Oen751 Green Building Design Important Question

RENGANAYAGI VARATHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SIVAKASI
OEN751
GREEN BUILDIDNG DESIGN
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
ANNAUNIVERSITY
2017 REGULATION
VII TH SEMESTER
(CIVIL, ECE, MECH,CSE)
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (CIVIL)
RVCE, SIVAKASI Page 1
OEN751-GREEN BUILDING DESIGN

UNIT-I PART –B
QUESTION & ANSWER
1.What is green building and their benefits?
What is Green Building
Also known as green construction or sustainable building, Green Building

is a concept of constructing high-performance structures that has no
negative impacts on the environment throughout the project’s life-cycle
including planning, designing, construction, performance, maintenance,
restoration, and bulldozing. Energy use, water usage, indoor environment,
occupants’ lifestyle quality, and material selection are a few among many
other things to be considered critical when constructing a green habitat to
promote a healthy and non-spoiled environment in and around the
building.
Importance of Green Building
Because of the rising need for development and growth of our

communities, we cast a vastly negative impact on nature and our
surroundings by consuming and slumping most of our natural resources. In
the future, we have to finger out some way to meet our needs with social
and economic resources. Green Building is a great initiative to come into
practice, and here’s why:
Environmental Benefits
• Protect and enhance the biodiversity and ecological system.
• Reduces the wastage of water and energy.
• Improves air and water quality and promotes a healthy lifestyle.
• Preserve and maintain the existing environment and promotes a
psychologically-optimized environment.
Economic Benefits
• Lower construction cost and higher property value.
• Improves occupants’ health and overall productivity.
• Saves utility and other household bills by efficient use of water and
energy.
• Best for growing and marketing green products.
Social Benefits
• Easy and affordable go-green opportunities for existing homes.
• Enhance indoor air quality.
• Minimize strain on local infrastructure
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EXTRA
• Reduction of natural resource consumption

• Reduction of operating costs
• Health, comfort and safety for all residents
• Energy optimization and reduction of energy consumption
• Increased productivity of the occupants
• Reduced carbon emissions, energy and waste
• Conservation of water
• Prioritization of safer materials
• Lowering our exposure to toxins
• Superior air quality
• Abundant natural light
• Access to views
Noise control which benefits building occupants, making these buildings
better places to work or live.
2. What are the major types of LCA? Explain them in detail.
Define LCA,
The Life Cycle Assessment, or LCA, is a measurement of a product's

impact throughout its life cycle. While initially an energy analysis, this tool
has evolved to cover the environmental and social impact of products.1
Early research on the LCA began in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
These studies looked at energy requirements amidst growing concern for
resource and energy efficiency, pollution control, and waste. In the 90s,
scientists around the world began coordinating activities surrounding these
concerns. This resulted in complementary methods and procedures from
both the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These programs
made way for the LCA to be adopted into modern policy and legislation, not
just within individual companies but across the world.1
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A Product's Life Cycle
There are several ways to measure the life cycle of a product. The
most basic of assessments will account for energy input and output and
environmental impact at each stage. The LCA begins with the extraction of
its raw materials and ends with a product's disposal or reuse. In general, a
product's life cycle can be broken down into four main parts: raw material
extraction, production, use, and end of life.
Raw Material Extraction
Where raw materials are coming from and how they are extracted
largely contribute to the state of a product's life cycle. This part in the cycle
includes the collection, creation, or acquisition of materials from the
environment or other means.2 Whether it is a crop, minerals, or fossil fuels,
this would entail the resources and energy required to grow and harvest it or
extract it from the earth. Also included would be the impact on the
surrounding ecosystems.
Production
This stage is a multi-step process, which includes the processing of the

raw materials, manufacturing and assembly of the product, packaging, and
transportation.3 When an assessment is ended at this point, it's called
cradle-to-gate—a method more common in business to business
assessments, where the use phase is bypassed completely.4
Consumer Use
How a consumer will use the product can be an important determinant

in the life cycle. Though it is believed that this phase is the most important
in terms of impact, consumer behavior has been one of the least studied
areas within the general field of life cycle analysis.5 For instance, more water
will be used during the time a consumer has a shirt than the water used to
produce the shirt. This lends to the argument that this portion of a product's
life cycle is a significant element of the assessment.
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End of Life
The end-of-life stage of the assessment is important when

acknowledging the effects of waste on human health and the
environment.6 The focus on the end-of-life stage is also responsible for
assessments such as cradle-to-grave and cradle-to-cradle. Cradle-to-grave
indicates an object that is made and then disposed of when no longer used.
It is this method that creates waste. In a cradle-to-cradle model, the product
is able to be reused in some fashion eliminating waste. While cradle-to-
cradle models aren't typical of the LCA, it's being considered more as
sustainability is becoming increasingly integrated with the assessment.7
The Phases of Life Cycle Assesment
There are four phases or steps of the LCA: goal and scope; inventory
analysis of extractions and emissions; life cycle impact assessment; and
interpretation. Each of these phases is part of a standard created by ISO to
provide a strategic method to assess the life cycle.
Goal and Scope
Though it can be modified based on subsequent data, the goal and scope
phase is considered particularly important as it defines the exact approach
taken in the assessment.8 Procedures for this phase are loosely defined by
the ISO to allow for variability. A few things to consider in this phase are
performance, aesthetics, and the cost of the product. Together, these make
up the functional unit.9 Also assessed would be system boundaries, exclusion
of life cycle stages or inputs, and the selection of impact indicators and
characterization factors.
Inventory Analysis
This is the phase where input/output data with regard to the system or
product is gathered. This will included the necessary information to meet the
goals defined in the goal and scope phase. This has been spouted as the
most straight forward portion of the LCA.10 It is also one of the more time
consuming. Because of this, a number of databases have been developed to
provided resources to compile the needed data. One example, the U.S. Life
Cycle Inventory (USLCI) Database, provides "individual gate-to-gate, cradle-
to-gate, and cradle-to-grave accounting of the energy and material flows
into and out of the environment that are associated with producing a
material, component, or assembly in the U.S."11
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Impact Assessment
The Impact Assessment of the LCA adds to the data collected in the
inventory analysis to better assess the possible environmental impact of a
product. This step will involve choosing relevant impact categories, putting
data from the LCI into the categories, and modeling these impacts. In
addition, some studies may want to sort, rank, and weight the specific
categories, though generally only the first steps are done.
Interpretation
The last phase of the assessment is meant to use all gathered information to
evaluate the accuracy of the data collected and whether or not the study's
goals were met.12 The stated outcome should reflect the conclusions and
limitations of the study as well as present relevant recommendations. The
interpretation should project confidence in the study and relate results in a
manner that is thorough and objective.
Impact on Sustainability
The LCA can be and has been used successfully in multiple industries. A
Brazilian cosmetics manufacturer, for example, measured and managed the
environmental impacts of its product using the LCA.13 Within the agri-food
sector, the tool is used to determine the environmental footprint of various
crops. It has also been used to assess the main contributions to the carbon
footprint of a wool sweater.14
Still, the LCA has its critics.15 One criticism is that it often doesn't account
for human behavior, and there are multiple ways to assess it.16 However, it
has been instrumental in creating environmental protection policy that could
extend to the implementation of sustainability standards. With the proposal
of the Social and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (SECLA) in 1996 and
other agencies eagerly embracing a blended standard called the Life Cycle .
3. Explain the types of building materials used in construction.
What Are Building Materials?
Building materials are substances or products used in the construction of

buildings, structures, and infrastructure. They are essential for creating a
solid, functional, and durable foundation for any construction project. There
are various types of building materials available, including:
PREPARED BY
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1. Mud and Clay
Mud is defined as the mixture of soil, loam, silt, or clay with water. It
generally naturally forms after the rainfall near the river or water sources.
After some time the mud hardens and makes a mudstone.
As a building material mud is a semi-fluid material that can be used to coat,

seal, and adhere materials. Mud is referred to by many different names for
its different components like slurry, mortar, plaster, stucco, and concrete.
Generally, a mixture of subsoil and water with the addition of stone, gravel,
straw, lime, and bitumen is usually used to build walls, floors, and even
roofs.
In the past, mud is usually used to plaster the building wall, construct
building walls, and use to make mud bricks.
A mud mixture with some binder like bitumen or cement is called stabilized
mud. It is also known as the mud create, concrete, and soil cement.
Applications:
• Mud bricks
• Mud plaster
• Mud mortar
• Mud concrete
PREPARED BY
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2. Clay Bricks and Blocks Types of Building Materials
The mud bricks are known as Clay bricks. It is also called adobe.
Clay Bricks
The mud or clay is a mixture of water placed into the molds and then
allowed to dry in the open air. As a binder straw is sometimes within the
bricks, it makes them a composite, if the straw is not used the bricks are
easy to break, due to the straw the bricks have redistributed the force
throughout the bricks and reduced the chances of breakage.
The building that uses this type of brick is generally protected from
groundwater.
Applications:
• Mud or clay bricks are commonly used to build homes or other

necessary structures.
3. Sand
Sand is a generally granular material composed of finely divided rock and

mineral particles. It is also defined based on its size, being finer than gravel
and coarser than silt. It is one of the essential types of building materials.
PREPARED BY
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Construction Sand
The most common content of the sand is silica (sio2). It is usually in the
form of quartz. The second most common content is calcium carbonate.
Sand is a NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE, usually, and is used to make

concrete in demand nowadays.
Sources:
• River sand
• Desert sand
• Beach sand
• Marine or ocean sand
Applications:
1. Bricks
2. Concrete
3. Mortar
4. Paint
5. To protect against floods sandbags are used.
6. It is also used as an abrasive in cleaning, preparing, and polishing.
4. Aggregates
Aggregates are the most commonly used material in construction. Also,

aggregates are the most mining material in the world.
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Aggregate is the main component of composite materials such as concrete

and asphalt concrete. It gives strength to the overall composite material.
The aggregates have a high hydraulic conductivity value compared to the

soil. So it is widely used in drainage applications such as foundations, septic
drain fields, retaining wall drains, and roadside drainage.
The aggregates are commonly used for a stable foundation or a road/rail

base because they have uniform properties or a low-cost extender that binds
with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.
Generally, aggregates are classified into 2 types:-
Coarse aggregates:- >4.75 mm
Fine aggregates:- <4.75 mm
Sources:
• Stone Quarry
Application:
• Concrete:-
• Asphalt concrete
• Cement Concrete
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• Road and Rail base foundation

• Retaining wall drainage
• Roadside drainage
5. Stone or Rock
Rock is a naturally available material. It is used in construction at different

places. The stone or rock which is been used in construction is hard, durable,
tough, and free from the weathered soft patches of materials, cracks, and
other defects which reduce the strength and durability of a rock.
The rocks or stone used for construction has various different application
based on their properties.
Some different types of rock or stone are listed below:-
• Ballast
• Granite
• Sandstone
• Slate
• Laterite
• Limestone
• Marble
Sources:
• Stone Quarry
Application:
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Ballast
• Road construction
• Concrete
• Rubble masonry
• Bridge piers
• Retaining walls
• Dams
• Base for rails
Granite
• Bridges and dams

• Retaining walls
• Curbs and stone columns
• As a kitchen platform
• Riser and trade-in staircase
• Flooring
• Door and windows framing
Marble
Ornamental works like columns, flooring, and steps.
6. Thatch
With the help of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge, rushes,
heather, or palm branches roof of the building is crafted is known as the
thatching.
Due to thatching, the shaded water does not come to the inner roof. Due to
densely packed vegetation being used for the thatching, it works as
insulation also.
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Thatch
This is a very old method that we have used for roofing. In developing
countries, thatch is used nowadays because low-cost dry vegetation is used.
In developed countries, they use thatch for the elevation purpose or to give
the rustic look to their house.
The serviceability of the thatching depends on the roof shape and design,
the pitch of the roof, the position of the roof, the quality of material used for
the thatching, and the skill of the thatcher.
Thatch is a natural water resistance if properly maintained it does not absorb

the water. On the roof, the slope is made up to 50* so the water is not
penetrate it and quickly drains off.
Thatch had one property insulation. With the help of the straw, the roof
gives a good performance in both the cold and warm seasons. It is also good
resistant the wind damage.
Application:
Thatch is usually used as a roofing material with properties like good

isolation, good water resistance, and good wind resistance.
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7. Wood and Timber
Wood
• Timber is the one type of wood that is been used for construction or
carpentry purposes.
• Timber is a material which is been used for thousand of years.
• Wood has unique characteristics in that it builds a variety of
structures.
• Wood is a naturally available material.
• Wood is a good isolation material.
• Wood is fabricated in all kinds of shapes and sizes.
• 30% of the total construction work timber is used.
• Timber provided good strength, toughness, durability
Application of Timber
• Formwork
• Door/window frame and shutters
• Cabinets
• Cupboard
• Tables and railings
• Furniture of house
• On-wall as isolation material
• Flooring
• Construction of earthquake-proof buildings
Read More: 35 + Types Of Wood With Pictures & Use
PREPARED BY
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8. Fired Brick and Clay Blocks
• Generally, Fired bricks are made from fire clay and are used for high-
temperature construction like kilns, and lining furnaces.
• Fired bricks are manufactured similarly to normal bricks but in a
burning process fired bricks are exposed to very high temperatures.
• Fired bricks weigh about 30 to 35 N.
• The compressive strength of 200 to 220 kg/cm2.
• Water absorption varies from 5 to 10%
• Fires bricks have good chemical resistance properties.
Fire Bricks
Mainly there are 3 types of fired bricks:-
1. Acidic fire bricks

• Basic fire bricks
• Neutral fire bricks
Applications
• The inner surface of kilns, furnaces, and chimneys.

• Fire resistance structure
• The lining of wood-fired ovens.
Read More: AAC Block – Manufacturing And Comparison With Red Clay
Brick
9. Cement
Cement is a fine powder material, which is been used as a binder for the
substance and set and hardens or binds the other and adheres to other
materials together. It is old and extensively used and the oldest type of
building material.
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Generally, cement is used to bind sand and aggregates together.
In construction, cement is used for many purposes:-
• Cement + sand = Mortar (used for the plastering or brickwork)

• Cement + sand + aggregates = Concrete (used for slab, columns,
footing, beam)
• Cement slurry (for tile works)
• Cement paste (for repairing purposes)
Good cement has the following physical properties
• Fineness
• Soundness
• Consistency
• Strength
• Setting time
• Heat of hydration
• Loss of ignition
• Bulk density
• Specific gravity
Cement is in the form of powder when it is mixed with water it is set to a
hard mass. The setting and the hardening result are based on hydration,
which is a chemical combination of cement and water.
There are many types of cement available in the market. All cement has its
own properties and own uses. Generally for building construction, Portland
cement is used.
Following are the types of cement:
• Repair hardening cement

• Low heat cement
• Sulfate resisting cement
• High alumina cement
• Blast furnace slag cement
• Colored cement
• Pozzolana cement
• Air entraining cement
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• Expansive cement
• White cement
Application:-
• Cement concrete for the footing, beams, columns, slab, lintels, etc.
• Cement mortar for brickwork and plastering.
• Cement is used for making joints of drains and pipes.
• For watertight structures
• Cement is used for precast structures like pipes, and piles.
• Cement is used for important structures like bridges, pipe culverts,
dams, and tunnels.
• Cement is used for RCC roads.
Read More: Which Is Best Cement For House Construction
10. Fabric
In civil engineering, the use of fabric in many places, but nowadays fabric is
used for a fabric structure that provides end users with a variety of aesthetic
free-form building designs.
• Fabric structures are flame retardant, weather-resistant, and natural

forces requirements.
• The fabric structure is one type of tensile structure.
In the fabric structure, the fabric used is coated and laminated with
synthetic materials for increased strength, durability, and environmental
resistance.
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The fabric used for the structure is following below:-
• Polyesters
• Polyvinyl chloride
• Woven fiberglass coated with polytetrafluoroethylene.
The fabric has the following strength:
• Tensile strength
• Tear strength
• Adhesion strength
• Flame retardancy
Fabric structures are used in a traditional building in certain scenarios. No
lighting is required because the fabric is translucent, which makes it an
energy-efficient solution.
For determining a material’s suitability for the structure consider the

following things:-
• Shading coefficients
• General solar, optical, and thermal performance data
• Acoustical data
• Colorfastness’
• Cleanability
Application:-
• Awnings, tents, and low tension frames structure

• Walkways and tent halls and smaller air-supported structures
• Stadium domes
11. Foam
Nowadays, synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam is used in

combination with structural materials like concrete.
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Foam Insulation
• Foam is a lightweight material.

• Foam is easily shaped in any form.
• Foam is a good insulator material.
• Foam is used in the house as an insulator sandwiched between wood
or cement or insulating concrete foam.
Types of Foam
• Rigid foam
• Spray foam
The spray foam is a chemical reaction product between the two materials
isocyanate and Polynesian.
The reaction between these two materials expands 30 – 60 times its liquid
volume after it is sprayed in place.
Expansion of the foam is generally used in the packing material which to

shape the product being packaged and produces a high thermal insulating
value with virtually no air infiltration.
The following are 3 thermal properties of foam Block:-
• Conductive heat transfer

• Radiant heat transfer
• Convective heat transfer
Applications:
1. Packaging application
PREPARED BY
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This type of foam is a good packing material that is used in shipping

valuable fragile items and also for the protect sculptures, vases, large
fossils, lamp bases, busts, computers, or furniture.
2. Building application
Spray foam insulation or spray polyurethane foam:- it is used as an insulator

material in houses or buildings.
12. Glass
Glass is a product that is been made with a mixture of sand and silicates, in
a very hot fire stove called a kiln and is very brittle. It is one of the widely
used types of building materials.
Glass is generally used in the windows to cover the panel of the window with
the ability to both let light into the room while at the same time keeping
inclement weather outside.
Glass is nowadays used for architectural purposes in the building or the

elevation of modern buildings.
The curtains walls made from glass are used to cover the entire façade of
the building or also use for the span over a wide roof structure in the space
frame.
The new invention of GLASS BRICK is used in a building for elevation

purposes.
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Following are the types of glass which are used in construction
1. Float glass
2. Tinted glass
3. Toughened glass
4. Laminated glass
5. Shatterproof glass
6. Extra clean glass
7. Double glazed glass
8. Chromatic glass
9. Glass wool
10. Glass blocks
Applications of Glass in Construction:
• Float glass is used as shop fronts, glass blocks, and railing partitions.
• Laminated glasses are used in glass facades, bridges, staircases, floor
slabs, etc.
• Shatterproof glass is used in skylights, windows, and flooring.
• Extra clean glass is used for elevation purposes.
• The double-glazed glass is used for insulation purposes.
• Chromatic glass is used in meeting rooms and ICUs.
• Glass wool is used as a filler or insulator in buildings, it is also used as
a soundproof.
13. Gypcrete
As a new building material, gypcrete or gypsum concrete is a mixture of

gypsum plaster and fiberglass roving.
It is used as a floor underpayment.
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Gypcrete is generally used in the building in a wood frame and concrete

construction with properties of fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating,
and floor leveling.
Architects and designers have suggested gypcrete as a flooring material

nowadays because it has many more good properties and benefits than
other building materials.
Some benefits of the gypcrete are listed below:-
1. Lightweight
2. Easy to install
3. Affordable
4. Partially fire resistant
Applications:
• Flooring
• Ceilings
• Rapid wall
14. Metal and Steel
Metal or steel is the second most common building material after concrete.
It is one of the most useful and strong types of building materials.
There are many types of metals are present in the market. Following is the
list of metals:-
1. Iron
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2. Cast iron
3. Steel
4. Stainless steel
5. Wrought iron
6. Aluminum
7. Bronze
8. Brass
9. Lead
Steel Roof Shed
The in construction field steel is a commonly used material. The primary

purpose of the steel is to form a skeleton for the building or structure
essentially the part of the structure that holds everything up and together.
There are many advantages of steel-like malleability, ductility, elasticity,

hardness, brittleness, and conductivity.
Steel is also used as a reinforcement in the concrete. it gives the tensile

strength to the component. Concrete is poor in tensile strength so steel
reinforcement is used.
There are 2 types of steel used in construction:-

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1. Structural steel (mild steel)

