2018 3rd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT-2018), MAY 18th
& 19th 2018
Contingency analysis of an IEEE 30 bus system
Jothy Venkateswaran Vinothini.K
Department of EEE, Amrita school of Department of EEE, Amrita school of
Engineering Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham
Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India
jothyvenkat@gmail.com kumaragopalvinu@gmail.com
Pragathi Manohar
Department of EEE, Amrita school of
Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham
Coimbatore, India
pragathi1512@gmail.com
Abstract—— Contingency analysis is significant for power system
protection. It is the analysis of a power system during non-
functionality of equipment(s) or device(s). Contingencies in a
power system can occur due to internal component failures or
due to external factors like lightning and overloading of
equipment. In this paper, contingency analysis has been done for
an IEEE 30 bus system. Outage of generators, transmission lines
and transformers have been carried out and the results are
analysed. Under transmission line contingency, single line outage,
double line outage and single circuit line with a compensator
outage has been performed. Load flow before and after the
contingency have been analysed using PSAT software.
Performance indices have been used to rank the severity of each
component’s contingency. Performance index is given by the sum
of active power performance index and voltage performance
index. Similarly, a parameter known as Severity index is used to
evaluate the effect on all transmissions lines in the power system
due to outage of each component.
Keywords— Contingency ranking; Outage; Power flow;
Performance indices; Severity index
I. INTRODUCTION
P ower System Security is carried out by three functions
namely, power system monitoring, contingency analysis
and security constrained optimal power flow[13]. This paper
focuses on contingency analysis. Contingency analysis is an
important power system tool that gives the operator an
indication of the power system’s security. The various steps
involved in contingency analysis are screening, ranking and
evaluation [1]. The processes of screening and ranking aim at
selecting a short list of most critical contingencies from a large
list of potential contingencies and ranking them according to
their severity and the impact they have on the power system
[2].Contingency ranking is done by the calculation of two
kinds of performance indices; voltage performance index and
active power performance index [3].Based on the load flow
analysis results, these performance indices are calculated.
These indices give the change in active power flow through
each of the transmission lines and voltages at each of the buses
respectively for an outage. Sum of these two indices gives the
978-1-5386-2440-1/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
328
B.T.Monisha Shree
Department of EEE, Amrita school of
Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham
Coimbatore, India
shreemoni1997@gmail.
Dr.R.Jayabarathi
Department of EEE, Amrita school of
Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham
Coimbatore, India
r_jayabarathi@cb.amrita.edu
performance index through which, ranking can be done [4].
In [5] the analysis of power system severity under generator
outage condition has been done and the most sensitive
generators are identified using severity index. In [6], the power
system after the outage of a transmission line has been
analysed. The impact of an outage has been expressed by
severity index. This paper [7], establishes various remedial
actions for limiting violations. Outage in a power system may
lead to violations. Reactive power control can be done by
adding static synchronous compensators in a power system to
bring voltage within limits. In [10], load flow analysis and
contingency ranking based on transmission losses has been
done. In [11], contingency analysis is performed on an IEEE 9
bus system. Different methods for contingency selection and
power flow analysis has been studied.
In this paper, section II deals with details of the system
taken for performing contingency analysis. Section III consists
of various contingencies performed on the test bus system.
Section IV deals with overall conclusion of this analysis.
Section V tells about the future scope of the analysis.
II. SYSTEM UNDER STUDY
The system considered in this work is an IEEE 30 bus system
on which contingency analysis is performed. The various
contingencies performed in this paper are generator
contingency, transformer contingency, transmission line
contingency. Transmission line contingency includes outage of
single transmission line, outage of double circuit line and
outage of single circuit line along with a compensator. These
contingencies are ranked and evaluated using various
parameters for each contingency. Load flow analysis of the
power system before and after the occurrence of each
contingency are performed using PSAT simulation software.
The Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) is a toolbox in
Matlab that can be used to perform power system analysis and
simulation .It uses Newton Raphson method to calculate the
power flow in an electrical system. This is one of the most
popular methods for calculation of power flows and one of the
most accurate methods also.
Fig. 1 shows the IEEE 30 bus system and Table I shows the
details of the system.
TABLE I. DETAILS OF IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM
Components Number(s)
Buses 30
Generators 2
Slack bus 1 (at bus 1)
PV generators 1
Transformers 4
Compensators 6
Loads 21
Lines 43

