e. Read the angle ø on the graduated scale & calculate dø h where dø = nø.
g. Repeat steps b to f for three different weights of the ship model ( weight of ship
model is varied by removing the steel strips. )
Page 3 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
Ratio of the radius of the graduated arc to the length of the pointer = n.
2xx
= Rad
360
w x dx
= Cm
W x d
PRICAUTIONS.:
Measure the angle of tilt accurately & convert it into radiance for circulation
purpose.
Page 4 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
2xx
=
360
2 x x 4.5
=
360
= 0.0785 Rad
w x dx
=
W x d
0.25 x 2.5
=
7.1 x 0.0785
= 1.12 Cm.
Page 5 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
2 x x (2 x )
=
360
2 x x (2 x )
=
360
= Rad
w x dx
=
W x d
x
=
7.25 x
= Cm.
Page 6 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
THEORY :
It can be stated as :
PA V 2 A ZA PB V 2 B ZB
+ + = + +
V 2g 1 V 2g 1
PA − PB V 2 B − V 2 A
=
V 2g
DESCRIPTION :
The apparatus consists of a channel having Inlet & Oultets tanks. Inlet tank is
connected to a 2” water connection. The top of the flow channel piezometer tubes
are fixed at a distance of 5 cm. C/C . For measurement of pressure head of
regulate in to the inlet tank & out the outlet tank valves to maintain study flow.
However steady flow can also be obtained by controlling Intel & Oultet valves
suitably while a steady state will be reached.
Page 7 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :
Water outlet valve can be kept closed & the water level in the inlet tank will rise &
that in the piezometer tube will simultaneously rise as there is no flow. When the
out valve is opened & steady state is reached, the pressure at different points along
the flow can be recorded the steady discharge collect the discharge for sufficient
time in measuring tank.
For area table supplied, cross sectional area of flow corresponding to piezometers
can be determined. From the discharge & area, velocity head at a different points,
corresponding to piezometer tappings can be found out. Visual observations of
the pressure heads indicated that the parabolic curve. However, observations for
a few discharge verification can be recorded & following calculations & table can
be prepared for the verifications of the theorem.
Page 8 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
Area of collecting Tank : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m2
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr Readi
No ngs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 sec Cm3/sec
P/W
1 V
V2/2g
p+ V2
w 2g
P/W
V
2
V2/2g
p+ V2
w 2g
CALCULATIONS :
Page 9 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
2. Discharge (Q) :
3. Velocity (V) :
= Q/A m/Sec
4. Velocity Head :
= V2 / 2 g.
5. Total Energy :
= P/W + V2/2 g
CONCLUSION :
The total energy for all manometer tubes should be approximately same.
Page 10 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
Area of collecting Tank : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m2
P/W 390 380 345 265 280 300 315 335 330 335 345 15.27
V
V2/2g 65 79 109 247 140 123 109 97 79 71 59
1 P V2
W 2g 455 459 454 512 420 423 424 432 409 406 404
DATA :
Area of Piezometer Tubes:- in m2
CALCULATIONS :
Page 11 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
2. Discharge (Q) :
0.175 x 0.05
=
15.27
3. Velocity (V) :
= Q/A
= 5.73 x 10-4 / 5.06 x 10-4
= 1.13 m/Sec
4. Velocity Head :
= V2 / 2 g.
= (1.13)2 / ( 2 x 9.81)
= 0.065 m of water.
5. Total Energy :
= P/W + V2/2 g
= 0.39 + 0.065
= 0.455 m. of water.
Page 12 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
AIM :
INTRODUCTION :
When a fluid flows through a straight pipe, the resulting pressure drop can be predicted with
confidence, using the equations available in the literature. Different types of fittings, usually
used in the industries, offer additional resistance which cannot be calculated directly and
hence must be determined experimentally or from published information.
THEORY :
The resistance of fittings is usually expressed in terms of the equivalent length, i. e. the length
of straight pipe of the same nominal diameter which would give the same resistance as the
fittings under the same conditions of flow. If the equivalent length is expressed in pipe
diameter, the resistance of all similar fittings is almost independent of the size of the fittings.
The resistance of valves, in particular, varies considerably from one manufacturer’s design to
another. It is important to note that, the equivalent resistance is a function of the flow rate and
at low Reynold’s numbers may differ considerably from the published value.