2. High-yielding strength Deformed steel
Structural steel is generally used in the construction of steel structures like
roofing trusses, skyscrapers, industrial buildings, cold storage, etc.
HYSD steel is used generally to make a bar, which is been used in structural
members like beams, columns, footings, etc.
Applications of Steel In Construction:
• Concrete Reinforcement
• Pipe fittings, manhole covers
• Floor and wall brackets for railings
• Circular stairs
• Door window Grills
• Ceiling frame or wall framing
• Roofing and accessories
• High strength bolts
• Cables for elevators
• Wall tiles
• Kitchen platforms
• Stair
15. Plastic
Today the use of plastic is more than the other material. Plastic is very light
in weight and easier for work and maintenance. It is an important type of
building material.
There are many different types of plastics available on the market they all
are their own properties and own uses.
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Plastic Pipes
• The following are the properties of the plastic

• Appearance
• Chemical resistance
• Dimensional stability
• Ductility
• Durability
• Electric insulation
• Finishing
• Fire resistance
• Fixing
• Humidity
• Maintenance
• Melting point
• Recycling
• Strength
• Thermal properties
Applications of Plastic:
• Façade panels, exterior covering, carpentry

• Weather boarding
• Windows
• Rolling shutters
• Wall lining
• Floor covering
• Roof covering
• Roof tightness
• Sanitary equipment
• Insulation
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4. Draw the components of embodied energy of a building and

explain.
5. Explain the environmental life cycle of building
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The extraction of raw materials
The first stage of the life cycle of a building is the extraction of raw
materials. Raw materials includes iron ore, limestone, bauxite, copper,
timber, petroleum, amongst others, which are naturally embedded in
the earth. These resources become processed using technologies into
more useful forms to be used as building or construction materials
such as steel, cement, aluminum and plastic. The extraction of natural
resources represents a large impact on scarcity of non-renewable
resources, while at the same time consumes other resources such as
water, electricity or fuel, and also includes dumping water in the
water, air and soil [11]. The continuation of the extraction of these
resources will eventually lead to their depletion, unless alternative
solutions for meeting our resource demand are found. Carpenter [7],
argues that more people and their demand for greater material
advantage use more resources than nature can continue to supply.
The extraction of raw materials does not only result in resource
depletion but also involves the consumption of large quantities of
energy and water, as well as the release of emissions and pollutants.
Mining operations rely on fossil fuel based energy to power equipment
and machinery and also operate the transport equipment and
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infrastructure necessary to transport raw materials to their place of

processing or use. The use of the fossil fuel result in large contribution
towards the greenhouse gases emissions and release of other
pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, into the atmosphere. The
environmental impact of mining continues long after the mining
process has taken place, resulting in situations such as the acid rains.
As well mining activities results in land that becomes obsolete. These
after effects contaminate the surrounding environments, including
local water supplies, with unnaturally high concentrations of chemicals
and minerals. Many mining operations use chemicals to assist in the
separation of valuable ores from the waste materials and these
chemicals remain as residues in the tailings materials for many years.
Other impacts of the mining process include erosion and a loss of
biodiversity, particularly where large residual of land are cleared for
open cut or in harvesting timber from forest.
Manufacturing In the manufacturing stage,
natural resources are converted to basic building or construction

materials such as steel, plastic, and according to Crawford [2] the
conversion processes to produce these materials are mostly complex.
Due to the complexity of the extraction and conversion processes,
large amount of energy, which is mostly fossil fuel-based is consumed
and therefore large quantities of pollutants released into the air.
According to Gibberd [15], the embodied energy of materials is
estimated to account for between 15% and 60% of a building’s life
cycle energy consumption. Materials production industries have been
attribute to be one of the largest fuel consumption economy [14]. For
instance, Muigai et al [16], reported that on average, 39.7 Mt of raw
materials are consumed per year and 4.92 x 10^9kg CO2 emissions
are emitted per year to produce cement and aggregates for concrete
production in South Africa alone. In addition, carbon emissions from
the cement industry are estimated to produce 5% of global carbon
emissions [15]. Approximately 50% of all materials extracted from the
earth’s crust are manufactured into construction materials and
products [14]. In addition, processing of raw materials can generate a
large quantity of waste and as well contaminate the surrounding
environment, and according to Koroneos and Dompros [14] the waste
generated during construction materials and products production
accounts for 50% of the waste stream before recovery. Moreover, the
manufacturing stage includes transportation of by-products to
consumers and in light of the construction stage of a building, which
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includes transportation from manufacturers to site, meaning that more

fossil fuel energy is consumed and thus more greenhouse gases
emitted into the atmosphere. For the purposes of the construction of
building, the manufacturing stage may involve further material
processing, for example; sawing of timber into appropriate shapes and
sizes required, and/or turning basic steel in roll form into corrugated
roof sheeting products [2]. This further processing of materials may
have even more impacts on the environment. This is due to that
industrial processing mostly requires a large amount of water and
energy which is mostly fossil fuelbased releasing more greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere.
Construction
Construction is fitting parts or materials together to form something,

that is, a built structure [7]. Construction is used interchangeably with
civil engineering and they are the basis for developments in order to
make better the lives of people. Construction is the phase of a
structure development that follows design and according to Carpenter
[7], design is supposed to take into consideration the practicalities of
construction even though it is clear that construction may involve a
considerable form of skills. The construction stage of buildings is one
of the longest stages, mostly of buildings of multi-storeys; and it is
during this stage that large quantities of materials are consumed.
Therefore, basically construction in its broadest sense, is responsible
for the built environment [7]. According to Ampofo-Anti [4], key
environmental impacts associated with material usage include:
depletion of natural resources and releases of solid and liquid wastes
and toxic emissions to air are barely addressed, whilst energy and
water conservation are prioritised on the green agenda. Hence, OECD
[8] informs that the construction sector is estimated to account for
between one-third and one-half of the commodity flow worldwide.
Khasreen et al [6] also informs that the building construction industry
consumes 40% of the materials entering the global economy and
generates 40- 50% of the global output of GHG emissions and the
agents of acid rain. During this stage, wrong choices of material
specifications, suppliers and constructive technologies, as well as
management failures result in waste of materials and handmade and
accordingly, in environmental damages and financial losses [11]. In
addition, Crawford [2], informs that on-site construction process
require energy, usually in the form of electricity, to power electrical
tools and operate machinery and other equipment. Furthermore,
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Beaumont [3] argues that almost all construction activities have an

environmental impact on land resources, both directly, as social and
economic consequences of their implementation. Environmental
considerations in construction are inseparably linked with land
resource issues. Construction thus have significant undesirable impacts
on land resources, both physically and, through changed or induced
land use and associated livelihood, in socioeconomic context. Another
source of environmental impacts during the construction stage is the
transportation of materials. The transportation of building materials
and components to the construction site is generally done by heavy
trucks which require fossil fuels to operate. Moreover, the construction
stage is associated with large consumption of water for activities such
as concrete curing, dust suppression, and for cleaning purposes.
Furthermore, the construction stage is also known for its huge
generation of waste materials which is mostly sent to landfills. These
waste materials contaminate soil and/or water where they are
dumped. Some waste materials from the construction activities are
incinerated, and the incineration process is one of the contributors to
greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2. According to DEA [17], in
South Africa, construction and demolition wastes represents 20% of
total municipal waste. In addition, Khasreen et al [6] informs that the
construction sector is responsible for a high percentage of the
environmental impacts produced by the developed countries.
Operation and maintenance
Operation and use The operation stage of buildings is most probably

the longest because some buildings have a life span of over 50 years.
Water and energy are required for users and equipment’s such as
Heat-Ventilation-Air Conditioning (HVAC), power lighting systems and
electricity and telecommunications networks amongst others.
Generally, the energy that is used is provided from fossil-fuel-based
sources most times. In South Africa, coal is the major indigenous
energy resource and it is relied upon for the generation of most of the
country’s electricity and a significant proportion of its liquid fuels.
Other sources of primary energy are; crude oil, gas, hydro, nuclear,
petroleum products, and renewables and waste. Buildings also require
basic essential services such as pipelines for the provision of water and
disposal of sewage waste etc. According to DEAT [12] the three stages
of buildings namely construction, operations and deconstruction use
approximately 15 % of the world’s fresh water resources; 40 % of the
world’s energy; and produce approximately 23-40 % of the world’s
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greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, OECD [8] informs that the

operation of buildings alone, worldwide; accounts for around 25-40 %
of total final energy consumption. The total environmental impacts of a
building during its operation stage can be of the same order of
magnitude as those generated during its whole life cycle [6].
Maintenance and repair Maintenance, refurbishments can take place
two times before the building is demolished. Large quantities of solid
waste is generated during maintenance and refurbishments, and as
well large quantities of natural resources are again consumed for new
materials and thereby all the prior stages to maintenance are repeated
creating even more impacts on the environment.
Demolition
The fifth stage of the buildings life cycle is the demolition stage.
Demolition is the process of dismantling the structure, separating the
components for the purpose of removing the whole building from
existing. Demolition of buildings is necessary because like every other
products, buildings have finite lives. In addition, due to societal
considerations such as safety, health; infrastructure developments;
and as well as technical advancements, buildings have to be
demolished in order to make room for more useful ones that will meet
the current needs and expectations of the relevant users. Demolition
of large structures such as buildings create large quantities of solid
waste and this lead to the very last stage where the solid waste has to
be dealt with. For example, either the waste is going for incineration,
the process during which large emissions of greenhouse gases are
released affecting the air quality; or recycling, or waste generated is
dumped in landfills where it becomes obsolete. Other environmental
impacts associated with the demolition of a building is the release of
greenhouse gas emissions through burning fossil fuel used for the
demolition machinery as well as the transportation of waste to
landfills, or materials to recovery sites [2]. Disposed materials may
decompose and leach into the ground, potentially resulting in
eutrophication of the surrounding environment. When organic
materials such as timber decompose they may release CO2 (carbon
dioxide) and CH4 (methane) into the soil and the atmosphere.
Recycling and re-use
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Some components or materials can be reused directly from after

being dismantled (such as windows, doors…). While the recovery and
reuse of existing materials may be avoided or reduce some of the
impacts of using new materials, the reuse of these materials is not
without certain impacts of its own [2]. Some of these materials may
for example, require to be re-painted and therefore they will impact
the environment through paint. For materials that require re-
processing, fuel will be required for transportation, energy and other
resources to make up the new products and thus there is going to be
environmental impacts involved in the re-processing.
6. State the principles of PAS2050.
This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS) specifi es requirements

for the assessment of the life cycle GHG emissions of goods and services
(collectively referred to as “products”) based on key life cycle assessment
techniques and principles. This PAS is applicable to organizations assessing
the GHG emissions of products across their life cycle, and to organizations
assessing the cradle-to-gate GHG emissions of products
Principles Organizations claiming that an assessment conforms to this

PAS shall ensure that the assessment of the life cycle GHG emissions of a
product is complete and applies only to the product for which the
assessment is conducted. They shall be able to demonstrate that the
following principles have been adhered to when carrying out the
assessment:
a) Relevance:
GHG emissi ons and removals data and methods appropriate to the
assessment of the GHG emissions arising from specifi c products have been
selected.
b) Completeness:
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all product life cycle GHG emissions and removals arising within the system
and temporal boundaries for a specifi ed product which provide a material
contribution to the assessment of GHG emissions arising from that product
have been included.
c) Consistency:
assumptions, methods and data have been applied in the same way
throughout the quantifi cation and support reproducible, comparable
outcomes.
d) Accuracy:
bias and uncertainty have been reduced as far as practical.
e) Transparency:
where t he results of life cycle GHG emissions assessment carried out in

accordance with this PAS are to be disclosed to a third party, GHG
emissions-related information is made available that is suffi cient to support
disclosure and allow such a third party to make associated decisions with
confi dence.
7. Explain the role of C02 is greenhouse effect and global

warming.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the greenhouse gases that contribute

to the greenhouse effect and global warming. The greenhouse effect is a
natural process that occurs when certain gases in the Earth’s atmosphere
trap heat from the sun, keeping the planet warm enough to sustain
life. However, human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation,
and industrial processes have increased the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and
global warming 123.
CO2 is particularly important because it is the most abundant of the long-
lived greenhouse gases and has a significant impact on the Earth’s climate.
CO2 absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation, which is the primary way that
heat energy is transported in the atmosphere. As a result, CO2 acts like a
blanket, trapping heat in the atmosphere and warming the planet
8.What are the environmental impact of brick manufacturing?

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Brick production has significant environmental impacts. These include:
1. Emissions of considerable quantities of gaseous and particulate

pollutants 12.
2. Contribution to global climate change 2.
3. Consumption of non-renewable resources 1.
4. Emissions of substances that cause respiratory diseases 3.
5. Natural resource depletion 1.
6. Waste production 1.
7. Air emissions 2.
8. Adverse impacts on human health, ecosystem quality, climate change,
and resource depletion 24.
It is important to note that the brick making industry plays a major role in
the economic growth of many nations, with the traditional technology
accounting for a significant proportion of the total clay brick production 1.
However, the environmental impacts from brickmaking cannot be overruled.
These impacts could be minimized and managed through the adoption of
more sustainable and environmentally friendly firing innovative 1
9.What is cement and how it is manufactured? Compare wet and dry

process
Cement is a key ingredient in concrete, which is used to build everything

from houses and bridges to sidewalks and sewer systems. The cement
manufacturing process is a complex one involving several steps. Each step in
the process plays an important role in the overall quality of the finished
product. Here are the six main stages of the cement manufacturing
process 1:
1. Raw Material Extraction/Quarry: The raw cement ingredients needed for

cement production are limestone (calcium), sand and clay (silicon,
aluminum, iron), shale, fly ash, mill scale, and bauxite. The ore rocks are
quarried and crushed into smaller pieces of about 6 inches. Secondary
crushers or hammer mills then reduce them to an even smaller size of 3
inches. After that, the ingredients are prepared for pyroprocessing.
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2. Grinding, Proportioning, and Blending: The crushed raw ingredients are

made ready for the cement-making process in the kiln by combining them
with additives and grinding them to ensure a fine homogenous mixture. The
composition of cement is proportioned here depending on the desired
properties of the cement. Generally, limestone is 80%, and the remaining
20% is clay. In the cement plant, the raw mix is dried (moisture content
reduced to less than 1%); heavy wheel-type rollers and rotating tables blend
the raw mix and then the roller crushes it to a fine powder to be stored in
silos and fed to the kiln.
3. Pre-Heating Raw Material: A pre-heating chamber consists of a series of
cyclones that utilizes the hot gases produced from the kiln in order to reduce
energy consumption and make the cement-making process more
environment-friendly. The raw materials are passed through here and turned
into oxides to be burned in the kiln.
4. Kiln Phase: The kiln phase is the principal stage of the cement production
process. Here, clinker is produced from the raw mix through a series of
chemical reactions between calcium and silicon dioxide compounds. Though
the process is complex, the events of the clinker production can be written in
the following sequence:
o Evaporation of free water.
o Evolution of combined water in the argillaceous components.
o Calcination of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to calcium oxide (CaO).
o The reaction of CaO with silica to form dicalcium silicate.
o The reaction of CaO with the aluminum and iron-bearing constituents forms
the liquid phase.
o Formation of the clinker nodules.
o Evaporation of volatile constituents (e.g., sodium, potassium, chlorides, and
sulfates).
o The reaction of excess CaO with dicalcium silicate forms tricalcium silicate.
5. Clinker Cooling: The clinker is cooled rapidly and conveyed to storage silos
or directly to the grinding process.
6. Grinding: The clinker and the gypsum are very finely ground giving a “pure
cement”. Other secondary additives and cementitious materials can also be
added to make a blended cement.
Compare wet and dry process
The primary difference between dry process and wet process is the point at
which water is added. In the dry process, raw materials are mixed, fined,
and then fed into kiln, whereas in the wet process, raw materials are
crushed separately and then directly mixed in correct proportion in the
presence of water to make a fine thin paste known as Slurry 1.
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In the dry process, the raw materials are mixed together and fed into the
kiln as a dry powder. The dry process is preferred in places where the raw
materials are hard and difficult to grind. The dry process consumes less fuel
and hence is less expensive compared to the wet process. However, the dry
process is less efficient and produces more dust 1.
In the wet process, the raw materials are crushed separately and then
directly mixed in the presence of water to make a fine thin paste known as
Slurry. The slurry is then fed into the kiln. The wet process is preferred in
places where the raw materials are soft and easy to grind. The wet process
is more efficient and produces less dust compared to the dry
process. However, the wet process consumes more fuel and hence is more
expensive compared to the dry process 1.
10.Explain the three safeguard subject categorized under

environmental impacts in detail.
1. Ecosystem services: These are the benefits that humans derive from
nature, such as clean air, water, and soil, and the pollination of crops
by bees and other insects. The safeguard subject is critical to ensure
that the natural environment is preserved and that the ecosystem
services are sustained.
2. Access to water: This safeguard subject is concerned with ensuring
that people have access to clean and safe water for drinking, cooking,
and other purposes. It is critical to ensure that water resources are
managed sustainably and that the quality of water is maintained.
3. Abiotic resources: These are non-living natural resources such as
minerals, fossil fuels, and metals. The safeguard subject is critical to
ensure that these resources are used sustainably and that their
depletion is minimized.
11.List down the features of green building.
Green buildings are designed to be environmentally friendly and

sustainable. They typically incorporate the following features:
1. Superior air quality

2. Abundant natural light
3. Access to views
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4. Noise control
5. Efficient use of energy, water and other resources
6. Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
7. Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use
and recycling
8. Good indoor environmental air quality 12.
12.(a)What are the goals and purpose of LCA?
The primary goals of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are to:
1. Quantify or otherwise characterize all the inputs and outputs over a

product’s life cycle .
2. Specify the potential environmental impacts of these material flows .
3. Consider alternative approaches that change those impacts for the
better .
4. Identify environmental impacts and potential areas for improvement .
5. Develop new products and research the environmental impacts of
different materials and manufacturing processes .
6. Provide a framework for measuring the environmental impact of a
product .
7. Facilitate decisions to make a product more sustainable .
12(b)Explain the stages in LCA
LCA, or life cycle assessment, is a method used to evaluate the

environmental impact of a product or service. The main stages of LCA are:
1. Goal and scope definition: This stage involves identifying the purpose,
scope, and boundaries of the LCA. It is important to define the goal
and scope of the LCA to ensure that the study is relevant and useful.
2. Inventory analysis: In this stage, data is collected on the inputs and
outputs of the product or service system. This includes raw materials,
energy, and emissions associated with the production, use, and
disposal of the product or service.
3. Impact assessment: The impact assessment stage involves setting
impact categories and metrics, and performing calculations and
comparative analysis of the environmental effects. This stage helps to
identify the environmental impacts of the product or service.
4. Interpretation: In the final stage of LCA, the results are evaluated and
improvement opportunities are identified. The interpretation stage
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helps to identify areas where changes can be made to reduce the

environmental impact of the product or service.
13.Explain the process of brick Manufacturing.
The process of manufacturing bricks involves the following steps 1:
1. Securing the clay: The first step is to secure the clay, which is the
primary raw material used in brick manufacturing.
2. Beneficiation: The clay is then processed to remove impurities and
improve its quality.
3. Mixing and forming: The clay is mixed with other materials such as
silica, alumina, iron oxide, manganese, etc. to improve its properties.
The mixture is then molded into rectangular blocks.
4. Drying: The molded blocks are then dried to remove any moisture
content.
5. Firing: The dried blocks are fired in a kiln at high temperatures to
harden them.
6. Cooling: The fired blocks are then cooled down to room temperature.
The process has not changed since the first fired bricks were produced
thousands of years ago, but with refinements. Bricks are made of clay, silica,
alumina, iron oxide, manganese, etc. The bricks are generally available as
rectangular blocks and do not require any dressing.
14.Define sustainability and explain its three pillar model.
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Sustainability is a complex concept that refers to the ability of an

organization, product, service, or technology to meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. It is often assumed to just mean environmental protection, but it
actually has three core pillars: environmental, social, and economic 1. These
three pillars are informally referred to as people, planet, and profits.
The environmental sustainability pillar focuses on sustainable business

processes and practices that minimize negative impacts on the environment.
This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing waste,
conserving natural resources, and protecting biodiversity 12.
The social sustainability pillar focuses on stakeholder and employee

relations. It involves ensuring that the organization’s activities are socially
responsible and ethical, and that they contribute to the well-being of the
community. This includes promoting diversity and inclusion, ensuring fair
labor practices, and supporting human rights 12.
The economic sustainability pillar focuses on the business’s bottom line

