ARJUN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

[Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
Thamaraikulam, Coimbatore – Pollachi Highway,
Coimbatore - 642120

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

Subject Name : Metrology & Dynamics Laboratory

Subject Code : ME3581
Year / Semester : III Year / V Semester
Regulation : R 2021

Compiled by Approved by

HOD / Mech PRINCIPAL

 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

ME3581 METROLOGY AND DYNAMICS LABORATORY LTPC

0 0 42
COURSE OBJECTIVES
1 To study the different measurement equipment and use of this industry for quality inspection.
2 To supplements the principles learnt in dynamics of machinery.
3 To understand how certain measuring devices are used for dynamic testing.

UNIT – I METROLOGY 30
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Calibration and use of linear measuring instruments – Vernier caliper, micrometer, Vernier
height gauge, depth micrometer, bore gauge, telescopic gauge, Comparators.
2. Measurement of angles using bevel protractor, sine bar, autocollimator, precision level.
3. Measurement of assembly and transmission elements - screw thread parameters – Screw
thread Micrometers, Three wire method, Toolmaker’s microscope.
4. Measurement of gear parameters – Micrometers, Vernier caliper, Gear tester.
5. Measurement of features in a prismatic component using Coordinate Measuring Machine
(CMM), Programming of CNC Coordinate Measuring Machines for repeated measurements of
identical components.
6. Non-contact (Optical) measurement using Measuring microscope / Profile projector and Video
measurement system.
7. Surface metrology - Measurement of form parameters – Straightness, Flatness, Roundness,
Cylindricity, Perpendicularity, Runout, Concentricity – in the given component using
Roundness tester.
8. Measurement of Surface finish in components manufactured using various processes (turning,
milling, grinding, etc.,) using stylus-based instruments.

UNIT – II DYNAMICS LABORATORY 30

List of Experiments:
1. Study of gear parameters.
2. Epicycle gear Train.
3. Determination of moment of inertia of flywheel and axle system.
4. Determination of mass moment of inertia of a body about its axis of symmetry.
5. Undamped free vibrations of a single degree freedom spring-mass system.
6. Torsional Vibration (Undamped) of single rotor shaft system.
7. Dynamic analysis of cam mechanism.
8. Experiment on Watts Governor.
9. Experiment on Porter Governor.
10. Experiment on Proell Governor.
11. Experiment on motorized gyroscope.
12. Determination of critical speed of shafts.

ARJUN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE Page 2

 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CONTENTS

S.No Name of the Experiment Page No

UNIT – I METROLOGY
1 Calibration and use of linear measuring instruments – Vernier
caliper, micrometer, Vernier height gauge, depth micrometer,
bore gauge, telescopic gauge, Comparators.

Measurement of angles using bevel protractor, sine bar,

2 autocollimator, precision level.

Measurement of assembly and transmission elements - screw

3 thread parameters – Screw thread Micrometers, Three wire
method, Toolmaker’s microscope.

4 Measurement of gear parameters – Micrometers, Vernier

caliper, Gear tester.
Measurement of features in a prismatic component using
5
Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), Programming of
CNC Coordinate Measuring Machines for repeated
measurements of identical components.
Non-contact (Optical) measurement using Measuring
6 microscope / Profile projector and Video measurement system.

Surface metrology - Measurement of form parameters –

7 Straightness,Flatness,Roundness,Cylindricity,Perpendicularity,
Runout, Concentricity – in the given component using
Roundness tester.
Measurement of Surface finish in components manufactured
8 using various processes (turning, milling, grinding, etc.,) using
stylus-based instruments.
UNIT – II DYNAMICS LABORATORY

Study of gear parameters.

1
Epicycle gear Train.
2
Determination of moment of inertia of flywheel and axle system.
3
Determination of mass moment of inertia of a body about its
4 axis of symmetry.
5 Undamped free vibrations of a single degree freedom spring-
mass system

ARJUN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE Page 3

 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Torsional Vibration (Undamped) of single rotor shaft system.

6
Dynamic analysis of cam mechanism
7
Experiment on Watts Governor.
8
Experiment on Porter Governor.
9
Experiment on Proell Governor.
10
Experiment on motorized gyroscope.
11
Determination of critical speed of shafts.
12

ARJUN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE Page 4

Ex. No.:

(Vernier Caliper / Micrometer / Dial Gauge)

AIM
To study and calibrate the Vernier caliper, Micrometer, and Dial gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Surface plate
➢ Vernier caliper
➢ Micrometer
➢ Dial gauge
➢ Slip gauges
SPECIFICATION
➢ Vernier caliper Range: 0-300 ‘mm’ L. C:0.02 ‘mm’
➢ Micrometer Range: 0-25 ‘mm’ L. C:0.01 ‘mm’
➢ Dial gauge Range: 0-10 ‘mm’ L. C:0.01 ‘mm’
STUDY
1. Vernier Caliper
The Vernier caliper has one ‘L’ shaped frame with a fixed jaw on which Vernier scale is
attached. The principle of Vernier is that when two scale divisions slightly different in sizes can
be used to measure the length very accurately.

Fig: VERNIER CALIPER

 Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is equal to the
difference between a main scale division and a Vernier scale division.
LEAST COUNT = 1 Main scale division – 1 Vernier scale division
Uses:
 It is used to measure the external diameter, the internal diameter and the length of
the given specimen.
2. Micrometer
The micrometer has an accurate screw having about 10 to 20 threads/cm and revolves in
a fixed nut. The end of the screw is one tip and the other is constructed by a stationary anvil.
LEAST COUNT = Pitch scale division / Number of threads
Pitch scale division = Distance moved / number of rotation
Uses:
 Outside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder.
 Inside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollow cylinders
and spheres.

Fig: MICROMETER
 3. Dial gauge
The dial gauge has got 2 hands. The short hand reads in mm. One complete revolution of
long hand reads one mm. The plunger of the dial gauge has to be placed on the surface whose
dimension has to be read.
Least Count = One division of the circular scale with long hand.
Uses:
It is used as a mechanical comparator.

Fig: DIAL GAUGE

4. Slip gauges
They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabilized. The surfaces are highly
polished to enhance wringing. It is used as a reference standard for transferring the dimensions of
unit of length from primary standard. It is generally made up of high carbon, high chromium
hardened steel.
Uses:
 These are accurate and used as comparator.
 5. Surface plate
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement in
workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the
bottom.
Uses:
 It is used as a base in all measurements
Procedure for Calibration:

1. The range of the instruments is noted down.

2. Within that range, slip gauges are selected.
3. The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for zero and the slip
gauges are placed one by one between the measuring points (jaws of the instruments.)
4. The slip gauge (actual) readings and the corresponding (observed) readings in the
measuring instruments are noted down and tabulated.

FORMULA USED:
1) MD = [MSR + (VSC X LC)]
▪ MD-Measured Dimension
▪ MSR-Main Scale Reading
▪ VSC-Vernier Scale Coincide
▪ LC-Least Count
2) ERROR= Slip gauge reading - Measured Dimension
TABULATION (Vernier Caliper Using Slip Gauge)

Least Count of vernier = 0.02mm

S.NO Vernier Caliper Reading ‘mm’

Slip gauge reading
Error
‘mm’ MSR VSC VSR = VSC X LC MD = MSR + VSR
1

2
3

4
5

6
7

8
9

10
TABULATION (Micrometer using Slip gauge)

Least Count of micrometer = 0.01mm

Thimble scale
Main scale Thimble scale
reading(TSR)
Sl. Slip gauge Reading division Measure dimension
=TSD X Least count
No reading (MSR) in (TSD) (MD) in Error
in
‘mm’ ‘mm’ ‘mm’ ‘mm’
‘mm’

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TABULATION (Dial Gauge using Slip gauge)

Least Count of dial gauge= 0.01mm

Dial gauge reading (mm)
Slip gauge reading
Sl.no Initial valve in Final valve in Error
(mm)
( mm) ( mm)
1

5
CACULATION:

GRAPHS

❖ Slip gauges reading Vs Measured Dimension

❖ Slip gauge reading Vs Error

Result:
The precision measuring instruments are studied and calibrated.
Ex. No: 2a Date:

VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

AIM
To determine the height of the given specimen by using Vernier Height gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Vernier Height gauge,
➢ Work piece,
➢ Surface plate.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the main scale, Vernier scale and measuring jaws of the Vernier Height gauge
2. The vernier height gauge is checked for zero error
3. Place the job in Surface plate.
4. Place the measuring jaw such that it touches the surface to be measured from the
Smooth surface
5. Measure the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence of the Vernier Height
gauge
FORMULA
MD = [ MSR + ( VSC X LC ) ]
• MD-Measured Dimension
• MSR-Main Scale Reading
• VSC-Vernier Scale Coincide
• LC-Least Count
Fig: VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
TABULATION (Vernier Height Gauge)

