Syriac Orthodox Church

The Syriac Orthodox Church (Classical Syriac: ‫ܺܥ ܕܳܬ ܐ‬

‫ܽܣ ܘܪܳܝ ܝܳܬ ܐ ܬܺܪ ܝܰܨ ݂ܬ ܽܫ ܘܒܳܚ ܐ‬, romanized: ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath
Shubḥo;[13] Arabic: ‫الكنيسة السريانية األرثوذكسية‬, Syriac Orthodox Church
Malayalam: സുറിയാനി ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭ,
[14] Classical Syriac: ‫ܺܥ ܕܳܬ ܐ ܽܣ ̣ܘ ܪܳܝ ܝܳܬ ܐ‬
romanized: Suriyāni ōrtḥdōx Sabḥa), also known as West
‫ܰܗ ܝܳܡ ܽܢ ܘܳܬ ܐ ܬܺܪ ܝܰܨ ܬ ܽܫ ̣ܘ ̣ܒ ܳܚ ܐ‬
Syriac Church or West Syrian Church,[15] officially known
as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the
East,[16] and informally as the Jacobite Church,[17] is an
Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of
Antioch. The bishop of Antioch, known as the patriarch, heads
the church and possesses apostolic succession through Saint
Peter (Classical Syriac: ‫ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ‬, romanized: Šemʿōn
Kēp̄ ā), according to sacred tradition.[18][19] The church
upholds Miaphysite doctrine in Christology, and employs the
Divine Liturgy of Saint James, associated with James, the Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus,
brother of Jesus.[20] Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical Syria
language of the church. Type Antiochian

The church gained its hierarchical distinctiveness in 512, when Classification Eastern
pro-Chalcedonian patriarch Flavian II of Antioch was deposed Christian
by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I Dicorus,[21] and a synod Orientation Oriental
was held at Laodicea in Syria in order to choose his Orthodox
successor,[22] a prominent Miaphysite theologian Severus the
Scripture Peshitta
Great (d. 538).[23] His later deposition (in 518) was not
recognized by the Miaphisite party, and thus a distinctive Theology Miaphysitism
(autocephalous) miaphysite patriarchate was established, Polity Episcopal
headed by Severus and his successors. During the sixth
Structure Communion
century, miaphysite hierarchical structure in the region was
further straightened by Jacob Baradaeus (d. 578),[24][25][26] Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem
while the pro-Chalcedonian faction would form to become the II Patriarch
Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch (part of the wider Eastern Catholicate of India Malankara
Orthodox Church). Syriac Orthodox
Church
In 1662, the vacant Syriac Patriarchate of Antioch was filled by
individuals who aligned themselves with the Catholic Church. Associations World Council of
Andrew Akijan was elected in that year, and was succeeded by Churches
another Catholic in Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin. The non-
Region Middle East,
Catholic Syriac party elected the rival Abdulmasih I,
India, and
Shahbaddin's uncle, as a competing patriarch. Upon
Shahbaddin's death in 1702, the Catholic line died out for diaspora
several decades until the Holy Synod in 1782 elected Michael Language Classical Syriac
III Jarweh, who again aligned the Syriacs with the pope. Liturgy West Syriac:
Following a period of violence and intrigue, the non-Catholic
Liturgy of Saint
James
party was again recognized with their own patriarch and the Headquarters Cathedral of
Catholic line continued independently as the Syriac Catholic Saint George,
Church. Damascus,
Syria (since
Mor Hananyo Monastery was the headquarters of the church
1959)
from c. 1160 until 1932.[27] The patriarchate was transferred to
Homs due to the Sayfo genocide and the effects of World War Origin 1st century
I. The current see of the church is the Cathedral of Saint *[1][2][3]
George, Bab Tuma, Damascus, Syria, since 1959.[28][29][30] Antioch, Roman
Since 2014, Ignatius Aphrem II is the current Patriarch of Empire[4][5]
Antioch. The church has archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates
Independence 512 A.D.[6][7][8]
in countries covering six continents. Being an active member of
the World Council of Churches, the church participates in Branched from Church of
various ecumenical dialogues with other churches.[31][32] Antioch[9]
Separations Mar Thoma
Name and identity Syrian Church
(1889),
Syriac-speaking Christians have referred to themselves as Malankara
"Ārāmāyē/Āṯūrāyē/Sūryāyē" in native Aramaic terms based on Orthodox Syrian
their ethnic identity.[33] In most languages besides English, a Church (1911)
unique name has long been used to distinguish the church from
Members Approximately
the polity of Syria. In Arabic (the official language of Syria),
1.4 million[10][11]
the church is known as the "Kenissa Suryaniya" as the term
"Suryani" identifies the Syriac language and people. Aid organization EPDC St.
Chalcedonians referred to the church as "Jacobite" (after Jacob Ephrem
Baradaeus) since the schism that followed the 451 Council of Patriarchal
Chalcedon.[34] English-speaking historians identified the Development
church as the "Syrian Church". The English term "Syrian" was Committee[12]
used to describe the community of Syriacs in ancient Syria. In
the 15th century, the term "Orthodox" (from Greek: Official website Syriac Orthodox
"orthodoxía"; "correct opinion") was used to identify churches Patriarchate (htt
that practiced the set of doctrines believed by the early ps://www.syriacp
Christians. Since 1922, the term "Syrian" started being used for atriarchate.org/)
things named after the Syrian Federation. Hence, in 2000, the Digital Library Department of
Holy Synod ruled that the church be named as "Syriac
Syriac Studies
Orthodox Church" after the Syriac language, the official
(https://dss-syria
liturgical language of the church.[35]
cpatriarchate.or
The church is not ethnically exclusive, but two main ethnic g/?lang=en)
groups in the community contest their ethnic identification as *Origin is according to Sacred tradition.
"Assyrians" and "Arameans".[36] "Suryoye" is the term used to West Syriac Cross Unicode (U+2670) :
identify the Syriacs in the diaspora.[37] The Syriac Orthodox ♰
identity included auxiliary cultural traditions of the Assyrian
Empire and Aramean kingdoms.[38] Church traditions crystallized into ethnogenesis through the
preservation of their stories and customs by the 12th century. Since the 1910s, the identity of Syriac
Orthodoxy in the Ottoman Empire was principally religious and linguistic.[39][40][41]
In recent works, Assyrian-American historian Sargon Donabed has
pointed out that parishes in the US were originally using Assyrian
designations in their official English names, also noting that in some
cases those designations were later changed to Syrian, and then to
Syriac, while several other parishes still continue to use Assyrian
designations.[42][43][44][45]

