Evaluating the Urban Development Plan for Kurunegala

Critiquing with SWOT analysis

ENCM 32582 EM/2018/021- C. I. Hamit

URBAN ENVIRONMENT EM/2018/039 - N. V. S. Nimthara
MANAGEMENT
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Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction about the city ................................................................................................................................. 1

Significance of a development plan for Kurunegala ........................................................................................... 1

The importance of SWOT analysis .................................................................................................................... 2

CRITICIZE OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT PLAN WITH SWOT ANALYSIS ........................................................ 2

LAND USE FEATURES DEVELOPMENT ..........................................................................................................12

WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ............................................................................................................14

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION STRATEGIES ..........................................................................................16

DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................18

TOURISM PROMOTION ...............................................................................................................................20

PURPOSED NEW MODEL ............................................................................................................................22

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23

REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................................23

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Evaluating the Urban Development Plan for Kurunegala Critiquing with SWOT Analysis

1. INTRODUCTION

 Introduction about the city

Kurunegala, located in Sri Lanka, is a vibrant city with

abundant resources and immense potential for development.
Its fertile lands support a variety of crops, including paddy,
coconut, and fruits. Its strategic location along major
transportation routes contribute to its economic significance.
With a growing population and increasing urbanization,
Kurunegala presents opportunities for infrastructure
development, improved healthcare and education facilities,
and the promotion of sustainable practices to harness its resources while preserving its natural beauty. The city's
untapped potential combined with its existing resources make it an ideal candidate for holistic and balanced
development, ensuring a prosperous future for its residents and sustainable growth for generations to come.

 Significance of a development plan for Kurunegala

A well-crafted development plan for Kurunegala is crucial for guiding the city's growth in an organized and
strategic manner. The plan identifies key sectors such as infrastructure, tourism, agriculture, and education for
focused development initiatives.

 It prioritizes resources, investments, and initiatives to leverage Kurunegala's unique strengths and address
specific challenges.
 The development plan promotes inclusivity, considering the needs and aspirations of all stakeholders,
including local communities, businesses, and institutions.
 It aims to create opportunities for socio-economic advancement and enhance the quality of life for all
residents.
 Environmental sustainability is a key aspect, with measures for conservation, waste management, and
renewable energy integrated into the plan.
 The plan envisions Kurunegala as a model city for sustainable development in Sri Lanka, emphasizing
equitable progress and preserving the city's natural beauty.

A well-designed development plan for Kurunegala holds the potential to transform the city into a thriving hub of
economic growth, social well-being, and environmental sustainability. By setting clear goals, implementing
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targeted strategies, and engaging all stakeholders, the plan can shape a prosperous future for Kurunegala and
unlock its true potential as a model city for sustainable development in Sri Lanka.

 The importance of SWOT analysis

A SWOT analysis is an essential tool when developing a city development plan as it provides a comprehensive
assessment of the city's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. By conducting a SWOT analysis, city
planners gain valuable insights into the current state of the city and can identify areas that need improvement,
capitalize on existing strengths, and seize potential opportunities for growth and development. The analysis helps
in understanding the city's competitive advantage, addressing its challenges, and formulating effective strategies
to ensure sustainable and inclusive urban development. Ultimately, a thorough SWOT analysis acts as a
foundation for informed decision-making, enabling cities to create plans that align with their unique
characteristics and maximize their potential for long-term success.

2. CRITICIZE OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT PLAN WITH SWOT ANALYSIS

 To become a vibrant economic center at east west economic corridor.

 The goal of the Kurunegala Urban Development Plan to become a vibrant economic
center at the east-west economic corridor presents both opportunities and challenges.
One strength lies in Kurunegala's strategic location along the corridor, which can attract
businesses and investment. Additionally, the city already possesses some infrastructure
that can serve as a foundation for economic growth, including transportation networks
and existing commercial areas.

