BLUE’S EXTRA-CLASSES

I TUTOR: ALL ENGINEERING MODULES SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY II

ATTENDANCY: TWO SESSIONS PER WEEK DATE: CASS 1 (26TH/07/ 2023)

VENUE: VUT MAIN CAMPUS TOTAL MARKS: 150

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LEARNING UNIT I: Thermochemistry: Chemical energy

Question 1: Heat, work, energy

1.
a. state the first law of thermodynamics in 1 sentence using your own words. Feel
free to express yourself through equations or graphical illustrations.
b. Describe two ways to increase the internal energy of a gas sample.
c. Why is there a negative sign in front of the P∆V in the term ∆E = q − P∆V ?
d. Explain what is meant by a state function.

2. Which of the following processes are exothermic and which are endothermic?
a. Rubbing alcohol evaporates from the skin.
b. Fog forms over San Francisco Bay.
c. Ice cubes solidify in the freezer.
d. Ice cubes in a frost-free freezer slowly lose mass.
e. Dew dorms on a lawn overnight.
f. Molten aluminium solidifies.

3. A reaction inside a cylindrical container with a movable piston causes the volume
to change from 20.0 L to 30.0 L while the pressure outside the container remains
constant at 1.2 atm. (The volume of a cylinder is V = 𝜋r2h, where h is the height;
1 L .atm = 101.325 J.)
a. What is the value in joules of the work w done during the reaction?
b. The radius of the piston is 10.0 cm. How far does the piston move?

4. At a constant pressure of 1.2 atm, a chemical reaction takes place in a cylindrical

container with a movable piston having a radius of 15.0 cm. During the reaction,
the height of the piston drops by 70.0 cm. (The volume of a cylinder is V = 𝜋r2h,
where h is the height; 1 L.atm = 101.325 J.)
a. What is the change in volume in Liters during the reaction?
b. What is the value in joules of the work w done during the reaction?

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 5. A piece of dry ice (solid CO2) is placed inside a balloon and the balloon is tied shut.
Over time, the carbon dioxide sublimes, causing the balloon to increase in volume.
Give the sign of the enthalpy change and the sign of work for the sublimation of
CO2.

1. Imagine a reaction that results in a change in both volume and temperature:

a. Has any work been done? If so, is its sign positive or negative?
b. Has there been an enthalpy change? If so, what is the sign of ∆H? Is the reaction
exothermic or endothermic?

2. Redraw the following diagram to represent the situation

a. When work has been gained by the system and
b. When work has been lost by the system:

3. A reaction is carried out in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston. The starting
volume is V = 5.00 L, and the apparatus is held at constant temperature and
pressure. Assuming that ∆H = -35.0 kJ and ∆E = -34.8 kJ, redraw the piston to show
its position after reaction. Does V increase, decrease, or remain the same?

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 6. Calculate the PV work done in the following situations (Note: 1L.atm=101.3J).
a. A 30 mL balloon expands to 200 mL against an atmospheric pressure of 1.0 atm.
b. A researcher compresses a sample of gas from 25 L to 5.0 L by applying a
pressure of 150 atm.
c. Your lungs expand 750 mL against an external pressure of 4.0 atm as you take
a breath from an oxygen tank while scuba diving.
7. An expanding gas does 150.0J of work on its surroundings at a constant pressure of
1.01 atm. If the gas initially occupied 68 mL, what is the final volume of the gas?
8. .
a. The figure on the left below shows the compression stroke of a diesel engine.
How does upward motion of the piston alter the internal energy of the gases
trapped in the cylinder?
b. The figure on the right below shows the power stroke of a diesel engine as energy
released by the rapid combustion of the air and fuel vapor inside the cylinder
downward. If the gases inside the cylinder are a thermodynamic system, how
does the internal energy of the system changes as a result of the combustion
reaction and downward motion of the piston? In your description, indicate the
signs of ∆E, q, and w.

9. State whether q, w, and ∆E. for the system are positive or negative:
a. Some water freezes and expands.
b. A student heats up an ice until it melts (assume no volume change).
10. Indicate whether q and w are positive or negative and calculate ∆E:
a. Some gaseous reactants combine to form a liquid product, releasing 150 kj of
heat and causing the surroundings to perform 75 kj of P-V work.
b. 44 g of dry ice absorbs 25 kj of heat. The resulting CO2 gas does 2.5 kj of P-V
work on the surroundings.
c. A sample of gas releases 2.9 kj of heat and the surroundings perform 830 j of P-
V work on the gas.
d. A reaction releases 150 kj of heat and releases enough gaseous product to do 275
kj of P-V work.