History

Early history

The church claims apostolic succession through the pre-Chalcedonian

Patriarchate of Antioch to the Early Christian communities from
Jerusalem led by Saint Barnabas and Saint Paul in Antioch, during the
Apostolic era, as described in the Acts of the Apostles; "The disciples
were first called Christians in Antioch" (New Testament, Acts 11:26 (h Interior of St. Stephen Church,
ttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+11:26&version= Gütersloh.
nkjv)). Saint Peter was selected by Jesus Christ (New Testament,
Matthew 16:18 (https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matt
hew+16:18&version=nkjv)) and is venerated as the first bishop of Antioch in c. 37 A.D. after the Incident
at Antioch.[46][47][48]

Saint Evodius was Bishop of Antioch until 66 AD and was succeeded by Saint Ignatius of Antioch.[49] The
earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek: Χριστιανισμός) was by Ignatius of Antioch, in
around 100 AD.[50] In A.D 169, Theophilus of Antioch wrote three apologetic tracts to Autolycus.[51]
Patriarch Babylas of Antioch was considered the first saint recorded as having had his remains moved or
"translated" for religious purposes—a practice that was to become extremely common in later centuries.[52]
Eustathius of Antioch supported Athanasius of Alexandria who opposed the followers of the condemned
doctrine of Arius (Arian controversy) at the First Council of Nicaea.[53] During the time of Meletius of
Antioch the church split due to his being deposed for Homoiousian leanings—which became known as the
Meletian Schism and saw several groups and several claimants to the See of Antioch.[54][55][56][57]

Patriarchate of Antioch

Given the antiquity of the Bishopric of Antioch and the importance of the Christian community in the city
of Antioch, a commercially significant city in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire, the First Council of
Nicaea (325) recognized the Bishopric as one of main regional primacies in Christendom, with jurisdiction
over the administrative Diocese of the Orient, thus laying the foundation for the creation of the
"Patriarchate of Antioch and All of the East".[58] Because of the significance attributed to Ignatius of
Antioch in the church, most of the Syriac Orthodox patriarchs since 1293 have used the name of Ignatius in
the title of the Patriarch preceding their own Patriarchal name.[59]

Christological controversies that followed the Council of Chalcedon (451) resulted in a long struggle for the
Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the council. In 512, pro-Chalcedonian
patriarch Flavian II of Antioch was deposed by Emperor Anastasius I (d. 518), and new patriarch Severus
of Antioch (d. 538) was chosen to succeed him. On 6 November 512, at the synod of Laodicea in Syria, a
prominent miapyhsite theologian Severus the Great was elected, and consecrated on 16 November at the
Great Church of Antioch.[21] In 518, he was exiled from Antioch,[60] by new emperor Justin I (d. 527),
who tried to enforce a uniform Chalcedonian orthodoxy throughout the empire.[61][62][63] Those who
belonged to the pro-Chalcedonian party accepted newly appointed
patriarch Paul, who took over the see of Antioch. The miaphisite
patriarchate was thus forced to move from Antioch with Severus the
Great who took refuge in Alexandria. The non-Chalcedonian
community was divided between "Severians" (followers of Severus),
and aphthartodocetae, and that division remained unresolved until
527.[64] Severians continued to recognize Severus as the legitimate
miaphysite Patriarch of Antioch until his death in 538, and then
proceeded to follow his successors.[65][66]