and profitability. It involves ensuring that the organization’s activities are
financially viable and that they contribute to long-term economic growth.
This includes creating value for shareholders, generating revenue, and
managing costs 12.
By balancing these three pillars, organizations can achieve sustainable

development that benefits both the present and future generations 1.
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OEN 751 GREEN BUILDING DESIGN
Unit -I PART C
QUESTION & ANSWER
1.Explain manufacturing of cement in detail.?
Cement manufacturing is a complex process that involves several

stages.
Here are the six main stages of the cement manufacturing process 1:
1. Raw Material Extraction/Quarry: The raw materials needed for

cement production are limestone (calcium), sand and clay (silicon,
aluminum, iron), shale, fly ash, mill scale, and bauxite. The ore rocks
are quarried and crushed into smaller pieces of about 6 inches.
Secondary crushers or hammer mills then reduce them to an even
smaller size of 3 inches. After that, the ingredients are prepared for
pyroprocessing.
2. Grinding, Proportioning, and Blending: The crushed raw
ingredients are made ready for the cement-making process in the kiln
by combining them with additives and grinding them to ensure a fine
homogenous mixture. The composition of cement is proportioned here
depending on the desired properties of the cement. Generally,
limestone is 80%, and the remaining 20% is clay. In the cement plant,
the raw mix is dried (moisture content reduced to less than 1%);
heavy wheel-type rollers and rotating tables blend the raw mix and
then the roller crushes it to a fine powder to be stored in silos and fed
to the kiln
3. Pre-Heating Raw Material: A pre-heating chamber consists of a
series of cyclones that utilizes the hot gases produced from the kiln in
order to reduce energy consumption and make the cement-making
process more environment-friendly. The raw materials are passed
through here and turned into oxides to be burned in the kiln
4. Kiln Phase: The kiln phase is the principal stage of the cement
production process. Here, clinker is produced from the raw mix
through a series of chemical reactions between calcium and silicon
PREPARED BY
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dioxide compounds. Though the process is complex, the events of the

clinker production can be written in the following sequence:
o Evaporation of free water.
o Evolution of combined water in the argillaceous components.
o Calcination of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to calcium oxide
(CaO).
o The reaction of CaO with silica to form dicalcium silicate.
o The reaction of CaO with the aluminum and iron-bearing
constituents forms the liquid phase.
o Formation of the clinker nodules.
o Evaporation of volatile constituents (e.g., sodium, potassium,
chlorides, and sulfates). The clinker is then cooled and ground
with gypsum to control the setting time and produce the final
product.
5. Clinker Storage: Clinker is stored in yard clinker silos or in covered
clinker storage halls. The storage period is around 2-3 months.
6. Cement Grinding: The clinker and the gypsum are very finely ground
giving a “pure cement”. Other secondary additives and cementitious
materials can also be added to make a blended cement. Grinding is
carried out either in ball mill or vertical roller mill. The ball mill is a
rotating cylindrical vessel that is charged with steel balls. Vertical roller
mills are gaining popularity in new cement plants because of their high
efficiency in energy consumption and capacity. The two main types of
cement grinding are:
o Finish grinding: It is the last step in the cement manufacturing
process. The clinker is ground in a ball mill with limestone and
gypsum to produce cement. The grinding process is highly
energy-intensive. The cement is cooled, mixed with gypsum, and
then ground in a ball mill or vertical roller mill. During this
grinding process, a small percentage of gypsum is added to the
mix to control the setting time of cement.
o Raw mix grinding: It is the process of grinding raw materials
used in cement manufacturing into a fine powder. Raw materials
are fed into the mill in a fixed proportion, and ground to a fine
powder. The resulting raw mix is fed into a kiln, which heats
them to extremely high temperatures. The raw mix is then
ground again in a ball mill to produce the finished cement
2.What are the environmental impacts of building?
Buildings have a significant impact on the environment. Here are some of

the ways 1:
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1. Buildings are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting

for nearly half of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States.
2. New homes use a lot of resources, not only during construction but
also throughout their lives.
3. Even when they’re built sustainably, and green materials are used,
buildings still have an environmental impact.
4. Construction impacts landfills and causes air, water, and noise
pollution.
5. The construction industry is one of the largest exploiters of both
renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
6. The construction sector contributes to 23% of air pollution, 40% of
drinking water pollution, and 50% of landfill wastes.
The building-and-construction industry has been researched extensively over

its life cycle regarding green and sustainable processes and techniques due
to its major contributions towards energy consumption and its environmental
impacts 1. Over the past decade, the construction stage of a building is often
criticized for overlooking or approximating the environmental impacts as
compared to other life-cycle stages of a building. With the drive towards
digitization, the construction industry is receiving significant research
attention in order to minimize environmental impacts at the construction
stage 1. Despite these research initiatives, only a handful of recent review
studies have systematically furnished current advances, gaps and future
directions in environmentally sustainable building-construction techniques 1.
3.Explain the phases of LCA and state its advantages and

disadvantages
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology for analyzing the

environmental impact of a product, process, or activity throughout its life
cycle. It consists of four phases: goal and scope definition, inventory
analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation 12.
• Goal and scope definition: In this phase, the purpose and scope of
the LCA are defined. The goal is to identify the environmental impact
of the product, process, or activity, and the scope is to determine the
system boundaries and functional unit 1.
• Inventory analysis: In this phase, the inputs and outputs of the
product, process, or activity are identified and quantified. The data
collected in this phase is used to create an inventory of the
environmental impacts of the product, process, or activity 1.
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• Impact assessment: In this phase, the environmental impacts of the

product, process, or activity are evaluated. The data collected in the
inventory analysis phase is used to assess the impact of the product,
process, or activity on the environment. The impact assessment phase
includes the following steps: classification, characterization, and
normalization 1.
• Interpretation: In this phase, the results of the LCA are interpreted
and communicated to stakeholders. The interpretation phase includes
the following steps: identification of significant issues, checking
for consistency, reporting, and conclusions and
recommendations . 1
One of the advantages of LCA is that it provides a comprehensive overview

of a product or service and allows informed decisions to be made when
comparing two products, processes, or services on the basis of their
environmental impact 13. However, LCA has some limitations. For example, it
is limited to assessing the environmental impacts and does not address the
economic or social aspects 2. Additionally, LCA can be time-consuming and
expensive to conduct 4.
4.List out the good building practices in detail.
1. Masonry work: Masonry work in a structure should be carried out in

uniform levels at all parts of the structure to prevent differential
settlement of foundation due to differential loading. This will prevent
the cracking of masonry walls and also other structural elements.
Difference in the height of masonry in different parts of a building
should normally not exceed 1m any time during construction. Masonry
work should be properly cured for a minimum period of 7 to 10 days.
Masonry works on any RCC elements such as RCC Slab and beams
should not be started till minimum of 2 weeks after striking off the
shuttering.
2. Concrete work: In reinforced concrete members such as cantilever
beams and slabs which are liable to deflect appreciably under load,
removal of centering and imposition of load should be deferred at least
one month so that concrete gains sufficient strengths before it bears
the load. Curing of any concrete member should be done for a
minimum period of 7 to 10 days and terminated gradually so as to
avoid quick drying. Concrete work in very hot and windy climate
should be avoided, and in case it is not avoidable then precautions
shall be taken to keep the temperature of fresh concrete down and to
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prevent quick drying of concrete. Following steps should be taken to

keep the temperature of freshly prepared concrete down:
• Aggregate and mixing water should be shaded from direct sun.

• Part of mixing water may be replaced by pounded ice.
• As far as possible concreting should be done in early hours of the day.
• Re-trowelling the concrete surface slightly, before its initial setting to
mitigate plastic shrinkage cracks.
3. RCC frame work: As far as possible frame work should be completed

before starting work of panel walls for cladding and partitioning. Work
of construction of panel walls and partition should be deferred as much
as possible and should proceed from top to down ward.
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Sustainability Assessment, it's likely that LCAs in one form or another will
continue to be at the forefront of sustainability strategy.17
Process of designing Green Building

Green Building is a freshly phenomenal concept put forward in the real
state construction sector. The idea behind this concept is to control and
maintain energy consumption and provide a green, healthier life for our
future generation. Let us understand the key steps to follow for Green
Building to preserve our natural resources and meet our needs as well:
• Step 1- Understand the needs and requirements of the program and
prepare a solid plan, including an estimated budget for the entire
construction, materials needed, site inspection, basic facilities to be
provided, and energy consumption adhering as required.
• Step 2- Selecting and forming a team of knowledgeable designers,
architects, construction contractors, and craftsmen.
• Step 3- Analyze all the climatic and ecologic conditions to create
designing strategies for the planned site.
• Step 4- Effectively configure and designing of the buildings for
temperature control and thermal mass adjustment.
• Step 5- Designing the effective support systems of the buildings for
sustainable water usage, waste disposal, ventilation, and other
arrangements.
• Step 6- Efficiently designed interiors for inducing high-efficiency
energy preservation and conservation by recycling waste products.
• Step 7- Documentation and drawings of the mandatory buildings’
specifications.
• Step 8- Building construction and authorization to verify if it is
adhering to the desired standards of the green building.
• Step 9- After completion of construction, maintenance verification is a
must for safety and security.
To ensure longevity, all the above-mentioned steps need to be followed
while designing and constructing green buildings.
How does Green Building Help in Retaining the Environment?
PREPARED BY
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A green building is basically constructed using a maximum of recycled

waste material with other construction materials to make the building
energy-efficient from geothermal heating to appliance usage.
To achieve environment-friendly and energy-efficient housing, Green
building materials and technology can help retain environmental
objectives.
Green Building Materials
Use green wood, like bamboo, cork, etc., for flooring, and cabinets, and
use precast concrete slabs for flooring, roofs, walls, facades, etc., for
creating a climate-controlled indoor environment, Straw Bales are a great
alternative to concrete materials for constructing a mudhouse, framing
materials, and more by mixing with cement, lime, clay, and gypsum,
recycle the plastics as a planter, make DIYs for interior decoration, and
other alternatives, use reclaimed or recycled wood to deplete the
deforestation. Recycled steel is a good alternative to wood to increase the
structure’s durability against natural calamities.
Green Building Technologies
Implementing Net Zero Concept for efficient energy consumption and
carbon emissions, installing the right HVAC system to reduce electricity
consumption, low indoor pollution emitting materials, use of Porotherm
Bricks and other green thermal insulation materials, use of solar power
keeping the correct conditions and system size in check, use smart grid
appliances like refrigerators, washing machines, mixer grinders, and others
for saving energy, and build sustainable water management systems.
Conclusion
With the right and knowledgeable team and the right efforts, Green
Construction can truly help us to meet our needs while maintaining the
ecological and biodiversity balance. All we need to do is to abide by the
sustainability standards and work by the rules, regular and proper
maintenance regime, and we gift our future generation with a healthier
environment to live in.
FAQs on Green Building
Question 1: What is meant by green building?
Answer:
To improve the air quality or environment a concept came, up to grow
plants within the buildings creating buildings that is ecofriendly till the life
of the building.
Question 2: What is a LEED green building?
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Answer:
(LEED) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is a worldwide use
rating system for green buildings.
Question 3: What are the benefits of green building?

Answer:
The benefits of green buildings are:
1. Green building reduces the consumption of natural resources.
2. Eco-friendly to the environment.
3. Better for the human health
4. Help in decreasing the AQI.
Question 4: How do green buildings save energy?

Answer:
Green building helps in the generation of renewable energy. one of the
renewable energy resources is the solar panel.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
OEN751 GREEN BUILDING DESIGN

UNIT – II PART –B
QUESTION & ANSWER
1.What are the factors affecting energy use in building?
There are many factors that can affect the energy use in buildings. Here are
some of the most important ones:
1. Building envelope: The building envelope is the physical separator

between the interior and exterior of a building. It includes the walls,
roof, windows, and doors. The quality of the building envelope can
have a significant impact on the energy efficiency of a building.
2. Meteorological factors: Meteorological factors such as temperature,
humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation can affect the energy use of
a building.
3. Window wall ratio: The window wall ratio is the ratio of the total
area of windows to the total area of exterior walls. A higher window
wall ratio can increase the energy use of a building.
4. Natural and social environment factors: Natural and social
environment factors such as the location of the building, the
surrounding landscape, and the local climate can affect the energy use
of a building.
5. The building itself: The design, construction, and materials used in
the building can affect the energy use of a building.
6. The number and size of homes: The number and size of homes in a
building can affect the energy use of a building.
7. The number of people in households: The number of people in
households can affect the energy use of a building.
8. The amount of new construction: The amount of new construction
in a building can affect the energy use of a building.
9. Building codes: Building codes can affect the energy use of a
building.
10. The introduction of new energy-using devices: The introduction
of new energy-using devices can affect the energy use of a building.
11. Climate differences: Climate differences can affect the energy use of
a building.
12. Household compositions: Household compositions can affect the
energy use of a building.
13. Lifestyles: Lifestyles can affect the energy use of a building.
PREPARED BY
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14. Home equipment: Home equipment can affect the energy use of a
building.
15. How the building is used: How the building is used can affect the
16. The age of the building: The age of the building can affect the energy
use of a building.
17. The type of construction: The type of construction can affect the
18. Mechanical system type (and vintage): The mechanical system type
(and vintage) can affect the energy use of a building.
19. Recent upgrades and maintenance on the mechanical equipment
(especially the building’s control system): Recent upgrades and
maintenance on the mechanical equipment (especially the building’s
control system) can affect the energy use of a building.
20. Outside air temperatures: Outside air temperatures can affect the
21. The occupancy of the building: The occupancy of the building can
affect the energy use of a building.
22. The insulation of the building: The insulation of the building can
affect the energy use of a building.
2.Define embodied energy and write the guidelines for reducing it
Embodied energy is the total energy required for the extraction,

processing, manufacture, and delivery of building materials to the building
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
site. It is a term coined to express the energy consumed in the production of

a particular product or material. Some scientists use the term energy
intensity to describe the embodied energy per unit (pound, kilogram, cubic
foot, cubic meter, etc.) of a material 123.
Reducing embodied energy in a building includes the application of locally

available materials, designing the building for low maintenance, improving
flexibility in use, and designing the building for appropriate climatic
conditions 4.
Here are some guidelines for reducing embodied energy in buildings:
1. Use locally sourced materials: This reduces the energy required for
transportation and supports the local economy.
2. Choose materials with low embodied energy: Materials such as
wood, bamboo, and straw have low embodied energy compared to
concrete and steel.
3. Design for disassembly: Designing buildings that can be easily
disassembled and reused reduces the embodied energy of future
construction projects.
4. Design for flexibility: Buildings that can be easily adapted to
changing needs reduce the need for new construction and the
embodied energy associated with it.
5. Design for passive solar heating and cooling: Passive solar design
uses the sun’s energy to heat and cool buildings, reducing the need for
mechanical systems and the embodied energy associated with them.
These guidelines can help reduce the embodied energy of buildings and
promote sustainable construction practices.
3.What are the main C and D recovery projects?
I found a report by the European Environment Agency that provides insights

into the challenges and opportunities in a circular economy for construction
and demolition waste (C&DW) 1. The report highlights that C&DW comprises
the largest waste stream in the EU, with relatively stable amounts produced
over time and high recovery rates. However, scrutiny of waste management
practices reveals that C&DW recovery is largely based on backfilling
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
operations and low-grade recovery, such as using recycled aggregates in

road sub-bases 1. The report suggests that circular economy-inspired actions
can help achieve waste policy objectives, namely waste prevention and
increase both the quantity and the quality of recycling for C&DW while
reducing hazardous materials in the waste 1.
I also found a brochure by the US Environmental Protection Agency that

provides information on how to reduce, reuse, and recycle C&DW 2. The
brochure highlights that several brownfields and land revitalization projects
have achieved significant C&D recovery rates through recycling, salvage for
reuse or resale, composting, and other methods 2. These C&D material
recovery activities are achieved at lower costs than landfilling, resulting in
significant cost-savings and avoided associated environmental impacts 2.
4.Explain the embodied energy breakup of a RRC framed structure
I found a research paper that evaluates the embodied energy index

and environmental impact of a two-storied residential building in India using
conventional and alternative materials 1. The study proposes various
alternative materials that can be used in day-to-day construction to mitigate
the environmental impact and climate change due to construction activity in
India. The study compares two types of construction techniques, namely
load-bearing and reinforced concrete framed construction, and analyzes and
compares the embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions of walling and
roofing components using conventional and alternative materials. The
comparison is done based on two parameters, namely, embodied energy/m²
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
and CO2 emissions per unit of floor area. The study shows that bricks,
cement, and steel are the three major contributors to the energy cost of
constructing a building by conventional methods. A conventional two-storied
load-bearing structure is 22% more energy-efficient when compared to a
reinforced concrete structure. It has also been observed from the study that
the use of alternative material in the building envelope gives embodied
energy savings between 50 and 60% for a two-storied load-bearing
structure and 30–42% for a two-storied reinforced concrete structure.
Hence, a load-bearing construction is certainly a better alternative to RC
framed construction for up to two-storied structures in terms of embodied
energy and environmental impacts 1.
5.Explain the embodied energy of alternative materials.
The embodied energy of a building material is the total non-renewable

energy or primary energy used throughout its entire life cycle, including
extraction, manufacturing, construction, maintenance, and disposal 1. It is a
parameter evaluated to assess the life cycle of a building and is directly
related to the sustainability of the built environment 1. Embodied energy is
expressed in Mega Joules (MJ) units or Giga Joules (GJ) per unit of weight or
area 1.
Alternative building materials are those that are not commonly used in the
construction industry. The embodied energy of alternative building materials
is one of the main cost components, which can be expressed as the energy
used for manufacturing and transportation 2. A detailed study into this
energy is vital to determine the competitiveness of alternative materials and
the greenhouse gas emissions associated with these materials 2.
6. Write about some sustainable building materials.
Sustainable building materials are becoming increasingly popular as more

and more people focus on preserving the environment. Various materials,
from recycled wood to clay, can create energy-efficient buildings, reduce
waste, and conserve resources. Here are some of the most common
sustainable building materials today:
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
1. Bamboo: Bamboo is an incredibly sustainable building material, with

many properties pushing it to the forefront of the green building
industry. It is one of the fastest-growing plants on the planet. It can
be harvested in merely four to five years, making bamboo an ideal
building material for those looking to lead an environmentally-friendly
lifestyle. Bamboo is an excellent alternative to timber, as it is strong,
durable, and much more lightweight than traditional wood. Bamboo is
often used as a building material in tropical climates, as its natural
resistance to moisture, heat, and insect pressure makes it an excellent
choice for outdoor construction. It is also an excellent sound barrier,
making it ideal for sound insulation in densely populated dwellings. In
addition to being a sustainable building material, bamboo is versatile
and can be used for various applications, from flooring to furniture, to
walls, ceilings, and other decorative elements. Bamboo is also a strong
and flexible material, making it ideal for construction projects. Its
strength also makes it ideal for earthquake-resistant construction, as it
can bend and flex in response to seismic activity while retaining its
structural integrity. Bamboo also requires very little in the way of
maintenance or processing to make it ready for use in construction. Its
natural durability and ability to withstand harsh weather conditions
mean that it does not require much treatment or protection, making it
a great choice for those looking for durable and low-maintenance
building materials.
2. Recycled Plastic: In 2021, the total world population created 139
million tons of single-use plastic with the majority of it ending up in
landfills or polluting waterways. Recycled plastic is an excellent
sustainable building material that can help reduce the amount of
plastic waste in the environment. It can be used to create a wide
range of building materials, from insulation to roofing tiles. Recycled
plastic is also durable and long-lasting, making it an excellent choice
for outdoor construction. It is also resistant to moisture, insects, and
other pests, making it ideal for use in areas with high humidity or
insect pressure. Recycled plastic is also lightweight, making it easy to
transport and install. It is also easy to clean and maintain, making it a
great choice for those looking for low-maintenance building materials.
3. Laminated Timber: Laminated timber is a sustainable building
material that is made from layers of wood that have been glued
together. It is an excellent alternative to traditional timber, as it is
stronger, more durable, and more stable. Laminated timber is also
more resistant to moisture, insects, and other pests, making it ideal
for use in outdoor construction. It is also an excellent insulator,
making it ideal for use in energy-efficient buildings. Laminated timber
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
is also easy to work with, making it a great choice for construction

