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初级语法

Basic Grammar

Lesson 1 词类 Parts of Speech

Lesson Objective
本课主要介绍英语的词类,词类的转换,构词法中的派生及合成的相关概念,
用法和针对性练习。

Teaching Steps
一、词类(Parts of Speech)
英语可以分为以下 10 种词类(加粗的是词典中用的符号,后面括号中的词是英
语全名)

1.名词(即人或事物的名称)- n. ( noun )
boy, dancer, flower, beauty, country

2.冠词(用在名词前,帮助说明其意义)- art. ( article )


a, an, the

3.动词(表示动作或状态)- v. ( verb )
go, do, see, work, feel

4.形容词(表示人或事物的特征)ad.( adjective )
good, easy, new, beautiful

5.副词(表示动作特征或性状特征)- adv. ( adverb )


beautifully, carefully, hard, up, very

6.代词(代替名词或数词)- pron. ( pronoun )


we, these, some, everybody, what

7.数词(表示数目或顺序)- num. ( numeral ) :


nine, fifty, third, twentieth

8 . 介 词 ( 用 在 名 词 、 代 词 等 前 面 , 说 明 与 别 的 词 之 间 关 系 ) - prep.
( preposition )
in, on, from, through, for

9.连词(连接词与词或句与句)- conj. ( conjunction )


and, or, if, when, although

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10.感叹词(表示说话时的感情或口气)- int. ( interjection )
ah, well, wow, why

不定式前的 to 为小品词(particles)。yes 和 no 有人称为肯定词和否定词


有的词典称之为副词。

二、一个词可以分为不同的词类
有些词仅属于一个词类,如 quickly 为副词,come 为动词,beautiful 为形
容词。但绝大多数词都可以属于两种或多种词类,例如:

Let’s go.咱们走吧。(go 用作动词)


I’d like to have a go at it.我想试一试。(go 用作名词)

I haven’t seen him since 1998.


我 1998 年以后就没见到他了。(since 作介词)
We met in 1980. I have never heard from him since 1980.
我们 1980 年见面以后,我再也没有接到他的音信了。(since 作副词)

因此在学一个词时,先要知道它属于哪个词类,然后再弄清它是否还可用作
其他词类。英语中的一个词,常可用作另一词类,如:

It’s a bookshop.这是一家书店。
where do you shop for clothes?你在哪里买衣裳?

It’s a good buy.这是一样便宜货。


where did you buy it?你是在哪里买的?

It’s a small park.这是一座小公园。


Let me see if I have any smalls.我看看有没有小号的。

这种现象叫作词类的转换(conversion )。

三、词类的转换
一个词类常可能转换为另一词类:

1.某些动词可以转换为名词:
Try the shirt on.穿上这件衬衫试试(v. )
Let me have a try.我来试一试。(n. )

Look at me.瞧着我。(v. )
Let me have a look.我来瞧瞧。(n. )

2.某些名词也可转换为动词:

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Open your books.打开你的书。(n. )
Have you booked your ticket?你订票了吗?( v. )

Have a seat.请坐。(n. )
The hall seats 500 ( people ).大厅可以坐 500 人。(v. )

3.某些形容词可以转换为动词:
You are too slow.你太慢了。(adj. )
The train has slowed down.火车慢下来了。(v. )

It’s warm in spring.春天天气暖和。(adj. )


They warmed their hands over the fire.他们在炉火上烤手。(v. )

4.也有些形容词可转换为名词:
He is my dear friend.他是我亲密的朋友。(adj. )
She’s a dear.她是一个招人喜欢的人。(n. )

Prices here are very low.这里的物价很低。(adj. )


Profits have reached a new low.利润降到了最低点。(n. )

5.有些词用作其他词类时重音会发生变化:
Everybody present [prezən t ] welcome the decision.
所有在场的人都欢迎这个决定。

The National Theatre is presenting [pri'zentiŋ ] a new production of Hamlet.


国家剧场正在上演新的哈姆雷特。

四、派生(Derivation)
许多词通过加词头(或称前缀,prefixes )或词尾(或称后缀 suffixes )
来构成另一词类,称为派生。通过加词头或词尾构成的词称为派生词
(derivatives )。
英语的词尾主要有下面这些:

1. 构成名词的词尾(括号中词为例词):

-er ( singer ) -or ( sailor ) -ist ( artist )-ee ( employee ) -es (hostess )-ian
( musician ) -ese ( Japanese ) -ant ( contestant )-ism ( heroism ) -ess
( happiness )-(a ) tion ( examination )ment ( movement ) -on ( decision
)-ing ( wedding )-ship ( friendship )-hood ( childhood )-age ( shortage )-
ure ( failure )-dom ( freedom )-ty ( cruelty )-ity ( reality )-y ( discovery )-th
( warmth )-al ( arrival ) -ance ( reliance )-nce ( difference )-ful( mouthful
)-y ( slavery )-eer ( engineer )

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2.构成形容词的词尾:

