a lubricant lO1

Vely used as of emulsitying agents, in

oleine is also used in the preparation manufacture of polishes,
and
the
the compounding of rubber, in
viz. butyl oleate.
in the production of its esters,
intermediates in the
quantities, as
acids used in large
also used as modi-
are
Fatty are
manufacture of surface active agents. They
the manufacture of plasticisers.
tiers for alkyd resins and for
of Fats and Oils. As mentioned
Physiological Importance in plants arnd
ard
of energy
earlier fats and oils act as storage
stored in fatty tissues
animals. In the animal body, fats are
almost fat. Fats give about 22 times as much
which are pure www.wwwammo naa
is
energy as carbohydrates or proteins. Thus as far as weight
the bocy
cOncerned, storage of fat is tbe most economical way for
to maintain a reserve energy supply.
under the
Fat is poor conductor of heat, hence fat layer
a
Lastiv
skin serves to prevent losses of heat from the body.
anda
certain unsatura'ed fatty acids are indispensable in the diet
bence their deficiency results a deficiency disease.
acids
52 b Waxes
W«xes. are esters of long chain fatty
and long-chain alcoholsS or sterol. Following are few of the
common alcohols and acids found in waxes.

Alcohol Acids
Lauryl C1HaOHH Myristic CHCOOH
Cetyl C1Ha3OH Palmitie CuHaCoOH
Octodecyl CaHyOH Cerotic CasHCoOH
 Lipids 447 1
Carnaubyl CuHOH Melissic CoHCOOH
Ceryl CuHOH CMszo4
Myricyl CgoHOH
Cocceryl CaoHno(OH
Cholesterol Cg7HaOH
Waxes are much more dificult to saponify than fats. Although
these may be saponified by prolonged boiling with alcoholic
KOH, saponification may be done more easily by treating a
solution of wax in petroleum ether with sodium ethoxide (absolute
alcohol and metallic sodium).
On saponification of waxes, fatty acids appear as water
soluble soaps while long-chain alcohols, being insoluble in water,
appear in the unsaponifiable matter. Waxes contain from 31 to
S5of unsaponifiable matter, while fats and oils contain fror
I to 2 percent.

Common waxes. (i) Spermaceti. It is a typical wax and

found in the head of the sperm whale. Chemically it is mainly
cetylpalmitate.
CH,(CH,.COO(CH,)hs CH,
Spermaceti is used in making candles.
(ii) Sperm oil. It is a liquid wax and is found with sper-
maceti in the sperm whale. It is a valuable lubricant used for
delicate instruments, such as waiches. Unike several other oils,
it does not become gummy.
(ii) Eeeswax. It is found in the honeycomb of the bee.
ts most abundant ingredient is myricyl palmitate.
CH-(CH,h.COO(CHa)asCH (EM

(iv) Carnauba wax. It is found on the leaves of the carnauda

and is an ingredient in the manuluctute of
various
palm of Brazil
wax polishes. Since waxes are chemically very inert, they make
C t e LynCy ,
an excellent protective coating. Ceayk baB hutahe j mycl
chyCyCodtn)y h ALLGtet is
()Larolin or Wool wax. I is obiained trom woðl and
uCa in mákiug ointments and salves. Since it readily torms
de
unision with water, drugs which are soluble in water can
dsly incorporated into salyes.> atntm ent used to p0nmge Real'ug dy
*** ***

Cholesterl esters are tound in tho blood. ixd eStas

Lautin msists CoMex
OaiGlt,
Ytyess d { u mu ula
al cetna2 faty Quid
 Lipids
Some
Some of
of the
the
448 of an
insect.
secretion
fatty acids and
Chinese wax
is the hydroxylated

(vi) csters
of
are
Waxes found in skin
open chain alcohols. a
of Waxes. surfaces of
the ne
Importance ou
Physiological agent
protective
as a
Wax acts wet.
1. becoming

from
animals and plants. animals and fruits pro-
prevent
aquetic
surface
of plants
They the
coating
on
moisture.
becoming
lu
3. Waxy loss of fruits
from
excessive and
tects them from the plant
protects
which
coating those which
those
4. Waxy bacteria. e
are

infected with fuugi and Compound

Compound
lipids
acid and
an

Lipids. to tatty
addition com-
Compound group,
54.
group
in chemical
chemical additional
some
contain
nature of the groups.
On the main thus
alcohol.
subdivided
into two
group and
are phosphate and
pound lipids which
contain a
phosphoric
acid,
fatty acid,
Phospholipids
) an
alcohol,

: (a) the
hydrolysis
on
yield
a nitrogen base. classes of compounds sphingo
include four and (d)
phospholipids plasmalogens,
The
the kephalins,
(c) confirm to the same

lecithins, (6) class

in each radicals
myelines.
The compounds
n a t u r e of the
fatty acid
the
but differ in
type of structure,molecule. and thus
contained in the carbohydrate
a
which contain acid,
(ii) Gala:tolipids amino alcohol), fatty
sphingosinol (an
on hydrolysis
yield galaciose.
usually namey
and a sugar, members,
include four important
The galactolipids and hydroxy
(cerebron), kerasin (cerasi.), n e r v o n e sphingosiee.
phrenosin the base
them on hydrolysis give
all of
vone;
galactose and a fatty acid. o main

lipids into wo
Other classification divides the complex spholipids)-wh

groups viz. (i) glycerophosphatides (glycerol sphingolip

are glycerol containing phospholipids, nd (ii) irosphin*

(spingosine lipids)-which contain sphingosine or dinyuv

gosine as the base.
OH NH

CH,.(CH.CH=CH.CH.H.CH,OH
Sphingosine