CWS111:
06
BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
Bachelor of Science in Nursing 3YC
Professor: Jose Morales
Final Topics:
• Vital signs
• First aid and basic life support
• Common illnesses and their prevention
• Disaster management and preparedness
• Drug abuse and prevention
• Environmental protection
HEALTH PROGRAM: VITAL SIGNS
- Vital signs include the heartbeat, breathing rate,
temperature and blood pressure.
- These signs may be watched, measured and monitored to
check an individual’s level of physical functioning.
- Normal vital signs change with age, sex, weight, exercise
tolerance and condition. Normal ranges for the average
healthy adult vital signs are:
• Blood pressure: 120/80 mm/Hg
• Breathing: 12-18 breaths per minute
• Pulse: 60-80 (to 100) beats per minute (at rest)
• Temperature: 97.8 degrees Fahrenheit/average 98.6
Fahrenheit or 36.5 to 37.5 degrees centigrade
Pulse Rate
- Defined, as the rate at which the heart beats in one
minute, pulse rate or the heart beat is indicative of the
health of the person.
- 60-80 (to 100) beats per min.
- As the heart pumps blood into the body, the blood vessels
close to the wrist, upper arm and neck start pulsating and
throbbing while the normal pulse rate for humans is
usually 60 to 100 beats per minute, there are certain
medical conditions such as cardiac arrhythmia which may
alter the normal pulse rate of an individual.
- 100-175 beats per minute
- Atrial fibrillation. Two upper chambers of the heart
experience chaotic electrical signals
- Pulse Rate Chart. The other influencing factors are the
person’s age, gender and fitness level.
- So as toddler’s pulse rate is significantly high at around
110 BPM which is almost close to an adult’s pulse rate
after a strenuous exercise.
- Similarly females aged 12 and older, tend to have faster
heart rates than men.
- Also athletes, who do a lot of cardiovascular conditioning,
may have heart rates near 40 beats per minute.
- It is also observed that the pulse is lower when you are at
rest and increases when you are involved in any strenuous
exercise.
How to Calculate Pulse Rate?
- You can check your pulse rate by placing tips of you index,
second and third fingers on the palm side of you other
wrist, below the base of the thumb or on you lower neck,
on either side of your windpipe.
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Exam Week
- Now count the beats for 10 seconds and multiply this
number by six to get your pulse.
Normal Pulse Rate Chart
- Resting Pulse Rate Chart: It is observed that the lower the
resting heart rates, the healthier is you heart. For
calculating this, you have to sit quietly for 10 minutes
before checking your pulse rates.
• Babies to age 1: 100-160
• Children aged 1 to 10: 60-140
• Children aged 10+ and adults: 60-100
• Well-conditioned athletes: 40-60
• Babies to age 1: 100-160
• Children aged 1 to 10: 60-140
• Children aged 10+ and adults: 60-100
• Well-conditioned athletes: 40-60
How to take a radial pulse
- The radial artery is found close to the inside part of your
wrist near your thumb. You will need a watch with a
second hand to count your pulse. The following steps may
help you take your radial pulse.
- Bend your elbow with your arm at your side. The palm of
your hand should be up.
- Using your middle (long) and index (pointer) fingers, gently
feel for the radial artery inside your wrist. Do not use your
thumb to take the pulse because it has a pulse of its own
- Count your radial pulse for a full minute (60 seconds).
Notice if your pulse has a strong or weak beat.
- Write down your pulse rate, the date, time and what wrist
(right or left) was used to take the pulse. Also write down
anything you notice about your pulse, such as it being
weak, strong, or missing beats.
- The radial artery is an easy artery to use when checking
your heart rate during or after exercise.
Respiration
- Respiration is the process that occurs when oxygen is
inhaled into the lungs, converted into energy via a
chemical reaction and expelled as carbon dioxide.
- The respiratory rate is simply the number of breaths an
individual takes per minute.
Normal Range by Age
• Average Respiratory Rates By Age:
• Newborns: 30-40 breaths per minute
• Less than 1 year: 30-40 breaths per minute
• 1-3 years: 23-35 breaths per minute
• 3-6 years: 20-30 breaths per minute
• 6-12 years: 18-26 breaths per minute
• 12-17 years: 12-20 breaths per minute
• Adults over 18: 12-20 breaths per minute
- A fast respiratory rate, or tachypnea, tends to be more
common than a slow rate in newborns. Tachypnea usually
means that the baby is not getting enough oxygen and
compensating by breathing more frequently.
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
Body Temperature
- Body temperature is a measure of the body’s ability to
generate and get rid of heat. The body is very good at
keeping its temperature within a narrow, safe range in
spite of large variations in temperatures outside the body.
- When you are not too hot, the blood vessels in your skin
expand (dilate) to carry the excess heat to your skin’s
surface. You may begin to sweat, and as the sweat
evaporates, it helps cool your body.
- When you are too cold, your blood vessels narrow
(contract) so that blood flow to your skin is reduced to
conserve body heat.
- You may start shivering, which is an involuntary, rapid
contraction of the muscles. This extra activity helps
generate more heat. Under normal conditions, this keeps
your body temperature within a narrow, safe range.
- You may start shivering, which is an involuntary, rapid
contraction of the muscles. This extra activity helps
generate more heat. Under normal conditions, this keeps
your body temperature within a narrow, safe range.
- 36.5 to 37.5 degrees centigrade depending on how
active you are and the time of day
- Body temperature is very sensitive to hormone levels and
may be higher or lower when a woman is ovulating or
having her menstrual period.
- A rectal or ear (tympanic membrane) temperature reading
0.3C to 0.6C higher than an oral temperature reading.
- A temperature taken in the armpit is 0.3C to 0.6C lower
than an oral temperature reading.
Blood Pressure
- Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of your body in
vessels called arteries. Blood pressure is the force of
the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Each time the heart beats (about 60-70 times a minute at
rest), it pumps out blood into the arteries.
- Your blood pressure is as its highest when the heart beats,
pumping the blood. This is called systolic pressure.
- When the heart is at rest, between beats, your blood
pressure falls. This is the diastolic pressure.
- Usually they are written one above or before the other,
such as 120/80 mmHg. The top number is the systolic and
the bottom the diastolic.
HEALTH PROGRAM: FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
- First aid refers to the immediate, direct treatment of an
injured person. Anyone with a basic understanding of
medical treatment can administer aid at the first signs of
trouble. Simple procedures may include stopping blood
loss by applying pressure, dressing a wound, treating a
burn with ointment, or setting a bone with a splint.
- Some types of first aid, such as performing
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), require an individual
to receive specialized training from an accredited first aid
program. Many minor injuries can be overcome with simple,
immediate medical attention.
- A small cut, burn, or blister, for instance, can be attended
to by thoroughly cleaning the injury, applying a topical
antibiotic cream, and covering it with breathable bandage
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or wrap. Treating bruises, muscle strains, swelling, and
animal bites usually involves icing and compressing the
injuries, as well as taking over-the-counter anti-
inflammatory or pain medication.
Primary Assessment
- Can be done with the patient in the position in which you
find him or her, and begins with checking the patient’s
responsiveness.