Bishop Jacob Baradaeus (died 578) is credited for ordaining most of the
miaphysite hierarchy while facing heavy persecution in the sixth
century. In 544, Jacob Baradeus ordained Sergius of Tella continuing
the non-Chalcedonian succession of patriarchs of the Church of
Antioch.[67] That was done in opposition to the government-backed
Patriarchate of Antioch held by the pro-Chalcedonian believers leading
to the Syriac Orthodox Church being known popularly as the
"Jacobite" Church, while the Chalcedonian believers were known
popularly as Melkites—coming from the Syriac word for king (malka), A sixth-century encaustic icon
an implication of the Chalcedonian Church's relationship to the Roman from Saint Catherine's
Emperor (later emphasised by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church).[68] Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt
Because of many historical upheavals and consequent hardships that the
Syriac Orthodox Church had to undergo, the patriarchate was
transferred to different monasteries in Mesopotamia for centuries. John
III of the Sedre was elected and consecrated Patriarch after the death of
Athanasius I Gammolo in 631 A.D., followed by the fall of Roman
Syria and the Muslim conquest of the Levant. John and several bishops
were summoned before Emir Umayr ibn Sad al-Ansari of Hims to
engage in open debate regarding Christianity and represent the entire
Christian community, including non-Syriac Orthodox communities,
such as Greek Orthodox Syrians.[69] The Emir demanded translations
of the Gospels into Arabic to confirm John's beliefs, which according to
the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian was the first translation of the
Gospels into Arabic. Syriac Orthodox Chapel of
Saints Joseph of Arimathea
Transfer to new locations and Nicodemus, Church of the
Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
During 1160,[27] the patriarchate was transferred from Antioch to Mor
Hananyo Monastery (Deir al. Zaʿfarān) in southeastern Anatolia near
Mardin, where it remained until 1933 and re-established in Homs, Syria, due to the adverse political
situation in Turkey. In 1959, the patriarchate was transferred to Damascus. The mother church and official
seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church are now situated in Bab Tuma, Damascus, capital of Syria.

Middle Ages

The 8th century hagiography Life of Jacob Baradaeus is evidence of a definite denominational and social
differentiation between the Chalcedonians and Miaphysites (Syriac Orthodox).[70] The longer hagiography
shows that the Syriac Orthodox (called "Syriac Jacobites" in the work: suryoye yaquboye) self-identified
with Jacob's story more than those of other saints.[71] Coptic historian and miaphysite bishop Severus ibn
al-Muqaffa (ca. 897) speaks of Jacobite origins, and on the veneration of Jacob Baradaeus. He claimed that
unlike the Chalcedonian Christians
(who were labeled as "Melkites"),
Miaphysite Jacobites never traded their
Orthodoxy to win the favor of the
Byzantine emperors, as the Melkites
had done (malko is derived from
"ruler, king, emperor").[72][73][74]

In Antioch, after the 11th-century

persecutions, the Syriac Orthodox
population was almost extinguished.
Only one Jacobite church is attested in
Antioch in the first half of the 12th
century, while a second and third are
attested in the second half of the
century, perhaps due to refugee influx.
Dorothea Weltecke concluded that the
Syriac Orthodox population was very
Syriac Orthodox dioceses in the medieval period.
low in this period in Antioch and its
Palestine
surroundings.[75]
Syria
In the 12th century, several Syriac Lebanon and Cyprus
Orthodox Patriarchs visited Antioch Cilicia
and some established temporary Cappadocia
residences.[76] In the 13th century, the Amid and Arzun
Syriac Orthodox hierarchy in Antioch Commagene
was prepared to accept Latin Osrhoene
supervision.[77] In Adana, an Mardin and Tur Abdin
anonymous 1137 report speaks of the Iraq
entire population consisting of Syriac
Orthodox.[75] Before the advent of the
Crusades, the Syriacs occupied most of the hill country of Jazirah (Upper Mesopotamia).[78]

Early modern period

16th century

Among the preeminent churchmen of the period, Moses of Mardin (fl. 1549–d. 1592), was a diplomat of
the Syriac Orthodox Church in Rome in the 16th century.[79]

17th century

By the early 1660s, 75% of the 5,000 Syriac Orthodox of Aleppo had converted to Catholicism following
the arrival of mendicant missionaries.[80] The Catholic missionaries had sought to place a Catholic Patriarch
among the Jacobites and consecrated Andrew Akhijan as the Patriarch of the newly founded Syriac
Catholic Church.[80] The Propaganda Fide and foreign diplomats pushed for Akhijan to be recognized as
the Jacobite Patriarch, and the Porte then consented and warned the Syriac Orthodox that they would be
considered an enemy if they did not recognize him.[81] Despite the warning and gifts to priests, frequent
conflicts and violent arguments continued between the Catholic and Orthodox Syriacs.[81] Around 1665,
many Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India, committed
themselves in allegiance to the Syriac Orthodox Church, which
established the Malankara Syrian Church. The Malankara Church
consolidated under Mar Thoma I welcomed Gregorios Abdal
Jaleel, who regularised the canonical ordination of Mar Thoma I as
a native democratically elected Bishop of the Malabar Syrian
Christians.[82]

St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır.

Late modern period

In the 19th century, the various Syriac Christian denominations did

not view themselves as part of one ethnic group.[83] During the Tanzimat reforms (1839–78), the Syriac
Orthodox was granted independent status by gaining recognition as their own millet in 1873, apart from
Armenians and Greeks.[84]

In the late 19th century, the Syriac Orthodox community of the Middle East, primarily from the cities of
Adana and Harput, began the process of creating the Syriac diaspora, with the United States being one of
their first destinations in the 1890s.[85] Later, in Worcester, the first Syriac Orthodox Church in the United
States was built.[42]

Also in the late 1800s, the reformation faction of the Saint Thomas Christians in India left to form the Mar
Thoma Syrian Church.

