Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch

The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch

(Greek: Ελληνορθόδοξο Πατριαρχείο Αντιοχείας), also
known as the Antiochian Orthodox Church and
legally as the Rūm Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
and All the East (Arabic: ‫بطريركّية أنطاكية وسائر‬ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of
‫المشرق للروم األرثوذكس‬, romanized: Baṭriyarkiyyat Antioch and All the East
ʾAnṭākiya wa-Sāʾir al-Mašriq li-r-Rūm al-ʾUrṯūḏuks, ‫بطريركّية أنطاكية وسائر المشرق للروم‬
lit. 'Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East for the
‫األرثوذكس‬
Orthodox Rum'[5]), is an autocephalous Greek
Orthodox church within the wider communion of
Eastern Orthodox Christianity and one of the historic
Pentarchy. Headed by the Greek Orthodox patriarch of
Antioch, it considers itself the successor to the Christian
community founded in Antioch by the Apostles Peter
and Paul. It is one of the largest Christian
denominations of the Middle East, alongside the Copts
of Egypt and the Maronites of Lebanon.[6]

Its adherents, known as Antiochian Christians, are a Mariamite Cathedral, Damascus, Syria,
Middle-Eastern semi-ethnoreligious Eastern Christian headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Church
group residing in the Levant region including the Hatay of Antioch since 1342 AD, with the 'Umariyya
Province of Turkey.[7][6] Many of their descendants Minaret at the front, to the right
now live in the global Eastern Christian diaspora. The Type Antiochian
number of Antiochian Greek Christians is estimated to
be approximately 4.3 million.[8] Classification Eastern Orthodox
Orientation Greek Orthodox
Background Scripture Septuagint, New Testament
Theology Eastern Orthodox theology
Polity Episcopal
Primate John X (Yazigi), Patriarch of
Antioch and All the East
(since December 17, 2012)
Language Koine Greek,
Aramaic (Classical Syriac &
Palestinian) (historical),[1]
Patriarchatus Antiocheni, 1640, by Arabic (official),[2]
Melchior Tavernier Turkish (in Turkey),
English, French,
The seat of the patriarchate was formerly Antioch, in Portuguese, Spanish and
what is now Turkey. However, in the 14th century, it other languages (extended)
was moved to Damascus, modern-day Syria. Its Headquarters Mariamite Cathedral,
traditional territory includes Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Damascus, Syria
Kuwait, the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, and also
Traditionally: Antioch,
parts of Turkey. Its territory formerly included the Byzantine Empire
Church of Cyprus until the latter became autocephalous Monastic residence:
in 431. Both the Orthodox Churches of Antioch and Balamand Monastery,
Cyprus are members of the Middle East Council of Koura, Lebanon
Churches.
Territory Primary: Syria, Lebanon,
Its North American branch is autonomous, although the part of Turkey, Iraq, Iran,
Holy Synod of Antioch still appoints its head bishop, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar,
chosen from a list of three candidates nominated in the UAE, Oman, Yemen, Saudi
North American archdiocese. Its Australasia and Arabia (formerly also
Oceania branch is the largest in terms of geographic Cyprus, Georgia and parts
area due to the relatively large size of Australia and the
of the Central Caucasus
large portion of the Pacific Ocean that the archdiocese
area)
covers.
Extended: North America,
The head of the Orthodox Church of Antioch is called Central America, South
Patriarch. The present Greek Orthodox patriarch of America, Western, Southern
Antioch is John X (Yazigi), who presided over the and Central Europe,
Archdiocese of Western and Central Europe (2008– Australia, New Zealand,
2013). He was elected as primate of the Greek Philippines
Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East as
John X of Antioch (Yazigi) on December 17, 2012. He Founder Apostles Peter and Paul
succeeded Ignatius IV who had died on December 5, Independence A.D. 519[3]
2012. Membership statistics are not available, but may Recognition Orthodox
be as high as 1,100,000 in Syria[9] and 400,000 in
Lebanon where they make up 8% of the population or Branched from Church of Antioch
20% of Christians who make up 39-41% of Lebanon. Separations Maronite Church - 685
The seat of the patriarch in Damascus is the Mariamite Melkite Catholic
Cathedral of Damascus. Patriarchate of Antioch -
1724
The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch is one of
several churches that lay claim to be the canonical Members Approx. 4.3 million (2012)[4]
incumbent of the ancient see of Antioch. The Syriac Official website www.antiochpatriarchate.org
Orthodox Church makes the same claim, as do the (https://www.antiochpatriarc
Syriac Catholic Church, the Maronite Church, and the hate.org/)
Melkite Greek Catholic Church; the latter three are
Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the
Holy See and mutually recognize each other as holding authentic patriarchates, being part of the same
Catholic communion. Their fellow Catholic particular church, the Latin Church, also appointed titular
patriarchs for many centuries, until the office was left vacant in 1953 and abolished in 1964 with all claims
renounced.