projects of all sizes.
4. Stone: Stone is a sustainable building material that has been used for
centuries. It is durable, long-lasting, and requires very little
maintenance. Stone is also an excellent insulator, making it ideal for
use in energy-efficient buildings. It is also resistant to moisture,
insects, and other pests, making it ideal for use in outdoor
construction. Stone is also a great choice for those looking for a
natural and organic building material.
5. Cob: Cob is a sustainable building material that is made from a
mixture of clay, sand, and straw. It is an excellent insulator, making it
ideal for use in energy-efficient buildings. Cob is also durable and long-
lasting, making it a great choice for outdoor construction. It is also
resistant to moisture, insects, and other pests, making it ideal for use
in areas with high humidity or insect pressure. Cob is also a great
choice for those looking for a natural and organic building material.
6. Cork: Cork is a sustainable building material that is made from the
bark of the cork oak tree. It is an excellent insulator, making it ideal
for use in energy-efficient buildings. Cork is also durable and long-
lasting, making it a great choice for outdoor construction. It is also
resistant to moisture, insects, and other pests, making it ideal for use
in areas with high humidity or insect pressure. Cork is also a great
choice for those looking for a natural and organic building material.
7. Adobe Brick: Adobe brick is a sustainable building material that is
made from a mixture of clay, sand, and straw. It is an excellent
insulator, making it ideal for use in energy-efficient buildings. Adobe
brick is also durable and long-lasting, making it a great choice for
outdoor construction. It is also resistant to moisture, insects, and
other pests, making it ideal for use in areas with high humidity or
insect pressure. Adobe brick is also a great choice for those looking for
a natural and organic building material.
7.Name some recycled biomass fibers and write their advantages.
Biomass fibers are obtained from renewable biomass resources such as

natural animal and plant fibers, recycled fibers and synthetic fibers. These
fibers have several advantages over traditional fibers. Some of the
advantages are:
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
1. Eco-friendly: Biomass fibers are obtained from renewable resources,

which makes them eco-friendly and sustainable 1.
2. Cost-effective: The use of recycled fibers is generally less expensive
than virgin fibers, and it eliminates the need for waste disposal in
landfills 2.
3. Biodegradable: Biomass fibers are biodegradable, which means they
can be broken down by natural processes and do not contribute to
environmental pollution 3.
4. Versatile: Biomass fibers can be used in a variety of applications,
including textiles, construction, and packaging 13.
5. High strength: Biomass fibers have high tensile strength, which
makes them suitable for use in products that require strength and
durability 1.
Some examples of recycled biomass fibers are:
1. Banana fiber: This fiber is obtained from the stem of the banana
plant. It is slightly rough and has good moisture and water absorbing
properties. Shirts made from banana fibers are known for their
comfort, especially when worn in summer 1.
2. Hemp fiber: This fiber is obtained from the stem of the hemp plant. It
is strong, durable, and resistant to mold and mildew. Hemp fibers are
commonly used in the production of textiles, paper, and building
materials 3.
3. Jute fiber: This fiber is obtained from the stem of the jute plant. It is
strong, durable, and has good insulation properties. Jute fibers are
commonly used in the production of textiles, packaging, and
construction materials 3.
8. State the properties of ecofriendly building materials.
Environmentally-friendly building materials are those that provide

appropriate service and lifespan, with minimum maintenance, while
minimizing the extraction of raw materials, the pollution from, and energy
consumed by manufacturing and use, and that have the maximum potential
for reuse or resource recovery 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Sustainable building materials are becoming increasingly popular as more

and more people focus on preserving the environment. Various materials,
from recycled wood to clay, can create energy-efficient buildings, reduce
waste, and conserve resources 2. Here are some of the most common
sustainable building materials today:
1. Bamboo: An incredibly sustainable building material, with many

properties pushing it to the forefront of the green building industry. It
is one of the fastest-growing plants on the planet. It can be harvested
in merely four to five years, making bamboo an ideal building material
for those looking to lead an environmentally-friendly lifestyle. Bamboo
is an excellent alternative to timber, as it is strong, durable, and much
more lightweight than traditional wood. Bamboo is often used as a
building material in tropical climates, as its natural resistance to
moisture, heat, and insect pressure makes it an excellent choice for
outdoor construction. It is also an excellent sound barrier, making it
ideal for sound insulation in densely populated dwellings. In addition to
being a sustainable building material, bamboo is versatile and can be
used for various applications, from flooring to furniture, to walls,
ceilings, and other decorative elements. Bamboo is also a strong and
flexible material, making it ideal for construction projects. Its strength
also makes it ideal for earthquake-resistant construction, as it can
bend and flex in response to seismic activity while retaining its
structural integrity. Bamboo also requires very little in the way of
maintenance or processing to make it ready for use in construction. Its
natural durability and ability to withstand harsh weather conditions
mean that it does not require much treatment or protection, making it
a great choice for those looking for durable and low-maintenance
building materials 2.
2. Hempcrete: An innovative building material made from the woody
inner core of the hemp plant. It’s a lightweight, natural composite
material that is breathable, thermally insulating, and fireproof. It also
acts as a natural pest repellent and is environmentally friendly.
Hempcrete is made from hemp shives, the woody inner core of the
hemp plant, mixed with a lime-based binder. This natural material is
ideal for sustainable construction because it can replace common
materials such as concrete, wood, and insulation. Hempcrete is also a
carbon-negative material, meaning that it absorbs more carbon
dioxide than it produces, making it an excellent choice for those
looking to reduce their carbon footprint 2.
3. Recycled steel: Steel is one of the most commonly used building
materials in the world. However, the production of new steel requires a
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
significant amount of energy and resources. Recycled steel, on the

other hand, is an eco-friendly alternative that can help reduce the
environmental impact of construction projects. Recycled steel is made
from scrap metal that has been melted down and reformed into new
steel products. This process requires significantly less energy and
resources than the production of new steel. Recycled steel is also
highly durable and can be used for a wide range of construction
projects, from large-scale commercial buildings to residential homes 2.
4. Straw bale: Straw bale construction is an eco-friendly building
method that uses straw bales as the primary building material. Straw
bales are an agricultural byproduct that is often burned or discarded.
However, they can be used as an excellent building material. Straw
bale construction is highly energy-efficient, as straw bales have
excellent insulating properties. They are also fire-resistant and provide
excellent sound insulation. Straw bale construction is also relatively
inexpensive, making it an excellent choice for those looking to build an
eco-friendly home on a budget 2.
5. Recycled plastic: Plastic is one of the most commonly used materials
in the world. However, it is also one of the most environmentally
damaging. Recycled plastic is an eco-friendly alternative that can help
reduce the environmental impact of construction projects. Recycled
plastic can be used to create a wide range of building materials, from
insulation to roofing tiles. It is also highly durable and can be used for
a wide range of construction projects 2.
These materials benefit the environment by reducing waste, conserving

resources, and minimizing the environmental impact of construction
projects. By using these materials, we can create a greener future for
ourselves and future generations.
9.Write down the benefits and barriers of using recycled materials.
Recycling materials can have several benefits, including reducing energy

usage, consumption of raw materials, and air and water pollution1. It can
also help conserve natural resources and reduce the amount of waste that
ends up in landfills12. However, there are several barriers to using recycled
materials. These include unsupportive regulations, limited availability of
quality recycled materials, lack of expertise and understanding of their
applications, and inconsistency in recycled materials quality and
performance3. Investment to scale up recycled material production
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processes, the use of high-quality data, and the development of stable

demand for greener products will be key to resolving many of these
barriers4.
10.Explain the process of reusing demolished concrete.
The process of reusing demolished concrete typically involves the following

steps 12:
1. Crushing: The concrete is crushed into small pieces, usually at the

demolition site.
2. Drying: The crushed concrete is heated to remove moisture, which
reduces its weight by as much as half.
3. Transportation: The dry mixture is then transported to an asphalt
plant where it will become part of the mix for new roads or parking
lots.
This process is known as concrete recycling and is an environmentally

friendly way to reuse concrete waste 12. The recycled concrete can be used
as a substitute for natural aggregates in new concrete mixes, reducing the
need for virgin materials and lowering carbon emissions 3. The recycled
concrete can also be used as a base material for roads and pavements 3.
11. Write in detail about the masonry materials used.
PREPARED BY
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Masonry is a construction technique that involves the use of materials such

as cement, sand, masonry units like bricks, cement concrete blocks,
and stones 1. The common materials used in masonry construction are
bricks and building stone such as marble, granite, and limestone,
cast stone, concrete blocks, glass blocks, and adobe 2.
The selection of materials for masonry construction depends on various

factors such as the type of structure, the location of the structure, the cost
of materials, and the availability of materials. For instance, stones used for
masonry construction must be hard, tough, and free from cracks,
sand holes, and cavities 3.
Masonry construction begins with extractive materials, such as clay, sand,

gravel, and stone, usually mined from surface pits or quarries. The most
widely used rocks are granite, limestone, and sandstone (sedimentary), and
marble (metamorphic). In addition to rocks, clays of varying types are
manufactured into bricks and tiles 4.
12.Explain some commonly recovered construction materials.
Some of the commonly recovered construction materials include:
• Coal fly ash: A byproduct of coal-fired power plants that can be used
as a substitute for Portland cement in concrete production 1.
• Ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag: A byproduct of iron
production that can be used as a substitute for Portland cement in
concrete production 1.
• Cenospheres: Hollow ceramic microspheres that can be used as a
lightweight filler in concrete, plastics, and other materials 1.
• Silica fumes: A byproduct of silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production
that can be used as a pozzolanic material in concrete production 1.
• Wood: Can be reused on-site or recycled into new products 2.
• Metals: Including steel, copper, and brass, can be recycled 2.
• Concrete: Can be recycled into aggregate or new asphalt and
concrete products 1.
• Asphalt: Can be recycled into aggregate or new asphalt and concrete
products 1.
• Brick: Can be reused on-site or recycled into new products 1.
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• Block: Can be reused on-site or recycled into new products 1.
These materials can be reused on-site or recycled into new products. For
example, asphalt, concrete, and rubble can be recycled into aggregate or
new asphalt and concrete products. Metals, including steel, copper, and
brass, can also be recycled 12.
13. Write down some practical methods of energy conservation.
1. Turn off appliances when not in use: Turning off devices and
appliances when not in use is a simple yet effective way to conserve
energy. This includes turning off the fan, light, AC, refrigerator, etc.
when you move out of home or when not in use 1.
2. Purchase energy-efficient devices and appliances: When
purchasing new devices and appliances, opt for those that consume
less energy. This will not only help you save money but also reduce
the consumption of energy 1.
3. Adapt smart power strips: Appliances draw power from outlets even
when they are not in use, which is referred to as phantom loads.
Smart power strips can help cut down on phantom-load costs and save
energy 1.
4. Keep the setting of the refrigerator low: Refrigerators are one of
the main appliances that consume power. Keeping the setting of the
refrigerator low can help save energy 1.
5. Use CFL and LED bulbs: CFL and LED bulbs consume less energy
than regular incandescent bulbs 1.
6. Clean or replace air filters: Air conditioners (AC) and heaters
consume more energy than other appliances. Cleaning or replacing air
filters improves efficiency and consumes less energy 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
7. Operate dishwasher and washing machines in a full load: To get

the most energy-saving use from each run cycle 1.
8. Use a laptop instead of desktop computers: Laptops consume
considerably less energy than desktop computers 1.
9. Install water-saver showerheads: Water-saver showerheads help
conserve hot water and save power 1.
10. Use natural light: Relying more on natural light can help
conserve energy 2.
14.Write the application of biomass fiber in construction area.
Biomass fibers are a type of natural fibers that are derived from plant-based
materials such as wood, bamboo, and hemp. They are increasingly being
used in the construction industry due to their eco-friendliness, low cost, and
high strength-to-weight ratio 1.
Biomass fibers can be used in a variety of construction applications such as

reinforcing concrete and insulation. They can be used to create fiber-
reinforced concrete (FRC), which is a type of concrete that is reinforced
with fibers to improve its strength and durability 1. FRC has a lower impact
on the environment and offers low energy costs 1.
Biomass fibers can also be used as insulation in buildings. They can be

used to create biocomposites, which are materials made from a
combination of biomass fibers and a polymer matrix 2. Biocomposites have
recently received global attention in various industries due to their
renewability, low cost, and biodegradability 2.
In addition to these applications, biomass fibers can also be used in road

construction and soil stabilization 1.
PREPARED BY
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PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,

UNIT – II PART –C
QUESTION & ANSWER
1.Explain the top ten sustainable building materials.
Certainly! Here are the top 10 sustainable building materials that you can
consider for eco-friendly construction:
1. Bamboo: It is one of the fastest-growing plants on the planet and has

industry. Bamboo is an incredibly sustainable building material, with
industry. It can be harvested in merely four to five years, making
bamboo an ideal building material for those looking to lead an
environmentally-friendly lifestyle. Bamboo is an excellent alternative
to timber, as it is strong, durable, and much more lightweight than
traditional wood. Bamboo is often used as a building material in
tropical climates, as its natural resistance to moisture, heat, and insect
pressure makes it an excellent choice for outdoor construction. It is
also an excellent sound barrier, making it ideal for sound insulation in
densely populated dwellings. In addition to being a sustainable
building material, bamboo is versatile and can be used for various
applications, from flooring to furniture, to walls, ceilings, and other
decorative elements. Bamboo is also a strong and flexible material,
making it ideal for construction projects. Its strength also makes it
ideal for earthquake-resistant construction, as it can bend and flex in
response to seismic activity while retaining its structural integrity.
Bamboo also requires very little in the way of maintenance or
processing to make it ready for use in construction. Its natural
durability and ability to withstand harsh weather conditions mean that
it does not require much treatment or protection, making it a great
choice for those looking for durable and low-maintenance building
materials1
2. Hempcrete: It is an innovative building material made from the
woody inner core of the hemp plant. Hempcrete is a lightweight,
natural composite material that is breathable, thermally insulating,
and fireproof. It also acts as a natural pest repellent and is
environmentally friendly. Hempcrete is made from hemp shives, the
woody inner core of the hemp plant, mixed with a lime-based binder.
This natural material is ideal for sustainable construction because it
can replace common materials such as concrete, wood, and insulation1
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
3. Cork: It is a renewable and biodegradable material that is harvested

from the bark of cork oak trees. Cork is an excellent insulator, and it is
also resistant to moisture, fire, and insects. Cork is often used as a
flooring material, but it can also be used for wall and ceiling coverings,
furniture, and other decorative elements1
4. Straw Bales: They are made from the stalks of cereal crops such as
wheat, oats, and barley. Straw bales are an excellent insulator, and
they are also fire-resistant and biodegradable. Straw bales can be
used for walls, roofs, and floors, and they can be finished with plaster
or stucco1
5. Recycled Plastic: It is a durable and lightweight material that can be
used for a variety of construction applications. Recycled plastic is often
used for roofing tiles, insulation, and decking. It is also an excellent
alternative to traditional wood products, as it is resistant to moisture,
insects, and rot1
6. Recycled Steel: It is a strong and durable material that is often used
for framing and structural support. Recycled steel is an excellent
alternative to traditional wood framing, as it is resistant to moisture,
insects, and fire1
7. Reclaimed Wood: It is wood that has been salvaged from old
buildings, bridges, and other structures. Reclaimed wood is an
excellent alternative to new wood products, as it is often of higher
quality and has a unique character. It is also an environmentally
friendly option, as it reduces the demand for new wood products1
8. Sheep’s Wool: It is a natural and renewable material that is often
used for insulation. Sheep’s wool is an excellent insulator, and it is also
resistant to moisture, fire, and insects. It is also a sustainable option,
as it is a byproduct of the wool industry1
9. Natural Clay: It is finely grained natural rock or soil that has been in
constant use in construction owing to its high plasticity, easy
availability, and low cost. It is a sustainable option, as it is a natural
and renewable material that is often used for wall and floor coverings,
roofing tiles, and other decorative elements1
10. Rammed Earth: It is a building technique that involves
compressing a mixture of soil, gravel, and other materials into a solid
mass. Rammed earth is an excellent insulator, and it is also fire-
resistant and durable. It is a sustainable option, as it is a natural and
renewable material that is often used for walls, floors, and other
structural elements1
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
2. Write an overview of various recycled fibers.
Recycling fibers is a sustainable way to reduce waste and minimize the

environmental impact of textile production. According to a paper on
Academia.edu, textile production wastes are undesirable but inevitable by-
products in many manufacturing processes, and are frequently undervalued.
However, if one can convert such wastes into useful products economically,
there will be a great contribution to the market 1.
There are various types of recycled fibers, including cotton, wool,

polyester, nylon, and silk. These fibers can be obtained from different
sources, such as post-consumer waste, pre-consumer waste, and
industrial waste. The recycling process involves cleaning, shredding, and
re-spinning the fibers into new yarns or fabrics 2.
Recycling cotton fibers is an effective way to reduce the environmental

impact of textile production. According to a paper on Academia.edu, cotton
fibers can be recycled from post-consumer waste, such as discarded
clothing, and pre-consumer waste, such as scraps from textile mills. The
recycled cotton fibers can be used to produce new yarns or fabrics, which
can be used to make a variety of products, including clothing, home textiles,
and industrial textiles 1.
Recycling wool fibers is another sustainable way to reduce waste. Wool

fibers can be recycled from post-consumer waste, such as discarded
clothing, and industrial waste, such as scraps from textile mills. The recycled
wool fibers can be used to produce new yarns or fabrics, which can be used
to make a variety of products, including clothing, blankets, and carpets 1.
Recycling polyester fibers is a popular way to reduce waste and minimize the
environmental impact of textile production. Polyester fibers can be recycled
from post-consumer waste, such as plastic bottles, and industrial waste,
such as scraps from textile mills. The recycled polyester fibers can be used
to produce new yarns or fabrics, which can be used to make a variety of
products, including clothing, home textiles, and industrial textiles 3.
Recycling nylon fibers is another sustainable way to reduce waste. Nylon

fibers can be recycled from post-consumer waste, such as discarded fishing
nets, and industrial waste, such as scraps from textile mills. The recycled
nylon fibers can be used to produce new yarns or fabrics, which can be used
to make a variety of products, including clothing, swimwear, and outdoor
gear 3.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Recycling silk fibers is a less common way to reduce waste. Silk fibers can
be recycled from post-consumer waste, such as discarded clothing, and
industrial waste, such as scraps from textile mills. The recycled silk fibers
can be used to produce new yarns or fabrics, which can be used to make a
variety of products, including clothing, home textiles, and industrial textiles
2.
3.Compare embodied energy of conventional and alternative

materials
I found a research paper that compares the embodied energy of

conventional and alternative materials used in construction of a two-storied
residential building in India1. The study analyzed the embodied energy and
carbon dioxide emissions of walling and roofing components using
conventional and alternative materials. The comparison was done based on
two parameters, namely, embodied energy/m² and CO2 emissions per unit
of floor area. The study showed that bricks, cement, and steel are the three
major contributors to the energy cost of constructing a building by
conventional methods. The study also proposed various alternative materials
that can be used in day-to-day construction to mitigate the environmental
impact and climate change due to construction activity in India. The study
found that use of alternative material in the building envelope gives
embodied energy savings between 50 and 60% for a two-storied load-
bearing structure and 30–42% for a two-storied reinforced concrete
structure. The study concluded that a load-bearing construction is certainly a
better alternative to RC framed construction for up to two-storied structures
in terms of embodied energy and environmental impacts1
4.Write in detail about C and D waste management. 1.
1. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has

formulated the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules,
2016, which provide a comprehensive framework for the management
of C&D waste 2. The rules mandate that every waste generator should
segregate the waste into four categories: concrete, soil, steel, and
wood 3. The rules also require the waste generators to ensure that the
waste is transported to the designated processing facilities 3.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
2. The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has identified several
challenges that cities face in managing C&D waste. Based on their
findings, CSE has developed a guidance framework for cities to help
them formulate strategies for managing C&D waste 1. The framework
provides practical guidance on dust prevention and control from C&D
activities both at the site-scale as well as the city-scale 1.
3. In conclusion, C&D waste management is a complex issue that
requires a comprehensive approach. The government has taken
several steps to address the issue, and it is up to the waste generators
to ensure that they comply with the rules and regulations. By following
the guidelines set out by the MoEFCC and CSE, we can ensure that
C&D waste is managed in a sustainable and responsible manner 142.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,