The 1895–96 massacres in Turkey affected the Armenian and Syriac Orthodox communities when an
estimated 105,000 Christians were killed.[86] By the end of the 19th century, 200,000 Syriac Orthodox
Christians remained in the Middle East, most concentrated around Saffron Monastery, the Patriarchal
Seat.[87]

In 1870, there were 22 Syriac Orthodox settlements in the vicinity of Diyarbakır.[88] In the 1870–71
Diyarbakır salnames, there were 1,434 Orthodox Syriacs in that city.[89][90] On 10 December 1876,
Ignatius Peter IV consecrated Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala as metropolitan.[91] Rivalry within the
Syriac Orthodox Church in Tur Abdin resulted in many conversions to the Syriac Catholic Church (the
Uniate branch).[92]

Genocide (1914–1918)

The Ottoman authorities killed and deported Orthodox Syriacs,

then looted and appropriated their properties.[93] During 1915–16,
the number of Orthodox Syriacs in the Diyarbakır province was
reduced by 72%, and in the Mardin province by 58%.[94]

Interwar period

In 1924, the patriarchate of the Church was transferred to Homs Sayfo Monument at St. Peters & St.
after Kemal Atatürk expelled the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, who Pauls Church, Hallunda.
took the library of Deir el-Zaferan and settled in Damascus. [95][96]

The Syriac Orthodox villages in Tur Abdin suffered from the

1925–26 Kurdish rebellions and massive flight to Lebanon, northern Iraq and especially Syria ensued.[97]
In the early 1920s, the city of Qamishli was built mainly by Syriac Orthodox refugees, escaping the Syriac
genocide.

1945–2000

In 1959, the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church was transferred to Damascus in Syria.[95] In the mid-
1970s, the estimate of Syriac Orthodox lived in Syria is 82,000.[98] In 1977, the number of Syriac
Orthodox followers in diaspora dioceses was: 9,700 in the Diocese of Middle Europe; 10,750 in the
Diocese of Sweden and surrounding countries.[99]

On 20 October 1987, Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala was declared a saint by Ignatius Zakka I
Iwas, Patriarch permitting additions to the diptychs.[100][101]

Leadership

Patriarch

The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is named

Patriarch of Antioch, in reference to his titular pretense to one of the Damage to exterior of St. Mary
five patriarchates of the Pentarchy of Byzantine Christianity.
Church of the Holy Belt during the
Considered the "father of fathers", he must be an ordained bishop. Syrian Civil War.
He is the general administrator to Holy Synod and supervises the
spiritual, administrative, and financial matters of the church. He
governs external relations with other churches and signs agreements,
treaties, contracts, pastoral encyclicals (bulls), pastoral letters related to the
affairs of the church.[102]

Maphrian or Catholicos of India

After the Patriarch, the second highest Rank in the Syriac Orthodox
Church is that of the Maphrian or the Catholicos of India. He is important
functionary in guiding the church when the patriarchate falls vacant after
the death of a Patriarch, overseeing the election of the next Patriarch and
leading the ceremony for the ordination of the Patriarch. The Maphrian's
see is India and is the head of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church and is
subject to the authority of the Patriarch. In joint councils the Maphrian is
seated on the right side of the Patriarch and heads the church's regional Ignatius Aphrem II, current
synod in India with the Patriarch's sanction. Patriarch of Antioch.

Archbishops and Bishops

The title bishop comes from the Greek word episkopos, meaning "the one who oversees".[103] A bishop is
a spiritual ruler of the church who has different ranks. Then there are metropolitan bishops or archbishops,
and under them, there are auxiliary bishops.

Priests
The priest (Kasheesho) is the seventh rank and is the one duly appointed to administer the sacraments.
Unlike in the Catholic Church, Syriac deacons may marry before ordained as priests; they cannot marry
after ordained as priests. There is an honorary rank among the priests that are Corepiscopos who has the
privileges of "first among the priests" and is given a chain with a cross and specific vestment decorations.
Corepiscopos is the highest rank a married man can be elevated to in the Syriac Orthodox Church. The
ranks above the Corepiscopos are unmarried.

Deacons

In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, different ranks among the deacons are specifically assigned with particular
duties. The six ranks of the diaconate are:

1. 'Ulmoyo (Faithful)
2. Mawdyono (Confessor of faith)
3. Mzamrono (Singer)
4. Quroyo or Korooyo (Reader)
5. Afudyaqno (Sub-deacon)
6. Evangeloyo (High deacon)
7. Masamsono (Full deacon)

Only a full deacon can take the censer during the Divine Liturgy to assist the priest. In Jacobite Syrian
Christian Church, because of the lack of deacons, altar assistants who do not have a rank of deaconhood
may assist the priest.

Historically, in the Malankara Church, the local chief was called as Archdeacon, who was the ecclesiastical
authority of the Saint Thomas Christians in the Malabar region of India.[104]

Deaconess

An ordained deaconess is entitled to enter the sanctuary only for cleaning, lighting the lamps and is limited
to give Holy Communion to women and the children who are under the age of five.[105] She can read
scriptures, Holy Gospel in a public gathering. The name of deaconess can also be given to a choirgirl.
Deaconess is not ordained as chanter before reaching fifteen years of age. The ministry of the deaconess
assists the priest and deacon outside the altar including in the service of baptizing women and anointing
them with holy chrism.[106]

While this rank exists, it is rarely awarded.