Fig. 1. IEEE 30 bus system

329
 refers to voltage at bus
refers to voltage at bus III. C
N refers to total no. of lines in the network ONTIN
refers to weighting factor GENC
N refers to the exponent Y as shown in (2), (3) and (4) gives performance index values.
refers to real power flow ANAL
refers to rated real power flow capacity YSIS
Contingency analysis is the qualitative assumption of different
critical scenarios that can occur in future in power systems and
the planning of optimum solutions to solve those problems
associated with the critical scenarios. Generally a critical
situation arises due to an outage in a system, which may lead to
overloads in one or more branches and/or lead to increase or
decrease in voltages. Contingency analysis is used to calculate
these violations. It is done on the basis of the following:
x More critical elements are ranked at the top and their
outages mean more threat to the system’s security.
x Security of the system depends on the system’s ability
to withstand these outages.
Three major steps involved in contingency analysis are:
x Screening – Reducing the real time power system to one
which can be implemented as a simulation.
(Screening is not done in this paper).
x Ranking – Based on the severity of outage of each
component in a power system, the outage of
components are ranked.
In this paper, performance index parameter as shown in (1) is
used to rank the outage of components.
PI= + (1)
Where,
PI refers to performance index
refers to voltage performance index
refers to active power performance index
| |
=∑ { } (2)
∆
Where,
n refers to no of buses
z refers to exponent of penalty factor
W refers to weighting factor
| | refers to voltage magnitude of bus i
| | refers to specified voltage magnitude of
bus i
∆ refers to voltage derivative limit which
is the average value of maximum and
minimum allowable voltages at bus i
=∑ (3)
= (4)
330
Where,
X refers to reactance
Voltage performance index and active power performance index
Based on the obtained performance indices value for outage of
each generator, transmission line and transformers, they are
ranked from highest value to the lowest with highest being the
most severe outage.
x Evaluation – Power flows calculated before and after
outage are analysed so as to evaluate the effect of
outage/fault of any component in a power system.
In this paper, severity index as shown in (5) is used to evaluate
the effect of outage of each component on the power system. The
calculated value gives the depth of effect on each line due to
outage of any component in a power system. The system is said
to be safe if the severity index value is less than one.
∆
= (5)
Where,
refers to severity index factor.
∆P refers to change in power flow before and after
contingency
P refers to the power flow before contingency
A. Generator Contingency
Generator contingency refers to the analysis of power system
during outage of a generator. From Fig.1, a generator at bus 2 is
removed. This creates a change in power flow. Total generation
in the system has to decrease. But the slack bus that acts as a
source generates power to meet the demand and thus prevents
any decrease in total generation. So there are no violations in the
system.
TABLE II. SEVERITY INDEX AFTER OUTAGE OF GENERATOR AT BUS 2
S. No. Effect Of Generator Contingency Severity Index
On Transmission Line
From bus To bus
1 1 2 0.564
2 1 3 0.0715
3 6 4 0.044
4 6 7 0.063
Table II shows the severity index values for the severely
affected transmission lines due to the outage of generator.
From the table it is inferred that the system is safe.
B. Transformer Contingency
In transformer contingency, the effect of outage of transformer
on power system is analyzed based on power flow results.
From Fig. 1. , it can be seen that there are four transformers in
 the system. These transformers are located between - bus 4 and
3, bus 6 and 9, bus 6 and 10 and between bus 27 and 28. These
four transformers are removed each at a time and contingency
analysis is performed.
Out of the four transformers, outage of transformers between
buses 4 and 12, 6 and 9, 6 and 10 have affected the system
predominantly.
Using (1), (2) and (3) performance index is calculated for each
of the predominant outage of transformers.
many transmission lines that are overloaded due to the removal
of a transformer. So there are voltage violations at many buses.
C. Transmission Line Contingency
Analysis of power system under outage of transmission line is
considered.
1) Single line outage: Outage of each transmission line is done
and among those the most severe cases are analyzed.