- CODE:
o A – Alert
o V – Response to Voice
o P – Response to Pain
o U – Unresponsive/Unconscious
Victim Assessment
- In first aid, usually we like to call the person getting hurt
a casualty instead of a victim. The first part of the
assessment of the casualty is the Primary Survey.
- CODE: A-B-C
• Airway - The airway of an unconscious person may be
narrowed or blocked, making breathing difficult and noisy
or impossible. This happens when the tongue drops back
and blocks the throat. Lifting the chin and tilting the head
back lifts the tongue away from the entrance to the air
passage. Place two fingers under the person’s chin and lift
the jaw, while placing your other hand on the forehead
and tilting the head well back. If you think the neck may be
injured, tilt the head very carefully, just enough to open
the airway.
• Breathing – Check for breathing by placing your head near
the person’s nose and mouth. Feel the breath on your
cheek or moisture on the back of your head. If a person
has just stop breathing use mouth to mouth ventilation,
make sure the airway is open and head tilt back. Pinch the
nostrils together, take a deep breath and blow into the
mouth, firmly sealing your lips around the mouth so air is
not lost. You should see the chest rise. Remove your lips
and let the chest fall. Continue this, giving about ten
breaths every minute until help arrives or breathing begins.
• Circulation - Check for circulation (to see if the heart is
still beating) by feeling for the Adam’s apple (lump on the
windpipe) with two fingers. Slide the fingers to the side of
the windpipe and feel for the pulse. If the heart has
stopped beating use chest compression to try to restart
the heart. Place your hand flat just above the point where
the ribs meet the breastbone. Bring the other hand on top
of it and lock your fingers together. With your arms straight,
press down firmly on the breastbone, pushing it down by
4-5 cm. Release the pressure and repeat the
compressions at a rate of about 80 per minute. If the
person is also not breathing, alternate 15 compressions
with two breaths until help arrives. Stop bleeding by
applying firm pressure to the wound for about 15 minutes.
Never use a tourniquet.
NOTE: before assessing the casualty, you will want to do
an Emergency Scene survey, and call for help.
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023

The Recovery Position (2ND Assessment) Technique:

- This is the best position for an unconscious person or - Direct Pressure and Pressure bandage
someone having a fit. It allows them to breathe easily and - Look at the wound to check how large it is. Check that the
prevents them from choking. After checking the ABC, bend wound has nothing in it (such as debris or a foreign body).
the nearest arm to you, putting the hand by the head. Then - Apply direct pressure to the wound. If the victim is able to
bring the far arm across the chest and hold both hands in press on the wound, encourage him or her to do so. If not,
one of yours. With your other hand pull the furthest legs up then apply direct pressure yourself, initially with your
at the knee and roll the person towards you to lie in this fingers and, if you have it handy, with a sterile dressing or a
position. piece of clean cloth. Applying direct pressure to the wound
- Try out the positions for all these first aid procedures now enables the blood to clot and therefore stems the blood
with a friend. Better still, join a first aid class if any are flow from the cut. Once applied, a sterile dressing (or
available. St. John’s Ambulance has many groups around whatever you have handy) should ideally be held in place
the world on a day your knowledge of first aid may save a with a firm bandage or improvised bandage such as a scarf
life! or tie.
- FIRST THING FIRST: In an emergency any number of - Elevate the part with the wound. If the injury is an arm or
things may need your attention at the same time. If you try leg, raise the wound above the level of the heart. It is
to do everything at once you may easily get distracted from harder for the blood to pump upward and this therefore
the essential matters. On arriving at the scene… reduces the blood flow and thus the fluid loss from the
• Assess the situation body.
• Take in quickly what has happened - Treat for shock. Keep the victim warm and continually at
• Look for dangers to yourself and to the casualty rest. Reassure the victim.
• Make the area safe Internal Bleeding
• An unconscious person always takes priority and needs - Is bleeding occurring inside the body. It can be a serious
immediate help to make sure he or she can breathe. medical emergency depending on where it occurs (e.g.
Only then should you begin to assess any injuries brain, stomach, lungs), and can potentially cause death
and cardiac arrest if proper medical treatment is not
Bleeding and Wounds received quickly.
External Bleeding Signs and Symptoms
- External bleeding from a cut or scratch may be so minor • The person is known to have had an accident (not
that treatment is unnecessary. In contrast, a more necessary in the immediate past)
extensive wound or cut may produce so much bleeding • Signs and symptoms of shock
that stitches are required. Once the bleeding has stopped, • Bruising
however, this type of hemorrhage does not pose a threat to • Boarding – this most commonly occurs where there is
health. Still, there are some types of external bleeding that bleeding into the stomach area; the quantity of blood
indicate a serious medical problem that requires prompt combined with the tissues swelling result in rigidity to the
attention. tissues.
• Swelling
• Bleeding from the body orifices
First Aid
• Call or get someone to call emergency services. Don’t wait
to see if the person improves or deteriorates.
• If available put synthetic gloves on as bleeding may
become apparent.
• Check airway, breathing and circulation. Begin
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if necessary. If you
want to understand CPR in more depth then go to CPR- Q’s
& A’s.
• If unconscious and breathing – place the person in the
recovery position and with legs higher than the heart if
possible. Injuries permitting.
• If conscious – lie the casualty down and raise or bend legs
if injuries permit.
- First aid: The three main principles of the treatment of • Keep casualty warm. This may help delay the onset of
external bleeding are: shock by minimizing the bodies’ heat loss.
• Look • Reassure and stay calm. This helps provide security for the
• Apply injured person.
• Elevate • Continue to check pulse and breathing.
• Treat other injuries as appropriate.
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 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023

• Do not give anything to eat or drink as they may require Animal Bites (Injected Poison)
surgery to stop bleeding. - Any animal bite requires medical attention. Deep bites
Open Wounds can cause serious wounds, severe bleeding, and tissue
- A wound is an injury that causes either an internal or damage, while all animal bites can cause infection.
external break in body tissue. An open wound (as in a knife - Puncture wounds from teeth carry infection deep into the
cut) is a break in the skin or mucous membrane. tissue, while scratches are also an infection risk. The
- The most common accidents resulting in open wounds human bite is among the most infectious.
are falls, mishandling of sharp objects, accidents with First Aid
tools or machinery, and car accidents - The priority is to ensure the safety of yourself and
Types: bystanders. If the animal is still a risk, do not approach it
o Abrasions but call the local Animal Control Service through your
o Lacerations police department.
o Avulsion - Calm the patient
o Amputation - Avoid rubbing, vigorous cleaning, massaging or applying
o Puncture herbs or chemicals to it.
First Aid:
• Control Bleeding Nose Bleeding
• Cover the wound - Nose bleeds are often the result of common events,
• Care for the shock usually trauma, but nose bleeds can be a warning of other
• Consult or refer to physician problems. Nose bleeds are caused by a small blood
Home Care (Wounds with bleeding not sever) vessel rupturing. There are two main types of nose bleed:
• Clean the wound with soup and water upper and lower nose bleeds.