Worship

Bible

Syriac Orthodox churches use the Peshitta (Syriac: simple, common) as its Bible. The New Testament
books of this Bible are estimated to have been translated from Greek to Syriac between the late first century
to the early third century AD.[107] The Old Testament of the Peshitta was translated from Hebrew, probably
in the second century. The New Testament of the Peshitta, which originally
excluded certain disputed books, had become the standard by the early fifth
century, replacing two early Syriac versions of the gospels.

Doctrine

The Syriac Orthodox Church theology is based on the Nicene Creed. The
Syriac Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and
Apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission,[108]
that its metropolitans are the successors of Christ's Apostles, and that the
Patriarch is the successor to Saint Peter on whom primacy was conferred
by Jesus Christ.[109][110] The church accepted first three synods held at
Nicaea (325), Constantinople (381), and Ephesus (431), shaping the
formulation and early interpretation of Christian doctrines.[111] The Syriac Peshitto Bible at Mor
Orthodox Church is part of Oriental Orthodoxy, a distinct communion of Hananyo Monastery.
churches claiming to continue the patristic and apostolic Christology before
the schism following the Council of Chalcedon in 451.[112] In terms of
Christology, the Oriental Orthodox (Non-Chalcedonian) understanding is
that Christ is "One Nature—the Logos Incarnate, of the full humanity and
full divinity". Just as humans are of their mothers and fathers and not in
their mothers and fathers, so too is the nature of Christ according to
Oriental Orthodoxy. The Chalcedonian understanding is that Christ is "in
two natures, full humanity and full divinity". This is the doctrinal difference
that separated the Oriental Orthodox from the rest of Christendom. The
church believes in the mystery of Incarnation and venerate Virgin Mary as
Theotokos or Yoldath Aloho (Meaning: 'Bearer of God').[113][114]

The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church gave a theological

interpretation to the primacy of Saint Peter.[115] They were fully convinced
of the unique office of Peter in the early Christian community. Ephrem,
Aphrahat, and Maruthas unequivocally acknowledged the office of Peter. Icon of the Virgin Mary by
The different orders of liturgies used for sanctification of church buildings, St. Luke the Evangelist .
marriages, ordinations etc., reveal that the primacy of Peter is a part of faith
of the church. The church does not believe in Papal Primacy as understood
by the Roman See, rather, Petrine Primacy according to the ancient Syriac tradition.[116] The church uses
both Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar based on their regions and traditions they adapted.

Language
Syriac language, as the most prominent variant of Aramaic language in the Christian era, is
used by the Syriac Orthodox Church in two basic forms: Classical Syriac is traditionally
employed as the main liturgical and literary language, while Neo-Aramaic (Neo-Syriac)
dialect known as Turoyo is spoken as the most common vernacular language.[117][118]
Arabic had become the dominant language of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt by the
11th century.[119] Syriac Orthodox clergy wrote in Arabic using Garshūni, a Syriac script in
the 15th century and later adopted the Arabic script.[119] An English missionary in the 1840s
noted that the Arabic speech of the Syriacs was intermixed with Syriac vocabulary.[119] They
chose Arabic and Muslim-sounding names, while women had Biblical names.[119]
Greek language was historically used (along with Syriac) in the earliest periods, during and
 after the separation (5th–6th centuries), but its use gradually declined.[120]
English: Used Globally along with Syriac.
Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada are presently used in India. Suriyani Malayalam, also known as
Karshoni or Syriac Malayalam, is a dialect of Malayalam written in a variant form of the
Syriac alphabet which was popular among the Saint Thomas Christians (also known as
Syrian Christians or Nasranis) of Kerala in India.[121][122][123][124] It uses Malayalam
grammar, the Maḏnḥāyā or "Eastern" Syriac script with special orthographic features, and
vocabulary from Malayalam and East Syriac. This originated in the South Indian region of
the Malabar Coast (modern-day Kerala). Until the 19th century, the script was widely used
by Syrian Christians in Kerala.
Swedish, German, Dutch, Turkish, Spanish, Portuguese are used in diasporas along with
Syriac.

Liturgy

The liturgical service is called Holy Qurobo in the Syriac language

meaning "Eucharist". Liturgy of Saint James is celebrated on
Sundays and special occasions. The Holy Eucharist consists of
Gospel reading, Bible readings, prayers, and songs. The recitation
of the Liturgy is performed according to with specific parts chanted
by the presider, the lectors, the choir, and the congregated faithful,
at certain times in unison. Apart from certain readings, prayers are
sung in the form of chants and melodies. Hundreds of melodies
Celebration of Mass at St. John's
remain preserved in the book known as Beth Gazo, the key
Church, Stuttgart, Germany.
reference to Syriac Orthodox church music.[125]

In 1983, the French ethnomusicologist Christian Poché produced

audio recordings of the liturgical music of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In his liner notes for the UNESCO
Anthology of Traditional Music, he described the liturgical music of communities in Antioch, Tur ‘Abdin,
Urfa, Mardin in modern Turkey, as well as in Aleppo and Qamishli in modern Syria.[126]

Prayer

Syriac Orthodox clergy and laity follow a regimen of seven prayers a day that are said at fixed prayer times,
in accordance with Psalm 119 (cf. Shehimo).[127][128] According to the Syriac tradition, an ecclesiastical
day starts at sunset and the Canonical hours are based on West Syriac Rite:

Evening or Ramsho prayer (Vespers)[129]

Night prayer or Sootoro prayer (Compline)[130]
Midnight or Lilyo prayer (Matins)
Morning or Saphro prayer (Prime or Lauds, 6 a.m.)
Third Hour or tloth sho`in prayer (Terce, 9 a.m.)
Sixth Hour or sheth sho`in prayer (Sext, noon)
Ninth Hour or tsha` sho'in prayer (None, 3 p.m.)