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  Over the years, there has been a notable increase in commercial land use in Kurunegala.
The percentages of commercial land use in 1997, 2001, and 2017 were 1.47%, 4.97%,
and 7.3% respectively. This growth is evident from the rise in building applications for
commercial purposes in the Kurunegala Municipal Council area. These trends indicate
the town's potential to develop into a thriving economic hub.

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  However, there are several weaknesses that need to be addressed. Kurunegala currently
lacks a diverse and robust industrial base, which could hinder its ability to attract
businesses and stimulate economic development. Additionally, there may be a skills
gap, with a lack of skilled labor and specialized workforce needed to support economic
activities and industries in Kurunegala. Inadequate connectivity, including limited
access to reliable transportation systems and inadequate digital infrastructure, further
adds to the challenges.

 Kurunegala, a main junction town connecting five roads and housing three railway
stations, lacks integration between road and rail transport. The railway station, located
2km from the bus stand, serves only around 1,500 daily passengers (0.5% of
commuters). Over 80% of them travel to Colombo for work. This lack of integration
limits transportation potential.

 Despite these weaknesses, there are opportunities that can be leveraged. While
Kurunegala has been recognized as a main economic center in the Eastern-Western
economic corridor by the National Physical Planning Policy and Plan, there is a need
for tangible actions to fully capitalize on this opportunity. Mere recognition without
concrete strategies and implementation plans may limit the actual development and
economic growth potential of the town.

 The existence of proposed and ongoing national-level development projects such as the
Central Expressway, proposed highway interchanges, the Kurunegala to Dambulla
railway development project, and the Polgahawela to Kurunegala double-track railway
line present opportunities for infrastructure enhancement and improved connectivity.
However, the successful completion and integration of these projects are crucial to fully
realize their potential in transforming Kurunegala into a vibrant economic center.

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 Delays, funding constraints, or lack of effective project management could impede the
timely implementation and hamper the desired economic outcomes.

Table 2; Proposed and ongoing, local level development

projects

 However, there are threats that need to be considered. According to a community

perception survey, 80% of people find the temperature in the town center to be high.
The presence of rocks in the north and eastern directions acts as a barrier to the north-
east monsoonal wind from November to March, resulting in temperatures exceeding
30°C and sometimes reaching up to 36°C in the core town area. To mitigate this, the
proposed development plan should consider leveraging natural wind corridors such as
paddy fields, marshlands, tanks, and water bodies to mitigate the high temperature
levels experienced by the community.

 The most attractive residential population agglomeration in the region

 It is essential to consider the long-term sustainability of residential development While

the availability of developable lands is an opportunity. The environmental impact,
infrastructure requirements, and urban sprawl should be carefully managed to ensure
responsible and well-planned growth.
 Although a high population growth rate can indicate potential demand for residential
properties, it also brings challenges in terms of infrastructure provision, public services,
and managing urban services effectively. The rapid population growth needs to be

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 accompanied by adequate planning and infrastructure development to ensure a high
quality of life for residents.

 Land subdivision increases annually, for residential developments. The trend of annual
land subdivision for residential developments can provide housing opportunities for the
community. However, it is important to ensure that the subdivision process follows
proper regulations and guidelines to avoid haphazard and unplanned growth. Adequate
provision of infrastructure, services, and amenities should be considered alongside
residential development to create a sustainable and livable environment.

Graph 2; Trend of land subdivision – 1990 - 2017

 Kurunagala flat terrain and lack of natural disasters provide benefits like easy
construction and reduced risks. However, it is important to consider factors like access

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 to amenities, transportation networks, and community services. Urban planning should
take a holistic approach, considering various aspects beyond just geographical
advantages.

 The majority of rainwater, around 78%, is discharged into the Maguru Oya through two
canals, Buu Ela and Waan Ela. These canals flow for about 6km, passing through
residential, commercial, and cultivated lands in the town core area. This natural
drainage pattern presents an opportunity for the development of surrounding town areas
and the Kurunegala Pradeshiya Sabha area as residential zones.