• Apply mild antiseptics First Aid
• Cover wounds with dressing the bandage - If your nose bleeds
Closed Wound - Sit down and lean forward
- A wound where the outer layer of the skin is intact and the - Using your thumb & index finger, squeeze soft part of
damage lies below the surface. nose
- Causes: - This part is between end of nose and the bridge of nose
• Blunt object that may result in contusion or bruises - Continue holding till bleeding stops-
• Application of external forces - Do not stop in-between
- Sign and Symptoms - If bleeding continues, hold for another 10 minutes
• Pain and tenderness - If the patient is a child, divert attention by TV/Stories
• Swelling - Avoid picking, blowing or rubbing nose for 2 days
• Discoloration - Place an ice pack on the bridge of nose
• Hematoma
Burns
• Uncontrolled restlessness
-
Burn is an injury involving the skin, including muscles,
• Thirst
bones, nerves and blood vessels. This results from heat,
• Symptoms of shock
chemicals, electricity or solar or other forma of radiation.
• Vomiting or cough-up blood
• Caution
• Passage of blood in the urine or feces
- Don’t use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause a
• Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal burn victim’s body to become too cold and cause further
- First Aid damage to wound.
• Calm the person, lay him/her, and cover with blanket. - Don’t apply butter or ointments to the burn. This could
• Stop the bleeding, see ‘Bleeding (severe)’ and ‘Shock’ cause infection.
• Wrap amputated part in a clean and dry cloth then put it - Don’t break blisters. Broken blisters are more vulnerable
into a waterproof plastic bag. to infection.
• Close this bag and put it into another bag that contains
cool water/ice. Poisoning
• Do not give alcohol, cigarettes or food to casualty (in Swallowed Poison (Ingestion)
case of a surgery in hospital). - Poison is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends
• Do not freeze the amputated part (just keep it cool). to impair healt or cause death when introduced into the
o I – Iced application body or onto the skin surface. A poisoning emergency
o C – Compression can be life threatening.
o E – Elevation • Causes:
o S – Splinting - Common in suicide attempts
- Occasional accident poisoning
First Aid
- Try to identify the poison.
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 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
- Place the victim on its left side.
- Save any empty container, spoiled food analysis.
- Save any vomits and keep it with the victim if the person is
taken to an emergency facility.
- DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING TO EAT OR DRINK TO THE
PATIENT.
Carbon Monoxide (Inhaled)
- Carbon monoxide (sometimes referred to as CO) is a
colorless, odorless gas produced by burning material
containing carbon. Carbon monoxide poisoning can cause
brain damage and death. You can’t see it, smell it, or taste
it; but carbon monoxide can kill you.
• Sign and Symptoms: Headache, Dizziness, Nausea,
Flue-like symptoms, fatigue, Shortness of breath on
exertion, Impaired judgment, Chest pain, Confusion,
Depression, Hallucinations, Agitation, Vomiting,
Abdominal pain, Drowsiness, Visual changes, Fainting,
Seizure, Memory and walking problems
First Aid:
- Firstly, stay calm and act quickly.
- Immediately, leave the area and get fresh air.
- Turn off the source of carbon monoxide if it can be done
safely.
- Call your local emergency medical services.
- If severely affected, administer oxygen with a tight mask
once the ambulance arrives.
- Watch for the symptoms and give symptomatic treatment.
- If the victim is unconscious, check for the ABC’s of life
and get him to an open area for fresh air.
- Call for medical help immediately.
- Hospitalization is necessary.
- Usually the victim is placed in a compressed, pressurized
chamber with oxygen.
- This helps in replacing the carboxyhemoglobin with
oxygen.
- This proceeded is called hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Basic Life Support
- CPR (or cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a combination
of rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) and
chest compression. If someone isn’t breathing or
circulating blood adequately, CPR can restore circulation
of oxygen-rich blood to the brain. Without oxygen,
permanent brain damage or death can occur in less than 8
minutes.
- CPR may be necessary during many different emergencies,
including accidents, near-drowning, suffocation,
poisoning, smoke inhalation, electrocution injuries, and
suspected sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
- Tips: Use CPR any time a victim’s breathing and heart beat
have stopped. Use rescue breathing whenever there is
pulse but no breathing.
Sign of successful CPR
- Chest rise and fall with each recue breath
- Checking pulse after the 1st minute of CPR and every few
minutes to determine if the pulse has return
- Having a rescue feel for carotid pulse while giving chest
compression
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• When to stop CPR
- When a doctor – or some other appropriate emergency
medical provider – tells you to stop.
- When you become exhausted and cannot continue (this
gets messy, as we’ll see below).
- When the victim begins yelling at you to stop hitting him in
the chest (this really happens). In other words, when the
victim gets better.
- Situations where attempts to perform CPR would place
the rescuer at risk of serious injury or mortal peril
- Obvious clinical signs of irreversible death (e.g. Rigor
mortis, dependent lividity, decapitation, transaction, or
decomposition)
- A valid, signed, and dated advance directive indicating
that resuscitation is not desired, or a valid, signed, and
dated DNAR order.
• Recovery Position
- Roll the victim onto side (if no evidence of head and neck
injury)
- Place lower arm behind back
- Place hand on upper arm under the chin
- Flexor bend the top leg
• Dangerous Complication of CPR
o Vomiting
o Stomach distension
o Inhalation of foreign substances (aspiration)
o Chest compression related injuries
o Dentures, loose or broken teeth or dental appliances
Foreign Body Obstruction (chocking)
- Choking is the physiological response to sudden airways
obstruction. Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (FBAO)
causes asphyxia and is terrifying condition, occurring very
accurately, withy the patient often unable to explain what
is happening to them. If severe, it can result in rapid loss
of consciousness and death if first aid is not undertaken
quickly and successfully. Immediate recognition and
response are of the utmost importance.
• Cause of Choking
- Choking is most common in children. A marble, button or
food may get in the air passage and cause blockage. In
adults too, food may go down the wrong way (go into the
windpipe instead of food pipe) and cause choking. The
danger of choking increases if the person has been
drinking alcohol and becomes careless about chewing
food well.
o Trying to swallow large pieces of food
o Drunkenness
o Wearing dentures
o Eating too fast
o Eating while laughing and talking
o Walking, running or playing with objects in the mouth
Types of Upper Airway Obstruction
• Tongue. Relaxed tongue muscle of an unconscious victim
may slip or fall to the airway then cause obstruction. This
is the most common causes of obstruction.
• Vomit. When at or near death, most people vomit.
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
• Foreign Body. The shape of consistent nuts, candy
hotdogs and grapes have been become the primary
reason why children accidentally inhale this objects.
• Swelling. Victims who suffer allergic reactions
(anaphylaxis) and irritants tend to experience swelling of
the throat leading to obstruction of airway.
• Spasm. If a person accidentally inhaled water, the throat
starts to spasm. This usually happens when someone is
drowning.
INFANT CPR
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- If you see the bay’s chest rising, then give the second
rescue breath. If the chest is not rising, then you will have
to repeat Step #2 and then again go for the rescue
breathing!
- It is advisable to give the infant two rescue breaths within
a period of every 30 compressions. Continue to do this
until help arrives!