Least count = 0.02mm

Vernier Scale
Main scale reading Vernier scale reading Measured Dimension= (MD)
Specimen coincidence
S.NO ( MSR ) ( VSR ) = VSC X LC in
Details ( VSC )
( mm) (mm) ( mm)
( mm)
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATION

Graph

❖ Main scale reading Vs Measured Dimension

RESULT

Thus the height of the given Specimen is determined using vernier height gauge.
Ex. No:2b Date:

VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

AIM
To determine the Depth of the given specimen to accuracy using Vernier Depth gauge
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Vernier depth gauge
➢ Surface plate
➢ Work piece
PROCEDURE
1. The depth gauge is checked for Zero error
2. It is placed on the surface Plate
3. Thus the given specimen is placed on the surface plate
4. The work piece is placed inside the measuring jaw of the instrument
5. The main scale reading and vernier scale reading are noted
6. The readings are tabulated.
FORMULA USED
MD = [MSR + (VSC X LC)]

▪ MD-Measured Dimension
▪ MSR-Main Scale Reading
▪ VSC-Vernier Scale Coincide
▪ LC-Least Count
Fig: Vernier Depth Gauge
TABULATION (Vernier Depth Gauge)

Least count = 0.02mm

Main scale reading Vernier Scale Vernier scale reading Measured Dimension =
( MSR ) coincidence ( VSR ) MSR + VSR
Specimen
S. No ( VSC ) VSC X LC
Details
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

5
CALCULATION

Graph

❖ Main scale reading Vs Measured Dimension

RESULT
Thus the Depth of the given Specimen is determined using vernier depth gauge.
Ex. No: 3 Date:

MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING

GEAR TOOTH VERNIER
AIM
To measure gear parameter by gear tooth Vernier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Gear tooth Vernier, Gear specimen,(SPUR GEAR),Vernier Caliper.
SPECIFICATION
Gear tooth Vernier Range = Horizontal = 0-40 mm
Vertical = 0-20 mm
L.C = 0.02 mm
FORMULA

1. NM sin (90/N)

2. NM
----- 1 2/ N cos(90/ N)

3.

(N+2)

4. % ERROR = (Ws – W) / (Ws)

Where ,
W = Chordal width of tooth in mm
D = Chordal addendum of gear in mm
M = Module of gear in mm
N = No. of teeth
D = outside Dia in gear in mm
Ws = Standard chordal thickness mm
W = chordal thickness mm
PROCEDURE
1. The N, D of the given gear block are measured.
2. The module m’ it then calculated.
3. Theoretical values of ‘W’ and‘d’ are computed.
4. Theoretical values of ‘W’ is set in horizontal Vernier scale of gear tooth Vernier and
corresponding actual’ value scale.
5. Theoretical values of ‘c’ is set and ‘W’ is measured along
6. Horizontal scale.
7. This procedure is repeated for 5 teeth and value tabulated.

Fig: GEAR TOOTH VERNIER

 Fig: NOMENCLATURE OF GEAR

OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF GEAR

OUT SIDE DIAMETER ‘D’ mm

TRIAL
GEAR 1 GEAR 2

5
AVERAGE
TABULATION

CHORDAL THICKNESS ERROR(%)

(W) STANDARD
NO. OF OUTER
CHORDAL “mm” CHORDAL
SL. TEETH DIAMETER
SPECIMEN Depth d THICKNESS
NO (OD) Ws – W
“mm” Ws
(N) “mm” = ----------
“mm”
Ws

T1 T2 T3 AVG

1 GEAR 1

2 GEAR 2
CALCULATION

RESULT
Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear is measured using gear tooth Vernier.
Ex. No: 4a Date:

ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR

AIM
To measure the taper angle of the given specimen using sine bar method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
❖ Sine bar
❖ Work Piece
❖ Surface plate
❖ Dial gauge with stand
FORMULA:
H
Sin θ =
L
Where,
H - Height of the slip gauge
L - Distance between the centers
θ - Inclined angle of the specimen
PROCEDURE
1. The given component is placed on the surface plate.
2. One roller of sine bar is placed on surface plate and bottom surface of sine bar is seated
on the taper surface of the component.
3. The combination of slip gauges is inserted between the second roller of sine bar and the
surface plate.
4. The angle of the component is then calculated by the formula given above.
TABULATION (Sine Bar)

Length of the sine Height of the combination Taper Angle (θ) in

S. No bar (L) of slip gauge
“mm” (H) “mm” ‘degree’
1

CALCULATION

RESULT
Thus the angle in the work pieces were Determined using Sine bar
❖ Angle measured in work piece ,1 = ------------------‘degree’
❖ Angle measured in work piece ,2 = ------------------‘degree’
Ex. No: 4b Date:

ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING SINE CENTER

AIM
To measure the taper angle of the given specimen using sine center method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Sine Center
➢ Slip gauge
➢ work piece
FORMULA USED
h
sin α =
L
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the surface plate, Sine Center and Slip gauges using fine cotton cloth.
2. Place the Job in the smooth flat surface.
3. Place the sine bar in such a manner that the Lower surface of the Sine bar.
4. Was uniformly touches the surface whose angle to be measured.
5. Calculate the angle using the Formula
h
sin α =
L
Where,
h - Vertical height of the slip gauge
L - Length of the sine Center
TABULATION

Length of the sine Height of the combination of Taper Angle (α) in

S. No center (L) slip gauge (h)
“mm” “mm” ‘degree’

2
 Fig: SINE CENTER

CALCULATION

RESULT
Thus the angle in the work pieces was determined using Sine center.
❖ Angle measured in work piece, 1 = ----------------------- ‘degree’
❖ Angle measured in work piece, 2 = ----------------------- ‘degree’
Ex. No: 4c Date:

ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING BEVEL PROTRACTOR

AIM
To measure the angle in the given work piece using Bevel Protractor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Work piece
➢ Bevel Protractor
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the Bevel protractor with the fine cotton cloth.
2. The work piece whose angle to be measured is placed between the stock and the blade.
3. Note down the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence.
4. Tabulate the readings.
FORMULA
one main scale division
Least count =
No.of division on vernier scale
1°
= × 60
12
= 5 mins
Fig: BEVEL PROTRACTOR
TABULATION (Work Piece 1)

Least count = 5 mins

Main scale reading Vernier scale coincidence Vernier Scale reading Total reading = (MSR + VSR)
S.NO (MSR) (VSC) ‘div’ (VSC X LC)
‘deg’ ‘mins’ ‘deg’

AVERAGE
TABULATION (Work Piece 2)

Least count = 5 mins

Main scale reading Vernier scale coincidence Vernier Scale reading Total reading = (MSR + VSR)
S.NO (MSR) (VSC) ‘div’ (VSC X LC)
‘deg’ ‘mins’ ‘deg’

AVERAGE
RESULT
The angle of the given work piece was measured using Bevel protractor
❖ Angle of the given work piece1 = --------------------------‘degree’
❖ Angle of the given work piece2 = --------------------------‘degree’
Ex. No:4d Date:

ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING TOOL MAKERS MICROSCOPE

AIM
To measure the cutting tool parameters of single point cutting tool& screw thread parameters
using tool makers microscope.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Tool maker’s microscope
➢ Work piece
❖ Single point cutting tool
❖ Screw thread
PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the main.
2. Switch on the micros scope lights.
3. Select the capacity of the lens for precision operation.
4. Place the object on the class table to get the clear image rotate the wheel provided at the
light side.
5. After getting the clear image, locate the crosswire at the initial point on the image.
6. Now note down the micrometer reading.
7. Move the cross wire from initial point to the finial point on the image, which is to be
measured.
8. Note down the micrometer reading, this operation is done by using micrometer.
9. Now the different but when the initial and the finial reading i.e. distance traveled object.
TABULATION (Single Point cutting Tool)

Actual
S. Single Point cutting Initial Final Reading
Reading
No Tool Angle Reading ‘deg’ ‘deg’
‘deg’

1 End cutting edge angle

2 side cutting edge angle

3 End relief angle

TABULATION (Thread Parameters)