-ful ( useful )-less ( homeless )-ish ( childish )- ive ( active )-ous(famous


)-able ( eatable )-ible ( responsible ) ic ( poetic )-ant ( pleasant )-ly ( lively
) -al ( cultural ) -y ( rainy )-ent ( dependent ) -ary ( imaginary ) -some
( tiresome )-like ( childlike )-en ( wooden )-ate ( fortunate )-an ( Indian )-
ed ( talented )

3.其他词尾:
- ize ( modernize )-en ( widen )-ify ( simplify ) ate ( originate )-ly ( slowly )-
ward ( backward )-wise ( likewise ) -teen ( fourteen )-ty ( forty )-th ( ninth )

英语的词头有两类:

1.构成反义词的词头:
un- (un happy ) dis- ( disagree ) in- (informal ) im- (impolite ) ir-(irregular
) il- (illegal ) non- (non-conductor ) de-(defrost )

2.有特定的意思的词头,如:
re- ( retell ) mis- ( misspell ) co- ( co-exist ) anti- ( anti-tank ) pro- ( pro-
French ) counter- ( counteract ) over- ( overdo ) under- ( under-paid ) ex-
( ex- wife ) pre- ( predict ) post- ( post-war ) fore- ( foresee ) self- ( self-
made ) inter- ( interact ) tele- ( telephone ) super- ( superman ) micro-
(microwave ) semi-(semi-circle ) mini-(minibus ) vice-(vice-chairman )

五、合成词(Compound Words)
英语中有很多词是由两个或是很多词构成的,这种词叫合成词。英语中合成
词极多,主要有下面几类:
1.合成名词:
名词+名词:
silkworm ( 蚕 ) 名 词 + 动 名 词 : sunbathing ( 日 光 浴 ) 形 容 词 + 名 词 :
shorthand (速记)动词+副词:get-together (联欢会)动名词+名词:
waiting-room (候车室)
动词+名词:pick-pocket (扒手)副词+动词:down-fall (垮台)

还有一些其他类型的合成名词,如:
well-being (福利), go-between (中间人)by-product (副产品)editor-in-
chief ( 主 编 ) good-for-nothing ( 不 中 用 的 人 ) touch-me-not ( 凤 仙
花)merry-go-round (旋转木马)

2.合成形容词:
形容词+现在分词:fine-sounding (动听的)
副词+现在分词:hard-working (勤劳的)
名词+现在分词:peace-loving (爱好和平的)

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名词+过去分词:state-owned (国有的)
副词+过去分词:well-known (著名的)
形容词+名词:large-scale (大规模的)
名词+形容词:duty-free (免税的)
形容词+名词+ed : good-natured (天性善良的)

还有一些其他合成形容词:如:
over-all (总体的), all-round (全面的), ever-victorious (常胜的), first-
rate (一流的), face-to-face (面对面的), down-to-earth (现实的)

3.合成动词:
名词+动词:sleepwalk (梦游)
形容词+动词:whitewash (粉刷)
副词+动词:overthrow (推翻的)

4.合成副词:
介词+副词:forever (永远)
副词+名词:overhead (在上方)
形容词+名词+ed + ly : whole-heartedly (全心全意地)
此外还有合成代词,如:myself, somebody, everything, nobody 等。

练习 EXERCISE
1)Tell the part of Speech of the following words (用简写符号标出下面各词
词类):
例:school ( n. )
1. difficulty ( ) 2. have ( ) 3. quietly ( ) 4. who ( ) 5. big ( ) 6. forty ( ) 7. take
( ) 8. careful ( ) 9. into ( ) 10. carelessness ( )

答案:
1. n 2. v 3. adv 4. pron 5. adj 6. num
7. v 8. adj 9. prep 10. n

2)Look up the words in a dictionary and see what part of speech they can be
used in. (在字典中查下面的词,看能用作什么词类):

1. warm. 2. silence. 3. until. 4. in 5. up 6. before 7. part 8. more

3)Tell the part of speech of the boldfaced words. (说明粗体词的词类)

1. Can you swim?你能游泳吗?( )


We stopped there for a swim.
我们在那里停下来游了一会儿泳。( )

2. What did he say?他说什么了?( )

Basic Grammar Lesson 1 Parts of Speech Page 5 of 6


We have no say in this matter.这事我们没有发言权。 ( )

3. Put it in your pocket. 把它放在你口袋里。( )


He pocketed the money.他把钱放进了自己的腰包。( )

答案:1. v, n 2. v, n 3. n, v

4 ) Underline the suffixes and tell the parts of speech the words belong to.
(在词尾下划线,并说明这些词属于哪个词类):
1. fearless ( ) 2. marriage ( ) 3. activity ( ) 4. jewelry ( ) 5. normalize ( ) 6.
golden ( ) 7. safety ( ) 8. homeward ( ) 9. European ( )

答案:1. –less (adj) 2. –age(n)3. –ity(n)


4. –ry(n)5.-ize(v)6.-en(adj)7.-ty(n)
8.-ward(adv)9.-an(adj)

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