ADULT CPR
1) Attempt to wake victim. If the victim is not breathing (or is
just gasping for breath), call 911 immediately and go to
step 2. If someone else is there to help, one of you calls
911 while the other moves on to step 2.
2) Begin chest compressions. If the victim is not breathing,
place the heel of your hand in the middle of his chest. Put
your other hand on top of the first with your fingers
interlaced. Compress the chest at least 2 inches (4-5 cm).
Allow the chest to completely recoil before the next
compression. Compress the chest at a rate of at least 100
pushes per minute. Perform 30 compressions at this rate
(should take you about 18 seconds).
3) Begin rescue breathing. If you have trained in CPR, after 30
compressions, open the victim’s airway using the head-tilt,
chin-lift method. Pinch the victim’s nose and make a seal
over the victim’s mouth with yours. Use a CPR mask if
available. Give the victim a breath big enough to make the
chest rise. Let the chest fall, and then repeat the rescue
breath once more. If the chest doesn’t rise on the first
breath, reposition the head and try again. Whether it works
on the second try or not, go to step 4.
If you don’t feel comfortable with this step, just continue to do
chest compressions at a rate of at least 100/minute.
1. Repeat chest compressions. Do 30 more chest
compressions just like you did the first time.
2. Repeat rescue breaths. Give 2 more breaths just like
you did in step 3 (unless you’re skipping the rescue
breaths).
3. Keep going. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for about two
minutes (about 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2
rescue breaths).
- If you have access to an automated external defibrillator
(AED), continue to do CPR until you can attach it to the
victim and turn it on. If you saw the victim collapse, put
the AED on right away. If not, attach it after approximately
one minute of CPR (chest compressions and rescue
breaths).
4) After 2 minutes of chest compressions and rescue
breaths, stop compressions and recheck victim for
breathing. If the victim is still not breathing, continue
CPR starting with chest compressions.
5) Repeat the process, checking for breathing every 2
minutes (5 cycles or so), until help arrives. If the
victim wakes up, you can stop CPR.
Common CPR Mistakes
 Rescue breathing (mouth to mouth) mistakes:
o In adequate head tilt
o Failing to pinch the nose shut
o Not giving slow breaths
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
o Failing to watch chest and listen for chest exhalation
o Failing to maintain tight seal around victim’s mouth
and or nose
 Chest compression mistakes
o Pivoting at knees instead of hips
o Wrong compression site
o Bending elbows
o Shoulders not above sternum
o Fingers touching chest
o Heel of bottom hand not in line with the sternum
o Placing palm rather than the heel of the hand on
sternum
o Lifting hands off chest between compression
(bouncing movement)
o Incorrect6 compression rate
o Jerky or jobbing compression rather than smooth ones
HEALTH PROGRAM: COMMON ILLNESSES AND THEIR
PREVENTION
Terminologies Related to Disease
• Infection is the invasion of the body by harmful organisms
such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rickets or viruses.
• Carrier is any person who harbors the organism and is
capable of transmitting it to another individual showing no
signs or manifestation of the disease.
• Communicable disease is an illness cause by an
infectious agent that is transmitted directly or indirectly to
a well person through an agency and a vector or an
inanimate object.
• Contact is any person or animal that is in closely
association with an infected person, animal, or freshly
soiled materials.
• Contagious disease is a disease that is easily transmitted
from one person to another directly or indirectly.
• Disinfection is the process of eliminating infective
microorganisms from the contaminated instruments,
clothing, or surroundings by physical means or chemical
• Host is an animal or plant or which a parasite leaves
• Infectious disease is transmitted not only by ordinary
contact but requires direct contact of the organism through
an opening in the skin.
General Infection Control Measure
- Apply good basic hygiene practices with regular hand
washing.
- Cover existing wounds or skin lesions with waterproof
dressings
- Avoid invasive procedures if suffering from chronic skin
lesions on hands
Hand Hygiene
- Hand Hygiene refers to removing or killing microorganisms
(germs) on the hands. When performed correctly, hand
hygiene is the single most effective way to prevent the
spread of communicable diseases and infections. In health
care, hand hygiene is used to eliminate transient
microorganisms that have been picked up via contact with
patients, contaminated equipment or the environment.
Hand hygiene may be performed either by using soap and
running water, or with alcohol-based hand rubs.
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Common Communicable Disease
Amoebiasis
- Amoebiasis is an infection in the bowel, particularly the
colon, characterized by diarrhea. This infection can be
fatal in infant and to older people with low resistance.
The main risk is due to dehydration from loss of fluid.
Method of Prevention
- Thoroughly cook all raw foods.
- Thoroughly wash raw vegetables and fruits before eating.
- Reheat food until the internal temperature of the food
reaches at least 167° Fahrenheit.
- And do not forget that part of the microwave cooking
process, includes careful instructions of the standing
times to ensure the food is completely cooked before it
is served.
Chicken Pox
- Chicken Pox is highly infectious disease caused by virus
that is transmitted by airborne droplets from infected
patients. Common symptoms are mild fever, body
malaise, and itchy rash of dark red pimples from the
trunk to the face, scalp and limbs. The pimples develop
into blister then scabs which drop off after 12 days.
Method of Prevention
- Active immunization with vaccine as necessary.
- Avoid exposure as much as possible to infected person.
Cholera
- Cholera is an acute infection of the small intestine by
bacteria which cause vomiting and diarrhea (rice water
stools leading dehydration). The disease is contracted
from the food and drinking water contaminated by the
feces of patient infected.
Method of Prevention
- Food and water supply must be protected by fecal
contamination.
- Water should be boiled or chlorinated.
- Milk should be pasteurized.
- Sanitary disposal of human feces is a must.
- Sanitary supervision is necessary.
Dengue Fever
- Dengue or break bone fever is a viral disease transmitted
to man principally by mosquito. Symptoms include
severe pain in the joints and muscles, headache, sore
throat, fever, and an irritating rash.
Method of Prevention
- Prevention and control muscles must be geared towards
the elimination of mosquito.
- Breeding places destruction of larvae.
- Screening of homes and use of repellants.
- A broad public education program for all the preventive
measures.
Influenza
- Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection that
affects the respiratory system. The viruses are
transmitted through coughing and sneezing. Headache,
fever, loss of appetite and generalized body weakness
are the common symptoms.
Method of Prevention
- Avoidance of crowded places
- Immunization
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023

- Educate the public about basic personal hygiene DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND PREPAREDNESS
Malaria
- Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the presence
of parasites in the red blood cells. The disease is
transmitted by a mosquito bites. It result to fever,
shaking chills, sweating and even convulsions.
Method of Prevention
- Malaria cases should be reported.
- Screening for infected patients for the carrier
mosquitoes
- Destruction of mosquito breeding grounds.
- Use of insecticides, mosquito nets and insect repellants
at home
- Blood donors should be properly screened.
Measles
- Measles are highly infectious viral disease that mainly
affects children. It can be easily transmitted through
body secretions. This may be considered on of the most
common and most serious of all children diseases
Method of Prevention
- Since the disease is infectious all throughout the period,
individuals should avoid association with infected
patients.