 The presence of low-income housing within the Kurunegala Municipal Council (MC)
area indicates a lack of adequate affordable housing solutions. About 500 families living
in low-income houses within the Kurunegala MC Area boundary (Wilgoda,
Polaththapitiya, Wew Gala). This undermines the goal of becoming an attractive
residential population agglomeration, as it fails to address the housing needs of the low-
income families, potentially leading to social inequality and inadequate living
conditions.

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  The presence of narrow and disconnected roads hampers efficient transportation and
connectivity within Kurunegala. It creates difficulties for residents in commuting,
accessing amenities, and contributes to traffic congestion. This limitation negatively
impacts the overall attractiveness of the area as a residential population agglomeration.

 The lack of a comprehensive piped water supply system controlled by the Water Supply
and Drainage Board restricts access to clean and reliable water for residents living
outside the Municipal Council area. This inadequacy undermines the goal of becoming
an attractive residential population agglomeration, as access to safe water is a
fundamental requirement for livability and quality of life.

Kurunegala area identified as a most suitable area for residential usage. According to The
National Physical Planning Policy and the Plan expecting higher residential development
10 lakhs of population might residue within Kurunegala Metro region area by 2030.While
identifying Kurunegala as a suitable area for residential development is positive, there
should be a thorough analysis of the carrying capacity of the region. Rapid population
growth without proper infrastructure and resources may lead to strain on existing facilities
and services, potentially affecting the quality of life for residents.
Existing and proposed infrastructure projects at Local level might bring some opportunities.
 Greater-Kurunegala water supply scheme and the sanitary project.
The development of water supply and sanitation projects is crucial for a growing residential
population. However, it is essential to ensure that these projects are effectively implemented
and can meet the anticipated demand. Adequate maintenance and operation should be
considered to avoid issues of water scarcity and sanitation problems in the future.

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  Pipe borne water system project proposed by Water Supply and Drainage
Board by 2030.
The proposed pipe-borne water system project is a positive step toward improving water
supply infrastructure. However, the feasibility and timely implementation of the project
need to be carefully monitored to ensure its successful completion by the set deadline.
Delays or insufficient funding could hinder its effectiveness in meeting the growing
residential demand.

 Road widening projects.

Road widening projects can enhance transportation infrastructure and ease traffic
congestion. However, it is important to consider sustainable transportation solutions, such
as promoting public transportation and non-motorized modes, to mitigate the environmental
impacts associated with increased vehicular traffic.

There are Existing and proposed infrastructure projects at National Level. But Without
specific details about the national-level infrastructure projects, it is challenging to provide
a comprehensive critique. However, it is essential to ensure that these projects align with
the goal of creating an attractive residential population agglomeration. They should focus
on providing essential services, improving connectivity, and enhancing the overall livability
of the region.

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  Preservation of ‘character /identity’ of the Kurunegala

While the preservation of the 'character/identity' of Kurunegala, specifically the

significance of Athugala, may be considered a strength, it is important to critically evaluate
its relevance to the goal of becoming a vibrant economic center. While historical and
cultural preservation is valuable for maintaining heritage, it may not directly contribute to
the economic development and growth of the city. The focus on preserving the identity of
Kurunegala should be balanced with strategies and initiatives that actively promote
economic activities, attract investments, and create job opportunities. It is essential to
ensure that preservation efforts align with the broader objectives of the development plan,
including the stimulation of economic progress and sustainable urban development.

The weakness of current developments in Kurunegala, specifically the lack of consideration

for the city's identity and character, directly contradicts the goal of preserving the unique
identity of Kurunegala. The presence of illegal building constructions and oversized
advertising cutouts not only disrupt the visual aesthetics of the city but also undermine its
historical and cultural heritage. These unregulated developments fail to reflect the essence
and charm of Kurunegala, resulting in a loss of its distinct identity. To truly achieve the
goal of preserving the character and identity of Kurunegala, it is imperative to enforce
stricter regulations and guidelines that protect the city's architectural heritage and
discourage unauthorized construction and intrusive advertising practices.

Figure 6; Illegal building constructions and oversized advertising cutouts projects

Figure 7; The available Rajapihilla Garden and Clock Tower are isolated.