EXPERIMENTAL SET- UP :
Experimental set-up consists of 5 test sections of 25 mm dia. Straight pipes in which (1) Elbow
(2) Bend (3) 600 Angle bend (4) Contraction (5) Enlargement are inserted. The upstream and
downstream calming sections were provided in the test sections. The pressure drops were
measured by means of U-tube manometer.
PROCEDURE :
1. While test 1st pipe tests, close all valves of the top pipes.
Page 13 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
3. Open the valves of any Pipe Fitting fitted on line the pipes which are connected
to manometer tube.
7. Measure water flow rate, with the help of stop watch & measuring tank.
PRECAUTIONS :
Page 14 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
= Q / A2 m/Sec.
V2 2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 15 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
= Q / A2 m/Sec.
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
(V2 - V1 )2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 16 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 17 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 18 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 19 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
Average k 5.20
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
15.70
Page 20 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= Q / A2
= 3.15 m/Sec.
V2 2
hf = k x
2xg
( 3.15 ) 2
0.337 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 8.39
Page 21 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
Average k 3.60
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
8.80
Page 22 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= Q / A2
= 5.62 m/Sec.
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
= 2.02 m/Sec.
(V2 - V1 )2
hf = k x
2xg
(5.62 - 2.02 )2
0.182 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 3.47
Page 23 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
4.89
Page 24 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
= 3.64 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
( 3.64 ) 2
0.04 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 0.746
Page 25 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
3.89
Page 26 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
= 4.56 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
( 4.56 ) 2
0.08 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 0.94
Page 27 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
4.89
Page 28 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
= 3.64 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
( 3.64 ) 2
0.08 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 1.49
Page 29 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
INTRODUCTION :
Measurement of flow constitutes an essential part in all flow systems.
The fluid flow in open channel or pipe line definitely requires some system
to measure the quantity of fluid passing thr’ the system.
MEASUREMENT OF FLOW :
The methods utilized for determination of flow in pipe lines &
channels are mostly indirect. The continuity principle expresses the flow
rate as the product of cross sectional area & the average velocity. For pipe
line flow measurement, The devices used are venture meter nozzle meter,
orifice meter, mouth piece & bend meter.
THE EQUIPMENTS :
The present equipment is a set – up sued to study the performance
of orifice meter & mouth piece .
Any of the devices can be adopted & the performance can be studied.
The equipment consists of a square main tank to which the water is
supplied. At the bottom of this main tank an oil seal is adopted. Through this
oil seal a PVC pipe slides up or down.
The water over flows through this PVC pipe & a constant head is maintained
over the flow measurement device. A piezo meter tube at one side of the
tank shows the head. This head is measured by scale. The exit water
through the meter is guided through a channel in-to the measuring tank.
The supply to the unit can be adjusted by the gate valve is the supply line.
The whole unit is kept on fabricated base.
Page 30 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
TEST PROCEDURE :
(A) ORIFICEMETER : -
An orifice is the opening thr’ which fluid flows. The orifice is fixed to the
mounting plate by screws. The over flow pipe is set at desired level.
Admit the thr’ supply pipe & set the flow of water as desired. Confirm
that water over flow over flows continuously. A jet of water will emerge thr’
the orifice . It is observed that the jet contracts as it passes thr’ the orifice,
Measure the diameter of the jet at this contracted section ( this is also called
as vena-contract) by using the measuring device provided with set up.
Now measure the length ‘X’ & the vertical drop of jet ‘y’ by another
device provided. The discharge thr’ orifice may be collected in the
measuring tank for a particular time so that the actual discharge is known.
Enter the observations in the table & repeat the experiment for different
head over orifice. Also repeat the experiment for other orifice.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Page 31 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
Adopt any one of the mouthpiece. Admit water to the main tank &
adjust the flow as desired. Confirm that there is continuous over flow . The
jet of water will emerge thr’ orifice & exit water is collected in the measuring
tank.
Enter the observation in the table & repeat the experiment for different
heads over the mouthpiece. Also repeat the experiment for other
mouthpiece.
OBSERVATIONS :-
1.
2.
3.
4.
Page 32 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS : -
A) ORIFICEMETER : -
a) CC = Coefficient of Contraction.
