1.

Example: Smoking and Lung Cancer

 Independent Variable: Smoking status (smoker vs. non-smoker)
 Dependent Variable: Lung cancer incidence
 Confounding Variable: Environmental exposure to carcinogens
 Data Gathering: Medical records, surveys, interviews
2. Example: Exercise and Weight Loss
 Independent Variable: Amount of exercise (measured in hours per
week)
 Dependent Variable: Weight loss
 Confounding Variable: Dietary habits
 Data Gathering: Self-reported exercise logs, weight measurements,
dietary surveys
3. Example: Education Level and Income
 Independent Variable: Education level (e.g., high school, college
degree)
 Dependent Variable: Income
 Confounding Variable: Work experience
 Data Gathering: Census data, income tax records, surveys
4. Example: Alcohol Consumption and Heart Disease
 Independent Variable: Alcohol consumption (measured in drinks per
day)
 Dependent Variable: Incidence of heart disease
 Confounding Variable: Genetics
 Data Gathering: Medical records, genetic testing, surveys
5. Example: Sleep Duration and Productivity
 Independent Variable: Sleep duration (measured in hours per night)
 Dependent Variable: Work productivity
 Confounding Variable: Caffeine consumption
 Data Gathering: Surveys, productivity assessments, sleep tracking
devices
6. Example: Gender and Salary
 Independent Variable: Gender (male vs. female)
 Dependent Variable: Salary
 Confounding Variable: Job type and experience
 Data Gathering: Human resources records, salary surveys, interviews
7. Example: Social Media Use and Mental Health
 Independent Variable: Social media use (measured in hours per day)
 Dependent Variable: Mental health scores
 Confounding Variable: Social support
 Data Gathering: Surveys, mental health assessments, social media logs
8. Example: Environmental Pollution and Respiratory Health
 Independent Variable: Air pollution levels (measured in PM2.5
concentration)
  Dependent Variable: Respiratory health (e.g., lung function)
 Confounding Variable: Smoking status
 Data Gathering: Air quality monitoring, medical tests, surveys
9. Example: Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement
 Independent Variable: Parental involvement (measured by frequency of
parent-teacher meetings)
 Dependent Variable: Academic achievement
 Confounding Variable: Socioeconomic status
 Data Gathering: School records, teacher interviews, parent surveys
10. Example: Age and Technology Adoption
 Independent Variable: Age
 Dependent Variable: Technology adoption rate
 Confounding Variable: Digital literacy
 Data Gathering: Surveys, digital usage logs, interviews
11. Example: Fast Food Consumption and Obesity
 Independent Variable: Fast food consumption (measured in meals per
week)
 Dependent Variable: Obesity
 Confounding Variable: Physical activity level
 Data Gathering: Dietary surveys, health assessments, activity trackers
12. Example: Economic Policies and Unemployment
 Independent Variable: Economic policies (e.g., fiscal stimulus)
 Dependent Variable: Unemployment rate
 Confounding Variable: Business cycles
 Data Gathering: Government economic reports, economic models,
historical data
13. Example: Music Tempo and Customer Spending
 Independent Variable: Music tempo in a retail store
 Dependent Variable: Customer spending
 Confounding Variable: Store layout
 Data Gathering: Store records, customer receipts, observational studies
14. Example: Temperature and Ice Cream Sales
 Independent Variable: Temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit)
 Dependent Variable: Ice cream sales
 Confounding Variable: Season
 Data Gathering: Sales records, weather data, historical sales trends
15. Example: Vaccine Effectiveness and Disease Incidence
 Independent Variable: Vaccine administration
 Dependent Variable: Disease incidence (e.g., flu cases)
 Confounding Variable: Herd immunity
 Data Gathering: Health records, vaccination data, disease surveillance
reports
For sources and data gathering tools for specific research studies on these topics,
you would need to consult academic journals, government reports, and research
databases. Researchers typically employ a combination of surveys, interviews, data
analysis, laboratory experiments, and observational studies, depending on the nature
of the research and the variables involved.