UNIT –III PART-B
QUESTION & ANSWER
1. Explain the methods to evaluate thermal comfort.
There are several methods to evaluate thermal comfort. One of the most
commonly used methods is the Predictive Mean Vote (PMV), which is based
on empirical studies of how humans perceive thermal comfort. PMV takes
into account six parameters: metabolic rate, clothing index, air velocity,
radiant temperature, air temperature, and relative humidity. It is a seven-
point scale ranging from cold (-3) to hot (+3) with 0 as neutral. The PMV
value can be a better indication of how the thermal environment is
experienced than the operative temperature alone, but it is a more abstract
term to many people 1.
Another method is the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), which is a

composite temperature used to estimate the effect of temperature,
humidity, and solar radiation on humans. It is used to determine the risk of
heat stroke or other heat-related illnesses for outdoor workers 2.
The Discomfort Index is another method that combines air temperature and
relative humidity to determine the perceived temperature. It is used to
evaluate the thermal environment in indoor spaces 3.
The Cooling Power Index is a method that measures the cooling effect of air
conditioning systems. It is used to evaluate the performance of air
conditioning systems 4.
The Humidity Ratio is a measure of the amount of moisture in the air. It is

used to evaluate the thermal environment in indoor spaces 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
The Standard Effective Temperature is a method that combines air

temperature, mean radiant temperature, and air velocity to determine the
perceived temperature. It is used to evaluate the thermal environment in
indoor spaces 1.
The Universal Thermal Climate Index is a method that combines air

temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, and humidity to
determine the perceived temperature. It is used to evaluate the thermal
environment in indoor and outdoor spaces 1.
The thermal environment can be evaluated by measurements of four of the

six parameters: air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, and air
velocity. The last two parameters need to be estimated from tables.
Measured data can be used to illustrate the effects of changes in the
parameters 1.
2.Explain the six variables that predict a person's thermal comfort

ina building?
To predict a person’s thermal comfort in a building, we measure six

variables1234:
Air temperature: The temperature of the air surrounding your body.
Radiant temperature: Thermal radiation is the heat that radiates from a

warm object; radiators, electric fires, furnaces, ovens, cookers, dryers,
machinery, the sun, etc.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Air velocity: One of the most important factors in relation to thermal comfort
because people are sensitive to air movement patterns. Air velocity is the
speed at which air moves across a person e.g. cooler air moving at a faster
rate may cool a worker down, while still, heated air may make people feel
stuffy. Equally important is the fact that air causes draughts – if the air
temperature is less than skin temperature, it will increase heat loss through
the skin, even when the system is in heat mode.
Humidity: Relative humidity is the ratio between the actual amount of water
vapour in the air and the maximum amount of water vapour that the air can
hold at that air temperature. The more relative humidity in the air (i.e. the
higher the ratio), the harder it is to sweat as humidity prevents the
evaporation of sweat from the skin.
Clothing insulation: Thermal comfort is directly affected by the clothes you

wear. Clothing interferes with our ability to lose heat to the environment.
Wearing too much clothing or PPE will make you too hot, wearing clothing
with inadequate insulation in colder temperatures will make you too cold.
Therefore clothing can both cause and control thermal comfort.
Activity level: The more physical work you do, the more heat you produce –
those in physical jobs may be more likely to experience heat stress than
those who have sedentary, office-based roles. In addition, factors such as
your weight, size, age, fitness level, and sex can all have an impact on how
hot or cold you personally feel.
There are also other techniques for estimating likely thermal comfort,
including effective temperature, equivalent temperature, Wet Bulb Globe
Temperature (WBGT), resultant temperature, and so on. Predicted mean
vote (PMV), Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, Discomfort Index, Cooling Power
Index, Humidity, Standard Effective Temperature, and Universal thermal
climate index are some of the techniques used to measure thermal comfort1.
3. Explain the Measurement Methods of comfort in existing

buildings.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
According to a meta-synthesis review of occupant comfort assessment in

buildings, the aspects of comfort include thermal comfort, visual comfort,
acoustic comfort, and indoor air quality satisfaction 1. The review also
mentions that occupant comfort can be divided into four types based on
environment-dependent factors 1.
ASHRAE 55 is a standard that provides a method for determining thermal

comfort conditions in buildings 2. The standard includes a set of thermal
comfort conditions that are based on the temperature, humidity, air speed,
and radiant heat of the environment 2.
A study used thermal indices such as temperature-humidity index (THI), wet

bulb globe temperature (WBGT), physiological effective temperature (PET),
and universal thermal climate index (UTCI) to evaluate thermal comfort 3.
The review also mentions that the comfort models used in research are
mostly based on comfort perception votes collected from experimental
studies, which may not reflect the preferences of users well 1. In addition,
only the influence of environmental factors on the models has been
investigated, and other personal factors have been ignored 1.
Future research recommendations include the need for more comprehensive

and accurate data collection tools, the development of more accurate and
reliable models, and the consideration of personal factors in comfort models
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
1.
4. Explain the Evaluation Methods of comfort in existing buildings
Evaluation of thermal comfort in existing buildings is a complex process that

involves measuring various parameters such as air temperature, humidity,
radiant temperature, and air velocity 1. The operative temperature is an
intuitive representation of the temperature experienced in a room. However,
it does not provide an indication of how the thermal environment is
experienced, as activity, clothing, and expectations are not taken into
account in the value 1. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is commonly used in
scientific literature and is described in ISO 7730. PMV takes into
consideration the six parameters mentioned in section 3.1.2 (metabolic rate,
clothing index, air velocity, radiant temperature, air temperature, and RH).
PMV is a seven-point scale ranging from cold (-3) to hot (+3) with 0 as
neutral. The PMV value can be a better indication of how the thermal
environment is experienced than the operative temperature alone, but it is a
more abstract term to many people 1. Adaptive comfort is an alternative
approach that involves thousands of building occupants in field studies in
real buildings, where measurements and questionnaires have been used to
correlate the temperature to the thermal sensation experienced by the
occupants. The results show that, in buildings with natural ventilation, the
outdoor temperature during the previous week has an influence on the
temperature we accept indoors on a given day; the higher the outdoor
temperature, the higher an indoor temperature we accept. Adaptation
requires access to openable windows, and that the occupant has freedom to
adjust clothing. Part of the explanation of adaptation is that a psychological
process is involved 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
5. Evaluation of thermal comfort in existing buildings is a complex process

that involves measuring various parameters such as air temperature,
humidity, radiant temperature, and air velocity 1. The operative temperature
is an intuitive representation of the temperature experienced in a room.
However, it does not provide an indication of how the thermal environment
is experienced, as activity, clothing, and expectations are not taken into
account in the value 1. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is commonly used in
scientific literature and is described in ISO 7730. PMV takes into
consideration the six parameters mentioned in section 3.1.2 (metabolic rate,
clothing index, air velocity, radiant temperature, air temperature, and RH).
PMV is a seven-point scale ranging from cold (-3) to hot (+3) with 0 as
neutral. The PMV value can be a better indication of how the thermal
environment is experienced than the operative temperature alone, but it is a
more abstract term to many people 1. Adaptive comfort is an alternative
approach that involves thousands of building occupants in field studies in
real buildings, where measurements and questionnaires have been used to
correlate the temperature to the thermal sensation experienced by the
occupants. The results show that, in buildings with natural ventilation, the
outdoor temperature during the previous week has an influence on the
temperature we accept indoors on a given day; the higher the outdoor
temperature, the higher an indoor temperature we accept. Adaptation
requires access to openable windows, and that the occupant has freedom to
adjust clothing. Part of the explanation of adaptation is that a psychological
process is involved 1.
5.Which are the systems account for the building's energy

consumption?
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the energy consumption

of buildings can be divided into three categories: lighting and electrical
appliances, elevators and escalators, and heating, ventilation and air-
conditioning (HVAC) systems 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Building energy management systems (BEMS) are a diverse group of

technologies that monitor and control the energy consumption of a building.
They combine automation, the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning,
and artificial intelligence (AI) to precisely manage energy use by building
appliances, lighting, and HVAC 2.
6. What are the acceptable thermal conditions in occupant-

controlled naturally conditioned spaces?
According to ASHRAE Standard 55, which specifies conditions for acceptable

thermal environments in buildings and other occupied spaces, the standard
includes a separate adaptive model for determining acceptable thermal
conditions in occupant-controlled naturally conditioned spaces, with newly
expanded applicability in the latest version 1. The adaptive model is
applicable in buildings without mechanical cooling (and no operating heating
system) where occupants’ met rates are 1.0-1.3 met and their clothing
levels are 0.5-1.0 clo 2. The standard also defines acceptable thermal
conditions for occupant-controlled, naturally conditioned spaces, where 80%
to 90% of the building occupants might expect to find the conditions
acceptable based on a comfort equation using a band of conditions centred
on… θc = 0.31·θpma + 17.8°C 34.
7. Explain the significance of thermal comfort in a building?
Thermal comfort is a critical aspect of building design that refers to the

occupants’ satisfaction with the thermal environment. It is essential to
maintain a comfortable temperature range in a building to ensure the well-
being and productivity of its occupants 1. The thermal comfort of a building
is influenced by several factors, including the ambient temperature,
humidity, air velocity, and radiant temperature. The design of HVAC systems
plays a crucial role in controlling and predicting thermal comfort in buildings
1. Poorly designed and installed ventilation systems can directly affect the
thermal comfort of people in office buildings, theaters, cinemas, commercial

centers, and residential buildings 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
In addition to the physical and psychological benefits of thermal comfort, it

is also an essential factor in energy-efficient building design. By maintaining
optimal thermal comfort, building owners can reduce energy consumption
and costs while minimizing the environmental impact of their buildings 2.
8. What are the measures to be ensured to improve the

thermalcomfort in residential buildings?
To improve thermal comfort in residential buildings, the following measures

can be taken:
Environmental monitoring and control: This can be achieved through

automated or user-controlled systems, active systems such as heating and
cooling, and passive systems such as shading 1.
Adapting or changing clothing: Wearing appropriate clothing can help

maintain thermal comfort 1.
Allowing flexible working hours or changing start and finish times: This can
help people avoid the hottest parts of the day 1.
Adjusting tasks: This can help people avoid strenuous activities during the
hottest parts of the day 1.
Providing information telling people what sort of conditions to expect so that

they can dress and behave appropriately: This can help people prepare for
the weather and maintain thermal comfort 1.
Use a HVAC system that regulates MRT: This can help maintain thermal
comfort by regulating the Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) 1.
Minimise leakage: This can help maintain thermal comfort by reducing heat
loss 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Design and build for some occupant control: This can help maintain thermal
comfort by allowing occupants to adjust the temperature and ventilation
according to their preferences 1.
Maintain the thermal environment, and make changes as necessary: This

can help maintain thermal comfort by ensuring that the building is well-
maintained and any issues are addressed promptly 1.
Passive design strategies can also be employed to improve thermal comfort

in residential buildings. These include natural ventilation, the use of
appropriate materials that can contribute to thermal mass, and specific
design elements such as indoor greenery and reflecting pools
9.How the orientation of a building play the role in the thermal

comfort of a building?
The orientation of a building plays a crucial role in the thermal comfort of a

building. By considering the sun’s movements and wind patterns, a building
can make the most of natural sunlight, minimize excessive heat or cold
exposure, and take advantage of natural ventilation 1. An appropriate
building orientation will allow the desirable winter sun to enter the building
and allow ventilation in the summer by facing the summer wind stream 1.
The orientation of a building is measured by the azimuth angle of a surface
relative to true north 1. Successful orientation rotates the building to
minimize energy loads and maximize free energy from the sun and wind 1.
Good orientation can effectively reduce the need for mechanical systems for
heating, cooling, and ventilation 2. It controls the manner in which solar
radiation is being received by the facade of a building, and thus alter its
thermal load thereby affecting the thermal comfort of space 2. Material
choices and glazing are part of a building’s orientation for thermal comfort.
They can avoid solar heat gain, or–unlike daylighting–they can store the
sun’s heat with thermal mass 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
10.What are the shading devices used in a building for the thermal
comfort of a building?
Shading devices used in a building for thermal comfort include:
External shading devices such as overhangs or vertical fins 1.
Landscape features such as mature trees or hedge rows 1.
Horizontal reflecting surfaces called light shelves 1.
Low shading coefficient (SC) glass 1.
Interior glare control devices such as Venetian blinds or adjustable louvers 1.
These devices are used to control solar heat gains in buildings by

intercepting unwanted solar rays, especially during overheated periods, thus
substantially reducing the cooling load and resulting in huge energy savings
1.
11.Explain the building techniques to regulate the heat transfer in a

building
To regulate heat transfer in a building, several techniques can be employed.

These include:
Insulation: Insulation is the most common technique used to regulate heat

transfer in buildings. It involves the use of materials that have low thermal
conductivity to reduce heat flow through walls, ceilings, and floors.
Insulation can be made from a variety of materials, including fiberglass,
cellulose, and foam 1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Air barriers: Air barriers are materials that prevent air from flowing through
walls, ceilings, and floors. They are used to reduce heat loss and gain by
controlling the flow of air through the building envelope. Air barriers can be
made from a variety of materials, including polyethylene, polypropylene, and
aluminum foil 2.
Solar control: Solar control techniques are used to reduce the amount of
solar radiation that enters a building. This can be achieved by using shading
devices such as blinds, curtains, or awnings, or by using glazing materials
that have low solar heat gain coefficients 2.
Thermal mass: Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb and store
heat. Materials with high thermal mass, such as concrete, brick, and stone,
can be used to regulate temperature fluctuations in a building. These
materials absorb heat during the day and release it at night, helping to
maintain a more constant indoor temperature 1.
Ventilation: Ventilation is the process of exchanging indoor air with outdoor

air. It can be used to regulate temperature and humidity levels in a building.
Natural ventilation, which relies on the use of windows and vents, is the
most energy-efficient form of ventilation. Mechanical ventilation, which uses
fans and ducts, is also an option 1.
Heat recovery: Heat recovery systems are used to recover heat from
exhaust air and transfer it to incoming fresh air. This can help to reduce the
energy required to heat or cool a building 2.
These techniques can be used in combination to achieve optimal thermal

comfort and energy efficiency in a building.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
12. Which are Sources of Solar Radiation that Require Shading?
Shading is an important aspect of passive solar design that regulates the

amount of sunlight that is admitted into a building. It prevents excess heat
gain in warm and sunny weather, which can otherwise lead to an increase in
the consumption of energy required to cool the house. Shading can be
provided in several ways, for instance, exterior building elements like
overhangs, interior glare control devices, low shading coefficient glass, and
landscape 1. The angle at which the sun’s rays fall on a house is mostly fixed
and distinctly different during summer and winter. In this case, a fixed
shading system can control heat gain. However, there is almost the same
amount of sunshine in March and September, with the latter month being
warmer in nearly all regions. In this situation, shading design requires more
attention, and adjustable shading elements may satisfy passive solar design
requirements 1.
The following are some sources of solar radiation that require shading:
South-facing windows: Use fixed overhangs to control direct solar radiation.

Indirect (diffuse) radiation should be controlled by other means, such as
low-e glazing 2.
North-facing windows and roofs: In the tropics, shade north-facing windows

and roofs because the former receives direct heat gain, and the latter is the
main source of transmitted solar gain into the building. In other areas,
shading of north-facing windows is not needed 1.
East and west glass: Limit the amount of east and west glass since it is
harder to shade than south glass 2.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
13. Explain the shading methods used to control Solar Heat on

Buildings
Shading is an effective way to control solar heat gain in buildings. It can help
reduce the amount of sunlight entering a building, which in turn can reduce
the amount of energy needed to cool the building. There are many different
types of shading devices that can be used to control solar heat gain,
including natural landscaping, awnings, overhangs, trellises, and light
shelves 1. The design of effective shading devices will depend on the solar
orientation of a particular building facade 1. For example, simple fixed
overhangs are very effective at shading south-facing windows in the summer
when sun angles are high. However, the same horizontal device is ineffective
at blocking low afternoon sun from entering west-facing windows during
peak heat gain periods in the summer 1. Exterior shading devices are
particularly effective in conjunction with clear glass facades 1. Well-designed
sun control and shading devices can dramatically reduce building peak heat
gain and cooling requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of
building interiors. Depending on the amount and location of fenestration,
reductions in annual cooling energy consumption of 5% to 15% have been
reported 1.
14. Write short note on (A)Elevated air speed (B) Mixed Mode
Ventilated Buildings (C)Paper insulation
a) Elevated air speed is a term used to describe the effect of increasing the
air movement in a space to enhance the thermal comfort of the occupants.
Elevated air speed can offset the indoor temperature rise and reduce the
need for mechanical cooling. According to ASHRAE 55, elevated air speed
can be used to extend the comfort range of natural ventilation, as long as
the operative temperature does not exceed 30°C and the air speed does not
exceed 1.2 m/s12.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
b) Mixed Mode Ventilated Buildings are buildings that use a combination of

natural ventilation and mechanical systems to provide space conditioning.
Mixed mode ventilation can offer the benefits of both systems, such as
improved indoor air quality, occupant control, energy savings, and reduced
environmental impact. There are three basic categories of mixed mode
buildings: concurrent, changeover, and zoned, depending on how natural
ventilation and mechanical cooling operate at different times and places34.
c) Paper insulation is a type of wood- or paper-based product that is used as

electrical insulation in many applications. Paper insulation is made from pure
cellulose, which has outstanding electrical properties, such as high dielectric
constant and low conductivity. Paper insulation can be classified by its
thickness, from tissue (less than 1.5 mils) to board (more than 20 mils).
Paper insulation can be used for electrical cables, transformers, capacitors,
and other devices567.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,

UNIT –III PART-B
QUESTION & ANSWER
1.Illustrate the ways of heat transfer in buildings?
Heat transfer in buildings occurs mainly by three methods: conduction,

convection, and radiation. Here is a brief illustration of each method:
Conduction is the movement of heat energy directly through solid materials

from molecule to molecule. For example, heat can be conducted through the
walls, floors, and roofs of a building from the warmer side to the colder side.
Convection is the movement of heat energy by the circulation of fluids

(liquids or gases). For example, heat can be transferred by convection
through the air inside and outside a building, or by the water in a heating or
cooling system.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Radiation is the emission of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic

waves. For example, heat can be radiated by the sun to the building, or by
the building to the sky.You can find more details and examples of heat
transfer in buildings
2. Discuss the types of Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying fresh air to a building from

outside, without using mechanical devices such as fans or air conditioners.
Natural ventilation can reduce energy consumption and improve indoor air
quality and thermal comfort. There are two main types of natural
ventilation: wind-driven and buoyancy-driven1.
Wind-driven ventilation, also known as cross-ventilation, relies on the

pressure difference created by the wind blowing around the building. This
type of natural ventilation requires openings on opposite sides of the
building, such as windows or doors, that allow air to flow through. The size,
shape, and orientation of the openings affect the amount and direction of
airflow23.
Buoyancy-driven ventilation, also known as stack ventilation, relies on the

temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor air. This type of
natural ventilation requires openings at different heights of the building,
such as vents or skylights, that allow warm air to rise and escape, and cool
air to enter. The height, location, and design of the openings affect the rate
and pattern of airflow24.
Both types of natural ventilation can be influenced by factors such as

climate, building geometry, occupancy, and external obstructions. Therefore,
natural ventilation should be carefully planned and designed to achieve
optimal performance and comfort15.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
3. Examine how incident solar heat varies with different latitudes
Incident solar heat, also known as insolation, is the amount of solar radiation
that reaches the Earth’s surface. It varies with different latitudes because of
the angle of incidence and the length of the day.
The angle of incidence is the angle between the incoming solar rays and the
horizontal plane. The higher the angle, the more concentrated the solar
energy is on a given area. The lower the angle, the more spread out the
solar energy is over a larger area.
The length of the day is the duration of sunlight that a location receives in a
day. The longer the day, the more solar energy a location receives. The
shorter the day, the less solar energy a location receives.
At the equator, the angle of incidence is high (around 90 degrees) and the
length of the day is constant (around 12 hours). This means that the equator
receives the most insolation throughout the year.
At the poles, the angle of incidence is low (around 0 degrees) and the length
of the day varies from 0 to 24 hours depending on the season. This means
that the poles receive the least insolation throughout the year.
At the mid-latitudes, the angle of incidence and the length of the day change
with the seasons. This means that the mid-latitudes receive more insolation
in summer and less insolation in winter.
The difference in insolation at different latitudes drives the global heat

budget and the atmospheric circulation. The equator has a surplus of heat,
while the poles have a deficit of heat. The atmosphere and the oceans
transfer heat from the low latitudes to the high latitudes, creating winds and
currents.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Solar Energy Potential At Different Latitudes
Variation of Global Solar Radiation at different altitudes of Mid-Western

