Montecino, Sarah M November 9, 2023

BSN 1C NCM 100

Self-Directed Learning. Research on the Theories of the following Theorist:

1. Rizzo Parse
Who is Rizzo Parse?
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, PhD, RN, FAAN, was born in Pennsylvania in 1938. She was
the founder and editor of Nursing Science Quarterly, is also president of Discovery
International, Inc., and founder of the Institute of Human Becoming. Throughout her career,
Parse has made outstanding contributions to the profession of nursing through her progressive
leadership in nursing theory, research, education and practice. She has explored the ethics of
human dignity; set forth human becoming tenets of human dignity; and developed leading-
following, teaching-learning, mentoring and family models that are used worldwide. She has
published 10 books and more than 100 articles and editorials about matters pertinent to nursing.
These works have been translated into many languages and are used worldwide.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse created the Human Becoming Theory of Nursing, which
guides nurses to focus on quality of life from each person’s own perspective as the goal of
nursing.

What is the Human Becoming Theory of Nursing?

This theory was first published in 1981 as the “Man-living-health” theory, and in 1992
the name was changed to “the Human Becoming Theory.” It was developed as a human
science nursing theory. This theory is a combination of biological, psychological, sociological,
and spiritual factors, and states that a person is a unitary being in continuous interaction with
his or her environment.
The Human Becoming Theory of Nursing is a model that focuses on the quality of life
of the patient and sees the patient not as different aspects of a whole, but as a person. The theory
allows nurses to create a stronger nurse-patient relationship because the nurse is not focused
on “fixing” problems, but is viewing the patient as a whole person living experiences through
his or her environment.
It is centered around three themes: Meaning, Rhythmicity, and Transcendence.
 Meaning - Human Becoming is choosing personal meaning in situations, and a
person’s reality is given meaning through experiences they live in the environment.

 Rhythmicity - Human Becoming is co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating with the

universe, and that a person and the environment co-create in rhythmical patterns.

 Transcendence - Human Becoming refers to reaching beyond the limits a person sets,
and that a person is constantly transforming him or herself.
The Metaparadigm of Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
The Human Becoming Theory of Parse defines the four metaparadigms as follows:
1. Person - the nursing model defines the person as an open being who is more than and
different from the sum of the parts.

2. Environment - the environment is everything in the person and his or her experiences.
And, the environment is inseparable from the person, as well as complementary to and
evolving with the person.

3. Health - the open process of being and becoming, and involves the synthesis of values.

4. Nursing - nursing is described as a human science and art that uses an abstract body of
knowledge to help people

2. Nola Pender
Who is Nola Pender?
On August 16, 1941, Nola Pender was born in Lansing, Michigan, to parents who
advocated education for women. Her first encounter with the nursing profession was when she
was 7 years old and witnessed the care given to her hospitalized aunt by nurses. This situation
led her to the desire to care for other people, and her goal was to help people care for
themselves.
She is a nursing theorist who developed the Health Promotion Model in 1982. She
developed the Health Promotion model, often abbreviated HPM, after seeing professionals
intervening only after patients developed acute or chronic health problems. She became
convinced that patients’ quality of life could be improved by the prevention of problems before
this occurred, and health care dollars could be saved by the promotion of healthy lifestyles.
After researching current models and discovering that most focused on negative motivation,
she developed a model that focused on positive motivation. The first version of the model
appeared in literature in 1982. It was revised in 1996 based on changing theoretical perspectives
and empirical findings.

What is the Health Promotion Model?

According to Nola J. Pender, Health Promotion and Disease Prevention should focus
on health care. When health promotion and prevention fail to anticipate predicaments and
problems, care in illness becomes the subsequent priority.
The Health Promotion Model was designed to be a “complementary counterpart to
models of health protection.” It develops to incorporate behaviors for improving health and
applies across the life span. Its purpose is to help nurses know and understand the major
determinants of health behaviors as a foundation for behavioral counseling to promote well-
being and healthy lifestyles.
The purpose of the model is to assist nurses in understanding the major determinants
of health behaviors as a basis for behavioral counseling to promote healthy lifestyles.
Pender’s theory encourages scholars to look at variables that have been shown to impact
health behavior. It uses research findings from nursing, psychology, and public health into a
model of health behavior. The model can be used as a foundation to structure nursing
protocols and interventions. In practices, nurses should focus on understanding and
addressing the variables most predictive of given health behaviors.