Sacraments

The seven Holy Sacraments of the church are:

 Chrismation (Anointing of Holy Muron)
Baptism
Confession
Holy Communion (Queen of the Sacraments)[131]
Marriage
Unction (Anointing of the Sick)
Ordination[132]

Vestments

The clergy of the Syriac Orthodox Church has unique liturgical

vestments with their order in the priesthood: the deacons, the
priests, the chorbishops, the bishops, and the patriarch each have
different vestments.[133]

Bishops usually wear a black or a red robe with a red belt. They
should not wear a red robe in the presence of the patriarch, who
Liturgical vestments of clergy. wears a red robe. Bishops visiting a diocese outside their
jurisdiction also wear black robes in deference to the bishop of the
diocese, who alone wears red robes. They carry a crosier stylised
with serpents representing the staff of Moses during sacraments. Corepiscopos wear a black or a purple
robe with a purple belt. Bishops and corepiscopos have hand-held crosses.[134]

A priest also wears a phiro, or a cap, which he must wear for the public prayers. Monks also wear eskimo, a
hood. Priests also have ceremonial shoes which are called msone. Without wearing these shoes, a priest
cannot distribute Eucharist to the faithful. Then there is a white robe called kutino symbolizing purity.
Hamniko or stole is worn over this white robe. Then he wears a girdle called zenoro, and zende, meaning
sleeves. If the celebrant is a bishop, he wears a masnapto, or turban (different from the turbans worn by
Sikh men). A cope called phayno is worn over these vestments. Batrashil, or pallium, is worn over the
phayno by bishops, like hamnikho worn by priests.[135] The priest's usual dress is a black robe. In India,
due to the hot weather, priests usually wear white robes except during prayers in the church, when they
wear a black robe over the white one. Deacons wear a phiro, white kutino(robe) and of rank Quroyo and
higher wear an uroro 'stole' in various shapes according to their rank. The deaconess wears a stole (uroro)
hanging down from the shoulder in the manner of an archdeacon.[136]

Global presence

Demography

St. Matthew Monastery of Saint Mor Gabriel Monastery, Midyat,

Monastery, Mark, Jerusalem Turkey
Nineveh, Iraq

St. Awgin Monastery, Nusaybin, Turkey St. George's Monastery, Malekurish

 St. Ignatius Monastery, Manjinikkara Mor Hananyo Monastery

The Patriarchate was initially established in Antioch (present-day Syria, Turkey, and Iraq), due to the
persecutions by Romans followed by Muslim Arabs, the Patriarchate was seated in Mor Hananyo
Monastery, Mardin, in the Ottoman Empire (1160–1933); following Homs (1933–1959); and Damascus,
Syria, since 1959. Historically, the followers of the church are mainly ethnic Assyrians/Syriacs who
comprise the indigenous pre-Arab populations of modern Syria, Iraq and southeastern Turkey.[137] A
diaspora has also spread from the Levant, Iraq, and Turkey throughout the world, notably in Sweden,
Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria, France, United States, Canada, Guatemala,
Argentina, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand.

The church's members are divided into 26 Archdioceses, and 13 Patriarchal Vicariates.[138]

It is estimated that the church has 600,000 Syriac adherents, in addition to 2 million members of the
Jacobite Syrian Christian Church and their own ethnic diaspora in India.[112][139][140] Additionally, there is
also a large Syriac community among Mayan converts in Guatemala and South America numbering up to
1.5 million.[141] According to scholar James Minahan around 26% of the Assyrian people belong to the
Syriac Orthodox Church.[142]

The number of Syriacs in Turkey is rising, due to refugees from Syria and Iraq fleeing ISIS, as well as
Syriacs from the Diaspora who fled the region during the Turkey-PKK conflict (since 1978) returning and
rebuilding their homes. The village of Kafro was populated by Syriacs from Germany and
Switzerland.[143][144]

In the Syriac diaspora, there are approximately 80,000 members in the United States, 80,000 in Sweden,
100,000 in Germany, 15,000 in the Netherlands, 200,000 members in Brazil, Switzerland, and Austria.[145]

Jurisdiction of the patriarchate

The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch originally covered the whole region of the Middle East and India.
In recent centuries, its parishioners started to emigrate to other countries over the world. Today, the Syriac
Orthodox Church has several archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates (exarchates) in many countries
covering six continents.

Patron: The Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, the Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac
Orthodox Church Ignatius Aphrem II.
Patriarchal Seat: Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus, Syria
 Headquarters and patriarchal office: Damascus

Americas

The presence of the Syrian Orthodox faithful in America dates back

to the late 19th century.[146][147]

North America

Patriarchal Vicariate of Eastern United States (https://syri

anorthodoxchurch.org/)[148][149]
Patriarchal Vicariate of Western United States[150]
Malankara Archdiocese of North America St. Mark's Cathedral, Paramus, New
Patriarchal Vicariate of Canada.[151] Jersey.