Performance Index
0.07
0.12
0.065
Performance Index

0.1
0.08 0.06
0.06
0.04 0.055
Line outage
0.02
0 outage of line from bus 2 to bus 5
Transformer outage
outage of line from bus 4 to bus 3
outage of transformer between bus 4 and bus 12
outage of line from bus 1 to bus 3
outage of transformer between bus 6 and bus 9 outage of line from bus 6 to bus 4
outage of transformer between bus 6 and bus 10
Fig. 3. Performance indices after outage of single circuit transmission
line
Fig. 2. Performance indices after outage of transformers
Fig. 3 shows the performance indices for the
Fig. 2 shows the performance indices for severe most severe single circuit line outages. From the results,
transformer outages. From the results, it is inferred that it is evident that outage of line between bus 2 and bus 5
outage of a transformer between bus 4 and bus 12 has the has the highest performance index and thus has the
highest performance index and thus has the highest impact highest impact on the power system.
on the power system.
TABLE IV. SEVERITY INDEX AFTER OUTAGE OF TRANSMISSION LINE
TABLE III. SEVERITY INDEX AFTER OUTAGE OF TRANSFORMER FROM BUS 2 TO 5
BETWEEN BUS 4 AND BUS 12

S. No. Effect Of Transmission Line Severity Index

S. No. Effect Of Transformer Severity Index
Contingency On
Contingency On
Transmission Line
Transmission Line
from bus to bus
from bus to bus

1 17 10 3.079 1 7 5 37.3
2 16 12 2.177 2 6 7 5.37
3 17 16 12.505
4 10 20 1.298 Table. IV shows the severity indices values calculated using (5),
5 16 19 4.532
for severely affected transmission lines due to the outage of
6 20 19 1.566
7 24 23 7.63 transmission line between buses 2 and 5. Due to the outage of the
transmission line, the power that has to flow through that
transmission line flows through other lines and makes the other
Table. III shows the severity indices after the outage of lines overloaded. Due to this current through these lines increases
transformer between buses 4 to 12. Using (5), severity index thereby increasing the losses. This results in minimum allowable
values for severely affected transmission line due to outage of voltage violations in many buses.
transformer between buses 4 and 12 are calculated. There are

331
2) Double circuit line outage: A pair of transmission lines
connecting the same two buses are removed and analyzed.
From Fig. 1. , it is seen that there are two double circuit lines
between bus 1 and 2 and another one between bus 10 and 21.
For these two cases, performance indices are calculated using
(1), (2) and (3).
0.12
3) Single Circuit Line with Compensator Outage: A single
circuit line along with a compensator is removed and analyzed.
In Fig.1, there are 6 compensators and 9 transmission lines
connected to these compensators. Out of these, the most severe
cases namely outages of compensator at bus 8 along with
transmission line from bus 6 to 8, compensator at bus 11 along
with line from 9 to 11, compensator at bus 5 along with line from
2 to 5 and compensator located at bus 8 along with line from 8 to

Performance Index
Performance Index

0.1 28 is performed and analyzed. For each of these cases,

0.08 performance indices are calculated using (1), (2) and (3).
0.06
0.04
0.02 0.12
0 0.1
Double circuit outage
outage of double circuit line from bus 1 to bus 2 0.08

outage of double circuit line from bus 10 to bus 21 0.06

0.04
Fig. 4. Performance indices after outage of double circuit
0.02
Fig. 4 shows the performance indices of double circuit 0
lines in the 30 bus system. From the results, it is evident Line along with a compensator outage
that the performance index of outage of double circuit line outage of compensator at bus 8 and transmission line from
from bus 1 to bus 2 is the highest and thus has the bus 6 to bus 8
maximum impact on the power system. outage of compensator at bus 5 and transmission line from
bus 2 to bus 5
TABLE V. SEVERITY INDEX AFTER OUTAGE OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE
FROM BUS 1 TO BUS 2
outage of compensator at bus 8 and transmission line from
bus 8 to bus 28
S. No. Effect Of Double Circuit Line Severity Index outage of compensator at bus 11 and transmission line from
Contingency On Transmission bus 9 to bus 11
Line
from bus to bus Fig. 5. Performance indices after outage of single circuit line with
compensator
1 1 3 1.734
2 4 3 1.608
3 7 5 9.133
Fig. 5 shows the performance indices of the most
4 6 4 1.007 severe outages of single circuit line with a compensator.
5 6 7 1.502 From the results, it is evident that the performance index of
the outage of compensator at bus 8 and transmission line
Table. V shows the severity indices calculated using (5), from bus 6 to bus 8 is the highest and thus has more impact
for the severely affected transmission lines due to the on the power system.
outage of double circuit line from bus 1 to 2. Due to the
removal of a double circuit line, other transmission lines
get overloaded. This results in minimum allowable
voltage violations in many buses.