The Metaparadigm of Nola Pender

The Health Promotion Model of Pender defines the four metaparadigms as follows:
1. Person - Pender’s model treats human beings as autonomous and unique creatures. The
theorist focuses on the best concepts and ideas towards improving the health outcomes
of every patient.

2. Environment – every health outcome depends on the stability of the surrounding

environment. The model explains how the environment influences the health
experiences of different patients.

3. Health - health exists within “the context of the issues and concerns affecting different
people”. The model promotes the best health outcomes in every human being.

4. Nursing - Pender’s theory offers numerous strategies towards better nursing practice.
The model explains why “nursing focuses on health support and disease prevention”.
Nola’s model can support the changing needs and health expectations of many patients.

3. Joyce Travelbee
Who is Joyce Travelbee?
Joyce Travelbee was born in 1926 and was a theoretical nurse who published the
Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing with a particular focus on psychiatric nursing. Her career
dealt predominantly with psychiatric nursing and education. She died when she was 47 years
old, from an illness, while her theory was not yet fully developed.
However, her studies made great contributions to the field of nursing, promoting
improvements between the interpersonal relationships of the nurse and the patient; She
believed that patients were seen as objects of care and not as humans, and that this was a main
point that should be changed to offer timely help.
Travelbee developed the Human-to-Human Relationship Model of Nursing. The
theory was presented in her book, Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing, which was published in
1961.
What is the Human-to-Human Relationship Model of Nursing?
The influence of existentialism and philosophy is seen in the development of this
theory; Man is faced with adversity and each person is responsible for the decisions he makes
in the face of these.
Each of these concepts is defined by Travelbee to help nurses understand the model.
The main concepts of this nursing theory are Nursing, Suffering, Hope, Health, Human
Being, and etc.
 Nursing - the goal should be to help the patient find meaning in suffering and continue
to have hope. This will promote a positive attitude that will influence one’s mood and
their perception of the disease.

 Suffering - ranges from a feeling of unease to extreme torture, and varies in intensity,
duration, and depth.

 Hope - faith that can and will bring change that will bring something better with it.

 Health - can be objective or subjective. The objective has to do with the absence of
disease, while the subjective is a state of well-being based on a self-examination of the
physical, emotional and spiritual state.

 Human Being - should be treated as a person and not as an object of attention.

Therefore, the development of interpersonal relationships with the patient will give rise
to empathy and dignified treatment and real help, regardless of the final result.

The Metaparadigm of Joyce Travelbee

The Human-to-Human Relationship Model of Travelbee defines the four
metaparadigms as follows:
1. Person - nurse as well as patient, family, or community under the umbrella of illness is
human. A person is a contingent being to whom things happen which are beyond his
control.

2. Environment - the nurse must be observant of the patient in the place where the patient
is present in order to ascertain that the patient is in need.

3. Health - is defined as being both subjective and objective. Human beings perceive and
relate their own sense of health and illness. To be human is to experience illness. A
basic assumption is that illness and suffering are spiritual encounters as well as
emotional-physical experiences.

4. Nursing - to establish a human-to-human relationship. A relationship is established

only when each participant perceives the other as a unique human being. It is within the
paradigm of nursing that the nurse/human facilitates the individual, family, or
community to prevent or cope with illness and suffering.
 4. Patricia Benner
Who is Patricia Benner?
Dr. Benner is a nursing theorist who was born May 10, 1955 in Hampton, Virginia. She
is internationally known as a highly acclaimed author, researcher and lecturer on health and
ethics. Her work has brought great influence to clinical practice and ethics.
In the late 1960s, Benner worked in the nursing field. Dr. Patricia Benner first
developed a model for the stages of clinical competence in her classic book “From Novice to
Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice” which is the Skill Acquisition in
Nursing or the "From Novice to Expert Model”. Her model is one of the most useful
frameworks for assessing nurse’s needs at different stages of professional growth. This theory
explains that nurses develop skills and understand patient care from experience, over time,
through proper education and from a variety of experiences.