Central America

In the Guatemala region, a Charismatic movement emerged in 2003 was excommunicated in 2006 by the
Roman Catholic Church later joined the church in 2013. Members of this archdiocese are Mayan in origin
and live in rural areas, and display charismatic-type practices.[152]

Archdiocese of Central America, the Caribbean Islands and Venezuela[153][154][155]

South America

Patriarchal Vicariate of Argentina[156]

Patriarchal Vicariate of Brazil[157]

Eurasia

Middle East regions

Syria
Lebanon
Holy Land
Iraq
Turkey
UAE

Syriac Orthodox Church in the Middle East and the diaspora, numbering between 150,000 and 200,000
people in their indigenous area of habitation in Syria, Iraq, and Turkey according to estimations.[158] The
community formed and developed in the Middle Ages. The Syriac Orthodox Christians of the Middle East
speak Aramaic. Archbishoprics in the Middle East include regions of Jazirah, Euphrates, Aleppo, Homs,
Hama, Baghdad, Basrah, Diyarbakır, Mosul, Kirkuk, Kurdistan, Mount Lebanon, Beirut, Istanbul, Ankara
and Adiyaman,[159] Israel, Palestine, Jordan.[160][161][162]
 Saint Mary Church of the St. Sharbel St. Mary's
Holy Belt Church Church,
Midyat Bethlehem

St. Mary's Cathedral, Manarcad Tomb of St. Baselios Yeldo

Patriarchal Vicariates in the Middle East includes Damascus, Mardin, Turabdin, Zahle, UAE and the Arab
States of the Persian Gulf.

India

Syriac Orthodox Church of Malankara (India)

The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, one of the various Saint Thomas Christian churches in India, is an
integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, with the Patriarch of Antioch as its supreme head. The local
head of the church in Malankara (Kerala) is Baselios Thomas I, ordained by Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I
Iwas in 2002 and accountable to the Patriarch of Antioch. The headquarters of the church in India is at
Puthencruz near Ernakulam in the state of Kerala in South India. Simhasana Churches and Honavar
Mission is under the direct control of Patriarch. Historically, the St. Thomas Christians were part of the
Church of the East, based in Persia which was under the Patriarch of Antioch until Council of Seleucia-
Ctesiphon(410 AD.) and reunited with Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch since c. 1652.[163] Syriac
monks Mar Sabor and Mar Proth arrived at Malankara between the eighth and ninth centuries from
Persia.[164] They established churches in Quilon, Kadamattom, Kayamkulam, Udayamperoor, and
Akaparambu.[165]

The Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church is an independent reformed church under the jurisdiction of
Marthoma Metropolitan and its first Reforming Metropolitan Mathews Athanasius was ordained by Ignatius
Elias II in 1842.[166] Maphrianate was re-established in Malankara in 1912 by Ignatius Abded Mshiho II by
the consecration of Paulose I as first Catholicos. Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church accepts the Patriarch
of Antioch only as its spiritual Father as stated by the constitution of 1934.[167]

Knanaya Archdiocese
The Knanaya Syriac Orthodox Church is an archdiocese under the
guidance and direction of Archbishop Severious Kuriakose with
the patriarch as its spiritual head. They are the followers of the
Syrian merchant Knāy Thoma (Thomas of Cana) in the fourth or
eighth century, while another legend traces their origin to Jews in
the Middle East.[168][169][170]

Evangelistic Association
of the East
Altar of St.Mary's Knanaya Syriac
E.A.E Arch Diocese is the
Church Kottayam.
missionary association of
Syriac Orthodox Church
founded in 1924 by
Head Office of The Evangelistic Geevarghese Athunkal Cor-Episcopa at Perumbavoor.[171] This
Association Of The East. archdiocese is under the direct control of the patriarch under the
guidance of Chrysostomos Markose, It is an organization with
churches, educational institutions, orphanages, old age homes,
convents, publications, mission centers, gospel teams, care missions, and a missionary training institute. It is
registered in 1949 under the Indian Societies Registration Act. XXI of 1860 (Reg. No. S.8/1949ESTD
1924).[172][173]

Europe

Earlier in the 20th century many Syrian Orthodox immigrated to Western Europe diaspora, located in the
Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland for economic and political reasons.[174][175] Dayro d-
Mor Ephrem in Netherlands is the first Syriac Orthodox monastery in Europe established in 1981.[176]
Dayro d-Mor Awgen, Arth, Switzerland,Dayro d-Mor Ya`qub d-Sarug, Warburg, Germany are the other
monasteries located in Europe.
 St. Ephrem Church St. Thomas Cathedral, St. Jacob of Sarug Monastery
Vienna, Austria Acton, London, England Warburg, Germany

Church of Our St. Avgin Monastery, Arth, St. Aphrem Cathedral, Södertälje, Sweden
Lady, Switzerland
Amsterdam,
Netherlands

Patriarchal Vicariates:

Belgium, France and Luxembourg[177][178]

Germany[179]
Netherlands[180]
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland and Austria
United Kingdom

Oceania

St. George Church, Melbourne St. Aphrem Church, Victoria

Australia and New Zealand

 Patriarchal Vicariate of Australia and New Zealand under Archbishop Malatius Malki
Malki.[181][182][183][184]

