WTW 124: Selected Answers to Chapter 2 (2.3 to 2.

5)

Exercise 2.3
 
2 0 3 4
1 (a)  0 6 −3 6 . Consistent
0 0 3 0
 
1 2 1 4
1 (b)  0 3 2 4 . Consistent
0 0 5 −5
 
3 1 1
1 (c) . Inconsistent
0 0 4
 
1 −2 1 −1 3
1 (d)  0 1 −2 2 −3 . Consistent
0 0 0 0 0
 
3 4 −1
 0 1 2 
1 (e) 
 0
. Inconsistent
0 7 
0 0 0

2 (a) hx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 i = h−1, 0, 1, 10i.

2 (b) hx, y, zi = h1, 2, 3i.

2 (c) hx, y, z, wi = h− 30t+5 3t+8 1

18 , 9 , 6 , ti, t ∈ R.

2 (d) The system has no solution.

2 (e) hx, y, z, wi = h15, 3, 19, 41i

2 (f) hx, y, zi = h t+4 t

4 , 4 , ti, t ∈ R.

3 (a) hx, y, zi = h1, 1, 1i.

3 (b) hx, y, zi = h0, − 21 , − 12 i

3 (c) hx, y, zi = h−2, −1, −2i.

3 (d) The system has no solution.

3 (e) hx, y, z, wi = ht, t, t, ti, t ∈ R.

4. hx, y, zi = h 16−7t 7−4t

5 , 5 , ti, t ∈ R. Two planes intersect in a line.

5 (a) If k 6= −2, the system has a unique solution.

If k = −2, the system has no solution.

5 (b) If k 6= −1 and k 6= 21 , the system has a unique solution.

If k = −1, the system has no solution.
If k = 21 , the system has infinitely many solutions.

6. If k 6= −2 and k 6= 1, the system has a unique solutions.

If k = −2, the system has infinitely many solutions.
If k = 1, the system has no solution.

1
7 (a) hx1 , x2 , x3 i = h1, −1, 3i.
 
0 0 0
7 (b) (i) False.  0 1 0 .
0 0 1
(ii) True.
(iii) True.

Exercise 2.4
 
7 −2
1 (a)
−3 1
 2 1 
1 (b) 3 3
1 2
3 3

1 (c) Does not exist.

 
1 0
1 (d)
0 1
 
−9 2 2
1 (e)  − 41
2 4 92 
−5 1 1
 
3 2 1
1 (f)  2 2 1 
1 1 1

1 (g) Does not exist.

 
4 3 2 1
 3 3 2 1 
1 (h)  2

2 2 1 
1 1 1 1
 
1 0 0
1
1 (i)  0 2 0 
0 0 13
 
1 1 1
1 (j)  0 1 1 
0 0 1
 
−1 1
2. A−1 2
=A =
−1 0

3. Use the definition of an inverse and Theorem 2.2.16 (1) & 5.

4. Calculate (AB)(B −1 A−1 ), using Theorem 2.2.16 (1) & (5). Now use Theorem 2.4.3.

5. From the matrix equation AB = I, obtain two systems of linear equations, one where the
unknowns are b11 and b21 , and one where the unknowns are b12 and b22 . Carefully solve these
systems of equations.

6. Use the definition of matrix multiplication, the definition of the dot product and the definition
of equality of matrices.

2
 7. Use Definition 2.4.1.

8. Perform Gauss elimination on [A | I], using the fact that ad−bc 6= 0 (why is this important?).

9. Think about the difference of squares.

6 1
10. x = − 11 and y = − 11 .

11 (a) x̄ = h4, 6, 5i.

11 (b) x̄ = h 35 13 41
8 , 2 , 8 i.

12 (a) X = B −1 A−1 CB −1 A−1 .

12 (b) X = A−1 (I − 3B)C.

12 (c) X = (B −1 (B + C) − C)A−1 .

Exercise 2.5.1

1 (a) 0

1 (b) 52
√
1 (c) −3 6

1 (d) 0

1 (e) 65

2 (a) λ = 1 or λ = −3.

2 (b) λ = 4 or λ = 3 or λ = −2.

3. No. 5 det(A) = 10 and det(5A) = 50.

4. 0. Column 2 is easiest.

5 (a) −26

5 (b) 420

5 (c) 0

5 (d) 16000

6 (a) −6

6 (b) −36

6 (c) 224

6 (d) aehj

6 (e) acf j

Exercise 2.5.2

1 (a) 0

1 (b) 6

3
1 (c) 120

1 (d) 0

2. det(−A) = −k, det(2A) = 8k, det(B) = −k, det(C) = k, det(A + B) = 0

3 (a) k

3 (b) −2k

3 (c) k

3 (d) 2k

3 (e) 0 × k

3 (f) 0 × k
   
b+c a+c a+b a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
4.  a b c ∼ a b c  ∼ ...
1 1 1 1 1 1

5. det(2A) = −27 , det(−A) = 4, det(A2 ) = 16.

6. n = 4

7. det(B) = −14

8. See the hint given in the exercise!

9. Use Mathematical Induction: First prove the result for 2 × 2 matrices. Now assume it is true
for n × n matrices, where n ≥ 2 is an arbitrary but fixed integer. Prove that the result is
true for (n + 1) × (n + 1) matrices. See Appendix A.2 in the notes.

10. Calculate det(AB), det(A) and det(B). Show that det(A) det(B) = det(AB).

11. A plane with equation x − y + 1 = 0.

12. Expand the determinant according to the right row.

13. Expand the determinant according to the right column.

14. Perform the right row operation on A. Then use number 12 above, and a suitable theorem
from this section.

15. Calculate det(A) and det(AT ).

16. Expand according to column 1.

Exercise 2.5.3
1
1. k 6= −2 and k 6= 2; hx, yi = 3k2 −12
h4k + 2, 3k + 24i.

2. hx0 , y 0 i = h 35 x + 45 y, 35 y − 45 xi.

3. hx0 , y 0 i = x cos θ + y sin θ, y cos θ − x sin θi.

4. Use Theorem 2.5.20 (2).

5. Use Theorem 2.5.20 (1).

4
 6. According to Theorem 2.4.7, (1), (2) and (3) are equivalent. By Theorem 2.5.23, (3) and (4)
are equivalent. Therefore (1), (2), (3) and (4) are equivalent.

7 (a) k 6= 1

7(b) k 6= − π4 + nπ for all n ∈ Z.