A PAPER OF INTERMEDIATE READING

INFERENCE AND CONCLUSION

LECTURER:

DR. SRI HARTATI, M.pd.

ARRANGED BY: GROUP 3

1. RONA MONICA 372022025

2. YUSRA ULANDARI 372022001
3. SITI FIDYA AMANDA 372022012
4. RENATA FATRISIA DESTARI 372022026
5. NADA AULIA 372022013
6. DEMAZ BAYU ADRIAN 372022007

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH PALEMBANG

SCHOOL YEAR OF 2022/2023

 FOREWORD

In the name of Allah SWT, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, we offer praise and
thanksgiving for His presence, who has bestowed His mercy, guidance, and inayah on us, so
that we can complete the English Course Paper with the title “INFERENCE AND
CONCLUSION”. Don’t forget sholawat and greetings, may they have always be poured out
on the Prophet Muhammad SAW and his family, friends and reach us as his people.

This paper has been prepared with the help of various parties and various reading
sources. For this reason, we express our deepest gratitude to all those who have contributed to
the production of this paper, especially DR. Sri Hartati, M.pd. who has given this assignment.
Apart from all that, we are fully aware that there are still shortcomings both in terms of
sentence structure and grammar. Therefore, constructive suggestions and criticims from
readers are very much needed, so that we can improve further papers. Finally, we hope that
this paper can provide benefits to readers.

Palembang, March 28th 2023

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................4

1. Background.........................................................................................................................4

2. Objective of the Study........................................................................................................4

LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................5

A. Difference Between Inference and Conclusion.................................................................5

B. Example of Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions...............................................8

C. Make Drawing Conclusions from Inferences....................................................................8

D. Making Inferences from Drawing Conclusions.................................................................9

CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................10

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................11
 INTRODUCTION

1. Background
Not all information is given in a reading passage. Some is just hinted at. But you can
figure out this information that is not directly stated. To do this, use information that is given.
You also use what you already know from your own life. Then you can figure out
information that is not given.

Figuring out information that is not given is called making inferences and drawing
conclusion.

2. Objective of the Study

To make inferences and drawing conclusions based on what is read.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Difference Between Inference and Conclusion

1. Inference

An inference is an assumed fact based on available information. Inference is assumption

or prediction based on the information that you have, usually we make the inference from
what we seen, what we read and what we heard. You think that something is true based on
the information that you have. Inferences also rely on facts in a situation. Instead of drawing
a conclusion, inferences use facts to determine other facts. You make inferences by
examining the facts of a given situation and determining what those facts suggest about the
situation.

Inference is just a big word that means a conclusion or judgement. If you infer that
something has happened, you do not see, hear, feel, smell, or taste the actual event. But from
what you know, it makes sense to think that it has happened. You make inferences everyday.
Most of the time you do so without thinking about it. Suppose you are sitting in your car
stopped at a red signal light. You hear screeching tires, then a loud crash and breaking glass.
You see nothing, but you infer that there has been a car accident. We all know the sounds of
screeching tires and a crash. We know that these sounds almost always mean a car accident.
But there could be some other reason, and therefore another explanation, for the sounds.
Perhaps it was not an accident involving two moving vehicles. Maybe an angry driver
rammed a parked car. Or maybe someone played the sound of a car crash from a recording.
Making inferences means choosing the most likely explanation from the facts at hand.

An Inference Should:

1. Most writing suggests more than it says.

2. By making inferences, you get more from the story.
3. Conclusions may be missing from the things you read, so you have to draw your own.
 How to Make an Inference?

1. Identifiy an Inference Question

You’ll need to determine whether or not you’re actually being asked to make an
inference on a reading test. The most obvious questions will have the words “suggest”,
“imply”, or “infer”.

2. Trust the Passage

You’ll need to let go of your prejudices and prior knowledge and use the passage to
prove that the inference you select is the correct one.

3. Hunt for Clues

The clues can be supporting details, vocabulary, character’s actions, descriptions, or

dialogue.

4. Narrow down the Choices

Create all the clues to a specific sentences, and that sentence referring to text.

5. Practice

Write the inference where referred into the question are made on the first steps.

2. Conclusion

A drawn conclusion is an assumption developed as a next logical step for the given
information. Conclusion is final information or statement drawn from pictures viewed or text
read. conclusion also relies on facts. Conclusion is something you decide after thinking about
all the information you have. Conclusions rely on a situation's facts to figure something out
that isn't obviously stated or seen. After you look at the evidence in front of you, the
conclusion you draw is the next logical step. That statement has two requirements to qualify
as a fact. First, it must be logically-derived from the available information. Second, it must
not be stated or inferred from that available information. Drawing conclusions is deeper than
an inference. In fact, making inferences helps us draw conclusions. Drawing conclusions
refers to information that is implied or inferred. This means that the information is never
clearly stated.
 Writers often tell you more than they say directly. They give you hints or clues that help
you "read between the lines." Using these clues to give you a deeper understanding of your
reading is called inferring. When you infer, you go beyond the surface details to see other
meanings that the details suggest or imply (not stated). When the meanings of words are not
stated clearly in the context of the text, they may be implied – that is, suggested or hinted at.
When meanings are implied, you may infer them.