Initial angle Final angle Difference Average

S. No
‘degree’ ‘degree’ ‘degree’ ‘degree’

TABULATION

Initial point Final point Difference

S. No Dimension to be measured
‘mm’ ‘mm' ‘mm’

1 Pitch

2 Depth

3 Major Diameter

4 Minor Diameter
Fig: Cutting Tool
RESULT
1. The angle of the given work piece was measured using Tool makers microscope.
❖ Angle 1 =
❖ Angle 2 =
❖ Angle 3 =
2. Thus the thread parameters of given screw thread was found using Tool makers
microscope.
❖ Major diameter of the screw thread = ----------------- ‘mm’
❖ Minor diameter of the screw thread = ------------------‘mm’
❖ Pitch of screw thread = ----------------- ‘mm’
❖ Depth of screw thread = ------------------‘mm’
❖ Angle of screw thread = ------------------‘degree’
Ex. No: 5 Date:

MEASUREMENT OF STRAIGHTNESS AND FLATNESS

AIM
Measurement of the Straightness and flatness Using Autocollimator
APPARATUS
➢ Autocollimator
➢ Straight edge
FORMULA
Interval Length = L
L = (θ/60 X π/180) X F
L = Interval Length (mm)
F = Focal Length (mm)
PROCEDURE
1. Make the distance of 50mm internal on the w/p
2. Set the cross wire so that two cross will coincide.
3. Set the mirror so that the cross wire will be visible
4. Move the reflector on next 50mm mark and adjust it to see reflection of crosswire.
5. Take the reading of reflected crosswire deviated or moved up or down. Measure the
distance between two crosswire.
CALCULATION:
TABULATION

Mean Reading Rise (Or ) Fall Cumulative Adjustment To Errors From

Position Difference From
Of Interval Length Rise (Or ) Fall Bring Both Ends Straight Line
(1) First Reading
Auto Colimeter ‘L’ ( mm ) ( mm ) To Zero (mm) ( mm )

o–a

a–b

b–c

c–d
Graph
❖ Interval length Vs cumulative raise (or) fall

RESULT
Thus Straightness and flatness of the given specimen is measured Using Autocollimator.
Ex. No: 6a Date:

MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS USING PROFILE

PROJECTOR
AIM
To measure the thread parameter of given screw thread using Profile projector
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Profile projector
➢ Specimen
PARAMETER TO BE MEASURED
➢ Major and Minor diameter
➢ Depth and Pitch of thread
➢ Addendum and dedendum.
THEORY
Minor diameter
It is the diameter of an Imaginary co-axial cylinder which would touch the root of
external or internal thread.
Major Diameter
It is the diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder which would touch the crest of
external or internal thread.
Depth
The distance between the crest and root of the thread is called Depth of Thread
Pitch of Thread
The distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a thread to the Corresponding
next point
Addendum
For external thread it is the radial distance between major and pitch cylinders.
Dedendum
For external thread it is the radial distance between the Pitch and Minor cylinders
For internal thread it is the radial distance between major and Pitch cylinders
Helix angle
The helix angle is made by the thread at the pitch line with axis
PROCEDURE

1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth

2. Clamp the specimen in between the jaws present in the profile Projector
3. Switch on the power and adjust the degree of magnification in profile projector
4. The magnification depends upon the distance between the Local plane of the lens and
the screen
5. Bring the specimen image to the screens axis by adjusting the micrometer and rotation
of screen
6. Now the parameters of threads are measured and tabulate the read.

Fig: Nomenclature Of Thread

TABULATION (Taper Angle)

Initial angle Final angle difference Average

S.No
degree degree degree degree

TABULATION (Thread Parameters)

Initial point (B) Final point (C) Difference (D)

Sl.no Dimension to be measured
mm mm mm

1 PITCH
2 DEPTH
3 MAJOR DIAMETER
4 MINOR DIAMTER
RESULT
Thus the thread parameters of given screw thread was found using profile projector
❖ Major diameter of the screw = ----------------- ‘mm’
❖ Minor diameter of the screw = ----------------- ‘mm’
❖ Pitch of screw = ----------------- ‘mm’
❖ Depth of screw = ----------------- ‘mm’
❖ Angle of thread = ----------------- ‘degree’
Ex. No: 6b Date:

MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS USING

FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
AIM
To measure the major diameter, minor diameter & Effective diameter by using floating
carriage micrometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Floating carriage micrometer.
➢ Specimen
➢ Prism
➢ Wire
➢ Cylinder.
FORMULA

Major Diameter Measurement:

OD = D+ (RS ~ R)
Where D = Diameter of setting master.
RS = Micro meter reading over setting master.
R = = Micro meter reading over threaded W/P or gauges.
+ Or – is determined by relative size of master & work piece.

Minor Diameter Measurement:

ID = D- (R ~ RO)
Where D = Diameter of setting master.
C = Core or minor diameter of work piece.
RP = Reading over master & prism
R = Reading over thread & prism.
Measurement of effective diameter :
E = T+P
T= D + (RW ~ ROW)
 Where,
E = Effective or pitch diameter.
T = Measured dimension using cylinder.
RW= Reading measured over setting master with wire.
ROW= Reading measured over work piece over wire.

P = (0.86603 * p) – W
W =Mean diameter of cylinder wire used = 1.35 mm
p = Pitch of thread = 2 mm
PROCEDURE
1. The setting master is held b/w center and taken the reading at the diameter say RS
2. The master cylinder is then replaced by a threaded work piece and R is taken.
3. Take the reading on micrometer and indicator in such a way that radius portion of prism
touches master.
4. The cylinder or wire should be chosen so that when placed b/w the threads, they should
contact about halfway down the flanks.
TABULATION

Sl.no Description Valve(mm)

1 PITCH

2 MAJOR DIAMETER

3 MINOR DIAMETER

4 EFFECTIVE DIAMETER
Fig: NOMENCLATURE OF THREAD Fig: TWO WIRE METHOD
CALCULATION

RESULT
Thus, the thread parameters are measured using floating carriage micrometer.
 Ex. No: 7a Date:

SETTING UP OF COMPARATORS FOR INSPECTION

(PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR)

Aim:
To check the machined component with standard dimensioned component using
Pneumatic comparator.
Apparatus Required:
➢ Pneumatic comparator
➢ Air compressor
➢ Ring gauge
➢ Work piece
Theory:
Comparator means compare the product to its standard and find the deviation form the
Standard value.There are different type of comparator to measure various dimensions in
Different method like pneumatic, electric, Mechanical and optical.

Procedure:
1. The equipment consists of two setting master for setting lower and Higher value limits
2. One is set to be lower limit let us 01
3. Another is higher limit let us 10.
4. Depend upon the pressure variation this to be held and changed in to scale as in microns
5. The variation is brought you by change value in CAL button in the display
6. Now using above do some specimen on the piece and Check whether they accepted or not.

Fig: PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR LAYOUT

Fig: PNEUMATIC COMPARATOR
 TABULATION: (Tolerance Limit= +0.012, -0.012. “mm”)

Least count of Pneumatic comparator = 0.001 ‘mm’

Actual size Pneumatic comparator Tolerance
Specimen Error
Sl.no Ring gauge reading (mm) Limit Result
(mm) (mm)

1 I 26.528

2 II 26.528

3 III 26.528

4 IV 26.528
CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the machined component with standard dimensioned component using
Pneumatic comparator.
Ex. No: 7b Date:

SETTING UP OF COMPARATORS FOR INSPECTION

(MECHANICAL COMPARATOR)

AIM:
To check the height of the machined component with standard dimensioned component
using Mechanical comparator.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
➢ Slip gauge set
➢ Mechanical comparator
➢ Surface plate
➢ Work Piece

PROCEDURE:

1. The slip gauges are built up to the given weight of the component.
2. Dial gauge with stand is placed on the surface plate.
3. The built up gauge is placed under the plunger.
4. The indicator is set to zero.
5. The built up gauge is removed.
6. The given machined component is placed under the plunger.
7. The variation in the height of the component is noted from the reading of the dial.

Dial gauge :
Dial gauges divided in two categories, type1 &type2for general engineering purpose

depending upon the movement of the plunger. These are manufactured in two grades, grade a

and grade b, with total plunger movement or lift of 3,5 and 10mm. Type1 dial gauge has the

plunger movement parallel tip the plane of dial and type 2 has the plunger movement

perpendicular to the plane of dial.

