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P GENOPPINE
INDII US
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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After working on this module, you should be able to:
1. Discuss how scientific racism influences normal day
to day life
2. Infer how external and internal forces force a
culture to change or stagnate
3. Identify the different modes of production
indigenous groups have practiced before and after
the colonial period
 ETHNOCENTRISM
The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective
of one’s own culture. Part of ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s
own race, ethnic or cultural group is the most important or that
some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other
groups. Some people will simply call it cultural ignorance.
Ethnocentrism often leads to incorrect assumptions about others’
behavior based on your own norms, values, and beliefs. In extreme
cases, a group of individuals may see another culture as wrong or
immoral and because of this may try to convert, sometimes
forcibly, the group to their own ways of living. War and genocide
could be the devastating result if a group is unwilling to change
their ways of living or cultural practices.
 RACISM
A form of prejudice that assumes
that the members of racial
categories have distinctive
characteristics and that these
differences result in some racial
groups being inferior to others.
Racism generally includes
negative emotional reactions to
members of the group,
acceptance of negative
stereotypes, and racial
discrimination against individuals;
in some cases it leads to
violence.
 DISCRIMINATION
Refers to the differential
treatment of the members of
different ethnic, religious,
national, or other groups.
Discrimination is usually the
behavioral manifestation of
prejudice and therefore
involves negative, hostile,
and injurious treatment of
members of rejected groups.
 STEREOTYPING
A stereotype is a widely held, simplified, and essentialist belief
about a specific group. Groups are often stereotyped on the basis
of sex, gender identity, race and ethnicity, nationality, age,
socioeconomic status, language, and so forth.
Stereotypes are deeply embedded within social institutions and
wider culture. They are often evident even during the early stages
of childhood, influencing and shaping how people interact with
each other. For example, video game designers designed a game
platform for girls in pink because that is what the parents (who
purchase the game) perceived their girls wanted. The girls
themselves preferred darker metallic colors.
 COLORISM
Colorism is skin-tone discrimination
that can show up in the media, in daily
life, and maybe even in your own
head. Depending on your race or
ethnicity and the type of colorism you
face, some research suggests it can
affect things like your worldview, job
prospects, education, and possibly
your health.
Over time, colorism has meant
different things in different cultures.
But it usually refers to people with
lighter skin tones being preferred or
treated better compared to people
with darker skin tones.
 SCIENTIFIC RACISM
Scientific racism is a term that describes obsolete scientific theories of the 19th
century and contemporary racist propaganda disguised as scientific research.
Scientific racism has included the use of anthropology (especially physical
anthropology), anthropometry, craniometry, phrenology, physiognomy and
other disciplines in the construction of typologies, or the classification of
humans into distinct biological races.
Such theories have provided ideological justifications to racism, the Holocaust,
slavery, Apartheid and colonialism. Much of this happened during the New
Imperialism period in the second half of the 19th century. These scholarly
theories often worked in conjunction with racism, for example in the case of the
"human zoos", during which various human beings were presented in cages
during colonial exhibitions.
Today, the phrase is used either as an accusation or to describe what is
generally considered to be historical racist propaganda about the supposed
existence of different "human races".
 CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES
Scientific racism is a term that describes obsolete scientific theories of the 19th
century and contemporary racist propaganda disguised as scientific research.
Scientific racism has included the use of anthropology (especially physical
anthropology), anthropometry, craniometry, phrenology, physiognomy and
other disciplines in the construction of typologies, or the classification of
humans into distinct biological races.
Such theories have provided ideological justifications to racism, the Holocaust,
slavery, Apartheid and colonialism. Much of this happened during the New
Imperialism period in the second half of the 19th century. These scholarly
theories often worked in conjunction with racism, for example in the case of the
"human zoos", during which various human beings were presented in cages
during colonial exhibitions.
Today, the phrase is used either as an accusation or to describe what is
generally considered to be historical racist propaganda about the supposed
existence of different "human races".
 Factors causing Social
Change
Social change occurs because of a mismatch between social elements in
society, which are different. Because of social changes, people will create a
new pattern of life that is different from the previous one.
Social change is unavoidable in social life and will continue to occur
throughout time. This is because humans are intelligent, social creatures and
always dissatisfied with the existing conditions, so they make changes.
From the point of view of sociological studies, the nature of social change is
understood as the desire of each individual to always change so that the
situation becomes better according to his needs.
Internal Factors Triggering
Socio-Cultural Change
1. Changes in Population
(Population)
2. New Inventions or
Innovations
3. Social Conflict
4. Rebellion and
Revolution in Society
 Changes in Population (Population)
Increasing or decreasing population in an area
causes social changes both in the destination and
abandoned areas.
 New Inventions or Innovations
The birth of new discoveries and innovations greatly
affects the changes that occur in society. For example, the
invention of the Internet made it easier for people to
access information.
 Social Conflict
The social conflict between community groups can
encourage social change. For example, conflicts that
occur between local residents and residents outside the
area make it difficult for local residents to accept the
presence of residents from other areas in their territory.
 Rebellion and Revolution in Society
The rebellion occurred because of the people’s
dissatisfaction with the government’s power system. This
can trigger the emergence of a revolutionary movement
that will bring about major changes in society.
External Factors Triggering
Socio-Cultural Change
1. Changes in the Natural
Environment
2. War
3. The Influence of Other
Community Cultures
 Changes in the Natural Environment and
Revolution in Society
Environmental changes occur due to natural disasters such
as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and so on. In
this category, including environmental changes due to
natural destruction by humans, it is one of the factors
causing social change.
 War
The war won by the opposing side can cause social
changes in the region that was defeated. The new policies
of a victorious government enacted could be the cause of
this change.
 The Influence of Other Community
Cultures
The entry of foreign cultural influences into an area
through the process of cultural exchange and mass media
can affect the indigenous culture of the region.

The influence of foreign cultures can trigger cultural

assimilation and acculturation that give birth to social
changes in society.
 Factors Driving
Socio-Cultural Change
1. Contact with other cultures
2. Respect for the work of
others
3. Advanced education system
4. Desire to progress
5. Heterogeneous population
6. Dissatisfaction with certain
areas of life
7. Open layering system
8. Orientation to the future
Inhibiting Factors for
Socio-Cultural Change
1. Lack of relationship with
other communities
2. Traditional society
3. Low education
4.Strongly entrenched interests
5. Fear of unsteady integration
6. Bad prejudice against foreign
cultural elements
7. Ideological barriers.
Salamat!
Thank you for listening