Region, Nepal
Solar Energy and Latitude
Latitude and energy balance
Radiative Differential Heating
Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
4.Explain about the heat transfer characteristic of building materials.
Heat transfer is the process of transferring thermal energy from one object
or system to another. Heat transfer can occur in three ways: conduction,
convection, and radiation. The heat transfer characteristic of a building
material is a measure of how well it can conduct, convect, or radiate heat
under certain conditions. Different building materials have different heat
transfer characteristics, which affect their thermal performance and energy
efficiency.
Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between molecules

of a solid material. The rate of conduction depends on the temperature
difference, the cross-sectional area, the length, and the thermal conductivity
of the material. Thermal conductivity is a property that indicates how easily
heat can flow through a material. Materials with high thermal conductivity,
such as metals, are good conductors of heat, while materials with low
thermal conductivity, such as wood, are poor conductors or insulators of
heat.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids, such as air or

water. The rate of convection depends on the temperature difference, the
surface area, the fluid velocity, and the convective heat transfer coefficient
of the material. Convective heat transfer coefficient is a property that
indicates how well a material can exchange heat with a fluid. Materials with
high convective heat transfer coefficient, such as smooth and flat surfaces,
are good convectors of heat, while materials with low convective heat
transfer coefficient, such as rough and irregular surfaces, are poor
convectors of heat.
Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves, such as infrared

or visible light. The rate of radiation depends on the temperature, the
surface area, the emissivity, and the absorptivity of the material. Emissivity
is a property that indicates how well a material can emit heat radiation,
while absorptivity is a property that indicates how well a material can absorb
heat radiation. Materials with high emissivity and absorptivity, such as black
and matte surfaces, are good radiators and absorbers of heat, while
materials with low emissivity and absorptivity, such as white and shiny
surfaces, are poor radiators and absorbers of heat.
The heat transfer characteristic of a building material can be affected by

various factors, such as the material composition, the microstructure, the
surface properties, the orientation, the thickness, the moisture content, the
air gaps, and the environmental conditions. For example, a brick wall has a
different heat transfer characteristic than a concrete wall, even though they
are both made of solid materials. A brick wall has a lower thermal
conductivity, a higher convective heat transfer coefficient, and a higher
emissivity and absorptivity than a concrete wall, which means that it can
resist heat flow better, but also lose or gain heat faster by convection and
radiation.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
The heat transfer characteristic of a building material is important for

designing and evaluating the thermal performance and energy efficiency of
buildings. By choosing appropriate building materials and structures, the
heat transfer through the building envelope can be minimized or optimized,
depending on the desired indoor thermal comfort and the outdoor climatic
conditions.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
OEN751 GREE BUILDING DESIGN

UNIT –IV PART- B
QUESTION & ANSWER
1.Which are the key aspects of passive solar design?

The key aspects of passive solar design are:
• Northerly orientation of daytime living areas

• Passive shading of glass and selection of appropriate glazing
• Appropriate areas of glass on northern façades
• Thermal mass for storing heat
• Insulation and draught sealing
• Floor plan design to address heating needs including zoning
• Climate appropriate glazing solutions
These principles help to reduce the need for artificial heating and cooling,
and improve the comfort and energy efficiency of your home.
2. Explain the types of Solar Energy Technologies
Types of solar energy can be divided into two main categories: solar thermal
and photovoltaic solar. Solar thermal energy uses heat from the sun to
generate electricity or heat water, while photovoltaic solar energy converts
sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells. Solar thermal energy can be
further classified into three types of concentrated solar power systems:
trough, power tower, and dish/engine. These systems use mirrors or lenses
to focus sunlight onto a receiver that collects the heat.
Some possible continuations of my response are:
• If you want to learn more about the advantages and disadvantages of

each type of solar energy, you can ask me to summarize a web article
or a Wikipedia page on this topic.
• Here is a poem I wrote about solar energy:
3. Discuss SHC systems
SHC systems, or solar heating and cooling systems, are technologies that
use solar energy to provide thermal comfort for buildings or other
applications. SHC systems can be classified into two types: active and
passive. Active SHC systems use pumps, fans, or other mechanical devices
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
to circulate a heat transfer fluid (such as water or air) through solar

collectors, where it absorbs solar radiation and transfers it to a storage tank
or a heat exchanger. Passive SHC systems rely on natural convection,
radiation, or thermal mass to distribute solar heat without any external
power source1.
SHC systems can be used for various purposes, such as space heating,
water heating, pool heating, and cooling. Cooling can be achieved by using
absorption chillers, desiccant dehumidifiers, or evaporative coolers that use
solar heat as the driving force2. SHC systems can reduce the dependency on
electricity or fossil fuels for heating and cooling, and thus lower the
greenhouse gas emissions and energy costs3.
SHC systems are currently attracting attention, especially in times of

increasing energy prices and supply crises. However, they also face some
challenges, such as high initial investment costs, low energy efficiency, and
intermittent availability of solar radiation. Therefore, SHC systems need to
be optimized and integrated with other energy sources and technologies to
achieve better performance and reliability3.
If you want to learn more about SHC systems, you can check out these web
sources:
• Soil Health - DAC: This website provides information about the Soil
Health Card Scheme, which aims to promote the use of SHC systems
for soil testing and fertility management in India.
• Solar heating and cooling system | PPT: This is a presentation that
explains the basic concepts and components of SHC systems, with
some examples and applications.
• Economic and Energetic Assessment … - MDPI: This is a research
paper that compares the performance and feasibility of different SHC
systems for cooling applications in Germany.
4. Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Power
Solar power is a form of renewable energy that uses sunlight to generate

electricity or heat. It has many advantages and disadvantages compared to
other sources of energy. Here are some of them:
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Advantages of solar power:
• It is a sustainable and clean source of energy that does not emit

greenhouse gases or other pollutants.
• It can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and increase energy
security and diversity.
• It can lower the electricity bills and provide long-term savings for the
users.
• It can create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the solar industry.
• It can be installed in remote or rural areas where grid access is limited
or costly.
Disadvantages of solar power:
• It is intermittent and variable, depending on the weather and the time

of day. It requires backup or storage systems to ensure reliability and
stability.
• It has high upfront costs and maintenance expenses. It also needs a
lot of space and land to install the solar panels or collectors.
• It can face technical challenges and environmental impacts from the
manufacturing, transportation, and disposal of the solar equipment.
• It can face social and political barriers, such as lack of awareness,
incentives, regulations, or infrastructure to support its adoption and
integration.
5. Explain the Solar Power types
Solar power is the energy that is obtained from the sun and converted into
electricity or heat. There are three main types of solar power systems that
use different technologies to harness solar energy:
• Grid-tie solar systems are connected to the public electricity grid and
can feed excess power back to the grid or draw power from it when
needed. They are the most common and cost-effective type of solar
system for homes and businesses. They can reduce the electricity bills
and carbon footprint of the users, but they depend on the grid for
reliability and stability.
• Off-grid solar systems are independent from the public electricity grid
and rely on batteries or generators to store and supply power. They
are suitable for remote or rural areas where grid access is limited or
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
costly. They can provide energy security and self-reliance, but they
require more maintenance and investment than grid-tie systems.
• Hybrid solar systems combine the features of grid-tie and off-grid systems.
They are connected to the grid but also have batteries or generators to
store and backup power. They can optimize the use of solar energy and
grid power, and provide flexibility and resilience in case of grid outages or
fluctuations.
6. What is the advantage of solar energy comparing other forms of

energy?
Solar energy is a form of renewable energy that uses sunlight to generate

electricity or heat. Compared to other forms of energy, solar energy has
some advantages, such as:
• It is a sustainable and clean source of energy that does not emit

greenhouse gases or other pollutants12.
• It can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and increase energy
security and diversity13.
• It can lower the electricity bills and provide long-term savings for the
users12.
• It can create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the solar
industry12.
• It can be installed in remote or rural areas where grid access is limited
or costly12.
However, solar energy also has some disadvantages, such as:
• It is intermittent and variable, depending on the weather and the time

of day. It requires backup or storage systems to ensure reliability and
stability12.
• It has high upfront costs and maintenance expenses. It also needs a
lot of space and land to install the solar panels or collectors12.
• It can face technical challenges and environmental impacts from the
manufacturing, transportation, and disposal of the solar equipment12.
• It can face social and political barriers, such as lack of awareness,
incentives, regulations, or infrastructure to support its adoption and
integration12.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
7. Explain the building window orientation design for various

climatic conditions
Building window orientation design is the process of choosing the direction

and size of windows in a building to optimize the natural lighting, ventilation,
and thermal comfort of the occupants. Different climatic conditions require
different strategies for window orientation design. Here are some general
guidelines for various climates:
• Hot and dry climate: The main goal is to minimize the exposure of the
windows to direct sunlight and heat gain, especially on the east and
west sides. The windows should be small, shaded, and oriented
towards the north or south. The use of double glazing, low-e coatings,
and reflective films can also reduce the solar heat gain coefficient
(SHGC) of the windows1.
• Warm and humid climate: The main goal is to maximize the natural
ventilation and air movement through the windows, while avoiding
excessive solar radiation and glare. The windows should be large,
operable, and oriented towards the prevailing wind direction. The use
of louvers, screens, and blinds can also enhance the ventilation and
shading of the windows2.
• Moderate climate: The main goal is to balance the heating and cooling
needs of the building throughout the year, while providing adequate
daylight and views. The windows should be moderate in size and
oriented towards the south or east. The use of overhangs, awnings,
and curtains can also adjust the solar access and shading of the
windows according to the seasons3.
• Cold climate: The main goal is to maximize the solar heat gain and
thermal insulation of the windows, while minimizing the heat loss and
condensation. The windows should be large, double or triple glazed,
and oriented towards the south or west. The use of low-e coatings,
argon gas fill, and warm edge spacers can also improve the U-value
and SHGC of the windows4.
8. Discuss the types of ventilation
Ventilation is the process of moving outdoor air into a building or a room and
distributing it in the area. The main purpose of ventilation is to provide
healthy and comfortable air for the occupants. There are different types of
ventilation systems that use various methods and technologies to achieve
this goal. Here are some of them:
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
• Natural ventilation: This type of ventilation relies on the natural forces

of wind and buoyancy to drive the air flow through the building. It
does not use any mechanical devices, such as fans or ducts, but rather
depends on the design and orientation of the building, the openings,
and the climate. Natural ventilation can reduce the energy
consumption and cost of ventilation, but it can also be unpredictable
and insufficient in some situations1.
• Mechanical ventilation: This type of ventilation uses mechanical
devices, such as fans, blowers, or pumps, to move the air through the
building. It can be controlled and regulated by the operator, and it can
provide a consistent and adequate air flow. Mechanical ventilation can
be further classified into subtypes, such as supply, exhaust, or
balanced ventilation, depending on the direction and balance of the air
flow2.
• Hybrid ventilation: This type of ventilation combines the features of
natural and mechanical ventilation. It can switch between the two
modes, depending on the conditions and the needs of the building.
Hybrid ventilation can optimize the performance and efficiency of
ventilation, but it can also be complex and expensive to install and
operate3.
• Spot ventilation: This type of ventilation targets specific areas or
sources of pollution or moisture in the building, such as kitchens,
bathrooms, or laundry rooms. It uses local exhaust fans or vents to
remove the contaminated air from these areas and prevent it from
spreading to other parts of the building. Spot ventilation can improve
the indoor air quality and prevent mold and mildew growth, but it can
also increase the energy consumption and noise level of ventilation4.
• Task-ambient conditioning (TAC) ventilation: This type of ventilation
provides personalized and adjustable air flow to each occupant or
workstation in the building. It uses a network of sensors, valves, and
diffusers to deliver the desired temperature, humidity, and velocity of air to
each individual. TAC ventilation can enhance the comfort and satisfaction of
the occupants, but it can also require more maintenance and coordination of
the ventilation system.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
9. What are the Purpose of Passive Cooling?
Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain

control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor
thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption1. The purpose of passive
cooling is to reduce the need for mechanical cooling systems, such as air
conditioners or fans, which consume energy and emit greenhouse gases.
Passive cooling can also enhance the comfort and health of the occupants,
as well as the aesthetic and environmental quality of the building2.
Some of the techniques for passive cooling are:
• Shading: This technique prevents or reduces the exposure of the

building to direct sunlight, which can cause overheating and glare.
Shading can be achieved by using external elements, such as trees,
awnings, or louvers, or internal elements, such as curtains, blinds, or
films3.
• Ventilation: This technique allows the movement of outdoor air into
and out of the building, which can remove excess heat and moisture,
and provide fresh and cool air. Ventilation can be natural, driven by
wind or buoyancy forces, or mechanical, driven by fans or blowers4.
• Thermal mass: This technique uses materials that can store and
release heat over time, such as concrete, brick, or stone. Thermal
mass can moderate the indoor temperature fluctuations and reduce
the peak cooling load. Thermal mass can be combined with night
ventilation, which cools the mass during the night and releases the
coolness during the day.
• Evaporative cooling: This technique uses the latent heat of
vaporization of water to cool the air or the building surfaces.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Evaporative cooling can be direct, where water is sprayed or

evaporated into the air, or indirect, where water is used to cool a
secondary medium, such as a roof or a wall.
10. Explain the passive cooling techniques
Passive cooling techniques are methods of reducing the heat gain and
improving the thermal comfort of a building without using any mechanical or
electrical devices. They rely on natural processes, such as shading,
ventilation, thermal mass, and evaporative cooling, to control the
temperature and air flow in the building. Here are some examples of passive
cooling techniques:
• Shading: Shading is the use of external or internal elements, such as

trees, awnings, louvers, curtains, or blinds, to block or reduce the
direct sunlight that enters the building. Shading can prevent
overheating and glare, and lower the cooling load of the building1.
Ventilation: Ventilation is the movement of outdoor air into and out of the building, which can remove
excess heat and moisture, and provide fresh and cool air. Ventilation can be natural, driven by wind or
buoyancy forces, or hybrid, which combines natural and mechanical modes2.
• Thermal mass: Thermal mass is the use of materials that can store
and release heat over time, such as concrete, brick, or stone. Thermal
mass can moderate the indoor temperature fluctuations and reduce
the peak cooling load. Thermal mass can be combined with night
ventilation, which cools the mass during the night and releases the
coolness during the day3.
• Evaporative cooling: Evaporative cooling is the use of water to cool the
air or the building surfaces. As water evaporates, it absorbs heat from
the surrounding air or surfaces, and lowers the temperature.
Evaporative cooling can be direct, where water is sprayed or
evaporated into the air, or indirect, where water is used to cool a
secondary medium, such as a roof or a wall4.
11. Why we use Solar Energy Technologies for Buildings?
Solar energy technologies are becoming more popular for buildings because
they offer many benefits, such as:
• They are eco-friendly, as they use a renewable and clean source of

energy that does not emit greenhouse gases or pollutants123.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
• They are cost-effective, as they can reduce the dependence on grid

electricity and save money on utility bills in the long run124. They may
also qualify for tax benefits or incentives from the government23.
• They are reliable, as they can provide consistent and stable power
supply even during power outages or fluctuations14. They can also
store excess energy in batteries or feed it back to the grid for later
use1.
• They are easy to maintain, as they require minimal upkeep and have a
long lifespan of 25-30 years12. They only need to be cleaned
occasionally to remove dust or debris2.
• They are safe, as they reduce the risk of electrical fires or shocks from
faulty wiring or equipment2. They also have low noise levels and do
not interfere with other devices1.
• They are attractive, as they can enhance the aesthetic appeal and
value of the property24. They can also demonstrate environmental
consciousness and social responsibility13.
12. Explain the role of windows in passive solar design
Windows play a crucial role in passive solar design, as they allow the sun’s
heat and light to enter or be blocked from the building depending on the
season and the climate. Windows are one of the five elements of passive
solar design, along with absorber, thermal mass, heat distribution, and
control1.
The orientation, size, shape, and type of windows affect how much solar
energy can be collected and stored in a passive solar building. Windows
should face within 30 degrees of true south, and during winter months they
should not be shaded from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.12. The windows in living areas
should face south, while the windows in bedrooms should face north1. In
colder climates, reduce the window area on north-, east-, and west-facing
walls, while still allowing for adequate daylight1. In warmer climates, use
north-facing windows along with generously shaded south-facing windows1.
When purchasing windows, look for ENERGY STAR® qualified windows1.
The absorber is the hard, darkened surface of the storage element that sits
in the direct path of sunlight and absorbs heat1. The thermal mass is the
material below or behind the absorber that retains or stores the heat
produced by sunlight1. The heat distribution is the process of transferring the
collected and stored heat to different areas of the house1. The control is the
mechanism that regulates the amount of heat and light entering or leaving
the building1.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
Passive solar design can reduce the electricity consumption and the energy
bills of a building, as well as improve its natural lighting and indoor comfort 1.
Windows are essential components of this design, as they serve as solar
collectors, ventilators, and insulators3.
13. Illustrate how all three forms of solar energy are in Harmony
Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun and can be converted
into different forms, such as heat, electricity, or light. There are three main
types of solar energy technologies that can harness the sun’s energy in
different ways: photovoltaic, thermal, and concentrated solar power1.
Photovoltaic solar energy uses solar cells to convert sunlight directly into
electricity. These cells are made of semiconductor materials, such as silicon,
that absorb the energy from photons and release electrons that create an
electric current2. Photovoltaic solar panels can be installed on rooftops,
buildings, or ground-mounted systems to generate electricity for homes,
businesses, or grids1.
Thermal solar energy uses the sun’s heat to warm up a fluid, such as water
or air, that can be used for heating, cooling, or hot water. Thermal solar
collectors can be flat plates, evacuated tubes, or parabolic troughs that
capture and transfer the heat to the fluid1. Thermal solar systems can be
used for domestic or industrial purposes, such as space heating, water
heating, or process heating3.
Concentrated solar power uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large

amount of sunlight onto a small area, where it is converted into heat or
electricity. The concentrated sunlight can be used to heat a fluid, such as
molten salt or synthetic oil, that can store the heat for later use or drive a
turbine to generate electricity1. Concentrated solar power plants can be built
in large-scale facilities that can provide electricity to grids or remote areas4.
All three forms of solar energy are in harmony because they use the same
source of energy, the sun, but in different ways. They can complement each
other and provide different benefits, such as:
• They are eco-friendly, as they do not emit greenhouse gases or

pollutants that contribute to climate change or air pollution1234.
• They are renewable, as they use an abundant and inexhaustible
resource that will not run out as long as the sun exists1234.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
• They are diverse, as they can be adapted to different climates,

locations, and needs, depending on the availability and intensity of
sunlight1234.
• They are efficient, as they can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels
and save money on energy bills in the long run1234. They may also
qualify for tax benefits or incentives from the government123.
14. What are the Advantages of Using Solar Power in Buildings?
Some of the advantages of using solar power in buildings are:
• It is eco-friendly, as it uses a renewable and clean source of energy

that does not emit greenhouse gases or pollutants1234.
• It is cost-effective, as it can reduce the dependence on grid electricity
and save money on utility bills in the long run1234. It may also qualify
for tax benefits or incentives from the government1234.
• It is reliable, as it can provide consistent and stable power supply even
during power outages or fluctuations1234. It can also store excess
energy in batteries or feed it back to the grid for later use1234.
• It is easy to maintain, as it requires minimal upkeep and has a long
lifespan of 25-30 years1234. It only needs to be cleaned occasionally to
remove dust or debris1234.
• It is safe, as it reduces the risk of electrical fires or shocks from faulty
wiring or equipment1234. It also has low noise levels and does not
interfere with other devices1234.
• It is attractive, as it can enhance the aesthetic appeal and value of the
property1234. It can also demonstrate environmental consciousness and
social responsibility1234.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
OEN751 GREE BUILDING DESIGN