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 Figure 6; Illegal building constructions and oversized advertising cutouts projects

Figure 7; The available Rajapihilla Garden and Clock Tower are isolated.

The opportunity to preserve the character and identity of Kurunegala by recognizing

Athugala as a main memorable landmark may have limitations. It is important to consider
other elements that contribute to the city's character. A comprehensive approach, including
stakeholder engagement and assessment of cultural, historical, and architectural aspects, is
necessary for a robust preservation strategy.

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3. LAND USE FEATURES DEVELOPMENT

Residential land use has shown a steady increase over time, from 29.80% in 1985 to 38.50% in 2017. Commercial
land use has also experienced significant growth, rising from 1.46% in 1985 to 7.30% in 2017. Industrial land use
initially increased from 0.78% in 1985 to 1.18% in 2002 but reduced dramatically to only 0.15% in 2017. The
area dedicated to recreational activities has remained relatively stable, with a slight increase from 0.71% in 1985
to 1.04% in 2017. Road and transport infrastructure has expanded consistently, going from 4.23% in 1985 to
8.69% in 2017. Public and semi-public land use has gradually increased over the years, reaching 11.78% in 2017.
Religious land use has seen a minor increase, from 1.67% in 1985 to 2.00% in 2017. Agricultural activities have
experienced a decline. Paddy cultivation reduced from 15.77% in 1985 to 11.00% in 2017, while coconut
cultivation dropped from 18.51% to 1.49% during the same period. The proportion of vacant land has fluctuated
over time, with a slight increase from 1.93% in 1985 to 2.50% in 2017. The area dedicated to cemeteries has
remained relatively constant, with a slight decrease from 0.60% in 1985 to 0.55% in 2017. The coverage of rock
and forest areas has shown a gradual decline, going from 13.50% in 1985 to 10.14% in 2017. Water bodies have
also experienced a slight decrease, from 5.00% in 1985 to 4.30% in 2017.

Overall, the land use pattern has witnessed significant changes over the years. The most notable trends
include an increase in residential and commercial areas, a decline in agricultural land, and an expansion of road
and transport infrastructure. These changes reflect the evolving needs and development of the region, with a shift
towards urbanization and economic growth. However, it's essential to consider the specific context and factors
influencing the land use patterns to gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation.

Figure 8: Proposed Urbanization - Ethugala to Puttalam

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Figure 9: Proposed Urbanization – Town Center to Colombo and Town Center to Dambulla

The Concentric Zone Model is a theoretical framework that describes the spatial arrangement of urban
land use in concentric rings or zones radiating outward from the city center. It suggests that cities develop in a
series of concentric rings, each characterized by distinct land use patterns. However, without specific data about
the city in question, I can provide a general description of the Concentric Zone Model.

In the Concentric Zone Model, the city center is typically characterized by high-density commercial,
financial, and administrative activities. This is often where the central business district (CBD) is located,
consisting of tall office buildings, retail centers, and government institutions. The CBD serves as the economic
and cultural hub of the city.

Moving outward from the CBD, the model suggests the existence of several concentric rings or zones,
each with different land use characteristics. The first ring, known as the transition zone or the zone of
deterioration, is often characterized by a mix of land uses, including older residential buildings, light industries,
and some commercial activities. This zone may experience physical decay, gentrification, or transitions between
different land uses.

The second ring, known as the zone of working-class housing, typically contains older, more affordable
housing units occupied by the working class. This zone often includes small businesses, local services, and
community facilities catering to the residents' needs.

The third ring represents the zone of middle-class housing, consisting of more desirable residential areas
with larger houses, better amenities, and improved living conditions. This zone is usually occupied by middle-
class families and offers a relatively higher quality of life compared to the previous zones.

Further outward, the model suggests the existence of additional rings that may include higher-income
residential areas, suburban neighborhoods, and possibly rural or agricultural land at the city's periphery.

It's important to note that the applicability of the Concentric Zone Model varies from city to city, as urban
development patterns can be influenced by a range of factors. The model provides a general framework to

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understand how land use may change as one moves outward from the city center, but it may not accurately
represent the land use pattern of every city.

4. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

By the year 2030, it is estimated that the residential community will generate 80 tons of waste, while the
commuting population will contribute 100 tons, resulting in a total waste generation of 180 tons per day. The
existing solid waste collection area needs to be expanded to cover the high-density urbanized area, including the
Municipal Council (MC) Area and part of the Divisional Secretariat Area. The waste will be disposed of at the
Sundarapola Waste Management Center. Additionally, four waste collection centers are proposed in Mathawa,
Maspotha, Thoorayaya, and Wellawa to gather garbage from external and peripheral zones. Source separation of
waste is recommended before sending it to the waste management center.

Another proposal aims to increase organic fertilizer production by 20% using the organic waste collected
from urban areas. Several development projects are planned by 2030, including town center development, a
multimodal transport hub, industrial zone expansion in Heraliyawela, IT-based villages, a public market
regeneration project, a technical research and development center, and the development of a five-star hotel in
Badagamuwa area. These projects will contribute to the total waste generation of 180 tons. Responsive
organizations such as the Kurunegala Municipal Council, Pradeshiya Sabha, and the community are responsible
for implementing waste reduction strategies outlined in the Solid Waste Management Plan.

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 However, there are concerns regarding the lack of evidence for waste generation estimates, limited scope
of waste management measures, and reliance on imported machinery for organic fertilizer production, insufficient
details on development projects, and the need for concrete strategies from responsive organizations. A more
comprehensive and evidence-based approach is necessary for effective waste management and sustainable
development in Kurunegala.

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5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION STRATEGIES

To promote environmental conservation in Kurunegala

City, here is an environmental conservation plan:

1. Green Spaces and Parks: Develop and maintain

green spaces and parks throughout the city,
including Rajapihilla Garden, to provide
residents and tourists with accessible areas for
recreation, relaxation, and connection with
nature. Create awareness campaigns to encourage
the responsible use of green spaces, including
proper waste disposal and respect for natural
habitats. Figure 10: Rajapihilla Park

2. Tree planting and Urban Forests: Launch tree-planting initiatives to increase the city's green cover and
improve air quality. Collaborate with local communities, schools, and businesses to involve them in tree-
planting drives. Establish urban forests or designated green belts in suitable areas of the city to enhance
biodiversity and provide habitat for wildlife.
3. Sustainable Transportation: Promote sustainable transportation options, such as cycling and walking, to
reduce vehicle emissions and promote a healthier lifestyle. Develop dedicated cycling lanes and
pedestrian-friendly infrastructure throughout the city. Improve public transportation systems, including
buses and trains, to encourage residents and tourists to opt for eco-friendly modes of transportation.
4. Waste Management: Implement effective waste management systems, including recycling programs and
waste segregation, to minimize the environmental impact of waste disposal. Educate residents, businesses,
and visitors about proper waste management practices through awareness campaigns and community
outreach programs.
5. Water Conservation: Encourage water conservation practices among residents and businesses, such as
rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation systems, and water-saving fixtures. Raise awareness about the
importance of water conservation and the preservation of local water bodies, including Kurunegala Lake,
through educational programs and public campaigns.
6. Sustainable Tourism: Promote responsible and sustainable tourism practices that minimize the impact on
the environment and local ecosystems. Encourage tourists to respect natural sites, follow designated trails,
and participate in eco-tourism activities that support conservation efforts.
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 7. Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster partnerships with local environmental organizations, government
agencies, educational institutions, and community groups to implement and support environmental
conservation initiatives. Engage stakeholders in decision-making processes related to environmental
planning and policy development.
8. Environmental Education and Awareness: Integrate environmental education into school curricula,
organize workshops, and conduct awareness campaigns to educate residents, especially the youth, about
the importance of environmental conservation and sustainability. Organize community events, nature
walks, and nature conservation programs to encourage public participation and appreciation for the local
environment.