= Area of jet at vena contracta
Area of orifice.
= dv / d dv = dia at vena contracta
d = dia of orifice.
b) Cd = Coefficient of discharge.
= Actual discharge
Theoretical Discharge.
= Q
A 2gH
Where Q = discharge collected.
A = Area of orifice
H = Head over orifice
c) Cv = Coefficient of velocity.
X2
= 4 yH
B) MOUTHPIECE :-
Page 33 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
Qa = Collected discharge.
V = 2gH
Qth = D2. V.
4
H = Head Over Mouthpiece.
D = dia of mouth piece cm for
cylindrical one.
& = cm for divergent mouth piece.
c) Co-efficient of Velocity :
Cv = Cd
Cc
the value of Cv is severally between 0.80 & 0.90
PRECAUTIONS :-
1) Operate the overflow pipe gently to adjust the overflow.
2) Do not tamper with glass tube ( Pizometer) fitted to main
tank.
Page 34 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
A. ORIFICEMETER
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
50.79
Actual discharge
=
Theoretical Discharge
Q
=
A1 2gH
1.72 x 10-4
=
Page 35 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= 0.52
= X2
4 YH
= (0.2)2
4 x 0.05 x 0.23
= 0.93
4. Co-efficient of Contraction (Cc) :
Co-efficient of Discharge
=
Co-efficient of Velocity
= 0.52 / 0.93
= 0.55
5. Result Table :
Page 36 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
B. MOUTHPIECE
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
27.75
Actual discharge
=
Theoretical Discharge
Q
=
A1 2gH
Page 37 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
3.15 x 10-4
=
1.539 x 10-4 2 x 9.81 x 0.455
= 0.68
= X2
4 YH
= (0.34)2
4 x 0.085 x 0.455
= 0.86
4. Result Table :
Page 38 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
A. ORIFICEMETER
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
= x 10-4 m3/Sec
Actual discharge
=
Theoretical Discharge
Page 39 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
Q
=
A1 2gH
x 10-4
=
1.539 x 10-4 2 x 9.81 x
=
3. Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv) :
= X2
4 YH
= ( )2
4x x
=
4. Co-efficient of Contraction (Cc) :
Co-efficient of Discharge
=
Co-efficient of Velocity
= /
=
4. Result Table :
Discharge (Q)
Co-efficient of Discharge
Average Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd)
Co-efficient of Velocity
Average Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv)
Co-efficient of Contraction
Average Co-efficient of Contraction (Cc)
Page 40 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
B. MOUTHPIECE
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
= x 10-4 m3/Sec
Actual discharge
=
Theoretical Discharge
Q
=
A1 2gH
Page 41 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
x 10-4
=
1.539 x 10-4 2 x 9.81 x
= X2
4 YH
= ( )2
4x x
4. Result Table :
Discharge (Q)
Co-efficient of Discharge
Average Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd)
Co-efficient of Velocity
Average Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv)
Page 42 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
DESCRIPTION :
PROCEDURE :
Page 43 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
5. Take atleast 4 to 5 sets of reading varying the head from maximum at shut off to
minimum where valve is fully open. This can be done by throttling the delivery
valve.
The suction side is 1” dia. & the delivery side is 1” dia. An energymeter is provided
to measure the input into the motor & a collecting tank to measure the discharge.
A pressure gauge & a vacuum gauge are fitted in the delivery & suction sides to
measure the head.
Note :
The pump set will be full of water while starting. For this reason it should not be
allowed to drain & hence a foot valve is provided.
But after the long run the leather in the foot valve becomes leaky. In this case the
pump should be primed by pouring water in the suction side up to the impeller,
before the pump is started.
OBSERVATIONS :
Page 44 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATION TABLE :
CALCULATION :
A x h
=
t
Where,
A = Area of Tank
h = Rise of water level
t = Time required for rise.
Page 45 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= G + V + X
Where,
= W x QA X H
Where,
3600 5
= x
N T
Where,
Page 46 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
Output Power
=
Input Power
CONCLUSION :
1. Discharge Vs Head
3. Efficiency Vs Head
Page 47 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Speed of Pressure Vacuum Time Required. For 5 Time required for 100
Pump Gauge Gauge pulses of Energy meter mm rise of water level
Reading Reading (T) (t)
2
RPM (G) Kg/Cm (V) Sec Sec
mm Of Hg
2500 0.20 430 10.00 10.06
0.40 295 10.47 12.19
0.50 225 10.84 13.97
0.75 60 11.97 31.28
Page 48 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
A x h
=
t
Where,
A = Area of Tank
h = Rise of water level
t = Time required for rise.