Fig: Mechanical comparator
 TABULATION: (Least count of Mechanical comparator= 0.01 mm)

Mechanical comparator
Actual size Actual size
Specimen reading (mm) Error
Sl.no slip gauge Work piece Result
(mm) (mm)
SCR LCR

1 I

2 II

3 III

4 IV
RESULT:
Thus the height of the machined component with standard dimensioned component
using Mechanical comparator.
Ex. No: 8 Date:

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To measure temperature using thermometer and RTD, thermocouple.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
➢ Temperature indicator
➢ Electric kettle
➢ water
➢ Thermocouple
➢ Thermometer
➢ RTD

FORMULA USED:

Error = T1– T4

% Error = Error
X 100
T4

Where ,
➢ T1 is the actual temperature.
➢ T4 is the thermocouple indicated temperature.
PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth.

2. Check connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch.

3. The display glows to indicate is on.

4. Allow the instruments in on position for 10 minutes for initial warm up.

5. Fill around 3/4th full of water to the kettle and place the thermometer and thermocouple
Inside the kettle.

6. Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer.Adjustthe initial set
potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water temperature

7. Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils note down the thermometer reading and
set Potentiometer till the display reads boiling water temperature.

8. Remove the thermometer and temperature sensor from the Kettle and change the water
and replace
9. The thermometer reading and set final set potentiometer till the display reads boiling
water Temperature

10. Switch on the kettle and note down the reading for every 10 º interval and tabulate the
readings
TABULATION:

Actual temperature
Indicated temperature °C
°C
Error
S.NO
Average temp (T4) (T1-T4) % Error
Thermometer Thermocouple RTD
( T1) ( T2 ) ( T3 )

10
CALCULATION:

Graph:
❖ Actual Temperature Vs Indicator Temperature
(Thermometer) (RTD, Thermocouple)

RESULT:

Thus the measure temperature using thermometer and RTD, thermocouple.

 Ex. No: 9 Date:

FORCE MEASUREMENT USING LOAD CELL

AIM:
To measure the force using load cell apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Force measurement trainer Kit (LOAD CELL)
➢ Weight
➢ Force indicator

FORMULA USED:

Error = Calculated force – Indicated force

% Error = X 100 (Maximum force = 9.81)

F = m x g (N)

Where,
▪ m = Mass (kg)
▪ g = Gravity (m/s2 )

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth.

2. Check connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel.
3. The display glows to indicate is ON.
4. Allow the instrument is on ON position for 10 mins for initial warm-up
5. adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads Zero
6. Apply the ON load sensor using the weight blocks and note down the readings.
7. The Maximum load carrying capacity of a Sensor is 1 kg
TABULATION :( FORCE)

CALCULATED
ACTUAL LOAD INDICATED
S.NO FORCE ERROR % ERROR
(kg) FORCE (N)
F = m x g (N)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
CALCULATION

Graph:
❖ Observed Force Vs Calculated Force
❖ Observed Force Vs Error

Result:
Thus the force measurement by using load cell.
Ex. No: 10 Date:

MEASUREMENT OF TORQUE USING

TORQUE MEASURING SETUP

AIM:
To measure the torque using torque sensor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

➢ Torque sensor
➢ Stand
➢ Lever
➢ weights

PROCEDURE:

1. Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at the front
Panel.
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm up
3. Adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads 00.0
4. Apply load to the fulcrum arm by adding dead weights in steps of 100g
5. The instruments reads the load on the sensor and displays through LED
6. Readings can be tabulated

FORMULA:

% Error = x 100

Calculated Torque = Load x Distance

TABULATION: (TORQUE) DISTANCE = ----------------
S.no Actual load Observed Calculated Error % Error
(kg) Torque Torque(N-m)
(N- m)

5
TABULATION: (TORQUE) DISTANCE = ----------------

Observed Calculated Torque

S.no Actual load (kg) Torque Error % Error
(N-m)
(N- m)

5
CALCULATION:

Graph:
❖ Observed Torque Vs Calculated Torque
❖ Observed Torque Vs Error

Result:
Thus the measurement of torque by using torque sensor.
Ex.No: 11 Date:

BORE DIAMETER MEASUREMENT USING TELESCOPIC GAUGE

AIM
To measure the bore diameter using given telescopic gauge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

➢ Telescopic gauge
➢ Work piece
➢ Vernier caliper

PROCEDURE
1. Clean the given work piece to be measure
2. Select the telescopic gauge and insert into the cylinder bore.
3. Selected the telescopic gauge from the telescopic gauge set.
4. Unlock the telescopic gauge and inserted into the cylinder bore.
5. Measure the distance of telescopic gauge by using vernier caliper.
6. Tabulate the given readings.
TABULATION Bore Diameter Measurement Using Telescopic Gauge

Telescopic Gauge range Vernier Scale Reading Bore Diameter

S.No
(mm) MSR VSC VSR (mm)
RESULT
Thus the given bore diameter is to be measure by using of telescopic gauge.
Ex.No: 12 Date:

BORE GAUGE

AIM
To measure the cylinder bore using bore gauge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Cylinder block
2. Bore gauge
3. Vernier caliper
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the bore using vernier caliper to get the gross reading of the bore.
2. Select and install the suitable anvil and washers
3. Make a zero adjustment of the bore gauge using inside measuring jaw of the vernier
caliper.
4. After the zero adjustment is done insert the bore gauge into the bore and observe the
measurement and record the data.
TABULATION (Bore Gauge)

Bore Gauge Dial Gauge

S. No Cylinder Size
Anvil Washer’s SCR VSR TR= SCR+VSR
RESULT
Thus the bore measurement by using of bore gauge.
Ex.No: 13 Date:

SURFACE FINISH MEASURING EQUIPMENT

AIM
To measure the surface roughness of the given specimen using roughness testing device.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
➢ Surface roughness tester
➢ Work piece
TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
Measurement parameters (Ra , Rz)
Traversed length l = 6 mm
Cut off length = 0.25 + 0.80 mm
Measuring range = 2.5 mm
Ra = 0.05 – 6.5 N/m
Rz = 0.1 -50 N/m

PROCEDURE
1. Clean the given work piece to be measure.
2. Switch on the device and the device is leading to work with screen displaying the
measuring parameters and cut off length of the previous test.
3. Before starting the pickup choose the desired parameter Ra (or) Rz and proper cutoff
length 2.5, 0.8, 0.25
4. After switch on the devices lighting press the select button and choose Ra (or) Rz lighting
press select button and choose l1, l2, l3 (0.25, 0.8, 2.5)
5. After the parameter and cut-off length are taken measurement may start.
6. The measurement end’s and the screen display the measured value.
TABULATION (Surface Finish Measuring Equipment)

Roughness Value
S.No Parameter Cut off length
(N/m)
RESULT
Thus the surface roughness of the given specimen is using roughness tester device.
Date:
 UNIT II DYNAMICS LAB

STUDY OF GEAR PARAMETERS

AIM:

To study about the gears, types of gears and important gear design parameters.

1.1. DESCRIPTION OF GEAR:

 Gears are toothed wheels used for transmitting motion and power from one shaft to another
when they are not far apart and constant velocity ratio is desired.
 A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational force to
another gear or device.

1.2. LAW OF GEARING:

 The law of gearing states that the angular velocity ratio between the gears of a gear set
must remain constant throughout the mesh.
 In order to maintain constant angular velocity ratio between two meshing gears, the
common normal of the tooth profiles, at all contact points within mesh, must always pass
through a fixed point on the line of centres, called pitch point.

1.3. TYPES OF GEARS:

 Spur Gear
 Helical Gear
 Bevel Gear
 Worm and Worm Gear
 Rack and Pinion
1.4. SPUR GEAR:

 Teeth are parallel to the axis of rotation.

 Transmit power from one shaft to another parallel shaft.
 Used in Electric screwdriver, oscillating sprinkler, windup alarm clock, washing machine
and clothes dryer.

Schematic illustration of meshing spur gears

Externally meshing gears Internally meshing gears

1.5. HELICAL GEAR:

 The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear.

 This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much more smoothly and quietly
than spur gears.
 Schematic illustration of meshing Helical gears

1.6. BEVEL GEAR:

 Teeth are formed on a conical surface, used to transfer motion between non-parallel and
intersecting shafts.
 Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs to be changed.
 They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90° apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well
 The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or hypoid.
 Locomotives, marine applications, automobiles, printing presses, cooling towers, power
plants, steel plants, railway track inspection machines, etc.

