NAMES:

>POOTEN CARLITO P.
>MATIAS PHILMER L.
>LAPUGEN MARBEN P.

SOIL CHEMISTRY
SOIL-UNCONSOLIDATED MINERAL ON THE TOP LAYER OF THE EARTH’S
CRUST THAT SERVES AS NATURAL MEDIUM FOR THE GROWTH OF LAND
PLANTS.
CHEMISTRY-IT IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR
OF MATTER.
SOIL CHEMISTRY-IT IS THE STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE SOIL. IT IS AFFECTED BY MINERAL COMPOSITION ORGANIC MATTER AND
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
*ORGANIC MATTER IN SOIL
 IT IS DERIVED FROM THE RESIDUE OF LIVING THINGS SUCH AS PLANTS
AND ANIMALS WHICH GET MIXED WITH SOIL.
 WHEN IT DECAYS TO THE POINT IN WHICH IT IS NO LONGER
RECOGNIZABLE. IT IS CALLED ORGANIC MATTER IN SOIL.
*HUMUS- ORGANIC MATTERS THAT HAS BROKEN DOWN INTO A STABLE
SUBSTANCE THAT RESIST FURTHER DECOMPOSITION.

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC MATTER IN SOIL

 PROVIDES FOOD FOR MICRO-ORGANISM
 IT TAKES PART IN CHEMICA REACTION SUCH AS ION EXCHANGE,
GOVERNS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AND INCREASES WATER
FOLDING CAPACITY OF SOIL.
 IT IS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS (N, P, K) AND ENERGY FOR
MICROBES.
 IT IMPROVES AERATION. CONTRIBUTES TO THE WEATHERING OF
MATTER AND REDUCES SOIL EROSION.

FUNCTIONS OF NUTRIENTS IN SOIL

1. MAJOR NUTRIENTS
A. NITROGEN (N)- IT IS A KEY ELEMENT IN PLANT GROWTH. IT IS FOUND
IN ALL PLANT CELLS, IN PLANT PROTEINS AND HORMONES AND IN
CHLOROPHYLL.
NITROGEN DEFICIENCY OF REDUCED GROWTH AND PALE YELLOWISH
GREEN LEAVES. EXCESS OF NITROGEN MAY CAUSE POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY.
B. PHOSPHORUS (P)- HELPS TRANSFER ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT TO
PLANTS, STIMULATES EARLY ROOT AND PLANT GROWTH, AND HASTENS
MATURITY.
 C. POTASSIUM (K)- INCREASE VIGOR AND DISEASE RESISTANCE OF
PLANTS, HELPS FORM AND MOVE STARCHES, SUGARS, AND OILS IN PLANTS
AND CAN IMPROVE FRUIT QUALITY.
COLLOIDS
 CLAY MINERALS AND HUMUS AND COMPLEXES
 THE MOST CHEMICALLY ACTIVE PART OF SOIL
 LARGE SURFACE AREA
 ELECTRICAL CHARGE (USUALLY NET NEGATIVE)
o SOME +, SOME –