UNIT –IV PART- B
QUESTION & ANSWER
1. Why Buildings are Going Solar
Buildings are going solar for various reasons, such as:
• To reduce their electricity bills and avoid rising energy costs12

• To increase their property value and attractiveness12
• To demonstrate their environmental consciousness and social
responsibility13
• To use a renewable and clean source of energy that does not emit
greenhouse gases or pollutants123
• To achieve energy independence and reliability123
• To integrate solar energy technologies with other applications, such as
heating, cooling, or lighting2
2.Discuss why Solar Powered Buildings are energy efficient?
Solar powered buildings are energy efficient because they use solar energy,
a renewable and clean source of power, to meet some or all of their
electricity needs. Solar energy reduces the reliance on fossil fuels, which
emit greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. Solar energy also
lowers the electricity bills and improves the performance of buildings. Here
are some points to discuss why solar powered buildings are energy efficient:
• Solar powered buildings can use photovoltaic (PV) panels, which

directly convert sunlight into electricity, or concentrating solar power
(CSP) systems, which use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight and
generate heat that drives turbines or engines. Both technologies can
produce electricity without emitting any harmful pollutants or carbon
dioxide1.
• Solar powered buildings can also use solar heating and cooling (SHC)
systems, which collect thermal energy from the sun and use it to
provide hot water and air conditioning. SHC systems can reduce the
energy consumption and costs of heating and cooling buildings, which
account for a large portion of the total energy use in buildings1.
• Solar powered buildings can incorporate energy-efficient design and
materials, such as passive solar design, low-energy building materials,
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
and energy-efficient appliances and equipment. These features can

help optimize the use of natural light and ventilation, reduce heat loss
and gain, and minimize the energy demand of buildings2.
• Solar powered buildings can store the excess solar energy they
generate in batteries or other devices, or feed it back to the grid. This
can help balance the supply and demand of electricity, improve the
reliability and stability of the grid, and avoid wasting the solar energy
that is not needed at the time of generation3.
• Solar powered buildings can have a positive impact on the
environment, health, and well-being of the occupants and the
community. Solar energy can reduce the air pollution, water pollution,
and land degradation caused by fossil fuel extraction and combustion.
Solar energy can also improve the indoor and outdoor air quality,
water quality, and thermal comfort of buildings. Solar energy can also
enhance the social value and economic value of buildings, as they can
attract more customers, tenants, and investors who are interested in
green and sustainable practices24.
To conclude, solar powered buildings are energy efficient because they use
solar energy, a renewable and clean source of power, to meet some or all of
their electricity needs. Solar energy reduces the reliance on fossil fuels,
which emit greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. Solar
energy also lowers the electricity bills and improves the performance of
buildings. Solar powered buildings can also incorporate energy-efficient
design and materials, store the excess solar energy they generate, and have
a positive impact on the environment, health, and well-being of the
occupants and the community. Solar powered buildings are a viable and
beneficial option for achieving net-zero energy buildings, which produce as
much energy as they consume over a year4.
3. Explain the three Forms of Solar Energy used for Buildings
Solar powered buildings are energy efficient because they use solar energy,
a renewable and clean source of power, to meet some or all of their
electricity needs. Solar energy reduces the reliance on fossil fuels, which
emit greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. Solar energy also
lowers the electricity bills and improves the performance of buildings. Here
are some points to discuss why solar powered buildings are energy efficient:
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
• Solar powered buildings can use photovoltaic (PV) panels, which

directly convert sunlight into electricity, or concentrating solar power
(CSP) systems, which use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight and
generate heat that drives turbines or engines. Both technologies can
produce electricity without emitting any harmful pollutants or carbon
dioxide1.
• Solar powered buildings can also use solar heating and cooling (SHC)
systems, which collect thermal energy from the sun and use it to
provide hot water and air conditioning. SHC systems can reduce the
energy consumption and costs of heating and cooling buildings, which
account for a large portion of the total energy use in buildings1.
• Solar powered buildings can incorporate energy-efficient design and
materials, such as passive solar design, low-energy building materials,
and energy-efficient appliances and equipment. These features can
help optimize the use of natural light and ventilation, reduce heat loss
and gain, and minimize the energy demand of buildings2.
• Solar powered buildings can store the excess solar energy they
generate in batteries or other devices, or feed it back to the grid. This
can help balance the supply and demand of electricity, improve the
reliability and stability of the grid, and avoid wasting the solar energy
that is not needed at the time of generation3.
• Solar powered buildings can have a positive impact on the
environment, health, and well-being of the occupants and the
community. Solar energy can reduce the air pollution, water pollution,
and land degradation caused by fossil fuel extraction and combustion.
Solar energy can also improve the indoor and outdoor air quality,
water quality, and thermal comfort of buildings. Solar energy can also
enhance the social value and economic value of buildings, as they can
attract more customers, tenants, and investors who are interested in
green and sustainable practices24.
To conclude, solar powered buildings are energy efficient because they use
solar energy, a renewable and clean source of power, to meet some or all of
their electricity needs. Solar energy reduces the reliance on fossil fuels,
which emit greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. Solar
energy also lowers the electricity bills and improves the performance of
buildings. Solar powered buildings can also incorporate energy-efficient
design and materials, store the excess solar energy they generate, and have
a positive impact on the environment, health, and well-being of the
occupants and the community. Solar powered buildings are a viable and
beneficial option for achieving net-zero energy buildings, which produce as
much energy as they consume over a year4.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
4.Discuss any two case studies regarding the Solar Passive design of
Buildings
Solar passive design is a way of designing buildings that use natural

elements and processes to provide heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation.
Solar passive design can reduce the energy consumption and environmental
impact of buildings, as well as improve the comfort and well-being of the
occupants. Here are two case studies of buildings that implement solar
passive design:
• The Jacobs House: This is a single-family house designed by Frank

Lloyd Wright in 1936 in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. The house is
considered one of the first examples of organic architecture, which
integrates the building with its natural surroundings and uses natural
materials and forms. The house is oriented along the east-west axis,
with large windows facing south to capture the winter sun and provide
natural lighting. The windows are shaded by overhangs and trees in
the summer to prevent overheating. The house also has a fireplace
and a radiant floor heating system that use wood as fuel. The house is
insulated by a layer of air between the inner and outer walls, and by
the earth on the north side. The house has a simple and open plan
that allows for natural ventilation and air circulation. The house is also
designed to harmonize with the landscape and the human scale12.
• The Pearl Academy of Fashion: This is an educational institution
designed by Morphogenesis in 2008 in Jaipur, India. The building is
located in a hot and dry climate, where the temperature can reach up
to 45°C in summer. The building is inspired by the traditional
architecture of Rajasthan, which uses passive cooling techniques such
as courtyards, water bodies, wind towers, and jaalis (perforated
screens). The building is oriented along the north-south axis, with the
main entrance facing north to avoid direct sunlight. The building has a
large central courtyard that acts as a thermal buffer and a social
space. The courtyard has a water pool that cools the air by
evaporation and creates a microclimate. The building also has wind
towers that capture the prevailing winds and direct them to the interior
spaces. The building has jaalis that filter the sunlight and create
patterns of light and shade. The building has a double-skin facade that
reduces the heat gain and provides insulation. The building also has a
roof garden that acts as a green roof and provides insulation and
thermal mass34.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,

UNIT-V PART –B
QUESTION & ANSWER
1.What is grey water reuse and write the factors influencing it.
Grey water reuse is the practice of collecting, treating, and reusing

wastewater from household sources, such as showers, sinks, and laundry,
for non-potable purposes, such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and cleaning1.
Grey water reuse can help reduce the freshwater demand, conserve the
water resources, and protect the environment2.
Some of the factors influencing grey water reuse are:
• Quality: The quality of grey water depends on the sources, the types
of detergents and products used, and the household practices. Grey
water may contain organic matter, nutrients, pathogens, metals, salts,
and other pollutants that can pose health and environmental risks if
not properly treated12. The quality of grey water also determines the
level and method of treatment required, the potential reuse
applications, and the regulatory standards and guidelines to follow3.
• Quantity: The quantity of grey water depends on the lifestyle, the
types of fixtures and appliances used, and the climatic conditions. The
quantity of grey water affects the design and operation of the
collection and treatment systems, the storage and distribution
requirements, and the reuse potential and feasibility14. The quantity of
grey water also varies over time and space, which can influence the
reliability and consistency of the reuse scheme3.
• Cost: The cost of grey water reuse includes the capital, operation, and
maintenance costs of the collection, treatment, storage, and
distribution systems, as well as the monitoring and testing costs. The
cost of grey water reuse depends on the complexity and scale of the
systems, the quality and quantity of grey water, the reuse
applications, and the local conditions13. The cost of grey water reuse
also needs to be compared with the cost of alternative water sources,
such as potable water, rainwater, or recycled water, to evaluate the
economic viability and benefits3.
• Perception: The perception of grey water reuse refers to the
attitudes, beliefs, and preferences of the users and the public towards
the reuse of grey water. The perception of grey water reuse is
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influenced by the awareness and knowledge of the benefits and risks

of grey water reuse, the trust and confidence in the treatment and
quality of grey water, the cultural and social norms and values, and
the personal and environmental factors13. The perception of grey water
reuse affects the acceptance and adoption of the reuse practices, as
well as the satisfaction and feedback of the users3.
2. Explain any two methods of sewage management.
Sewage management is the process of treating and disposing of wastewater

from household and industrial sources. There are different methods of
sewage management, depending on the quality, quantity, cost, and
perception of the wastewater. Here are two methods of sewage
management:
• Oxidation ditch: This is a method of biological treatment that uses a

circular or oval-shaped channel with aeration devices to provide
oxygen and mixing for the wastewater. The wastewater flows through
the channel and is exposed to microorganisms that degrade the
organic matter and nutrients. The treated wastewater is then
separated from the sludge by sedimentation and discharged or reused.
The sludge is recycled back to the channel or disposed of. This method
is suitable for small to medium-sized communities and can achieve
high removal efficiency and low sludge production12.
• Vermi-processing: This is a method of sludge treatment that uses
earthworms to decompose the organic matter and pathogens in the
sludge. The earthworms feed on the sludge and produce
vermicompost, which is a nutrient-rich and odorless soil conditioner.
The vermicompost can be used for agriculture or landscaping
purposes. This method is simple, low-cost, and environmentally
friendly. It can reduce the volume and weight of the sludge and
improve its quality and stability34.
3. What are the challenges in creating green spaces?
Green spaces are areas of natural or semi-natural vegetation that provide

various benefits to urban environments and human well-being. However,
creating and maintaining green spaces in cities can face many challenges,
such as:
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
• Rapid urbanization: The increasing population and demand for land

and resources in cities can lead to the loss or degradation of green
spaces. Urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and informal
settlements can encroach on or fragment green spaces, reducing their
size, quality, and connectivity12.
• Low resource base: The institutions and agencies responsible for
green spaces often lack adequate funding, staff, equipment, and
expertise to plan, implement, and manage green space projects. They
may also face competing priorities and interests from other sectors
and stakeholders, such as developers, investors, and politicians13.
• Lack of priority: Green spaces may not be recognized or valued as
an essential part of urban infrastructure and development. They may
be seen as an add-on, a luxury, or a burden, rather than a necessity.
The benefits and services that green spaces provide may not be well
understood, measured, or communicated to the public and decision-
makers14.
• Corruption: The governance and regulation of green spaces may be
affected by corruption, which can undermine the transparency,
accountability, and effectiveness of green space policies and programs.
Corruption can also lead to the misallocation, diversion, or
embezzlement of funds and resources for green spaces, or the illegal
or unethical use of green spaces for personal or political gain.
• Uncooperative attitudes: The local people and communities may not
be supportive or involved in green space initiatives. They may have
different preferences, needs, or expectations for green spaces, or they
may not trust or respect the authorities or organizations that manage
green spaces. They may also engage in activities that harm or degrade
green spaces, such as littering, dumping, vandalism, or encroachment1
.
• Political instability: The political and social context of cities may
affect the stability and continuity of green space policies and
programs. Political changes, conflicts, or crises may disrupt or derail
the planning, implementation, and management of green spaces, or
create uncertainty and insecurity for green space stakeholders.
Political instability may also affect the availability and allocation of
funds and resources for green spaces.
4. Explain the lifecycle of green composites.
Green composites are composite materials that use natural fibers and
biopolymers as the reinforcement and matrix, respectively. They are
considered more environmentally friendly than conventional composites, as
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
they are biodegradable, renewable, and recyclable. The lifecycle of green

composites consists of four main stages: production, use, end-of-life, and
recycling1.
• Production: This stage involves the cultivation, harvesting,

processing, and manufacturing of the natural fibers and biopolymers.
The production of green composites requires less energy, water, and
chemicals than the production of synthetic composites, and emits less
greenhouse gases and pollutants. However, the production of green
composites may also have some negative impacts, such as land use,
fertilizer use, pesticide use, and transportation23.
• Use: This stage involves the application, performance, and
maintenance of the green composites in various sectors, such as
automotive, construction, packaging, and furniture. The use of green
composites can reduce the weight, fuel consumption, and emissions of
the products, and improve the comfort, safety, and aesthetics of the
users. However, the use of green composites may also face some
challenges, such as durability, stability, compatibility, and
functionality24.
• End-of-life: This stage involves the disposal, degradation, and
decomposition of the green composites after they are no longer useful
or functional. The end-of-life of green composites can be managed by
different methods, such as landfilling, incineration, composting, and
biodegradation. The end-of-life of green composites can reduce the
waste generation, landfill space, and environmental pollution, and
release nutrients and carbon dioxide to the soil and atmosphere.
However, the end-of-life of green composites may also have some
negative impacts, such as leaching, methane emission, and
contamination25.
• Recycling: This stage involves the recovery, reprocessing, and reuse
of the green composites or their components. The recycling of green
composites can be done by different methods, such as mechanical,
chemical, or biological recycling. The recycling of green composites can
conserve the resources, reduce the costs, and improve the quality and
properties of the recycled products. However, the recycling of green
composites may also face some challenges, such as separation,
contamination, degradation, and compatibility26.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
5. Write the overview of green building concept.
Explore
The green building concept is a way of designing, constructing, and

operating buildings that are environmentally friendly and resource-efficient.
Green buildings aim to reduce the negative impacts of buildings on human
health and the natural environment by using energy, water, and materials
more efficiently, protecting the indoor and outdoor air quality, and
enhancing the comfort and well-being of the occupants. Green buildings can
also provide economic and social benefits, such as lower operating costs,
higher productivity, and increased value12.
The green building concept involves various strategies and practices

throughout the lifecycle of buildings, from planning and design, to
construction and operation, to maintenance and renovation, to demolition
and reuse. Some of the common features of green buildings are:
• Site selection and landscaping that minimize the disturbance and

enhance the integration with the surrounding environment.
• Building orientation and shape that optimize the use of natural light
and ventilation, and reduce the heat gain and loss.
• Building envelope and materials that provide insulation, durability, and
recyclability, and reduce the embodied energy and emissions.
• Building systems and equipment that use renewable and clean energy
sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass, and improve the efficiency
and performance of heating, cooling, lighting, and appliances.
• Water management and conservation that reduce the water
consumption and waste, and reuse and recycle the water for various
purposes, such as irrigation, toilet flushing, and cleaning.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
• Indoor environmental quality and health that ensure adequate

ventilation, filtration, and humidity control, and use low-emitting and
non-toxic materials and products.
• Waste management and reduction that minimize the generation and
disposal of solid and liquid waste, and promote the reuse and recycling
of materials and resources134.
6. List down the applications of green composites.
Green composites are composite materials that use natural fibers and
biopolymers as the reinforcement and matrix, respectively. They are
considered more environmentally friendly and resource-efficient than
conventional composites, as they are biodegradable, renewable, and
recyclable. Some of the applications of green composites are:
• Biomedical applications: Green composites can be used for various

biomedical purposes, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound
dressing, implants, and prosthetics. Green composites can provide
biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical strength, as well as
reduce the risk of infection and inflammation12.
• Food packaging applications: Green composites can be used for
making food containers, bottles, trays, films, and bags. Green
composites can offer barrier properties, thermal stability, and aesthetic
appeal, as well as reduce the environmental impact and waste
generation of food packaging13.
• Adsorption applications: Green composites can be used for
removing pollutants, such as heavy metals, dyes, and organic
compounds, from water and air. Green composites can act as bio-
adsorbents, which can adsorb and desorb the contaminants, and can
be regenerated and reused14.
• Automotive applications: Green composites can be used for making
various parts and components of vehicles, such as dashboards, door
panels, seat covers, bumpers, and spoilers. Green composites can
reduce the weight, fuel consumption, and emissions of vehicles, and
improve the performance, safety, and comfort of the drivers and
passengers1 .
• Construction applications: Green composites can be used for
making various building materials and products, such as bricks, tiles,
boards, panels, insulation, and roofing. Green composites can enhance
the durability, fire resistance, and thermal and acoustic insulation of
buildings, and reduce the energy demand and carbon footprint of the
construction sector1 .
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
7. Explain the concept of waste management.
Waste management is the process of collecting, treating, recycling, and

disposing of different waste materials to reduce the environmental impact of
waste. Waste materials can be solid, gaseous, liquid, or even hazardous and
are generally generated through human activity1.
Waste management involves various strategies and practices throughout the

lifecycle of waste, from prevention and reduction, to reuse and recovery, to
disposal and treatment. Some of the common methods of waste
management are:
• Landfilling: This is the method of burying waste in a designated area,

usually lined with clay or plastic to prevent leachate and gas
emissions. Landfilling is the most common and cheapest method of
waste disposal, but it also poses many environmental and social
problems, such as land use, greenhouse gas emissions, groundwater
contamination, and odor2.
• Incineration: This is the method of burning waste at high
temperatures to reduce its volume and weight, and to generate heat
and electricity. Incineration can destroy pathogens and hazardous
waste, and reduce the need for landfill space. However, it also
produces air pollutants, such as dioxins, furans, and particulate
matter, and requires high energy and capital costs2.
• Composting: This is the method of decomposing organic waste, such
as food scraps and yard trimmings, by microorganisms in a controlled
environment. Composting can produce a nutrient-rich soil conditioner
that can be used for agriculture or landscaping purposes. Composting
can also reduce the amount of organic waste that goes to landfills or
incinerators, and save energy and water2.
• Recycling: This is the method of collecting, sorting, and reprocessing
waste materials into new products or raw materials. Recycling can
conserve natural resources, reduce energy consumption and emissions,
and create economic and social benefits. Recycling can also reduce the
amount of waste that goes to landfills or incinerators, and extend the
lifespan of products2.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
8. What are the five principles to achieve sustainable planning of

housing? Write notes on green technology for water treatment.
The five principles to achieve sustainable planning of housing are:
• Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network: This

principle aims to provide enough space for pedestrians, cyclists, and
vehicles, and to facilitate safe, efficient, and pleasant mobility and
accessibility. The street network should occupy at least 30 percent of
the land and have at least 18 km of street length per km21.
• High density: This principle aims to optimize the use of land and
resources, and to create compact and vibrant communities. The
density should be at least 15,000 people per km2, or 150 people/ha1.
• Mixed land-use: This principle aims to integrate different functions
and activities, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and
recreational, within the same area or building. The mixed land-use
should allocate at least 40 percent of the floor space for economic use
in any neighbourhood1.
• Social mix: This principle aims to promote social diversity and
inclusion, and to prevent segregation and exclusion. The social mix
should provide housing options for different income groups and
tenures, and ensure that each tenure type does not exceed 50 percent
of the total1.
• Limited land-use specialization: This principle aims to limit the
concentration and dominance of single functions or activities, such as
offices, shopping malls, or factories, in any area or neighbourhood.
The land-use specialization should not cover more than 10 percent of
any neighbourhood1.
Some examples of green technology for housing are:
• Solar panels: Solar panels are devices that convert sunlight into
electricity, which can be used to power appliances, lighting, and
heating systems. Solar panels can reduce the dependence on fossil
fuels, lower the greenhouse gas emissions, and save on energy costs2.
• Rain barrels: Rain barrels are containers that collect and store
rainwater from rooftops, which can be used for irrigation, washing, or
flushing. Rain barrels can reduce the water consumption and waste,
and conserve the water resources2.
• Smart power strips: Smart power strips are devices that monitor
and control the power supply to plugged-in appliances and equipment.
Smart power strips can detect when the appliances are not in use or in
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
standby mode, and automatically cut off the power to save energy and
prevent phantom loads2.
• Natural insulation: Natural insulation is a type of insulation material
that is made from natural or recycled materials, such as wool, cotton,
hemp, or cellulose. Natural insulation can provide thermal and acoustic
insulation, and reduce the embodied energy and emissions of the
building materials3.
• Composting toilets: Composting toilets are toilets that do not use
water or chemicals, but instead use natural processes to decompose
human waste into compost. Composting toilets can reduce the water
consumption and waste, and produce a nutrient-rich fertilizer that can
be used for gardening or landscaping3.
9. Quote the practices, challenges and solutions of urban water