- Immunization is highly important.

Pneumonia
- Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by
bacteria in which air sacs are filled with pus and turns
the lungs into solid state. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
even chemicals may cause pneumonia.
Method of Prevention
- Prevent common cold, influenza and other respiratory
infections.
- Immunization
- Avoid exposure to cold, pollution and conditions of
fatigue or alcoholism.
Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis is a chronic sub-acute and acute infectious
disease that affects the lungs and characterized by the
formation of tubercles to the nearest nodules. Many
people become infected with no signs of symptoms.
Infected people tend to transmit this through coughing
and sneezing.
Method of Prevention
- Submit all babies for BCG immunization.
- Avoid crowded places.
- Improve nutritional and health status.
- For infected persons, advise them to prophylactic
measures such as x-rays and tuberculin test.

J.A.K.E 8 of 14
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
Disaster Preparedness
- Preparing for a disaster can reduce the fear, anxiety and
losses that disasters cause. A disaster can be a natural
disaster, like hurricane, tornado, flood or earthquake. It
might also be man-made, like a bioterrorist attack or
chemical spill. You should know the risks and danger
signs of different types of disasters. You should also
have a disaster plan. Be ready to evacuate your home,
and know how to treat basic medical problems. Make
sure you have the insurance you need, including special
types, like flood insurance.
- No matter what kind of disaster you experience, it
causes emotional distress. After a disaster, recovery can
take any time. Stay connected to your family and friends
during this period.
- Process of ensuring that an organization (1) has
complied with the preventive measures, (2) is in a state
of readiness to contain the effects of a forecasted
disastrous event to minimize loss of life, injury, and
damage to property, (3) can provide rescue, relief,
rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of the
disaster, and (4) has the capacity and resources to
continue to sustain its essential functions without being
overwhelmed by the demand placed on them.
Preparedness for the first and immediate response is
called Emergency Preparedness.
Earthquake
Preparation
• Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a
battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries at
home.
• Learn first aid.
• Learn - Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.
• Make up - Make up a plan of where to meet your family
after an earthquake.
• Don’t leave - Don’t leave heavy objects on shelves (they’ll
fall during earth quake).
• Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the
walls or floor.
• Learn the earthquake plan at your school or workplace.
J.A.K.E 9 of 14
During
• If you’re outdoors, stay in the open away from power
lines or anything that might fall. Stay away from
buildings (stuff might fall off the building or the building
could fall on you).
• Don’t use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas
lines and fire don’t mix.
• If you’re in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car
until the earthquake stops.
• Don’t use elevators (they’ll probably get stuck anyway).
After
• Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid
for anyone who needs it.
• Check water, gas, and electric lines for damage. If any
are damaged, shut off the valves. Check for the smell of
gas. If you smell it, open all the windows and doors,
leave immediately, and report it to the authorities (use
someone else’s phone).
• Turn on the radio. Don’t use the phone unless it’s an
emergency.
• Stay out of damaged buildings.
• Be careful around brobootsken glass and debris. Wear
or sturdy shoes to keep from cutting your feet.
• Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).
• Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches
sometimes hit after the ground has stopped shaking.
• Stay away from damaged areas.
• If you’re at school or work, follow the emergency plan or
the instructions of the person in charge.
• Expect aftershocks.
Fire Safety Tips/Prevention
- Of course, the best way to practice fire safety is to make
sure a fire doesn’t break out in the first place. That
means you should always be aware of potential hazards
in your home, start by keeping these tips in mind.
• Check all electrical appliances, cords, and outlets
- Look around your house for potential problems. And
unless you’re a trained electrician, be careful about do-
it-yourself electrical projects. Studies have shown that
many home fires are caused by improper installation of
electrical devices.
• Be especially vigilant about portable heaters
- The number of residential fires always goes up during
colder month, peaking between December and February.
Portable space heaters substantially contribute to this
increase. Before plugging in your space heater, make
sure you know how to use it safely.
• Be careful in the kitchen
- Did you know that cooking is the leading cause of home
fires in the United States? The kitchen is rife with ways
for a fire to start: food left unsupervised on a stove or in
an oven or microwave; grease spills; a dish towel too
close to the burner; a toaster or toaster oven flare-up; a
coffee pot accidentally left-on.
- Always supervise kids while cooking and practice safe
cooking habits – like turning all pot handles in so they
can’t be accidentally knocked over and not wearing
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
loose-fitting clothing that could catch fire around the
stove.
• Check the fireplace
- Fireplaces should be kept clean and covered with a
screen to keep sparks from jumping out. Only wood
should be burned in the fireplace – paper and other
materials can escape while burning and ignite nearby
items. Never leave a fire burning unattended and make
sure a fire is completely extinguisher before leaving the
house or going to bed. Have the chimney professionally
cleaned once a year.
• Beware of Cigarettes
- According to the National Fire Prevention Association
(NFPA), Cigarettes are the no. 1 cause of fire deaths in
the United States and Canada, killing about 1,000 per
year. Most are started when the ashes or butts fall into
couches and chairs. If you smoke, be especially careful
around upholstered furniture, never smoke in bed, and
be sure cigarettes are completely out before you toss
them in the trash.
• Keep fire extinguishers handy
- Be prepared for any accidents by having fire
extinguishers strategically placed around your house – at
least one on each floor and in kitchen (this one should
be an all-purpose extinguisher, meaning it can be used
on grease and electrical fires), the basement, the garage,
or workshop area. Keep them out of reach of children.
• Practice Fire Drills at Home
- Kids have fire drills at school and adults have them at
work. Why shouldn’t you have them at home, too? Fires
are frightening and can cause panic. By rehearsing
different scenarios, your family will be less likely to
waste precious time trying to figure out what to do.
Discuss and rehearse the escape routes you’ve planned
for each room of your home. Designate a meeting place
outside your house or apartment building that is a safe
distance away (a mailbox, a fence, or even a distinctive-
looking tree will do) where everyone can be accounted
for after they escape.
• Plan a head
- Determine whether you can remain in your home during
the typhoon. You may be able to ride out a weak typhoon
with a small storm surge but will need to evacuate for
stronger storms. Listen for warnings from your local
officials or weather personnel in situations where
evacuation is ordered. Note the evacuation routes and
plan to leave early.
- Make lists of television and radio stations where you can
get storm information, phone numbers to call in case of
emergencies and locations of storm shelters. Get
directions for the emergency shelters.
Typhoon
Preparation
- Designate a location for you and your family members to
meet if you get separated and the number of an out-of-
state relative to call to say everyone is safe. That out-of-
J.A.K.E 10 of 14
state person starts the phone tree to others on your list
after learning you are okay.
- Find a place to take your pets where they will be safe if
you have to evacuate. Most storm shelters won’t allow
pets.
- Remember to shut off electricity, water and gas to your
home before evacuating.
Assemble a Typhoon Kit
- Pack food that doesn’t have to be refrigerated or cooked
along with disposable plates, bowls, forks, knives and
spoons. Each person and pet in the home should have
enough to eat for three days.
- Store water. Each person needs three gallons of clean
water to drink and to use for washing. Pets also need
water.