332
 TABLE VI. SEVERITY INDEX AFTER OUTAGE OF COMPENSATOR AT BUS 8
AND LINE FROM BUS 6 TO BUS 8
S. No. Effect Of Outage Of Single Severity Index
Circuit Line With A
Compensator On
Transmission Line
from bus to bus
1 6 28 0.950
2 24 25 0.714
3 21 22 0.543
Table. VI shows the severity indices calculated using (5),
for the severely affected transmission lines due to the
outage of compensator at bus 8 and transmission line from
bus 6 to bus 8. Due to this outage, the transmission lines get
overloaded and the reactive power generation is reduced.
This results in decline in voltage at some buses
IV. CONCLUSION
Contingency in this paper is carried out by outage of each
equipment/device present in the system. Contingency analysis is
done for an IEEE 30 bus system by analyzing the load flow
results before and after each contingencies using PSAT
simulation software. These results are used to calculate power
performance indices and voltage performance indices in order to
rank the severity of outage of each component with respect to
power system. Severity indices are also calculated with the help
of load flow results to evaluate the effect of outage of each
component on all other transmission lines present in the system.
Thus contingency analysis is concluded by ranking and
evaluation processes.
V. FUTURE SCOPE
The proposed method can be done on combination of
contingencies, by analyzing the power system under two or more
contingencies at a time. During some of the contingencies it has
been observed that there are violations in voltages. The decline in
voltages at various buses can be improved by adding FACTS
devices at appropriate locations into the power system. FACTS
devices are more effective in voltage stability enhancement.
Various optimization techniques like PSO and DE can be
adopted for the optimal location and optimal setting of FACTS
devices for voltage stability enhancement and their effectiveness
can be compared. Neuro-Fuzzy technique can also be
incorporated for voltage stability assessment and its
enhancement. This predictive contingency analysis technique can
be extended for implementation in higher bus systems. Soft
computing techniques can be included and comparisons can be
made. In the present work load disturbance is of static nature.
333
The work can be extended to dynamic load disturbances. The
reliability of the power system during each contingency can be
found out.
REFERENCES
[1] V. J. Mishra and M. D. Khardenvis, “Contingency Analysis of Power
System,” IEEE Students Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer
Science, March 2012.
[2] C. Subramani,S. S. Dash, M. A. Bhaskar,M. Jagadeeshkumar. “Contingency
Screening and Ranking based on line outages for Voltage Stability Assessment”,
Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2010.
[3]G. D. Rohini, B. Kantharaj and R. D.SatyanarayanaRao. “Transmission Line
Contingency Analysis in Power system using Fast Decoupled Method for IEEE-
14 bus Test system”, International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering &
Technology, 2015.
[4]S. Burada, D. Joshi and K. D. Mistry, “Contingency Analysis of Power System
by using Voltage and Active Power Performance Index,” IEEE International
Conference on Power Electronics on Intelligence Control and Energy Systems,
July 2016.
[5] S. Ravindra, V. C. Veera Reddy and S. Sivanagaraju. “Power system severity
analysis under generator outage condition”, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Electrical Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 2015.
[6] P. Vinodiya and Dr. L.S Titare, “Power System Contingency Ranking using
Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method”, International Journal of Recent Research in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE), 2016.
[7] A. D. Krishna and Dr. M.R. Sindhu, ‘‘Application of static synchronous series
compensator (SSSC) to enhance power transfer capability” IEEE standard
transmission system, International journal of control theory and application,
vol.8, pp.2029-2036, 2015.
[8]A. Mishra and V. N. K. Gundavarapu. “Contingency Management of Power
System with Interline Power Flow Controller using Real Power Performance
Index and Line Stability Index”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2015.
[9] Dr. S. Balamurugan, T.N.P Nambiar, N. Janarthanan and Dr. K.R.M. Vijaya
Chandrakala, “Laboratory model to teach power system stability”, in 2014 IEEE
International Conference on MOOC, Innovation and Technology in Education
(MITE), 2014.
[10] PL. Somasundaram and AL. Chokalingam, “Framework for Contingency
Ranking at Various Uncertainty Conditions under Deregulated Environment”,
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, February 2017.
[11] V.L Surya Prabha1, B Prashanth 2, Shaik Mateen3, MD Kamran Shams4
and MD Shahzoor5, “Study of Congestion Due To Contingency in 9-Bus Test
System”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) –
Vol.43, January 2017.
[12] Lili Wu, Jinfeng Gao, Yaoqiang Wang and Ronald G. Harley, “A security of
contingency analysis regarding steady state security of a power system”, Power
Symposium (NAPS), November 2017.
[13] A. J. Wood and B. F. Wollensberg, ‘‘ Power system security, generation,
operation and control’’, NJ : John Wiley & sons, pp. 296-323, 2014.