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Deniz Jeofiziği
Deniz Jeofiziği
Deniz Jeofiziği
Marine Geophysics
(Unit 1)
Credits:
2 hours (2+0+0)
Reference Book:
• Marine Geophysics. E. J. W.
Jones (1999), Wiley.
• Applied High-Resolution
Geophysical Methods.
Offshore Geoengineering
Hazard (1984). Peter K.
Trabant, International Human
Resources Development
Corporation.
Participation:
– Involve in all group
discussions and activities.
– Write down all important
information in your
notebook.
GPH 444: Unit 1 (Introduction)
Join a study group.
Make study schedule.
Arrange your time.
Do your best.
Seek advice.
Learn from mistakes.
Be patient.
1. Shallow earthquakes:
(Depth between 0 and 70 km).
2. Intermediate earthquake:
(Depth between 70 and 300 km).
3. Deep earthquakes:
(Depth is greater than 300 km).
Marine Geophysics
(Unit 2)
Learning Objectives
By the end of unit (2) you should be able to recognize:
1. The definition of oceanography and its divisions.
2. Role of oceans.
3. How to study oceans.
4. Instruments of investigation.
5. Driving forces & processes of evolution of ocean
floor.
6. Wilson Cycle.
7. Bathymetry.
8. Divisions of ocean floor.
9. Classification of continental margins.
10. Ocean basin & mid‐oceanic ridge.
GPH 444: Unit 2 (Marine Science)
Ocean = the marine environment
graphy = the name of a descriptive science
Marine Geophysics
(Unit 3)
Learning Objectives
By the end of unit (3) you should be able to recognize:
1. Marine geophysical survey methods.
2. Seabed (sub‐surface) geophysical surveys.
3. Seabed characteristic.
4. Development process.
5. Desk study.
6. Oil & gas offshore structure.
7. Marine vessel.
8. Engineering hydrographic & geophysical operations.
Marine Geophysics
(Unit 4)
Learning Objectives
By the end of unit (4) you should be able to recognize:
1. Basic physics.
2. Underwater sound
3. Sound refraction.
4. Coastal variability.
5. Active & passive sonar.
6. Range estimation.
7. Echo sounders.
8. Properties in a sonar image.
9. Characteristic of sound in sea water.
10. Factors affecting choose of frequency.
11. Principle of echo sounder.
12. Reason for using sound waves.
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
GPH 444: Unit 4 (Echo Sounders)
Characteristic of Sound in Sea Water:
a) Speed of sound:
The speed of sound in sea water varies throughout the world
with temperature, pressure due to depth, and salinity. An
increase in any of these factors will cause an increase in speed
of sound and vice versa. Even in the same place,
temperature and salinity vary not only with depth but also
from hour to hour. The speed of sound can vary from about
1445 m/s to 1535 m/s.
d) Volume reverberation:
When acoustic energy is propagated into sea water continuous
returned echoes at the same frequency as the transmission are
produced by back scattering from minute air bubbles,
planktons, pollution, suspended sand and other discontinuities
in the water. This is termed a volume reverberation signal and
its magnitude increases dramatically with frequency.
Marine Geophysics
(Unit 5)
Learning Objectives
By the end of unit (5) you should be able to recognize:
1. Components of an echo event at the sea floor.
2. Principles of side scan sonar.
3. Typical echo sounder output.
4. Sonograph characteristics.
5. Side scan sonar geometry.
6. Target material and orientation influences.
7. Vessel speed effects.
8. Types of side scan sonar.
9. Limitation of side scan sonar.
Incident energy is partitioned between transmission into the sea floor and
the echo, which is both reflection and scattering back into the water
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444: Unit 5 (Side Scan Sonar)
GPH 444
Marine Geophysics
(Unit 6)
Learning Objectives
By the end of unit (6) you should be able to recognize:
1. Magnetic prospecting.
2. The use of magnetometers.
3. Concept of marine magnetometers.
4. The use of magnetometers.
5. Application of marine magnetometers.