- Include a first aid kit in your typhoon kit.
- Remember to pack board games, card decks and a
battery-operated radio.
- Throw in a box of garbage bags and paper towels.
- Pack - Pack your Bags
- Pack - Pack a small bag or backpack for each person in
the home. It should include clothes and toiletries for
three days.
- Bundle - Bundle a blanket and pillow for each person
and place them in garbage bags (to keep them dry) to
take along if evacuating.
- Include a small bag of photos and documents you can’t
afford to have destroyed, such as wills and wedding
albums.
- Place everyone’s bag and bed bundle near the door so
they can be quickly loaded into the car if you decide to
evacuate. Fill the car with gas.
After
- Avoid going out for a picnic or excursion immediately
after a typhoon. It is usually calm after a typhoon. Wait
until the typhoon has totally left the place.
- Listen to radio announcements to know about the
typhoon and the weather.
- Check the roofs or construction of your house. Is your
roof was damaged? Check and fix it.
- Is there any injured or is their any neighbors injured
during the typhoon? Bring them to the nearest disaster
coordinating council hospital or medical centers?
Tsunami
Planning
• Develop a Family Disaster Plan. Please see the “Family
Disaster Plan” section for general family panning
information.
• Learn about Tsunami risk in your community. Contact
your local emergency management office or American
Red Cross Chapter. Find out if your home, school,
workplace or other frequently visited locations are in
tsunami hazard areas. Know the height of your street
above sea level and the distance of your street from the
coast or other high-risk waters. Evacuation orders may be
based on these numbers.
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
• If you are visiting an area at risk for Tsunami, check
with the hotel, motel, or camp ground operators for
tsunami evacuation information and how you would be
warned. It is important to now designated escape routes
before a warning is issued. If you are at risk from tsunamis,
do the following:
• Plan an evacuation route from your home, school,
workplace, or any other place you’ll be where Tsunamis
present a risk. If possible, pick an area 100 feet above sea
level or go up to two miles inland, away from the coastline.
If you can’t get this high or far, go as high as you can. Every
foot inland or upwards makes a difference. You should be
able to reach your safe location on foot within 15 minutes.
After a disaster, roads may become impassable or
blocked. Be prepared to evacuate by foot if necessary.
Foot paths normally lead uphill and inland, while many
roads parallel coastlines. Follow posted Tsunami
evacuations routes; these will lead to safety. Local
emergency management officials can help advise you as
to the best route safety and likely shelter locations.
• Practice your evacuation route. Familiarity may save
your life. Be able to follow your escape route at night and
during inclement weather. Practicing your plan makes the
appropriate response more of a reaction, requiring less
thinking during an actual emergency situation.
• Use a NOAA Weather Radio with tone-alert feature to
keep you informed of local watches and warnings. The
tone alert feature will warn you of potential danger even if
you are not currently listening to local radio or television
stations.
• Talk to your insurance agent. Homeowners’ policies do
not cover flooding from a Tsunami. Ask about the National
Flood Insurance Program.
• Discuss Tsunami with your family. Everyone should
know what to do in case all famly members are not
together. Discussing Tsunamis ahead of time will help
reduce fear and anxiety, and let everyone know how to
respond. Review flood safety and preparedness measures
with your family.
• Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit. Please see the
section “Disaster Supplies Kit” for general Supplies Kit
information. Tsunami-specific supplies should include the
following:
- Evacuation Supplies Kit in an easy-to-carry container
(backpack) near your door.
- Disaster Supplies Kit Basics.
DRUG ABUSE AND PREVENTION
- Drug Abuse also plays a role in many major social
problems, such as drugged driving, violence, stress and
child abuse. Drug Abuse can lead to homelessness,
crime and missed work or problems with keeping a job.
It harms unborn babies and destroys families. There are
different types of treatment for drug abuse. But the best
is to prevent drug abuse in the first place.
General Sign of Drug User
• Sudden change of behaviour
• Withdrawal from family members
J.A.K.E 11 of 14
• Mood swings; irritable and grumpy and then suddenly
happy and bright
• Careless about personal grooming
• Loss of interest in hobbies, sports, and other favorite
activities
• Changed sleeping pattern; up at night and sleeps during
the day
• Red or glassy eyes
• Sniffy or runny nose
Reason for Drug Abuse
• Problems at school
• Drinking and driving
• Unplanned sexual activity and consequent pregnancy or
sexually transmitted disease.
• Emotional trauma over guilty feelings
• Criminal activity, often to support their habit
• Physical problems, including alcohol poisoning
• Death
Classification of Commonly Abused Drug (according to
their effects)
- Stimulants – drugs which increases alertness and physical
disposition.
- Examples: amphetamine, cocaine
- Hallucinogens – drugs which affect sensation, self
awareness and emotion. Changes in time and spaces
perception may be mild or overwhelming depending on the
dosages.
- Examples: marijuana, mescaline
- Sedatives – drugs that reduce anxiety and excitement.
- Examples: barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol
- Narcotics – drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep.
- Examples: morphine, heroin
Commonly Drug Abuse & Their Effects
• Alcohol – th e most commonly used and widely abused
psychoactive drug in the country. Street names/ slang
terms are Booze, Juice and Sauce. It is ingested orally.
Types include beer, wine, and liquor. Narconon provides
effective treatment for alcohol abuse.
Effects of Alcohol Abuse
• Reduces sensitivity to pain.
• Narrows the visual field, reduces resistance to glare.
• Interferes with the ability to differentiate intensities of
light.
• Reduces ability to make decisions.
Marijuana
- Marijuana is the most frequently used illicit drug in
America and has been linked to harming a developing
fetus. It has the same or similar effects as depressants,
stimulants, and hallucinogens. Marijuana cigarettes
yield almost four times as much tar as tobacco, creating
a higher risk of lung damage.
Effects of Marijuana Abuse
• Increases in heart rate, body temperature, and
appetite.