Straight Bevel gear meshing Spiral Bevel gear meshing

1.7. WORM GEAR:

 Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are needed. It is common for worm gears
to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater
 Many worm gears have an interesting property that no other gear set has: the worm can
easily turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm
 Worm gears are used widely in material handling and transportation machinery, machine
tools, automobiles etc…
 Worm gear meshing

1.8. RACK AND PINION:

 A special case of spur gears with the gear having an infinitely large diameter, the teeth are
laid flat.
 Rack and pinion gears are used to convert rotation (From the pinion) into linear motion (of
the rack).
 A perfect example of this is the steering system on many cars.

1.9. SPUR GEAR GEOMENTRY:

1.10.GEAR PARAMETERS:

 Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder (cone, etc.) that the toothed
gear may be considered to replace.
 Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface or the theoretical circle on which the gear
tooth is designed.
 Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth, in a right section of the gear.
 Root or Dedendum circle: The circle bounding the spaces between the teeth, in a right
section of the gear.
 Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle.
 Dedendum : The radial distance between the pitch circle and the root circle.
 Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one gear and the addendum of the
mating gear.
 Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside the pitch surface.
 Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the pitch surface.
 Circular thickness or tooth thickness: The thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch
circle. It is the length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
 Tooth space: pitch diameter the distance between adjacent teeth measured on the pitch
circle.
 Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one gear and the tooth space of
the mating gear.
 Circular pitch (Pc): The width of a tooth and a space, measured on the pitch circle.
 Diametrical pitch (Pd): It is the ratio of the number of teeth per inches of pitch diameter.
The diametrical pitch isthe ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter.
Diametrical pitch (Pd) =N
d
Where N = Number of teeth
d = Pitch circle diameter
 Module (m): It is the ratio of Pitch circle diameter to the number of teeth. It is also
reciprocal of diametrical pitch
Module (m) = d
N
 Pressure Angle (ϕ): The angle between the Line of Action and a line perpendicular to the
Line of Centres.

Gears of involutes profile with 14.5°, 20° full-depth and 20° stub pressure angles are most
commonly used in industries. A 20° pressure angle full-depth involutes gear tooth has
 various advantages over the other pressure angles.BIS has recommended the use of 20°
pressure angle full depth involutes gear tooth.

Gear tooth profile for various pressure angles

Result:

Thus the gears, types of gears and important gear design parameters have been studied.
Ex. No.: Date:
STUDY OF VELOCITY RATIOS OF SIMPLE, COMPOUND, EPICYCLIC AND
DIFFERENTIAL GEAR TRAINS.

AIM:
To study the velocity ratio for Simple, Compound, Epicyclical and Differential gear trains.

2.1. GEAR TRAIN:

A Mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so that the teeth of the gears
engage to forma gear train. Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears
roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to
the other.
The nature of the train used depends upon the velocity ratio required and the relative
position of the axes of shafts. A gear train may consist of spur, bevel or spiral gears.

2.2. TYPES OF GEAR TRAIN:

 Simple gear train
 Compound gear train
 Reverted gear train
 Epicyclic gear train

2.3. SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN:

When there is only one gear on each shaft, it is known as simple gear train. The gears are
represented by their pitch circles. Intermediate gears are usually called idlers, which have no effect
on the gear ratio, except the sign of the gear ratio. They are used either to change the direction of
rotation or they can be used to transmit motion between two shafts that are far apart while the gear
sizes are kept small.

Simple gear train

 The ratio of the speed of the driver to the speed of the follower is known as velocity ratio or
speed ratio. The reciprocal of the speed ratio or velocity ratio is known as train value

Speed of driver gear Number of teeth on Driven gear

Velocity ratio i = =
Speed of driven gear Number of teeth on driver gear
N 1 X N2 Z2 X Z3
Velocity ratio i = =
N2 X N3 Z1 X Z2
N1 Z3
Velocity ratio i = =
N3 Z1

2.4. COMPOUND GEAR TRAIN:

When there is more than one gear on a shaft, it is called a compound gear train.The gear
ratios for each individual gear pair are multiplied together to compute the overall compound gear
ratio for the gear train.

Compound gear train

Speed of first driver gear Product of number of teeth on Driven gears

Velocity ratio = =
Speed of last driven gear Product of number of teeth on driver gears
N 1 X N3 Z2 X Z4
Velocity ratio i = =
N2 X N4 Z1 X Z3
N1 Z2 X Z4
Velocity ratio i = =
N4 Z1 X Z3

(N2 = N3, sinceboth gears are mounted on same shaft)

 When the axes of the first gear (driver) and the last gear (driven or follower) are co-axial,
then the gear train is known as reverted gear train.

Reverted gear train

2.5. EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN:

An epicyclic gear train consists of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear
revolves around the center of the other. A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates
to carry one gear, called the planet gear, around the other, called the sun gear. The planet and sun
gears mesh so that their pitch circles roll without slip. A point on the pitch circle of the planet gear
traces an epicycloid curve. In this simplified case, the sun gear is fixed and the planetary gear(s)
roll around the sun gear.

Epicyclic gear train

The two methods are used for finding the velocity ratio of an Epicyclic gear train.
i) Tabular method
ii) Algebraic method
 Epicyclic gear train

i) Tabular method:
Consider an Epicyclic gear train as shown in Fig. Let T A= Number of teeth on gear A, and
TB= Number of teeth on gear B.Assume that the arm C is fixed. Follow the procedure of the below
table and the final motion of each element of the gear train is added up and entered in the fourth
row to calculate the velocity ratio(i).

Revolutions of elements
Step No Conditions of Motion
Arm C Gear A Gear B
1 Arm fixed – gear A rotates through + 1 TA
0 +1 −
revolution (1 Rev anticlockwise) TB
2 Arm fixed – gear A rotates through + x TA
0 +x −X
revolution TB
3 Add +y revolutions to all elements +y +y +y
TA
4 Total motion +y + x+y Y−X
TB

ii) Algebraic method:

In this method the motion of each element of the epicyclic gear train relative to the arm is
set down in the form of equations. The number of equations depends on the number of elements in
the gear train. But two conditions are usually specified in an epicyclic gear train, some elements
are fixed and other has a specified motion. These two conditions are sufficient to solve the
equations.Assume that the arm C is fixed
The speed of the gear A relative to the arm C = N A - NC
The speed of the gear B relative to the arm C = NB - NC
Since the gears A and B are meshing directly they will revolve in opposite direction
NB − NC TA
= −
NA − NC TB
Since the arm C is fixed its speed NC = 0
NB TA
i= = −
NA TB
If gear A is fixed NA = 0
 N B − N𝖢 TA
= − (or)
0− N𝖢 TB

NB TA
i= =1+
NC TB
2.6. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR TRAIN:

The differential gear train is used in rear drive of an automobile. Its function is to transmit
motion from the engine shaft to the rear driving wheels and to rotate the rear wheels at different
speeds while the automobile is taking a turn.

The velocity ratio can be determined by tabular method.Follow the procedure of the below
table and the final motion of each element of the gear train is added up and entered in the fourth
row to calculate the velocity ratio(i).

Revolutions of elements
Step No Conditions of Motion
Arm B Gear C Gear E Gear D
1 Gear B fixed – Gear C rotates TC −
T𝖢
X
TE
= -1
through + 1 revolution (1 Rev 0 +1 + TE TD
anticlockwise) TE T C= T D
2 Gear B fixed – Gear C rotated TC
0 +x +x -x
through + x revolutions TE
3 Add +y revolutions to all elements +y +y +y +y
TC
4 Total motion +y + x+y y+x - x+y
TE

Result:
Thus the velocity ratios for Simple, Compound, Epicyclical and Differential gear trains
have been studied.
 Flywheel axle system

Specifications:

Length of the shaft from fixed end to flywheel L = m

Diameter of suspension rod d = m
Mass of flywheel m = kg
Diameter of the fly wheel D = m
Ex. No: Date:

DETERMINATION OF MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FLYWHEEL AND AXLE

SYSTEM

Aim:
To determine the Mass Moment of inertia of flywheel and axle system experimentally and
compare it with the theoretical values.
Apparatus used:
1. Flywheel and axle system
2. Stop watch
Formula used:

1. Experimental natural frequency, fnexp= 1Hz

T
Where T = Time period in sec
tavg
T= sec
5
tavg = Time taken for 5 oscillations
N = No of oscillations (5)
2. Time period
K2+L2
T = 2π √
gxL

Where L = Length of the shaft from fixed end in m

K = Kexp= Experimental Radius of gyration in m
g =Acceleration due to gravity in rad/sec2
3. Theoretical radius of gyration
D
Kt =
√3
Where D = Diameter of the fly wheel in m
4. Mass moment of inertia
Experimental Mass moment of inertia Iexp= m .K2exp Kg.m2
Theoretical Mass moment of inertia Ithe = m .K2the Kg.m2
Where m = Mass of the flywheel in kg
Procedure:
1. Suspend the fly wheel in the given shaft at known length L measured from the top.
2. Fix the top of the shaft by chuck.
Tabulation:

Time for 5 Time Experimental Theoretical

S Experimental Theoretical
Length oscillations Period Mass Mass Natural
. radius of radius of
of shaft (t) sec t moment of moment of frequency
N T = avg gyration gyration
(L) m 5 inertia (Iexp) inertia (Ithe) fnexpHz
o t1 t2 t3 tavg sec (Kexp) m (Kt) m
Kg.m2 Kg.m2

Calculation:
 3. Rotate the fly wheel at an angle by hand and release.
4. Note down the time required for 5 Oscillations.
5. By using the given formulae calculate the mass moment of inertia theoretically and
compare it with the experimental values.