NUTRIENTS CATIONS (+ IONS) AND ANIONS(-IONS) ARE HELD ON

COLLOID SURFACES IN RESERVE FOR PLANTS.
WHY ARE COLLOIDS RE NEGATIVE?
1. CLAY
OXYGEN IONS ALONG EDGES OF MICELLES
2. HUMUS
H+ IONS TEND TO MIGRATE FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN HUMUS, TO
SOIL SOLUTION LEAVING NET NEGATIVE CHARGE (OH-).
ION EXCHANGE
WHAT IS THE EXCHANGE?
*EXCHANGE OF IONS IS ON SOIL SURFACES WITH IONS IN SOIL SOLUTION
CATION AND ANIONS ARE INVOLVED.
WHERE DOES EXCHANGE TAKE PLACE?
*ORGANIC COLLOIDS (HUMUS) AND INORGANIC MICELLES (CLAYS) AND
COMPLEXES OF BOTH.
WHERE DO IONS IN SOIL COME FROM?
*RELEASE FROM ORGANIC MATTER
*RAIN
*WEATHERING OF PARENT MATERIALS
LEACHING
*IONS (ON SOIL SURFACES) CANNOT BE REMOVED BY LEACHING IONS (IN
SOLUTION)
WHEN SOIL IS DRIED
*THE IONS ON SOIL SURFACE STAY ON ABSORPTION SITES
*THE SOLUBLE IONS (IN SOIL SOLUTION) PRECIPITATE OR CRYSTALIZED
(COME OUT OF SOLUTION) AS SALT.
CATIONS EXCHANGE
*IT IS THE INTERCHANGED BETWEEN A CATION IN A SOLUTION AND ANOTHER
CATION ON SURFACE OF ANY NEGATIVE CHARGED MATERIAL SUCH AS CLAY
OR ORGANIC MATTER.
ANIONS EXCHANGE
*SOIL COLLOIDS BEING NEGATIVELY CANNOT ATTRACT AND HOLD
NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES LIKE SO4 AND NO3 BECAUSE NITRATE IS
MORE LEACHED FROM THE SOIL THAN AMMONIUM.
*IT IS THE MAXIMUM QUANTITY OF TOTAL CATIONS OF ANY CLASS, THAT A
SOIL IS CAPABLE OF HOLDING AT A GIVEN PH VALUE, AVAILABLE FOR
EXCHANGED WITH SOIL SOLUTION.
*IF A SOIL HAS A HIGH CEC, IT PREVENTS NUTRIENTS FROM BEING AWAY
FROM ROOTS.
*EXPRESSED IN: MILLIQUIVALENTS PER 100g (meq/100g)
SIGNIFICANCE OF CEC:
1. IT IS A MEASURE OF THE SOIL FERTILITY.
2. IT IS A MEASURE OF NUTRIENT RETENTION CAPACITY
3. IT IS A MEASURE OF THE CAPACITY OF SOIL TO PROTECT GROUNDWATER
FROM CATION CONTAMINATION
RULES OF ION EXCHANGE
*PROCESS OF REVERSIBLE
*CHARGE BY CHARGE BASIS
RATIO LAW: RATIO OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS WILL BE SAME AS RATIO OF
SOLUTION CATIONS
ENERGY OF ABSORPTION
*THE MORE STRONGLY A CATION IS ATTRACTED TO THE EXCHANGE
SURFACE, THE GREATER THE CHANCE OF ABSORPTION.
DEPENDS ON:
*CHARGE
*HYDRATED RADIUS
> THE LESS TIGHTLY HELD (LOWER OF ABSORPTION) IONS ARE THE ONES
FURTHEST FROM THE SOIL SURFACES AND CAN BE LEACHED MORE EASILY
AND ARE FURTHER DOWN THE SOIL PROFILE.
> THE STRONGLY HELD ONES ARE CLOSER TO THE SOIL PARTICLE SURFACES
AND TEND TO MOVE MORE SLOWLY DOWN PROFILE.
BASE SATURATION:
*PERCENT OF EXCHANGE SITES OCCUPIED BY BASIC CATIONS (CATIONS
OTHER THAN H+ AND AL+3)
H+/AL+ ION SATURATION SHOULD EQUAL 100 PERCENT
SODIUM ABSORPTION RATIO
>SODIUM ABSORPTION RATIO IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF SODIUM(Na)
RELATIVE TO CALCIUM (Ca) AND MAGNESIUM (Mg) IN THE WATER EXTRACT
FROM SATURATED SOIL PASTE.
>IT IS THE RATIO OF THE SODIUM CONCENTRATION DIVIDED BY THE SQUARE
ROOT OF ONE HALF OF THE CALCIUM + MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION.
WHERE:
SAR= SODIUM ABSORPTION RATIO (MILLIMOLE/LITER)
Na+= SODIUM IRON CONCENTRATION (me/l)
Ca+= CALCIUM IRON CONCENTRATION (me/l)
Mg^2+= MAGNESIUM IRON CONCENTRATION (me/l)

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
>STUDIS THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE NATURAL ATMOSPHERE,
GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE INTERACT WITH EACH
OTHER AND WITH THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND ASSOCIATION BIOTA.
COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
>NITROGEN (N2) -78.09%
>OXYGEN (O2) – 20.95%
>ARGON (Ar) – 0.93%
>CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) – 0.038%
ESSENTIAL GASES:
O2
CO2
N2
O3
HARMFUL GASES:
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDE
MERCURY EMISSIONS
URBAN ATMOSPHERE:
>CHARACTERIZED AS A COMPLEX MIXTURES OF HYDROCARBONS AND
OXIDES OF SULFUR AND NITROGEN.
SMOG:
>A COMBINATION OF SMOKE AND FOG
>A SPECIFIC TYPE OF AIR POLLUTION, IT IS THE COMBINATION OF HARMFUL
POLLUTANTS
OZONE FORMATION
 A GAS THAT HAS HARMFUL TO BREATH
 NEARLY 90% OF THE EARTH’S OZONE IS IN THE STRATOSPHERE AND IS
REFERRED TO AS THE OZONE LAYER
  OZONE ABSORBS A BAND OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION CALLED (UVB)
 STRATOSPHERIC OZONE IS PRODUCED BY THE COMBINATION OF AN
OXYGEN ATOM WITH AN OXYGEN MOLECULE
CHEMISTRY OF STRATOSPHERE
 THE SECOND LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE ABOVE THE TROPOSPHERE
RANGING FROM ABOUT 20 TO 50 KM ALTITUDE
 THE DENSITY DECLINES IN THE LAYER FROM 100g/m3
 THE TEMPERATURE REMAINS CONSTANT AT THE LOWER LAYER OF THE
STRATOSPHERE AND THEN RISES WITH INCREASING ALTITUDE
 OZONE LAYER LIES IN STRATOSPHERE