Institutions

The church has various seminaries, colleges, and other institutions.[185] Patriarch Aphrem I Barsoum
established St. Aphrem's Clerical School in 1934 in Zahlé. In 1946, the school was moved to Mosul, where
it provided the church with a selection of graduates, the first among them being Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I
Iwas and many other church leaders. In 1990, the Order of St. Jacob Baradaeus was established for nuns.
Seminaries have been instituted in Sweden and in Salzburg for the study of Syriac theology, history,
language, and culture. Happy Child House project started in 2019 provides childcare services in Damascus,
Syria. The church has an international Christian education center for religious education.[186] The Antioch
Syrian University was established on 8 September 2018 in Maarat Saidnaya, near Damascus.[187] The
university is offering engineering, management and economics courses.[188]

Ecumenical relations
The Syriac Orthodox Church is active in ecumenical dialogues with various churches,[31][32] including the
Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Anglican Communion, Syriac Church of the East, and other
Christian denominations. The Church is an active member of the World Council of Churches since 1960
and Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas was one of the former presidents of WCC. It has also been involved in
the Middle East Council of Churches since 1974. There are common Christological and pastoral
agreements with the Catholic Church by the 20th century as the Chalcedonian schism was not seen with
the same relevance, and from several meetings between the authorities of the Catholic Church and the
Oriental Orthodoxy, reconciling declarations emerged in the common statements of the Patriarch Ignatius
Jacob III and Pope Paul VI in 1971, Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas and Pope John Paul II in 1984:

The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they
realise today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only
because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by
different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real
basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the
doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life, we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our
Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the
time of the Council of Chalcedon.[189]

The precise differences in theology that caused the Chalcedonian controversy is said to have arisen "only
because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different
theological schools to express the same matter", according to a common declaration statement between
Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III and Pope Paul VI on Wednesday 27 October 1971. In 2015, Pope Francis
addressed the Syriac Orthodox Church as "a Church of Martyrs " welcoming the visit of Ignatius Aphrem
II to Holy See.[190] In 2015, Ignatius Aphrem II visited Patriarch Kirill of Moscow of the Russian
Orthodox Church and discussed prospects of bilateral and theological dialogue existing since the late
1980s.[191] Since 1998, representatives of SOC, together with representatives of other Oriental Orthodox
Churches, participate in the Ecumenical dialogue, and also in various forms of the Interfaith
dialogue.[59][31][32]

Communities
Syrians/Syriacs originating from Middle East
Turabdin in Turkey, former Syriac cultural heartland
Saffron Monastery, important site in Turabdin
St. Thomas Christians in India
Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church
Catholicos of India (Maphrian)
Södertälje, Swedish town with many Syriac people and churches
Guatemalans (recent convert activity)

See also
Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church
List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
Naheere
The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian
Oriental Orthodoxy
Miaphysitism, Cyril of Alexandria's Christology
Patriarchate of Alexandria
Syriac Christianity
Chaldean Catholic Church
Church of the East
Syriac Catholic Church

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Further reading
Ecumenical relations with the Catholic Church

Pope Benedict XIV, Allatae Sunt (On the observance of Oriental Rites), Encyclical, 1755 (htt
ps://w2.vatican.va/content/benedictus-xiv/it/documents/enciclica--i-allatae-sunt--i---26-luglio-
1755--in-questa-encicli.html)
Addresses of Pope Paul VI and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Jacob III, 1971 (https://www.vatica
n.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_1971
 1025_syrian-church_en.html)
Common Declaration of Pope John Paul II and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas,
1984 (https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc
_pc_christuni_doc_19840623_jp-ii-zakka-i_en.html)
Address of John Paul II on Occasion of the Visit to the Catholicos of the Malankarese Syrian
Orthodox Church, 1986 (https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1986/febru
ary/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19860207_catholicos-cochin.html)
Address of His Holiness Pope Francis to His Holiness Mor Ignatius Aphrem II Syriac
orthodox patriarch of Antioch and all the East, 19 June 2015 (https://www.vatican.va/content/f
rancesco/en/speeches/2015/june/documents/papa-francesco_20150619_patriarca-siro-orto
dosso.html)

External links
Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate (http://www.syriacpatriarchate.org/) (Official website)
Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate (https://www.unionbetweenchristians.com/2020/09/2020_18.ht
ml) (Union between Christians)
Department of Syriac Studies (http://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/)

Media

Syriac religious TV channel of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (http://suborotv.net/)

Syriac Liturgy (http://www.epilgrim.org/syrian_liturgy.htm) description and photos
Syriac Music Online (http://www.syriacmusic.com/)
YouTube video of a Palm Sunday Mass (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnB--TAPpaI&li
st=PLKlmMfVrKucvvFPkN0KXY7nnRkUkIYIjh&index=62)
YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history and origin of the
term "Syriac" (Suryoyo/Suroyo) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfwoGQS_ieE)

Relating to Syriac Orthodox Church

Margonitho: Syriac Orthodox Resources (http://sor.cua.edu/)

Relating to Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church

News Site Of Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church (https://web.archive.org/web/201310071013

08/http://www.jscnews.org/)[Usurped!]
Malankara Vision: TV Of Jacobite Syrian Church (http://www.malankaravision.com/)
Radio Malankara: Radio of Jacobite Syrian Church (http://www.radiomalankara.com/)

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