Viva Questions

1. Define radius of gyration.

2. Define maximum fluctuation of energy.

3. What is the function of flywheel?

4. Define co-efficient of fluctuation of speed.

5. Define mass moment of inertia.

Graph:

Experimental Radius of gyration (x-axis) Vs Experimental Mass Moment of inertia (y-axis)

Result:

Thus the Mass moment of inertia of flywheel and axle system is determined and compared
with its theoretical values.
i. Experimental Mass Moment of inertia Iexp= ............... Kg.m2
ii. Theoretical Mass Moment of inertia Ithe=................ Kg.m2
 Compound pendulum

Specifications:
Total Length of the rod L = m
Distance from the point of suspension of the rod L1 = m
Mass of the rod m = kg
Ex. No.: Date:
DETERMINATION OF MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA OF
BODY ABOUT ITS AXIS OF SYMMETRY USING
COMPOUND PENDULUM

Aim:
To determine the Mass Moment of inertia of the given compound pendulum and compare it
with the theoretical values.
Apparatus required:
1. Steel bar
2. Knife edge support
3. Stop watch
4. Steel rule
Formulae used:
1. Experimental time period
t
Texp= sec
n
Where t = Time for n oscillations in sec
n = Number of oscillations (5)
2. Experimental time period Texp
2+L 2
Texp = 2π
√K 2
g x L2
L1
Where L2 = m
2
L1 = Length of the rod from suspended end in m
K = Kexp= Experimental Radius of gyration in m
g =Acceleration due to gravity in rad/sec2
3. Theoretical radius of gyration
L
Kthe = 2
√3
Where L = Total Length of the rod in m
4. Mass moment of inertia
Experiment Mass moment of inertia Iexp= m .K2exp Kg.m2
Theoretical Mass moment of inertia Ithe =m .K2the Kg.m2
Where m =Mass of the rod in kg
Tabulation:
Theoretical Experimental Theoretical
Time taken Experimental
Time Radius of mass moment mass
Distance for 5 Radius of
S.No. period gyration of inertia moment of
(L1) m oscillations gyration
(T )Sec (kthe) m (Iexp) Kg.m2 inertia (Ithe)
(t) sec (kexp) m
Kg.m2

Calculation:
Procedure:
1. Suspend the rod through any one of the holes and measure the distance from point of
suspension to the end of the rod.
2. Give a small angular displacement to the rod and note down the time taken for 5
oscillations
3. Repeat the above procedure by changing the point of suspension.

Viva Questions:
1. Define simple pendulum and compound pendulum.

2. Laws of simple pendulum.

3. Define Centre of Percussion

4. What is mean by Centroid?

5. What is mean by polar moment of inertia?

Graph:

Experimental Radius of gyration (x-axis) Vs Experimental Mass Moment of inertia (y-axis)

Result:

Thus the mass moment of inertia of the given compound pendulum was determined
experimentally and compared with its theoretical values.

i. Experimental Mass Moment of inertia Iexp= ............... Kg.m2

ii. Theoretical Mass Moment of inertia Ithe=................ Kg.m2
 Motorized Gyroscope
Specifications:
Mass of the disc m = 5.5 kg
Radius of the disc r =0.15 m
Distance between disc and weight stand L= 0.15 m
Ex. No: Date:

MOTORIZED GYROSCOPE-STUDY OF GYROSCOPIC EFFECT AND COUPLE

Aim:
To study the gyroscopic effect and determine the gyroscopic couple applied to the spinning
disc.
Apparatus Required:
1. Motorized Gyroscopesetup
2. Tachometer
3. Auto transformer
4. Stopwatch
5. Weights
Formulae used:
 𝜋
1. Precession angular velocity p = × in rad/sec
𝑡 180
Where = Angle of twist in Degree
t = Time taken for 90 precession of disc in sec
2. Active Gyroscopic Couple Ca = W.L in N-m
Where W = Weight added in N
L = Distance between disc and weight stand in m
3. Reactive Gyroscopic Couple Cg = I..p in N-m
Where I – Mass moment of inertia of the disc in kg-m2
m.r2
I= kg-m2
2
– Angular velocity of the disc in rad/sec
 = 2𝜋𝑁 in (rad/sec)
60
p – Precession angular velocity in rad/sec
m – Mass of the disc in kg
r – Radius of the disc in m

Procedure:
To study the gyroscopic effect:
“The spinning body exerts a torque or couple in such a direction which tends to make the axis
of spin coincides with that of the precession.”
1. Balance the disc horizontally and start the motor by increasing the voltage with the dimmer
and wait until it attains Constant speed.
2. Apply force by hand in the right side of yoke, it will be observed that the rotor frame
swings about the horizontal YY axis.
3. MotorSide is seen coming upward and the weight pan side going downwards.
4. Rotate the vertical yoke axis in the anti- clockwise direction seen from above and Observe
that the rotor frame swing in opposite sense.
Tabulation:

Time Precession Active Reactive

Angle Speed Angular
taken for Weight angular Gyroscopic Gyroscopic
of of disc velocity of
S.No. 90 added velocity couple couple
twist (N) rotor ()
precession (W) kg (p)rad/se (Ca) N-m (Cg)N-m
° rpm rad/sec
(t) sec c

Calculation:
To determine the gyroscopic couple:
5. Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the dimmer and wait till the disc attains
constant speed.
6. Put weights (1 kg., 1.5 kg. or 2 kg) in the weight pan, and start the stop watch to note the
time required for precession through 90°.
7. The vertical yoke precesses about OZ axis.
8. The corresponding Speed is measured by tachometer and tabulated.
9. Calculate the Active and reactive gyroscopic couple by using the given formulae.

Graph:

Reactive couple (x-axis) Vs Active couple (y-axis)

Reactive couple (x-axis) Vs Weight added (y-axis)

Viva Questions:
1. Define gyroscopic couple.
2. Define Axis of precession& Axis of spinning.
3. Explain gyroscopic Effect on naval ship.
4. Explain gyroscopic effect on aero plane.

Result:

Thus the gyroscopic effect is studied and the gyroscopic couple applied to the spinning disc
is determined.
i. Active Gyroscopic couple Ca=.............. N-m
ii. Reactive Gyroscopic couple Cg =................... N-m
 Universal Governor Apparatus

Specifications: (Watt Governor& Porter Governor)

Length of the link l= 120 mm
Initial height of governor h0= 100 mm
Mass of each ball m = 0.25 Kg
Mass of central weight M = 0.5 Kg (Porter Governor)
Ex. No.: Date:
DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY, EFFORT AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR
Aim:
To determine the range sensitivity, effort and centrifugal force of Watt and porter governor
and to plot its characteristic curves.
Apparatus Required:
1. Universal Governor Setup.
2. Tachometer
3. Dimmer
4. Central Weight
Formulae used:
N2−N1
1. Range Sensitivity =
N
WhereN2–Maximum equilibrium speed in rpm
N1–Minimum equilibrium speed in rpmN–
Mean equilibrium speed in rpm,

N1+N2
N= rpm
2
N2−N1
2. Percentage increase in speed C =
N1
3. Effort of governor
Watt governor P = C x m x g
Porter governorP = C (m + M) g
Where C –Percentage increase in speed
m – Mass of each ball in Kg
M – Mass of central weight in Kg
g – 9.81N
4. Centrifugal force Fc = m × 2 × r in N
Where m– Mass of each ball in Kg
r– Radius of rotation in m.
r = √l2 − h2
l – Length of the link in mm
h – Height of the governor in mm
X
h = h0 –
2
h0 – Initial height of governor in mm
x –Sleeve lift in mm
–Angular velocityinrad/sec
 = 2 N rad/sec
60
Tabulation: (Watt Governor)