development in developing countries.
Urban water development is the process of planning, designing,

implementing, and managing water resources and services in urban areas,
such as water supply, sanitation, drainage, and wastewater treatment.
Urban water development is essential for ensuring the health, well-being,
and productivity of urban populations, as well as for supporting the
economic and social development of cities. However, urban water
development also faces many challenges, especially in developing countries,
where the rapid urbanization, population growth, poverty, and
environmental degradation have put immense pressure on the water
resources and infrastructure1.
Some of the practices, challenges, and solutions of urban water development

in developing countries are:
• Integrated urban water management (IUWM): This is a practice

that aims to coordinate and optimize the use and management of
water resources and services in urban areas, considering the
interdependencies and interactions among different water sources,
sectors, and stakeholders. IUWM adopts a holistic, participatory, and
adaptive approach that balances the economic, social, and
environmental objectives and outcomes of urban water development2.
o Challenge: IUWM requires a strong institutional and regulatory
framework, as well as adequate technical and financial
capacities, to facilitate the collaboration and coordination among
various actors and agencies involved in urban water
management. However, many developing countries lack such
PREPARED BY
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enabling conditions, and face institutional fragmentation, weak

governance, and limited resources23.
o Solution: IUWM can be promoted and supported by
strengthening the institutional and legal arrangements,
enhancing the stakeholder engagement and participation,
building the human and financial capacities, and developing the
tools and methods for planning and decision-making23.
• Water supply and sanitation (WSS): This is a practice that aims to
provide safe, reliable, and affordable water and sanitation services to
urban populations, especially to the poor and marginalized groups.
WSS can improve the health, hygiene, and dignity of the people, as
well as reduce the waterborne diseases and environmental pollution4.
o Challenge: WSS faces many challenges in developing countries,
such as low coverage and access, poor quality and quantity, high
leakage and losses, inadequate operation and maintenance, and
insufficient cost recovery and financing. These challenges are
exacerbated by the rapid urban growth, especially in the
informal settlements and slums, where the WSS infrastructure
and services are often lacking or inadequate4 .
o Solution: WSS can be improved and expanded by investing in
the infrastructure and technology, improving the service delivery
and performance, adopting the demand management and
conservation measures, increasing the tariff and subsidy policies,
and mobilizing the public and private funding4 .
• Urban drainage and stormwater management (UDSM): This is a
practice that aims to collect, convey, and dispose of the stormwater
and wastewater generated in urban areas, and to prevent or mitigate
the impacts of urban flooding, waterlogging, and erosion. UDSM can
protect the urban infrastructure and assets, as well as enhance the
urban livability and resilience.
o Challenge: UDSM faces many challenges in developing countries,
such as inadequate and outdated infrastructure, insufficient
drainage capacity and maintenance, poor solid waste
management and disposal, and lack of coordination and
regulation. These challenges are worsened by the climate
change, which can increase the frequency and intensity of
extreme rainfall events and urban flooding .
o Solution: UDSM can be enhanced and upgraded by implementing
the structural and non-structural measures, such as detention
and retention basins, permeable pavements, green roofs, and
rain gardens, improving the solid waste collection and disposal,
PREPARED BY
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enforcing the land use and building codes, and raising the public
awareness and preparedness .
10. Quote the practices, challenges and solutions of urban water

development in developed countries.
Urban water development is the process of planning, designing,

implementing, and managing water resources and services in urban areas,
such as water supply, sanitation, drainage, and wastewater treatment.
Urban water development is essential for ensuring the health, well-being,
and productivity of urban populations, as well as for supporting the
economic and social development of cities. However, urban water
development also faces many challenges, especially in developed countries,
where the aging infrastructure, climate change, population growth, and
urban sprawl have put immense pressure on the water resources and
infrastructure1.
Some of the practices, challenges, and solutions of urban water development

in developed countries are:
• Water-sensitive urban design (WSUD): This is a practice that aims

to integrate water management and urban planning and design,
considering the natural water cycle and the multiple functions and
values of water in urban areas. WSUD adopts a holistic, participatory,
and adaptive approach that balances the economic, social, and
environmental objectives and outcomes of urban water development2.
o Challenge: WSUD requires a paradigm shift from the
conventional, centralized, and supply-oriented water
management to a more decentralized, integrated, and demand-
oriented water management. However, many developed
countries face institutional, regulatory, and cultural barriers to
implement WSUD, such as lack of coordination and collaboration
among various actors and agencies, rigid and outdated policies
and regulations, and low public awareness and acceptance23.
o Solution: WSUD can be promoted and supported by establishing
a clear and consistent vision and strategy, enhancing the
stakeholder engagement and participation, creating flexible and
innovative policies and incentives, and developing the tools and
methods for planning and evaluation23.
• Water reuse and recycling: This is a practice that aims to recover
and reuse the treated wastewater or stormwater for various purposes,
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
such as irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and

groundwater recharge. Water reuse and recycling can reduce the
freshwater demand, conserve the water resources, and protect the
environment4.
o Challenge: Water reuse and recycling faces many challenges in
developed countries, such as high costs and energy
requirements, technical and operational difficulties, health and
environmental risks, and public perception and acceptance.
These challenges are influenced by the quality and quantity of
the water source, the reuse application, and the local conditions4
.
o Solution: Water reuse and recycling can be improved and
expanded by investing in the infrastructure and technology,
improving the service delivery and performance, adopting the
risk management and quality control measures, increasing the
public education and communication, and mobilizing the public
and private funding4 .
• Water conservation and efficiency: This is a practice that aims to
reduce the water consumption and waste, and to improve the water
use efficiency and productivity, in various sectors and activities, such
as domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural. Water
conservation and efficiency can lower the water bills, reduce the
energy consumption and emissions, and enhance the water security
and resilience.
o Challenge: Water conservation and efficiency faces many
challenges in developed countries, such as low water prices and
subsidies, high water availability and reliability, lack of incentives
and regulations, and behavioral and cultural factors. These
challenges can create a low awareness and motivation for water
conservation and efficiency among the water users and providers
.
o Solution: Water conservation and efficiency can be increased and
encouraged by implementing the demand management and pricing policies,
providing the information and feedback tools, offering the technical and
financial assistance, and fostering the social norms and values .
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
11. State the benefits of grey water reuse.
Grey water reuse is the practice of collecting, treating, and reusing wastewater
from household sources, such as showers, sinks, and laundry, for non-potable
purposes, such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and cleaning1. Some of the
benefits of grey water reuse are:
• Reduced freshwater use: Grey water reuse can save up to 11 trillion

gallons of water per year in the United States alone2. Grey water reuse
can reduce the freshwater demand and conserve the water resources,
especially in areas with water scarcity or drought1.
• Reduced wastewater generation: Grey water reuse can reduce the
amount of wastewater that enters the sewers or on-site treatment
systems, and thus reduce the strain on the septic systems and
municipal treatment plants. Grey water reuse can also reduce the
pollutants in rivers and streams when grey water enters them, as
plants can thrive on the nutrients in grey water12.
• Reduced energy consumption and emissions: Grey water reuse
can reduce the energy consumption and emissions associated with the
production, distribution, and treatment of freshwater and wastewater.
Grey water reuse can also reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from
landfills or incinerators, where organic waste can produce methane13.
• Reduced costs and increased value: Grey water reuse can reduce
the water bills and the operation and maintenance costs of the water
and wastewater systems. Grey water reuse can also increase the value
and attractiveness of the properties that have grey water systems
installed, as they can provide a reliable and sustainable source of
water14.
12. State the solution strategies for urban green spaces.
Urban green spaces are areas of natural or semi-natural vegetation that

provide various benefits to urban environments and human well-being.
However, creating and maintaining urban green spaces in cities can face
many challenges, such as rapid urbanization, low resource base, lack of
priority, corruption, and political instability. Some of the solution strategies
for urban green spaces are:
• Planning and design: This strategy involves developing a clear and

coherent vision and strategy for urban green spaces, based on the
PREPARED BY
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assessment of the needs, opportunities, and constraints of the local

context. Planning and design also involves integrating urban green
spaces with other urban functions and services, such as
transportation, housing, and recreation, and applying the principles of
water-sensitive urban design, biodiversity conservation, and climate
adaptation12.
• Implementation and management: This strategy involves investing
in the infrastructure and technology for urban green spaces, such as
irrigation, lighting, and security systems, and improving the service
delivery and performance of urban green spaces, such as
maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation. Implementation and
management also involves engaging and empowering the stakeholders
and communities in the co-creation and co-management of urban
green spaces, and fostering the social and cultural values and benefits
of urban green spaces13.
• Policy and governance: This strategy involves creating and
enforcing the policies and regulations that support and protect urban
green spaces, such as land use and building codes, green space
standards and guidelines, and environmental impact assessments.
Policy and governance also involves mobilizing and allocating the
financial and human resources for urban green spaces, such as public
and private funding, subsidies and incentives, and capacity building
and training14.
13. State some waste management policies.
Some waste management policies are:
• The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016: These are the rules
issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of
India, which regulate the collection, segregation, storage,
transportation, processing, and disposal of solid waste in urban and
rural areas. The rules also mandate the inclusion and participation of
the informal sector, such as waste pickers and recyclers, in the waste
management process1.
• The Waste Framework Directive, 2008: This is the directive issued
by the European Union, which establishes the legal framework and the
principles for the treatment and management of waste in the EU. The
directive also introduces the concept of the waste hierarchy, which
prioritizes the prevention, reuse, and recycling of waste over the
recovery and disposal of waste2.
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• The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976: This is the

act passed by the United States Congress, which gives the
Environmental Protection Agency the authority to regulate the
generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of
hazardous and non-hazardous waste in the US. The act also promotes
the conservation and recovery of resources and energy from waste3.
14. Describe zero waste management with a case study.
Zero waste management is a concept and a goal that aims to eliminate or

minimize the generation and disposal of waste, and to maximize the reuse
and recycling of materials and resources. Zero waste management can
reduce the environmental impact and economic cost of waste, and can
create social and environmental benefits, such as job creation, resource
conservation, and pollution prevention1.
One of the case studies of zero waste management is the city of San
Francisco, USA, which adopted a goal of 75% diversion by 2010 and a long-
term goal of zero waste. San Francisco implemented an innovative three-
stream citywide residential and commercial collection program, with
separate bins for commingled recyclables, compostables, and trash. The city
also implemented various policies and programs to prevent waste and
promote recycling and composting, such as the Mandatory Recycling and
Composting Ordinance, the Checkout Bag Charge and Recyclable or
Compostable Pre-Checkout Bag Ordinance, and the Construction and
Demolition Debris Recovery Ordinance. As a result, San Francisco exceeded
its first goal two years early, soon recovering over 80% and cutting its
disposal in half. The city continues to develop and implement new initiatives
to achieve its zero waste goal, such as reducing solid waste generation and
disposal by 15% and 50%, respectively, by 20302.
This is an example of how zero waste management can be achieved and

sustained by adopting a holistic, participatory, and adaptive approach that
balances the economic, social, and environmental objectives and outcomes
of waste management. I hope this helps you learn more about zero waste
management and its benefits.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,

UNIT-V PART –C
QUESTION & ANSWER
1. Explain the methods of disposal in detail.
The methods of disposal are the ways of getting rid of waste materials that
are no longer useful or harmful. There are different methods of disposal
depending on the type, quantity, and quality of the waste, as well as the
environmental, economic, and social factors. Some of the common methods
of disposal are:
• Landfilling: This is the method of burying waste in a designated area,

usually lined with clay or plastic to prevent leachate and gas
emissions. Landfilling is the most common and cheapest method of
waste disposal, but it also poses many environmental and social
problems, such as land use, greenhouse gas emissions, groundwater
contamination, and odor1.
• Incineration: This is the method of burning waste at high
temperatures to reduce its volume and weight, and to generate heat
and electricity. Incineration can destroy pathogens and hazardous
waste, and reduce the need for landfill space. However, it also
produces air pollutants, such as dioxins, furans, and particulate
matter, and requires high energy and capital costs1.
• Composting: This is the method of decomposing organic waste, such
as food scraps and yard trimmings, by microorganisms in a controlled
environment. Composting can produce a nutrient-rich soil conditioner
that can be used for agriculture or landscaping purposes. Composting
can also reduce the amount of organic waste that goes to landfills or
incinerators, and save energy and water1.
• Recycling: This is the method of collecting, sorting, and reprocessing
waste materials into new products or raw materials. Recycling can
conserve natural resources, reduce energy consumption and
emissions, and create economic and social benefits. Recycling can also
reduce the amount of waste that goes to landfills or incinerators, and
extend the lifespan of products1.
• Biogas generation: This is the method of converting biodegradable
waste, such as animal manure and sewage sludge, into biogas by
anaerobic digestion. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon
dioxide that can be used as fuel for cooking, heating, or electricity
generation. Biogas generation can reduce the greenhouse gas
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
emissions and odors from the waste, and produce a residue that can
be used as fertilizer2.
• Vermicomposting: This is the method of using earthworms to break
down organic waste into vermicompost. Vermicompost is a fine-
textured, odorless, and nutrient-rich material that can improve the soil
quality and plant growth. Vermicomposting can reduce the volume and
weight of the waste, and eliminate the pathogens and weed seeds
from the waste3.
2. Show the water usage in buildings with an example.
Water usage in buildings refers to the amount and pattern of water

consumption and waste in different types of buildings, such as residential,
commercial, industrial, and institutional. Water usage in buildings depends
on various factors, such as the function, size, design, and occupancy of the
building, the type and efficiency of the water fixtures and appliances, the
climate and season, and the water price and availability1.
One example of water usage in buildings is the case of the Pearl Academy of
Fashion in Jaipur, India, which is a green building that uses water-efficient
technologies and practices to reduce its water demand and waste. The
building has a large central courtyard that collects rainwater and stores it in
an underground tank for irrigation and toilet flushing. The building also has a
natural cooling system that uses a series of water channels and fountains to
create a microclimate and evaporative cooling. The building also has a
wastewater treatment plant that treats the greywater and blackwater and
reuses it for landscaping and flushing. The building has reduced its water
consumption by 60% compared to conventional buildings, and has achieved
a net-zero water balance2.
3. Analyze the green building rating systems in India.
Green building rating systems are frameworks that evaluate and certify the
environmental performance and sustainability of buildings. In India, there
are three main green building rating systems that are widely used and
recognized. They are:
• IGBC (Indian Green Building Council): This is the first and the
largest green building rating system in India, launched in 2001 by the
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). IGBC has developed various
rating systems for different types of buildings, such as new buildings,
existing buildings, homes, townships, schools, factories, and
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M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
healthcare facilities. IGBC rating systems are based on the national

codes and standards, and address the issues relevant to the Indian
context, such as water conservation, energy efficiency, waste
management, and indoor environmental quality. IGBC rating systems
use a point-based system to evaluate the buildings and award them
with four levels of certification: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum12.
• GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment): This
is the national green building rating system of India, launched in 2007
by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE). GRIHA has developed rating systems
for new construction, existing buildings, large developments,
affordable housing, and small buildings. GRIHA rating systems are
based on the climatic zones and the building regulations of India, and
address the issues such as site planning, resource optimization,
renewable energy integration, and health and well-being. GRIHA rating
systems use a star-based system to evaluate the buildings and award
them with one to five stars, depending on the percentage of points
achieved34.
• LEED India (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design):
This is the Indian version of the international green building rating
system developed by the US Green Building Council (USGBC). LEED
India was launched in 2003 by the Indian Green Building Council
(IGBC) and is adapted to suit the Indian market and conditions. LEED
India has developed rating systems for new construction, core and
shell, existing buildings, commercial interiors, and homes. LEED India
rating systems are based on the global standards and best practices,
and address the issues such as sustainable sites, water efficiency,
energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and innovation and
design. LEED India rating systems use a point-based system to
evaluate the buildings and award them with four levels of certification:
Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum .
4. Explain some simple grey water management systems.
Grey water is the wastewater from household sources, such as showers,

sinks, and laundry, that can be reused for non-potable purposes, such as
irrigation, toilet flushing, and cleaning, after proper treatment1. Some simple
grey water management systems are:
• Direct-use system: This system uses a valve or a siphon to divert

grey water from the bathroom or the laundry to a water tank or a
hose. The grey water can then be used to water the garden or the
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M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,
lawn, without any storage or treatment. This system is easy and cheap
to install, but it requires the use of biodegradable and plant-friendly
detergents and soaps23.
• Gravity-fed system: This system uses a series of pipes and filters to
collect and transport grey water from the source to the destination,
using the power of gravity. The filters can be made of sand, gravel, or
mesh, and they help to remove the solid particles and the oil/grease
from the grey water. The grey water can then be used for irrigation or
toilet flushing, without any storage or treatment. This system is simple
and low-cost, but it requires a slope or a drop between the source and
the destination24.
• Composting system: This system uses a composting chamber or a
worm bin to treat the grey water with microorganisms or earthworms.
The composting process can break down the organic matter and the
pathogens in the grey water, and produce a nutrient-rich compost that
can be used as a fertilizer. The treated grey water can then be used
for irrigation or toilet flushing, or discharged to the sewer. This system
is natural and eco-friendly, but it requires regular maintenance and
monitoring25.
PREPARED BY
M.NAGARAJAN M.E.,

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RENGANAYAGI VARATHARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SIVAKASI

OEN751-GREEN BUILDING DESIGN

1.What is green building and their benefits?

What is Green Building

Also known as green construction or sustainable building, Green Building

Because of the rising need for development and growth of our

• Reduction of natural resource consumption

2. What are the major types of LCA? Explain them in detail.

The Life Cycle Assessment, or LCA, is a measurement of a product's

A Product's Life Cycle

Raw Material Extraction

This stage is a multi-step process, which includes the processing of the

How a consumer will use the product can be an important determinant

The end-of-life stage of the assessment is important when

The Phases of Life Cycle Assesment

Goal and Scope

3. Explain the types of building materials used in construction.

What Are Building Materials?

Building materials are substances or products used in the construction of

1. Mud and Clay

As a building material mud is a semi-fluid material that can be used to coat,

2. Clay Bricks and Blocks Types of Building Materials

• Mud or clay bricks are commonly used to build homes or other

Sand is a generally granular material composed of finely divided rock and

Sand is a NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE, usually, and is used to make

Aggregates are the most commonly used material in construction. Also,

Aggregate is the main component of composite materials such as concrete

The aggregates have a high hydraulic conductivity value compared to the

The aggregates are commonly used for a stable foundation or a road/rail

Generally, aggregates are classified into 2 types:-

Coarse aggregates:- >4.75 mm

Fine aggregates:- <4.75 mm

• Road and Rail base foundation

Rock is a naturally available material. It is used in construction at different

Some different types of rock or stone are listed below:-

• Bridges and dams

Ornamental works like columns, flooring, and steps.

Thatch is a natural water resistance if properly maintained it does not absorb

Thatch is usually used as a roofing material with properties like good

7. Wood and Timber

8. Fired Brick and Clay Blocks

Mainly there are 3 types of fired bricks:-

1. Acidic fire bricks

• The inner surface of kilns, furnaces, and chimneys.

Generally, cement is used to bind sand and aggregates together.

In construction, cement is used for many purposes:-

• Cement + sand = Mortar (used for the plastering or brickwork)

Following are the types of cement:

• Repair hardening cement

• Fabric structures are flame retardant, weather-resistant, and natural

The fabric used for the structure is following below:-

For determining a material’s suitability for the structure consider the

• Awnings, tents, and low tension frames structure

Nowadays, synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam is used in

• Foam is a lightweight material.

Expansion of the foam is generally used in the packing material which to

The following are 3 thermal properties of foam Block:-