= G + V + X
Where,
G = Pressure gauge reading
V = Vaccume gauge reading
X = Level difference
= (0.75 x 10) + (0.06 x 12.6) + 0.3
Page 49 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= W x QA X H
Where,
W = Equivalent weight of water
QA = Actual Discharge
H = Total head
= 46.91 Watts
3600 5
= x
N T
Where,
N = Energy meter constant
T = Time requ. For 5 pulses
3600 5
= x
3200 11.97
= 469.92 Watts
Page 50 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
Output Power
=
Input Power
46.91
=
469.92
= 9.98 %
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Page 51 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
CONCLUSION :
1. Discharge Vs Head
3. Efficiency Vs Head
Page 52 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATIONS :
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Speed of Pressure Vacuum Time Required. For 5 Time required for 100
Pump Gauge Gauge pulses of Energy meter mm rise of water level
Reading Reading (T) (t)
2
RPM (G) Kg/Cm (V) Sec Sec
mm Of Hg
Page 53 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
A x h
=
t
Where,
A = Area of Tank
h = Rise of water level
t = Time required for rise.
= x 10-3 m3/Sec
= G + V + X
Where,
G = Pressure gauge reading
V = Vaccume gauge reading
X = Level difference
= ( x 10) + ( x 12.6) + 0.3
= mtr. Of Water
Page 54 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
= W x QA X H
Where,
W = Equivalent weight of water
QA = Actual Discharge
H = Total head
= Watts
3600 5
= x
N T
Where,
N = Energy meter constant
T = Time requ. For 5 pulses
3600 5
= x
3200 T
= Watts
Page 55 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
Output Power
=
Input Power
= %
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Page 56 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
CONCLUSION :
1. Discharge Vs Head
3. Efficiency Vs Head
Page 57 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
REYNOLDS APPARATUS
DESCRIPTION :
Reynolds Apparatus consists of a tank containing water & small tank containing
dye. To the tank fitted horizontal tube through which glass tube can be regulated
by adjusting the regulating valve.
PROCEDURE :
The water in the tank is first allowed to stand for several hours to allow it to couse
completely to rest. The outlet valve of glass tube is slightly opened. Then the jet
of dye having the same specific gravity as that of water is also allowed to enter in
center of glass tube. It will be seen that a five thread of dye is carried by the water.
The dye thread will move so steadily that it will be hardly seen in motion such a
flow is known as laminar flow or stream line flow.
CONCLUSION :
From the observations it is seen that, the fluid partical is moving in welll defined
path, it is laminar.
OBSERVATIONS :
Page 58 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
OBSERVATION TABLE :
CALCULATIONS :
1. DISCHARGE (Q) :
Discharge
= m/sec
Area of pipe
x V x d
Re =
Page 59 of 60
KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
REYNOLD’S APPARATUS
OBSERVATIONS :
1 . Area of Pipe = 5.3 X 10- 4 m2 .
2. Viscosity of Water = 9.29 x 10- 7 m2 /sec.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr. Volume Time Discharge Velocity Re Remark
No in Ltr. Required Q
For 1 Lit. m3/sec (V)in m/sec
volume
discharge
(t) in sec
1 1 117.60 08.50 x10 –6 16.03x10 –3 449 Laminar
2 1 93.75 10.66 x10 - 6 20.12x10 –3 563 Laminar
3 1 62.50 16.00 x10 - 6 30.18x10 –3 844 Laminar
4 1 43.64 22.91 x10 - 6 43.22x10 –3 1210 Laminar
CALCULATIONS :
1. DISCHARGE (Q) :
Volume Collected In Measuring Flask
=
Time required for collection
ik
= (1 x 10-3) / 117.60
08.50 x10 –6
=
5.3 x 10 –4
= 16.03 x 10 –3 m/sec
1 x 16.03 x 10 –3 x 0.026
=
9.29 x 10- 7
= 448.84 = 449
Page 60 of 60