Motor Sleeve Radius of

Speed rpm Height of rotation (r) Percentage Centrifugal
S.No Lift Effort
governor increase in Sensitivity Force (Fc)
Min Max (x) mm m (P) N
(h) mm speed C N
N1 N2 mm

Tabulation: (Porter Governor)

Motor Sleeve Radius of

Speed rpm Height of rotation (r) Percentage Centrifugal
S.No Lift Effort
governor increase in Sensitivity Force (Fc)
Min Max (x) mm m (P) N
(h) mm speed C N
N1 N2 mm
Procedure:
Watt Governor
1. The watt governor assembly is mounted over the spindle in universal governor setup.
2. The dimmer is adjusted to start the motor and its minimum equilibrium speed is noted with
the help of tachometer. The speed at which the sleeve starts lifting is known as minimum
equilibrium speed.
3. The dimmer is adjusted further and its corresponding speed and lift is noted.
4. The experiment is repeated for different speed and sleeve lift.
5. By using the formulae the range sensitivity, effort and centrifugal force of the watt
governor is calculated.
Porter governor
6. The porter governor assembly is mounted over the spindle in universal governor setup.
(Central weight M is added to the above setup)
7. The above procedure is repeated for different speed and sleeve lift.
8. By using the formulae the range sensitivity, effort and centrifugal force of the porter
governor is calculated.
Calculation:
Graph:
Radius of rotation (x-axis) Vs Centrifugal force (y-axis)
Speed (x-axis) Vs Sleeve lift (y-axis)

Viva Questions:
1. What is the function of governor?
2. State the working principle of centrifugal governor.
3. What do you mean by governor effort?
4. Define sensitivity of a governor.
5. State the principle of inertia governors.

Result:
Thus the range sensitivity, effort and centrifugal force of Watt and porter governor are
determined and its characteristic curves have been plotted.
a) Watt governor
i. Range sensitivity = ..................... %
ii. Effort P =................. N
iii. Centrifugal force Fc = ................... N
b) Porter governor
i. Range sensitivity = ..................... %
ii. Effort P =................. N
iii. Centrifugal force Fc = ................... N
Universal Governor Apparatus- Proell Governor
Ex.No: Date:
DETERMINATION OF RANGE SENSITIVITY, EFFORT AND CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE OF PROELL GOVERNOR
Aim:
To determine the range sensitivity, effort and centrifugal force of Proell governor and to
plot its characteristic curves.
Apparatus Required:
1. Universal Governor Setup.
2. Tachometer
3. Dimmer
4. Central Weight
Formulae used:
N2−N1
1. Range Sensitivity =
N
WhereN2–Maximum equilibrium speed in rpm
N1–Minimum equilibrium speed in rpmN–
Mean equilibrium speed in rpm,

N1+N2
N= rpm
2
N2−N1
2. Percentage increase in speed C =
N1
3. Effort of Proell governor P = C (m + M) g
Where C –Percentage increase in speed
m – Mass of each ball in Kg
M – Mass of central weight in Kg
g – 9.81N
4. Centrifugal force Fc = m × 2 × r in N
Where m– Mass of each ball in Kg
r– Radius of rotation in m.
r = √l2 − h2
l – Length of the link in mm
h – Height of the governor in mm
X
h = h0 –
2
h0 – Initial height of governor in mm
x –Sleeve lift in mm
–Angular velocityinrad/sec
 = 2 N rad/sec
60
Specifications:(Proell Governor)
Length of the link l= 120 mm
Initial height of governor h0= 100 mm
Mass of each ball m = 0.25 Kg
Mass of central weight M = 0.5 Kg

Tabulation:

Motor Sleeve Radius of

Speed rpm Height of rotation (r) Percentage Centrifugal
S.No Lift Effort
governor increase in Sensitivity Force (Fc)
Min Max (x) mm m (P) N
(h) mm speed C N
N1 N2 mm
Procedure:

1. The proell governor assembly (with Central weight M) is mounted over the spindle in
universal governor setup.
2. The dimmer is adjusted to start the motor and its minimum equilibrium speed is noted with
the help of tachometer. The speed at which the sleeve starts lifting is known as minimum
equilibrium speed.
3. The dimmer is adjusted further and its corresponding speed and lift is noted.
4. The experiment is repeated for different speed and sleeve lift.
5. By using the formulae the range sensitivity, effort and centrifugal force of the proell
governor is calculated.
Calculation:
Graph:
Radius of rotation (x-axis) Vs Centrifugal force (y-axis)
Speed (x-axis) Vs Sleeve lift (y-axis)
Viva Questions:

1. What is the effect of friction on the governor?

2. Explain the terms stable and unstable of governor.
3. What is meant by hunting in governor?
4. Define Isochronism in governor.
5. What is controlling force diagram?

Result:
Thus the range sensitivity, effort and centrifugal force of proell governor are determined
and its characteristic curves have been plotted.
i. Range sensitivity = ..................... %
ii. Effort P =................. N
iii. Centrifugal force Fc = ................... N
Cam analysis system
Ex. No.: Date:

CAM PROFILE, MOTION CURVE DRAWING AND STUDY OF JUMP PHENOMENON

Aim:
To draw the cam profile, motion curve (Displacement Vs Angle of cam rotation) and to
study the jump phenomenon for different cam follower pairs.

Apparatus required:
1. Cam analysis system
2. Roller follower
3. Mushroom follower
4. Dial gauge

Procedure:
1. Select any one pair of cam and follower.
2. Fix the follower to the push rod and fix the cam in the cam shaft.
3. Keep the cam at the lower most position (Nose of the cam is downward position) and
tighten the follower in such a way that the follower and cam are in just contact.
4. Fix dial gauge to stand and rotate the base plate, in order to touch the spindle of dial gauge.
5. Also note the displacement, while fixing the cam position the dial gauge pointer should be
at zero and note down the displacement in dial gauge pointer when the cam is rotated
further.
6. Now go on rotating the cam shaft by hand through 30° and note down the dial gauge
reading.
7. Continue taking readings till 360° in 30° incremental steps of rotation and tabulate the
readings.
Motion curve and Cam Profile drawing:
8. Draw the base line of the displacement diagram equal to the circumference of the base
circle.(Assume simple harmonic motion)
9. Draw the height of the displacement diagram equal to the maximum rise of the follower.
10. Divide the base line of the displacement diagram into twelve equal parts, each division
representing 30° of cam rotation.
11. Draw vertical lines through these points to complete the displacement diagram. Label the
divisions from zero degrees to 360 °.
12. Construct a semicircle on one end of the displacement diagram. The diameter of the
semicircle is equal to the distance of the rise of the follower.
13. Divide the circle into six equal parts, each part representing 30° of the cam motion.
14. Project the points on the divided semicircle across the displacement diagram using
horizontal lines.
15. Use an irregular curve to construct a smooth curve through the intersections of the
horizontal and vertical lines. Themotion curve describing the cam motion is completed.
16. Draw a semi circle of diameter equal to the lift of the follower.
Tabulation:
Cam profile
S.No. Angle of Rotation Displacement(mm) Displacement(mm)
(Degrees) Roller follower Mushroom
follower
1 0
2 30
3 60
4 90
5 120
6 150
7 180
8 210
9 240
10 270
11 300
12 330
13 360

Jump Speed

Load On The Follower Jump speed - Jump speed -

S.No. Roller follower Mushroom
Kg N (rpm) follower (rpm)
 Model displacement diagram (SHM)
17. Divide the semi circle into even number of equal parts (spaced 30°) and label these lines in
clockwise direction. The labels should correspond to the degreenumbers on the
displacement diagram.
18. Transfer the distances for each degree interval from the displacement diagram to the radial
lines.
19. The distances are measured from the base line of the displacement diagram to draw the cam
motion line.

Model Cam profile

20. Draw a smooth curve through the intersection on the radial lines to complete the cam
profile.
Jump-speed:
21. Start the motor by adjusting the auto transformer.
22. A contact type tachometer is used to measure the speed of the cam shaft.
23. After the motor reaches its highest speed the auto transformer is adjusted to normal
jumping of cam for known weight on the follower.The corresponding speed is known as
jump speed and it is noted.
24. Weight on the follower is varied and its jump speed is noted and tabulated.
Displacement diagram:

Cam profiles
Graph:
Motion curve – Angle of rotation (x –axis) Vs Displacement (y-axis)
Cam Profile
Jump-speed (x –axis) Vs Load (y-axis)

Viva Questions
1. Classification of cams and followers.