By implementing this environmental

conservation plan, Kurunegala City can
promote sustainable practices, preserve
natural resources, and create a greener
and healthier living environment for its
residents while maintaining its
attractiveness as a tourist destination.
Figure 11: Kurunegala Lake round recreational area

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6. DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

The Kurunegala Town Development Plan encompasses an area of 245 square kilometers, including the
Municipal Council area and parts of the Divisional Secretariat boundary. Within this region, several disaster
situations have been identified.

Natural Purposed control strategies

disaster
Flood For flood-prone areas, strategies for development activities include minimizing construction
in low-lying areas and implementing methods to discharge rainwater. Maintaining low-
density populated areas, constructing flood barriers, and establishing forest plantations in
water catchment areas are also recommended.

Map 2;Mapping Inundation extent for Kurunegala District

using ALOS 2 PALSAR 2 Satellite Data (23 May 2018)

Source-International Water Management Institute

Drought In areas prone to drought, development activities should focus on the establishment of
rainwater collecting tanks and cultivation of crops adapted for dry weather. During land
development works, protecting plant species with environmental values, restricting the
filling of existing reservoirs, and reconstructing reservoirs and tanks near forest reserves are
crucial. Planting drought-resistant species for landscaping purposes is also advised.

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 Figure 12; Distribution of drinking water for
drought affected people of Kurunagala district

Heavy winds To address heavy winds and storms, caution is advised for construction activities in open
and storms lands such as paddy fields, open areas, and mountain cliffs. Minimizing construction on
mountain slopes prone to wind damage and implementing construction in high vegetation
areas to act as wind barriers are important considerations.
Landslides In landslide-prone areas, strategies for development activities include preventing irregular
land uses, following the "Helmalu" plantation system for cultivation on sloping areas,
controlling the conversion of agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes, and
restricting the expansion of unsuitable crops. The use of stone bundles and forest covers for
conservation purposes is also recommended.

Figure 13; Slope failure occurred in Polgahawela at

Kurunagala district

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7. TOURISM PROMOTION

Presently, there are no adequate facilities for tourists such as accommodations, food and beverage in
Kurunegala town. Here is a tourism promotion plan for Kurunegala Town, taking into consideration the existing
tourist attractions and the potential development of facilities in Rajapihilla Garden. There are some tourist
attraction places like Athugala Rock, Kurunegala Lake round, Badagamuwa conservation forest, Rajapihilla
Garden, etc in Kurunegala.

1. Develop Accommodation Facilities: Encourage the establishment of tourist hotels, holiday resorts,
bungalows, and guesthouses near suitable areas of town, such as Rajapihilla Garden and in proximity to
the international cricket ground. Offer incentives and support for private investors and developers to invest
in these accommodations, ensuring they meet quality standards and provide a range of options for both
local and foreign tourists.

2. Enhance Dining Experiences: Promote the development of restaurants, cafes, and food stalls that offer a
diverse range of cuisine, including local specialties. Encourage partnerships with local farmers and
producers to promote farm-to-table experiences and showcase local flavors.

3. Cultural and Entertainment Facilities: Establish sports clubs, cultural centers, and social entertainment
facilities to provide recreational activities and cultural experiences for tourists. Organize regular events,
festivals, and performances that showcase local arts, music, and traditions, creating a vibrant and engaging
atmosphere for visitors.

4. Tourist Information Centers: Set up well-

equipped tourist information centers in key
locations, including Rajapihilla Garden,
Athugala Rock, and the town center. These
centers should provide comprehensive
information, maps, and brochures about
tourist attractions, accommodations, dining
options, and local events.

Figure 14: Badagamuwa Forest Information Center

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 5. Infrastructure Development: Improve the infrastructure surrounding tourist attractions, including roads,
pathways, parking areas, and signage, to enhance
accessibility and safety for visitors. Develop
cycling and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure to
encourage eco-friendly modes of transportation
and provide opportunities for exploration.