In order to effectively draw conclusions, readers need to:

1. Consider what they already know from their own experiences

2. Gather all of the information that the author has given them (characters' personalities,
feelings and motivations, the time period and place, conflicts, etc.)

Finding ways to look at inferences and the conclusions drawn from that analysis simply
help you to better assess the situation and messaging. While these are two tools that work
together, be cautious in relying solely on what you determine is being inferred. The drawn
conclusion is still subject to human perception.

Sometimes authors leave out information, which means the reader has to think to figure
out what he or she is trying to say. This is known as the subtext of a reading. Writers may
leave out information because they think the readers already know it, it may not seem
important, or because they want the readers to find the meaning on their own. A reader who
thinks about the subtext in a reading may make inferences about what is happening based on
the facts and details provided and may then draw conclusions about what will happen as a
result. When readers make inferences, they can often pull more information out from the
story, making it more meaningful to them.

You can try various strategies to make inferences and draw conclusions about what you
read. Here are three:

1. Observe the details provided by the author.

2. Draw from your experiences and connect them to the reading.
3. Ask yourself what may happen as a result of what is taking place in the reading.

From there, you can use this formula to draw a conclusion:

Details from the reading + Your experiences = A conclusion about what is happening or
will happen.
 So, the difference between an inference and a conclusion is in the depth. Conclusions
require a deeper understanding than an inference and clues that are gathered across the text or
over time.

B. Example of Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions

1. Example of Making Inferences
a. As an example, you may look at Sara’s shoes and infer that the damage looks like she
had walked in some wáter or deep puddles. You could also infer that by standing in a
store aisle for shoes, and having money, she is considering buying new shoes. These
are both facts, drawn from the available information, but make no prediction on any
future action.
b. Imagine that you observe someone slamming a door. You might infer that this person
is angry. That is, you used the fact that the door was slammed to assume the fact that
this person is angry.

2. Example of Drawing Conclusion

a. For instance, if you know that Sara’s current pair of shoes look discolored and
damaged, that she has enough money to buy new shoes, and that she is in the shoe
aisle of a store, you can conclude that she will buy a new pair of shoes. Buying the
shoes is the next logical step, but there is no inference that suggests she has made the
decision to purchase new shoes.
b. Imagine that you observe someone slamming a door. You might infer that this person
is angry. This cannot be your conclusion, however, since critically you would know
that more information is required. A conclusion could be that this person is strong
enough to slam a door.

C. Make Drawing Conclusions from Inferences

You can use inferences to generate additional information, upon which you can then draw
a conclusion.

For instance, from your inference about the water damage to Sara’s current shoes, you
may come to the conclusion that she will want to purchase shoes that are more resilient
against water damage. By using inferences to gain more information, you can draw
conclusions that are more accurate and more specific. Instead of simply purchasing new
shoes, you now can predict which kind of shoes Sara will purchase.

D. Making Inferences from Drawing Conclusions

You can also use conclusions to generate additional information about the situation,
gathering more inferences.

As an example, you see Sara purchase another pair of the exact same kind of shoes she
originally owned, so you infer that she may not have been very concerned about the water
damage. You can use this technique to review situations and learn how to make better
inferences and conclusions in the future, or to gain more insight into people, such as Sara’s
lack of concern for the water damage to her shoes.

Another Example of Inference and Conclusion:

Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years, so simply observing them is not a
possible way of determining their diet. What we can do is study fossils of dinosaur droppings
and determine the type of food they ate. The following events would occur in the given order.

1. Inference: These dinosaurs preyed on herbivores that were smaller than themselves.
This is a pretty safe assumption to make but we don't know this for certain.
2. Conclusion: These dinosaurs ate animals. However, they could have been predators,
scavengers, or maybe even cannibals.
 CONCLUSION

An inference is an assumed fact based on available information. Inference is

assumption or prediction based on the information that you have, usually we make the
inference from what we seen, what we read and what we heard. A drawn conclusion is an
assumption developed as a next logical step for the given information. Conclusion is final
information or statement drawn from pictures viewed or text read. conclusion also relies on
facts. Conclusion is something you decide after thinking about all the information you have.
So, the difference between an inference and a conclusion is in the depth. Conclusions require
a deeper understanding than an inference and clues that are gathered across the text or over
time.
 REFERENCES

Drawing Conclusions. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2023, from StudySmarter:

https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/physics/scientific-method-physics/drawing-
conclusions/

Gallagher, E. (2015, August 4). Making inferences versus Drawing conclusions. Part II.
Retrieved March 22, 2023, from unoi:

https://www.unoi.com.mx/making-inferences-versus-drawing-conclusions-part-ii/

Inferences and Conclusions. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2023, from Study Guides:

https://www.cuesta.edu/student/resources/ssc/study_guides/reading_comp/
308_read_infer.html#:~:text=In%20drawing%20conclusions%20(making
%20inferences,those%20facts%20mean%20to%20you

Hammond, K. (2022, October 09). What is an Inference? Plus, Inference vs Drawing

Conclusions. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from the classroom:
https://www.theclassroom.com/difference-between-inference-drawing-conclusions-4962.html

Utami, Meistika Intan. (2018, September 11). Making Inference. Retrieved March 22, 2023,
from Alegorinai: https://alegorinai.wordpress.com/2018/09/11/making-inference/