What is the From Novice to Expert Model?

Dr. Benner's theory is significant because it shows that these levels of learning, from
novice to expert, reflect a movement from past, abstract concepts to past, concrete experiences.
Each step builds from the previous one. The nurse gains clinical experience as these abstract
principles are expanded over time. Dr. Benner's theory focuses on how nurses acquire nursing
knowledge, and not on how to be a nurse
The theory identifies five levels of nursing experience: Novice, Advanced Beginner,
Competent, Proficient, and Expert.
1. Novice - is a beginner with no experience. They are taught general rules to help perform
tasks, and their rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible. In other words, they
are told what to do and simply follow instruction.

2. Advanced Beginner - shows acceptable performance, and has gained prior experience
in actual nursing situations.

3. Competent - these nurses are more aware of long-term goals, and they gain perspective
from planning their own actions, which helps them achieve greater efficiency and
organization.

4. Proficient - nurse perceives and understands situations as whole parts. He or she has a
more holistic understanding of nursing, which improves decision-making. These nurses
learn from experiences what to expect in certain situations, as well as how to modify
plans as needed.

5. Expert - nurses no longer rely on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect situations

and determine actions. They have a deeper background of experience and an intuitive
grasp of clinical situations. Their performances are fluid, flexible, and highly-
proficient.
The Metaparadigm of Patricia Benner
The From Novice to Expert Model of Benner defines the four metaparadigms as
follows:
1. Person - a patient with the ability to learn and build self-knowledge. Thus, it is the
responsibility of the individual to ensure safety while receiving health care
interventions.

2. Environment - physical surroundings that facilitate personal development. Thus,

social, physical, and developmental component best describes the environment. As a
result, social and physical elements of the environment influence the quality of health
care delivery.

3. Health - intervention and practice is associated with the quality of service delivery.
Nursing theorist revealed that patients could develop their psychomotor skills to
improve safety and wellbeing. As a result, nurses provide health interventions and
practices to improve the patient’s health status.

4. Nursing - correlates self-care, theory, and deficit to ensure quality health practice.
Nursing theorist believes that a nurse is the agent of change, thus nursing practice and
interventions can improve patient’s safety.

References:
 Petiprin, A. (2016). Rosemarie Rizzo Parse - Nursing Theory. Retrieved from Nursing
Theory website: https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Rosemarie-Rizzo-
Parse.php
 Current Nursing. (2020, April 12). Human Becoming Theory - Rosemarie Rizzo
Parse. Retrieved from currentnursing.com website:
https://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Rosemary_Pars_Human_Becoming_Theor
y.html
 Gonzalo, A. (2019). Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model (Nursing Theory Guide).
Retrieved from Nurseslabs website: https://nurseslabs.com/nola-pender-health-
promotion-model/
 Petiprin, A. (2020). Nola Pender. Retrieved from Nursing Theory website:
https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Nola-Pender.php
 Joyce Travelbee: biography, theory and other contributions - science - 2023. (n.d.).
Retrieved from warbletoncouncil website: https://warbletoncouncil.org/joyce-
travelbee-16907
 Petiprin, A. (2016). Joyce Travelbee - Nursing Theory. Retrieved from Nursing
Theory website: https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Joyce-Travelbee.php
 Patricia Benner - Nursing Theorist. (2009). Retrieved from Whyiwanttobeanurse.org
website: http://www.whyiwanttobeanurse.org/nursing-theorists/patricia-benner.php
 Dr. Patricia Benner. (n.d.). Retrieved from Nursing Theory website: https://nursing-
theory.org/nursing-theorists/Patricia-
Benner.php#:~:text=The%20theory%20identifies%20five%20levels