• Drowsiness
• Dryness of the mouth and throat
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023

• Reddening of the eyes and reduction in ocular ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

pressure. Climate Change
• Mitigation
Cocaine - Human intervention or actions to
- Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly - Reduce the sources or
affects the brain. Cocaine is not a new drug. In fact, it is - Enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG) aimed at
one of the oldest known drugs. The pure chemical, reducing the extent of global warming. (IPCC- FAR)
Cocaine Hydrochloride, has been an abused substance • Energy
for more than 100 years, and coca leaves, the source of - Improved supply and distribution efficiency
Cocaine, have been ingested for thousands of years. - Combined heat and power
Effects of Cocaine Abuse - Renewable energy
• Twitches, tremors, spasms, coordination problems. • Transport
• Respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest. - Hybrid vehicles
• May cause extreme anxiety and restlessness. - Biofuels
• Chest pain, nausea, seizures. - Shift to public mass transport systems
- Non-motorized transport
Methamphetamine • Industry
- Today, Methamphetamine is second only to alcohol and - More efficient electrical equipment
marijuana as the drug used most frequently in many - Heat and power recovery
Western and Midwestern states. Seizures of dangerous - Material recycling and substitution
laboratory materials have increased dramatically-in • Agriculture
some states, fivefold. In response, many special task - Improved crop and grazing land management to
forces and local and federal initiatives have been increase soil carbon storage
developed to target Methamphetamine production and - Improved livestock and manure management to reduce
use. Legislation and negotiation with earlier source CH4 emissions
areas for precursor substances have also reduced the - Avoid burning of agricultural wastes
availability of the raw materials needed to make the drug. • Forestry Sector
Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse - Reforestation
• Increase wakefulness and physical activity. - Afforestation
• Decrease appetite. - Forest management
• Interferes with the ability to differentiate intensities of - Reduced deforestation
light. - Use of forestry products for bioenergy to replace fossil
• Reduces ability to make decisions. fuel use
• Waste Management
Heroin - Landfill methane recovery
- Heroin is an illegal addictive drug. It is both the most - Composting of organic waste
abused and the most rapidly acting of the Opiates. - Recycling and waste minimization
Heroin is processed from Morphine, a naturally • Adaptation
occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of - Increase the resilience and coping capacity of the sector
certain varieties of poppy plants. It is typically sold as a taking into account current and future changes
white or brownish powder or as the black sticky • Water Sector
substance known on the streets as “Black Tar Heroin.” - Rainwater harvesting
Effects of Heroin Abuse - Encourage adoption of new environment-friendly
• Surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by a warm technology for efficient water use and water
flushing of the skin. conservation
• Alternately wakeful and drowsy state • Agriculture
• Interferes with the ability to differentiate intensities of - Crop diversification
light. - Change of crop or crop variety
• Impaired night vision, vomiting, constipation. - Crop insurance
• Health Sector
- Sanitary practices
- Preventive care(e.g., vaccines)
- Information and awareness
- Health surveillance and monitoring

J.A.K.E 12 of 14
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
Disaster Risk Reduction
- Emergency preparedness
- Early warning system
- Evacuation plan
What you can do!
- Promote awareness on climate change in school and in
your home
- Update yourself on the latest information on climate
change
- Get involved in projects on mitigation and adaptation
- Practice a climate-friendly lifestyle
- Environmental Protection is a practice of protection the
environment, on individual, organizational or
governmental level, for the benefit of the natural
environment and (or) humans. Due to the pressures of
population and our technology the Biophysical
Environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently.
This has been recognized and governments began
placing restraints on activities that caused
Environmental Degradation. Since the 1960s activism by
the environmental movement ha created awareness of
the various environmental issues. There is not a full
agreement on the extent of the various environmental
impacts of human activity and protection measures are
occasionally criticized.
Kinds of Pollution
• Air Pollution
- To be a pollutant, a material has to be potentially
harmful to life. A layer above the Earth’s surface
supports life it is known as troposphere. Air pollution has
existed since first used fire. Almost all air pollutants is
the result of burning fossil fuel, either in your home, by
industry in internal combustion engine. Some serious
consequences are:
o Acid Rain
o Ozone Layer Depletion
o Photochemical Smog
o Greenhouse Effect
• Land Pollution
- Littering is one of the main effects of land pollution
today. Land pollution is also soil pollution of which has
deposits of solid waste, non-biodegradable materials,
and poisons. Land pollution has a mass globally,
everyday threatening the very foundation and
mechanical support of every matter on Earth.
Statistically, it has been shown that:
- There is a loss of 6 million hectares of land per year.
- There is a loss of 24 billion tons of topsoil per year.
• Water Pollution
- There is no such thing as naturally pure water. As water
flows into ground and filters through layers of soil and
rock in the ground, it dissolve and absorbs the
substances that it touches, some of these substances
are harmless. These some substances are man-made
chemicals, and are considered contaminants that can
make water unsafe. Some contaminants come from
erosion of natural rock formation. Others come from
J.A.K.E 13 of 14
factories, applied to farm lands, or used by consumers.
Reports tell which contaminants are in your drinking
water, and at which level they were found.
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
- Section 1. Short Title. – this Act shall be known as the
“Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.”
- Section 2. Declaration of Policies – it is hereby declared
the policy of the State to adopt a systematic,
comprehensive and ecological solid waste management
program which shall:
- Ensure the protection of the public health and
environment;
- Utilized environmentally-sound methods that maximize the
utilization of valuable resources and encourage resource
conservation and recovery;
- Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and
volume reduction through source reduction and waste
minimization measures, including composting, recycling,
re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others,
before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate
and environmentally sound solid waste management
facilities inn accordance with ecologically sustainable
development principles;
- Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport,
storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the
formation and adoption of the best environmental practice
in ecological waste management excluding incineration;
- Promote National Research and Development Programs
for improved solid waste management and resource
conservation techniques, more effective institutional
arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of
waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery;
- Encourage greater private sector participation is solid
waste management;
- Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid
waste management with local government units while
establishing a cooperative effort among the National
Government, other local government units, non-
government organizations, and the private sector;
- Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste
generators through the application of market-based
instruments;
- Institutionalize public participation in the development and
implementation, comprehensive and ecological waste
management programs; and of national and local
integrated
- Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste
management and resource conservation and recovery
topics in the academic curricula of formal and non-formal
education in order to promote environmental awareness
and action among the citizenry.
Types of waste identified by RA 9003
• A solid waste does not flow like water or gas. Examples
include paper, wood, metals, and glass, plastic and
contaminated soil. Solid waste can be hazardous or non-
hazardous. Problems associated with non-hazardous solid
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
waste include aesthetic problems (litter and odors),
leachate from the infiltration of water through the waste,
and off gases resulting from biodegradation.
Nonhazardous solid wastes are commonly handled by
recycling, combustion, land filling, and composting.
• Liquid wastes must be transported in containers or
through pipes. Examples include sewage, contaminated
ground water, and industrial liquid discharges. In some
cases, direct discharge to the environment may be allowed.
However, depending on the waste’s characteristics, direct
discharge may cause unacceptable environmental harm.
Fro example, large amounts of sewage discharged into a
stream can result in fish kills. Liquid wastes containing
excreta can contain pathogenic organisms. Other liquid
wastes may be toxic. Liquid wastes are often handled at
wastewater treatment plants, followed by discharge to the
environment.
• Gaseous wastes, of course, consists of gases. They are
primarily generated by combustion (e.g. internal
combustion engines, incinerators, coal-fired electrical
generating plants) and industrial processes. Depending on
their characteristics, gaseous wastes can be odiferous or
toxic. Some are implicated in global warming, ozone
depletion, and smog. Gaseous wastes may be released to
the atmosphere or captured/treated with pollution control
equipment.
• Hazardous wastes pose a substantial present or potential
danger to human health or the environment. They can be
solid, sludge, liquid, or gas. Hazardous wastes have at
least one of the following characteristics: corrosivity,
ignitability, reactivity, and toxicity. Hazardous chemical-
physical-biological treatment, and land filling.
• Radioactive wastes emit particles or electromagnetic
radiation (e.g. alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays,
and x-rays). Radioactive wastes can be high level,
transuranic, or low level. High level radioactive wastes are
from spent or reprocessed nuclear reactor fuel.