2. Types of follower motion.

3. Define Eccentricity in cam.

4. Define pressure angle.

5. Explain the Wind up in Cam.

Result:
Thus the cam profile and its motion curve have been drawn and the jump phenomenon for
different cam follower has been studied.
 Single degree of freedom spring mass system

Single degree of freedom spring mass system for damping coefficient determination

Specifications:
Spring stiffness k1 = N/mm
Spring stiffness k2 = N/mm
Ex No: Date:

DETERMINATION OF NATURAL FREQUENCY, DAMPING COEFFICIENT

AND VERIFICATION OF LAW OF SPRINGS OF SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
SPRING MASS SYSTEM
Aim:
To determine the natural frequency, verify the law of springs and critical damping
coefficient of single degree of freedom spring mass system.
Apparatus required:
1. Spring support
2. Springs
3. Meter scale
4. Weights
Formulae used:
1. Natural frequency, fn= 1Hz
T
Where T = Time period in sec
t
T= sec
5
t = Time taken for 5 oscillations
2. Spring stiffness connected in series
Load
Equivalent Spring Stiffness, keq = N/mm
Deflection
1 1 1
Spring connected in series = +
keq k1 k2

Where k1 = Stiffness of first spring in N/mm

k2 = Stiffness of second spring in N/mm
3. Critical Damping coefficient in N/mm/s
keq
Cc = 2 .m √
m

Where m = Mass added in kg

keq = Equivalent spring stiffness in N/mm
Procedure:
1. Fix the springs in the spring stand in series as shown in figure.
2. At the bottom of the second spring fix platform with mass.
3. Note down the deflection of the spring and oscillate the system and note down the time
required for 5 oscillations and calculate the natural frequency of the system.
4. With the known spring stiffness verify the equivalent spring stiffness of the system.
Tabulation:
Verification of law of spring and natural frequency:
Deflection Equivalent Theoretical
Weight Time for 5 Natural
(mm) Spring natural
S.No. added oscillations frequency
Spring Spring Stiffness(k frequency
(m) kg (t) sec (fn) Hz fn(the), Hz
I II eq)N/mm

Damping coefficient Determination:

Weight Weight Deflection Critical Damping

(mm) Equivalent Spring
S.No. added added (W) coefficient (Cc)
Stiffness(keq)N/mm
(m) kg N Spring I N/mm/s

Calculation:
 5. Repeat the above procedure for different masses.
Damping coefficient determination:
6. Attach a spring at the bottom of the mass and fix it to the base, in this case the spring fixed
at the bottom act as a damper.
7. Add mass to the platform and note down the deflection of the spring and calculate the
spring stiffness.
8. With the known mass and stiffness calculate the critical damping coefficient.

Viva Questions:
1. Define longitudinal vibration.
2. Define Transverse vibrations.
3. Define damping factor.
4. What is meant by equivalent spring stiffness?
5. What is meant by free vibration?

Graph
Equivalent spring stiffness (x-axis) Vs Natural Frequency (y-axis)

Result:
Thus the natural frequency, critical damping coefficient of the single degree of freedom
spring mass system is determined and the law of springs is verified.
i. Equivalent Spring Stiffness keq= ................. N/mm
ii. Critical Damping coefficient Cc = .................... N/mm/s
iii. Theoretical natural frequency fn(the), = ................. Hz
 Single rotor system – Undamped vibration
Specifications:
Diameter of the shaft d = m
Mass of the rotor m = kg
Modulus of rigidity of shaft material C = N/m2
Radius of gyration of the rotor k = m
Ex. No.: Date:
DETERMINATION OF TORSIONAL NATURAL FREQUENCY OF SINGLE ROTOR
SYSTEM – UNDAMPED VIBRATION
Aim:
To determine the torsional natural frequency of undamped single rotor system and compare
it with the theoretical values.
Apparatus Required:
1. Single rotor system.
2.Stopwatch
3. Shaft
Formulae used:

1. Experimental natural frequency, fnexp= 1Hz

T
Where T = Time period in sec
tavg
T= sec
5
tavg = Time taken for 5 oscillations
N = No of oscillations (5)

1 C. J
2. Theoretical Natural frequency of torsional vibration f n the = √
2 L.I

Where C = Modulus of rigidity of the shaft material in N/m2

J = Polar moment of inertia of shaft in m4
𝜋
J = x d4
32

d = Diameter of the shaft in m

L = Length of the shaft in m
m = Mass of the rotor in Kg
k = Radius of gyration of the rotor in m
I = Mass moment of inertia of rotor in Kg m2
I = m.k2
Procedure:
1. Fix the bracket at convenient position along the beam and note down the length of the
shaft.
2. Hold one end of the shaft at the bracket by chuck and the other end of the shaft to the rotor.
3. Twist the rotor through some angle and release.
Tabulation:

Sl. Length Time for 5 Periodic time Experimental Theoretical

t
No. of oscillations T = avg sec natural natural
shaft (t) sec 5 frequency, frequency
(L) m t1 t2 t3 tavg fnexp Hz fn the Hz

Calculation:
 4. Note down the time required for 5 oscillations.
5. Repeat the procedure for different length of the shaft and then calculate the experimental
natural frequency of torsional vibration.
6. Calculate the theoretical natural frequency of torsional vibration by the given formulae and
compare it with experimental values.

Viva Questions:
1. Define torsional vibration.
2. Differentiate between transverse vibration and torsional vibration.
3. Define torsional equivalent shaft.
4. Define natural frequency of torsional vibration of single rotor system.
5. Define damping ratio.

Graph
Time period (x-axis) Vs Natural Frequency (y-axis)

Result:
Thus the torsional natural frequency of undamped single rotor system is determined and
compared with its theoretical values.
i. Theoretical natural frequency fn the= .................. Hz
ii. Experimental natural frequency fn exp= ................ Hz
Tabulation:

Diameter of Experimental Theoretical Frequency

S.No Shaft critical speed of critical speed of of vibration
(d) mm Shaft (Nexp) rpm Shaft (Nthe) rpm (fn) Hz

Specification:

Shaft - 1
Diameter of shaft d1= m
Mass of the shaft m1= Kg
Young’s modulus of the shaft E = 2 x 1011 N/m2 (Shaft is made of steel)
Shaft - 2
Diameter of shaft d2= m
Mass of the shaft m2= Kg
Young’s modulus of the shaft E = 2 x 1011 N/m2 (Shaft is made of steel)
Calculation:
Ex. No.: Date:

DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL SPEED OF SHAFTS WITH CONCENTRATED

LOADS
Aim:
To determine the critical speed with concentrated loads for various diameter shafts
experimentally and compare it with the theoretical values.

Apparatus required:
1) Shaft – 2 Nos.
2) Non-contact tachometer
3) Chuck key
4) Auto transformer

Formulae used:
π X d4
Moment of inertia of shaft, I = (m4)
64
5W1L4
Static deflection, δs= (m)
384 EI
W 2L 3
Static deflection due to additional weight (W2) δ = (m)
48 EI
Where d = Diameter of the shaft in m
m = Mass of the shaft in Kg
W1 = m x 9.81.Weight of the shaft in N
L = Length of the shaft in m
E = Young’s modulus of the shaft in N/m2(Esteel = 2 x 1011 N/m2)
W2 = Additional weight in N
0.4985
Frequency of vibration fn = rps or Hz
√𝛿 + s
1.27

Theoretical Critical or whirling speed NC= fn × 60 rpm

Procedure:
1. The diameter, length of the shaft and its mass is noted.
2. The shaft is to be mounted with the end condition as simply supported with central load.
3. When the shaft vibrates violently with maximum amplitude the corresponding speed is
noted down which is known as Experimental Critical speed.
4. The theoretical critical speed of the shaft is calculated by using the given formulae.
5. Calculated theoretical critical speed is compared with the experimental values.
Whirling of shaft apparatus
Viva Questions

1. Define Critical speed or whipping speed or whirling speed.

2. Define amplitude.

3. Define resonance.

4. What is Damping?

5. Define degrees of freedom.

Graph
Critical Speed (x-axis) Vs Natural Frequency (y-axis)

Result:
Thus the critical speed with concentrated loads for various diameters shafts are determined
experimentally and compared with the theoretical values.

i. Experimental critical speed of Shaft Nexp= ....................... rpm

ii. Theoretical critical speed of Shaft Nthe= .................... rpm