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Question 2: heat capacity, molar heat capacity, and specific heat
capacity
1. What is the difference between heat capacity, molar heat capacity, and specific heat
capacity.
2. You are at the beach on a warm summer day, your toes felt nice and cool swimming
in the ocean. Then, you walked barefoot to the ice cream stand and noticed that the
wet sand was much warmer that the ocean. Walking across the paved parking lot
to your car, the black asphalt was even hotter (almost as hot as the dry sand!) and
you vowed to never forget your flip flops again. Resting one hand on your car for
balance while you tried to wipe the dirt and sand from your feet was a big mistake-
the metal was too hot to touch! Rank the four materials (water, wet sand, asphalt,
and metal) in the order of lowest to highest heat capacity and explain your
reasoning.
3. .
a. In an experiment, the scoop up a handful of sand (SiO2 on a very hot day at the
beach. The sand just happens to be 2.00x102 g exactly and 96.7 0C (okay maybe
this is Death Valley). You quickly transferred the sand to 1.25x102g of water at
15.20C. the final temperature comes to 32.50C what is the specific heat capacity
of sand (SiO2)? Cp(water)=4.18 J/ (g.0C)
b. A 40.0g piece of gold at 76.20C is dropped into 10.0g of water at 20.00C. after a
short time, both the gold and the water reach a stable temperature of 26.20C. use
this information to calculate the specific heat of gold.
4. .
a. During a strenuous workout, an athlete generates 233 kj of thermal energy. What
mass of water would have to evaporate from the athlete’s skin to dissipate this
energy?
b. 3.79g of pure aluminium metal is cooled by water from 103.20C to 34.8 0C. the
specific heat of aluminium is 0.890Jg-1 0C-1. If the water started out at 32.70C,
how much water used to cool the aluminium?
5. .
a. At an elevation where the boiling point of water is 930C, 1.33kg of water at 300C
absorbs 290.0kj from a mountain climber’s stove. Is the amount of thermal
energy sufficient to heat the water to its boiling point?
b. You happen to drop exactly 10.0mL of tap water (250C) onto a hot iron skillet
whose mass is 1.20 kg. all of the water is converted into steam at 100.00C. what
is the change in temperature of the skillet?

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 6. An unknown metal is thought to be aluminum. When 6.11 cal of heat are added to
22.5 g of the metal, its temperature rises by 4.8°C. If aluminum’s specific heat is
0.903 J/g∙°C, is the metal aluminum?

7. Perform the following calculations, being sure to give the answer with the correct
number of significant digits.

a. A car with magnesium wheels is parked in the sun. If the temperature rises
from 22°C to 35°C, how many MJ of heat does each 6.8 kg wheel absorb?

b. Calculate the temperature change that occurs when 364 cal of heat are added
to 1.39 kg of ethanol.
8. .
a. A chemist burns one mole of C2H6 in oxygen and measures that 382kj of energy
is released. How many grams of C2H6 must burn to raise the temperature of 39.0
L of water by 58.0 0C? assume the density of water is to be 1.00g/cm3.

b. How many grams of methanol must be combusted to raise the temperature of

25.0 L of water by 2.250C? assume the density of water to be 1.00 g/mL and use
the following information, assuming the process is carried out at atmospheric
(constant) pressure so ∆H 0 = q

2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2 (g) + 4H2O(l) ∆H 0 = −1452.8 KJ

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Question 2: Calorimetry
1. .
a. What is calorimetry?
b. What is a calorimeter?
c. What is a bomb calorimeter?
2. .
a. Why is it necessary to know the heat capacity of a calorimeter?
b. Why do we use Cp (heat capacity of an object) instead of specific heat or molar
heat capacity to describe the heat capacity of the calorimeter?
c. When measuring the heat of combustion of a very small amount of material,
would it be better to use a calorimeter having a heat capacity that is small or
large?
3. Calculate the heat capacity of a calorimeter if the combustion of 4.663g of benzoic
acid produces an increase in temperature of 7.1490C.
4. Dilute solutions originally at 25.00C, are mixed in a Styrofoam cup. The total
volume of the reaction mixture is 100.0 mL. the temperature rose to 27.00C.
estimate the heat of reaction.
5. A reaction, 150.0 ml of A (aq) +50.0 mL of B (aq), is carried out in a Styrofoam
cup. The temperature dropped by 0.95K. if the heat of reaction is known to be
0.800kj, calculate the calorimeter constant.
6. When 4.00g NH4NO3 (80.04g/mol) the active ingredient in some chemical cold
packs is dissolved in 96.0g H2O, the temperature of the resulting solution is 3.070C
colder than the water and ammonium nitrate were before they were mixed together.
What is the value of for the following dissolution process?

NH4NO3(S) →NH4NO3(aq) ∆H 0 = q

Hint: because the amount of ammonium nitrate dissolved is relatively small, you
can assume that the heat capacity of the final solution is close to that of pure water
(4.184 J/g0C).
7. Why is the specific heat capacity of water (Cp= 4.184 J/g-K) so much greater than
Cp=2.03 J/g-K) or steam (Cp=1.84 J/g-K)?

8. Calculate the amount of heat released when 7.40g of water cools from 490C to 280C.

9. Find the specific heat of silver in J/g.0C if 38.5 cal is required to heat 25.0g of silver
from 31.5 0C to 58.7 0C (1cal=4.184 J)

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