Transuranic wastes are from isotopes above uranium in the
periodic table. They are generally low in radio activity, but
have long half-lives. Low-level wastes have little
radioactivity and can often be handled with little or no
shielding. Radiation can damage living cells and cause
cancer. Although recycling and incineration may reduce
waste amounts, the primary method for handling
radioactive wastes is long-term storage.
• Medical wastes, that is, wastes generated at medical
facilities, can be infectious, toxic, and/or radioactive.
Though they may have hazardous characteristics, they are
not regulated as hazardous wastes. Some medical wastes
are sterilized, disinfected, or incinerated, especially
infectious wastes. Recycling and land filling are also used
to dispose them.
Ways to Prevent Air Pollution
• Car Pool: forming and implementing a car pool will reduce
the number of cars, thereby, preventing air pollution by
cutting down the use of fossil fuels. This way, it will help in
J.A.K.E 14 of 14
the sustainable use of fossil fuel and its conservation for
the future generations.
• Vehicle Care: Timely servicing of the car helps to keep it in
a good condition and also minimizes fuel exhaust. Driving
the car at an average speed and turning off in traffic is a key
to save fuel. Make sure to use unleaded petrol and opt for
regular pollution checking of your car.
• Public Transport: Whenever possible, try to travel by
public transports. This helps in two ways; prevents air
pollution and increases public income. If you are going to a
nearby place, go by walking or use bicycle, instead of using
your vehicle. The objective is to minimize the use of fuels,
as far as possible.
• Alternative Energy Source: Another effective way to
prevent air pollution is to use alternative energy sources
such as solar energy, hydroelectric energy and wind energy.
Nowadays, sophisticated technologies such as wind
turbine, solar water heaters are introduced to generate
electricity and other energy forms for the household use.
• Saving Energy: Saving energy will, of course, help to
prevent air pollution. Switch off the lights, fans, air
conditioners, televisions, and other appliances, when not
in use. You can also share a room with others when the air
conditioner or fan is on, instead of switching them on in
every room.
• Minimize Air Pollutants: Always try to minimize smoke
emission, as it can contribute to air pollution. One way is to
compost dried leaves and kitchen wastes, instead of
burning them. Composting will also give you organic
fertilizer for your garden. While buying the products, always
choose air-friendly and recyclable products that will
minimize the emission of pollutants.
Protect Water Sources
Total Water Management:
- Encourages planning and management on a natural
water systems basis through a dynamic process that
adopts to changing conditions;
- Balances competing uses of water through efficient
allocation that addresses social values, cost
effectiveness, and environmental benefits and costs;
- Requires the participation of all units of government and
stakeholders in decision-making through a process of
coordination and conflict resolution;
- Promotes water conservation, reuse source protection.
And sipply development to enhance water quality and
quantity; and
- Fosters public health, safety, and community goodwill.
• Clean Air Act
- The Clean Air Act is the federal law designed to make
sure that all Americans have air that is safe to breath.
Public Health Protection is the primary goal, though the
law also seeks to protect our environment from damage
caused by air pollution.
GOOD LUCKKK EVERYONE
 CWS112:
BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023
Bachelor of Science in Nursing 3YC
Professor: Jose Morales
Final Topics:
• Community organization and development
• Disaster management preparedness
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
- Person is a Social Being
- He/she cannot develop unless he/she is a part of society.
Work together for a common interest.
- Community is a dynamic entity composed of people living
in a given territory who share common culture, needs,
aspirations, resources, lifestyles and the like bounded by a
feeling of belongings and interacting with one another in
consonance with its structure and institution to achieve
common goals. (Norman, 1998)
- Community organization is a process forged along people’s
empowerment and the essential information of a self-
reliant organization that will facilitate development in a
sustainable manner (Norman, 1998)
• Goals in Organizing the Community (Norman, 1998 )
- People’s empowerment
- Building organization
- Building alliances/coalitions
- Popular democracy
- Social transformation
- Leaders in development
• Steps in Organizing the Community
- Entry in the Community
- Integration with the people
- Community Study or Situation Analysis
- Identifying and Developing Potential Community
Leaders
- Identifying and Developing Potential Community
Leaders
- Setting up and Developing the Organizational
Structure
- Strengthening the Organization
• Community Development
- Community development is a planned and organized
effort to assist individuals to acquire the attitudes,
skills, knowledge, and general capabilities required in
their democratic participation in the effective solution
of community problems in an order of priority
determined by increasing level of competence.
• The Aims & Objectives of Community Development
- The aim of community development is a community
action. In reality, the primary object of community
development is to;
o Promote
o Sustain
o Support
o Maintain Community Action
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Exam Week
06
• Major Purposes/Objectives of Community
Development
- To help people employ the right methods to organized
self-help initiatives.
- To develop techniques relevant to the situation for
socio-economic and cultural progress.
Principles of Development
• Development should focus on peoples participation.
• Development should be attuned to the demands of the
people.
• Development should be based on a theory that is tested,
validated and relevant.
• Development should be integrated in approach.
• Development should lead to the empowerment of the
people.
• Development should sustain the natural environment as a
socio-economic base.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PREPAREDNESS
- The first step to take in a school emergency preparedness
plan is to make a plan. While simple, schools must outline
specific problems complete with fictional situations so
that staff can be familiar with the plan. This plan should
include easy access to emergency personnel as well as
evacuation regulations and plans.
- The information should be clearly available throughout the
school so that even a visitor to the premises would be able
to follow it. The plan should envelope situations like school
violence, weather disasters, injury or illness, hostage
situations, fire safety and terrorist activity, and even gas
leaks or water problems. Schools should also be able to
make a plan for situations that may occur on a community
or national level.
- Other steps to take in a school emergency preparedness
plan include having easy access to family contacts and
establishing rules of family communication.
- Utility shut off and safety should be dispatched to teachers
throughout the school and secondary levels of
communication among staff members should be available
via two-way radios. Special needs students should also be
included in the plan.
- Identifying an escape route is another essential step to
take in a school emergency preparedness plan. The floor
plan of the school should be readily available and should
be review with students and staff several times throughout
the school year.
- Each classroom should have a clearly marked escape
route available at the door for students and teachers. Make
sure that each classroom establishes a ‘meeting place’ so
that people can be accounted for. This is absolutely
essential in every plan.
- One of the most essential steps to take in a school
emergency preparedness plan is to empower employees of
 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 2: BSN 3RD YEAR SUMMER FINAL 2023

the school with safety skills. The plan must be practiced;

however funding should be available for teachers to take
CPR classes and be able to administer basic first aid.
- There are also extended learning classes that can help
teachers remain calm during an emergency so that they are
able to take control of the situation. Teachers should know
how to use a fire extinguisher and should be able to turn off
basic utilities in the school in the event of an emergency.
- The last step in every emergency preparedness plan is...
practice. The government regulates safety drills and fire
drills every month, however schools must be proactive in
providing practice situations for teachers and students and
reviewing the information.
- Providing safety assemblies for the student body and
sending home checklist and contact information forms so
that parents are involved and easily access is also
important.

GOOD LUCKKK EVERYONE

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