Unsteady state mass transfer

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Unsteady state mass transfer
 Steady state (สภาวะคงตัว)
ความเข ้มข ้นของสารทีต
่ าแหน่งใดๆคงที่ ไม่
เปลีย
่ นแปลงตามเวลา

 Unsteady state: Transient (สภาวะไม่คง

ตัว)
ความเข ้มข ้นของสารทีต
่ าแหน่งใดๆเปลีย
่ นแปลง
ตามเวลา
 Unsteady state mass transfer

Pickle
Water migration

Drying
Shelf-life
 Unsteady state mass transfer
Second law of diffusion

C C 2
D 2
t x

T T 2

 Heat transfer
t x 2
 Unsteady state mass transfer
Second law of diffusion

C C 2
D 2
t x

C: Concentration (kg/m3, kmol/m3)

t: time (s)
D: mass diffusivity (m2/s)
x: distance (m)
Unsteady state mass transfer
 Solution
 Numerical method

 Mass transfer chart

 Mass transfer chart for solid
object
 Standard geometries
 Sphere

 Infinite slab

 Infinite cylinder
 Mass transfer chart

C1  C
Y Fraction of unaccomplished change
C1  C0
C: concentration at point x at time t
C1: concentration of the diffusing component in the
medium surrounding the food object
C0 : the initial concentration of the diffusing component
within the food
 Mass transfer chart
x
n
x1 Flat plate -> Fig. 5.3-5
Fig. 5.3-6
C1  C
Long cylinder ->Fig. 5.3-7 Y
m
1

D Fig. 5.3-8 C1  C0
N Bi hmass x1
Sphere->Fig. 5.3-9
Fig. 5.3-10

Dt
X
x12
Mass transfer chart

x
n
x1
x = distance from center (m)
x1= characteristic dimension (m)
Dimensionless number in
mass transfer chart
x1: characteristic dimension (m)
x1=r

Infinite cylinder x1=r

Sphere
x1=z

Infinite slab
 Dimensionless number in
mass transfer chart
 Mass transfer Biot number (NBi)

D: mass diffusivity (m2/s)

hmass x1
N Bi  hmass: mass transfer coefficient (m/s)
D x1: characteristic dimension (m)

1 D
m 
N Bi hmass x1
Assumption: negligible resistance to mass transfer
at the surface (h>> D) 1/NBi ≈ 0 m=0
Dimensionless number in
mass transfer chart
 Mass Transfer Fourier number (X)

Dt
X
2
x1
D: mass diffusivity (m2/s)
t: time (s)
x1: characteristic dimension (m)
Example10
 A solid slab of 5.15 wt% agar gel at 278 K is 10.16 mm thick
and contains a uniform concentration of urea of 0.1 k mol/m3.
Diffusion is only in the x direction through two parallel flat
surfaces 10.16 mm apart. The slab is suddenly immersed in
pure turbulent water so that the surface resistance can be
assumed to be negligible; i.e., the convective coefficient is large.
The diffusivity of urea in the agar is 4.72 x 10-10 m2/s.
1) Calculate the concentration at the midpoint of the slab and
2.54 mm from the surface after 10 h.
C ?
2) If the thickness of the slab is halved, what would be the
midpoint concentration in 10 h?

Solution: Find a) n, m, X x
b) Y 10.16 mm
x1=5.08 mm
c) C
 Example10
1) Calculate the concentration at the midpoint of
the slab and 2.54 mm from the surface after 10 h.

1) n, m, X x=0
x
x 0 10.16 mm
n  0 x1=5.08 mm
x1 5.08 103

Assumption: negligible resistance to mass transfer

at the surface (h>> D)
m=0

X
Dt

4.72  10 10

10 h  60 min  60 s 
h min
x12 5.08 10 3 2

 0.658
Y=0.275
 Example10
1) Calculate the concentration at the midpoint of
the slab and 2.54 mm from the surface after 10 h.
C ?
C1  C
Y 0C
C1  C0 0.275 
0  0.1
Co  0.10
kmol C  0.0275 kmol
m 3 m3
at the midpoint of the slab or x=0
kmol
C1  0
m3
For pure water
 Example10
1) Calculate the concentration at the midpoint of
the slab and 2.54 mm from the surface after 10 h.

1) n, m, X x=2.54 mm
x
x 2.54 103 10.16 mm
x1=5.08 mm
n   0.5
x1 5.08 103

Assumption: negligible resistance to mass transfer

at the surface (h>> D)
m=0

X
Dt

4.72  10 10

10 h  60 min  60 s 
h min
x12 5.08 10 3 2

 0.658
Y=0.172
 Example10
1) Calculate the concentration at the midpoint of
the slab and 2.54 mm from the surface after 10 h.
C ?
C1  C
Y 0C
C1  C0 0.172 
0  0.1
Co  0.10
kmol C  0.00172 kmol
m 3 m3
at 2.54 mm from the surface
kmol
C1  0
m3
For pure water
 Mass transfer chart
mass average concentration
Unsteady state mass transfer chart for mass average concentration
in three geometries (Treybal, 1968)
Cma  Cm
Ci  Cm
Cma: mass average concentration
Cm: concentration of the diffusing component in the
medium surrounding the food object
Ci : the initial concentration of the diffusing component
within the food
Assumption: negligible resistance to mass transfer
at the surface (h>> D) 1/NBi ≈ 0
 Mass transfer chart
mass average concentration

Dt
x12
Unsteady state mass transfer chart for mass average concentration in three geometries
(Treybal, 1968)
Example11
 Salt is being used to preserve a 4.8 mm slice of
salmon muscle. The concentration of salt at the
surface is 0.533 kg/kg salt free salmon (SFS), and
the initial concentration is 0.012 kg/kg SFS. If the
mass diffusivity, D, of salt in salmon muscle is 8.78 x
10-11 m2/s, determine the time required for the mass
average concentration to reach 0.4 kg/kg SFS
Example11 Cma  Cm

0.4  0.533
 0.255
Ci  Cm 0.012  0.533

Dt
x12
 Example11
Dt
2
 0.49
x1
0.49 x12
t
D



0.49 2.4  10 
3 2

8.78  10 11
 3.214  10 4 s  8.92h
It takes 8.92 h for mass average salt concentration to reach 0.4 kg/kg SFS
 Homework

1) จงเปรียบเทียบความเข้ มข้ นของยูเรีย ในอากาเจลที่มีรูปร่ างดังต่ อไปนี้

ที่จุดกึ่งกลางของเจล เมื่อนาเจลไปแช่ ในน้าที่มีการไหลแบบ turbulent
เมื่อเวลาผ่ านไป 100 h ให้ ความเข้ มข้ นเริ่มต้นของยูเรียในเจลเป็ น 0.1 k mol/m3
Diffusivity of urea in gel 4.72 x 10-10 m2/s

Thickness 4 cm Diameter 4 cm
Diameter 4 cm
 Homework

2) A flat slab of wood 50.8 mm thickness

containing 30%wt moisture is being dried from
both side. The equilibrium moisture content at
the surface of the wood due to drying air blown
over it is held at 5%wt moisture. Diffusivity of
water in wood is 3.72 x 10-6 m2/h. calculate the
time for the center to reach 10% moisture.
Assume the Y value can be represented using
concentration of wt% moisture.