Figure 15: Walking path ways of Kurunegala Lake Round

6. Marketing and Promotion: Launch a targeted marketing campaign to promote Kurunegala Town as a
tourist destination. Utilize online platforms, social media, and travel websites to showcase its attractions,
accommodations, and unique experiences. Collaborate with travel agencies, tour operators, and
influencers to generate buzz and attract tourists from both domestic and international markets.

7. Conservation and Sustainability: Emphasize the importance of preserving natural and cultural heritage
sites in Kurunegala, such as Badagamuwa Conservation Forest and Athugala Rock. Implement sustainable
tourism practices, including waste management, energy conservation, and responsible visitor behavior.

8. Collaborations and Partnerships: Collaborate with government agencies, local businesses, community
organizations, and tourism associations to jointly promote and develop tourism in Kurunegala. Seek
partnerships with neighboring towns and regions to create regional tourism packages and itineraries,
offering tourists a broader range of experiences.

By implementing this tourism promotion plan, Kurunegala can position itself as an attractive destination, offering
a blend of natural beauty, cultural heritage, recreational activities, and comfortable accommodations. The plan
aims to enhance the overall visitor experience and strengthen the local economy by attracting a diverse range of
tourists.

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8. PURPOSED NEW MODEL

Considering some specific challenges related to the location of the main railway station and the lack of
train schedules in the Kurunegala, a potential new model that can be purpose-built for this city is the "Transport-
Centric Model" or the "Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Model."

The Transport-Centric
Model focuses on integrating
transportation infrastructure and
land use planning to create more
efficient and accessible urban
environments. In this model, the
train station would serve as a central
hub for transportation and would be
surrounded by mixed-use
developments that cater to the needs
of train passengers and local
residents.

Here are some key features and considerations for implementing the Transport-Centric Model in this city:

 Transit-Oriented Development: Encourage the development of mixed-use areas in close proximity to the
railway station, creating a walkable and vibrant urban core. This would include a mix of residential,
commercial, and recreational facilities, allowing people to live, work, and access amenities conveniently
without relying heavily on private vehicles.
 Enhancing Train Connectivity: Improve connectivity to the railway station by implementing an efficient
and reliable public transportation system. This can include increasing the frequency and availability of
bus services that connect various neighborhoods to the railway station, ensuring seamless access for train
passengers.
 Pedestrian and Cycling Infrastructure: Develop safe and accessible pedestrian and cycling infrastructure
connecting residential areas, commercial centers, and the railway station. This would encourage active
transportation modes and reduce dependence on private vehicles for short-distance travel.
 Land Use Planning: Coordinate land use planning around the train station, ensuring that the surrounding
areas are designed to accommodate increased population density and diverse land uses. This can include

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 higher-density housing options, commercial centers, parks, and community facilities, all within walking
distance of the train station.
 Integrated Transport System: Establish an integrated transport system that incorporates multiple modes of
transportation, such as buses, trains, and possibly future extensions like light rail or tram systems. This
would enhance connectivity within the city and improve access to surrounding regions.
 Collaborative Governance: Foster collaboration between transportation authorities, urban planners,
developers, and community stakeholders to ensure the successful implementation of the Transport-Centric
Model. This would involve participatory planning processes, public-private partnerships, and continuous
engagement with the local community.

By adopting the Transport-Centric Model, the city can address the challenges related to the distant train station
and limited train schedules. It would create a more accessible and sustainable urban environment, providing
convenient transportation options, reducing congestion, and promoting efficient land use.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the SWOT analysis of the Urban Development Plan for Kurunegala has provided valuable insights
into its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. By leveraging strengths, addressing weaknesses, and
capitalizing on opportunities, the plan can foster sustainable urban development in Kurunegala. However, careful
consideration of potential threats and adaptive management is crucial for successful implementation. Ongoing
assessment and refinement through the SWOT analysis will ensure the plan's alignment with the evolving needs
of the community, promoting a better quality of life in Kurunegala.

REFERENCES

https://reliefweb.int/organization/iwmi (5/12/2023)

https://www.uda.gov.lk/attachments/devplan_detailed/Development%20Plans%202019-
2030/Kurunegala/English.pdf (5/12/2023)

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