History and cultural legacy

Pauline Greco-Semitic roots

According to Luke the Evangelist- himself a Greco-Syrian member of that community:

The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch.

 —Acts 11:26 (https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis
=niv:Acts%2011:26) (New Testament, NIV
translation)

St Peter and St Paul the Apostle are considered the cofounders of

the Patriarchate of Antioch, the former being its first bishop. When
Peter left Antioch, Evodios and Ignatius took over the charge of the
Patriarchate. Both Evodios and Ignatius died as martyrs under
Roman persecution. Church of Saint Peter in Antioch

Hellenistic Judaism and the Judeo-Greek "wisdom" literature

popular in the late Second Temple era amongst both Hellenized Rabbinical Jews (known as Mityavnim in
Hebrew) and gentile Greek proselyte converts to mainstream Judaism played an important part in the
formation of the Melkite-Antiochian Greek Orthodox tradition.[10] Some typically Grecian "Ancient
Synagogal" priestly rites and hymns have survived partially to the present in the distinct church service,
architecture and iconography of the Melkite Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic communities of the Hatay
Province of Southern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.[11]

Some historians believe that a sizable proportion of the Hellenized Jewish communities and most gentile
Greco-Macedonian settlers in Southern Turkey (Antioch, Alexandretta and neighboring cities) and
Syria/Lebanon – the former being called "Hellenistai" in the Acts – converted progressively to the Greco-
Roman branch of Christianity that eventually constituted the "Melkite" (or "Imperial") Hellenistic Churches
in Western Asia and North Africa:

As Jewish Christianity originated at Jerusalem, so Gentile Christianity started at Antioch, then

the leading center of the Hellenistic East, with Peter and Paul as its apostles. From Antioch it
spread to the various cities and provinces of Syria, among the Hellenistic Syrians as well as
among the Hellenistic Jews who, as a result of the great rebellions against the Romans in A.D.
70 and 130, were driven out from Jerusalem and Palestine into Syria.[12]

Acts 6 points to the problematic cultural tensions between the Hellenized Jews and Greek-speaking Judeo-
Christians centered around Antioch and related Cilician, Southern-Anatolian and Syrian "Diasporas" and
(the generally more conservative) Aramaic-speaking Jewish converts to Christianity based in Jerusalem and
neighboring Israeli towns:

The 'Hebrews' were Jewish Christians who spoke almost exclusively Aramaic, and the
'Hellenists' were also Jewish Christians whose mother tongue was Greek. They were Greek-
speaking Jews of the Diaspora, who returned to settle in Jerusalem. To identify them, Luke
uses the term Hellenistai. When he had in mind Greeks, gentiles, non-Jews who spoke Greek
and lived according to the Greek fashion, then he used the word Hellenes (Acts 21.28). As the
very context of Acts 6 makes clear, the Hellenistai are not Hellenes.[13]

"There is neither Jew nor Greek"

These ethno-cultural and social tensions were eventually surmounted by the emergence of a new, typically
Antiochian Greek doctrine (doxa) spearheaded by Paul (himself a Hellenized Cilician Jew) and his
followers be they 1. Established, autochthonous Hellenized Cilician-Western Syrian Jews (themselves
descendants of Babylonian and 'Asian' Jewish migrants who had adopted early on various elements of
Greek culture and civilization while retaining a generally conservative attachment to Jewish laws &
traditions), 2. Heathen, 'Classical' Greeks, Greco-Macedonian and Greco-Syrian gentiles, and 3. the local,
autochthonous descendants of Greek or Greco-Syrian converts to mainstream Judaism – known as
"Proselytes" (Greek: προσήλυτος/proselytes or 'newcomers to Israel') and Greek-speaking Jews born of
mixed marriages.

Paul's efforts were probably facilitated by the arrival of a fourth wave of Greek-speaking newcomers to
Cilicia/Southern Turkey and Northwestern Syria: Cypriot and 'Cyrenian' (Libyan) Jewish migrants of non-
Egyptian North African Jewish origin and gentile Roman settlers from Italy- many of whom already spoke
fluent Koine Greek and/or sent their children to Greco-Syrian schools. Some scholars believe that, at the
time, these Cypriot and Cyrenian North African Jewish migrants were generally less affluent than the
autochthonous Cilician-Syrian Jews and practiced a more 'liberal' form of Judaism, more propitious for the
formation of a new canon:

[North African] Cyrenian Jews were of sufficient importance in those days to have their name
associated with a synagogue at Jerusalem (Acts 6:9). And when the persecution arose about
Stephen [a Hellenized Syrian-Cilician Jew, and one of the first known converts to
Christianity], some of these Jews of Cyrene who had been converted at Jerusalem, were
scattered abroad and came with others to Antioch [...] and one of them, Lucius, became a
prophet in the early church there [the Greek-speaking 'Orthodox' Church of Antioch].[14]

These subtle, progressive socio-cultural shifts are somehow summarized succinctly in Chapter 3 of the
Epistle to the Galatians:

There is neither Jew nor Greek: there is neither slave nor free: there is neither male nor female.
For you are all one in Christ Jesus (Galatians 3:28).[15]

Dual self-designation: "Melkites" and "Eastern Romans"

The unique combination of ethnocultural traits inhered from the fusion of a Greek cultural base, Hellenistic
Judaism and Roman civilization gave birth to the distinctly Antiochian "Eastern Mediterranean-Roman"
Christian traditions of Cilicia (Southeastern Turkey) and Syria/Lebanon:

The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great
part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church.[16]

Some of the typically Antiochian ancient liturgical traditions of the community rooted in Hellenistic
Judaism and, more generally, Second Temple Greco-Jewish Septuagint culture, were expunged
progressively in the late medieval and modern eras by both Phanariot European-Greek (Ecumenical
Patriarch of Constantinople) and Vatican (Roman Catholic) theologians who sought to 'bring back'
Levantine Greek Orthodox and Greek-Catholic communities into the European Christian fold.

But members of the community in Southern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon still call themselves Rūm (‫)روم‬
which means "Eastern Romans" or "Asian Greeks" in Arabic. In that particular context, the term "Rūm" is
used in preference to "Yūnāniyyūn" (‫ )يونانيون‬which means "European Greeks" or "Ionians" in Biblical
Hebrew (borrowed from Old Persian Yavan = Greece) and Classical Arabic. Members of the community
also call themselves 'Melkites', which literally means "monarchists" or "supporters of the emperor" in
Semitic languages - a reference to their past allegiance to Greco-Macedonian, Roman and Byzantine
imperial rule. But, in the modern era, the term tends to be more commonly used by followers of the Greek
Catholic Church of Antioch and Alexandria and Jerusalem.

Interaction with other non-Muslim ethnocultural minorities

Following the fall of the Turkish Ottoman Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire (long the protector of
Greek-Orthodox minorities in the Levant), and the ensuing rise of French colonialism, communism,
Islamism and Israeli nationalism, some members of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch embraced
secularism and/or Arab Nationalism as a way to modernize and "secularize" the newly formed nation-states
of Northern Syria and Lebanon, and thus provide a viable "alternative" to political Islam, communism and
Jewish nationalism (viewed as ideologies potentially exclusive of Byzantine Christian minorities).

This often led to interfaith conflicts with the Maronite Church in Lebanon, notably regarding Palestinian
refugees after 1948 and 1967. Various (sometimes secular) intellectuals with a Greek Orthodox Antiochian
background played an important role in the development of Baathism, the most prominent being Michel
Aflaq, one of the founders of the movement.[17]

Abraham Dimitri Rihbany

In the early 20th century (notably during World War I), Lebanese-American writers of Greek-Orthodox
Antiochian background such as Abraham Dimitri Rihbany, known as Abraham Mitrie Rihbany (a convert
to Presbyterianism), popularized the notion of studying ancient Greco-Semitic culture to better understand
the historic and ethnocultural context of the Christian Gospels: his original views were developed in a series
of articles for The Atlantic Monthly, and in 1916 published in book form as The Syrian Christ.

At a time when most of the Arab world area was ruled by the Ottoman Empire, France and Britain,
Rihbany called for US military intervention in the Holy Land to fend off Ottoman Pan-Islamism, French
colonialism, Soviet Communism and radical Zionist enterprises- all viewed as potentially detrimental to
Christian minorities.

Administration and structure

The administration and structure of the Antiochian See are governed by statutes.

The Patriarch

The Patriarch is elected by the Holy Synod from amongst the metropolitans who compose it. The Patriarch
presides the Holy Synod and executes its decisions. He also acts as metropolitan of the Archdiocese of
Antioch and Damascus.

The current Patriarch, John X (Yazigi), was elected on December 17, 2012, succeeding to Metropolitan
Saba Esber, who had been elected locum tenens on December 7, 2012, following Ignatius IV (Hazim)'s
death.[18]

Archdioceses and metropolitans [19]

There are at present 22 archdioceses, each headed by a
metropolitan.[20]

Western Asia
Archdiocese of Antioch and Damascus: Patriarchal
archdiocese
World jurisdictions of Eastern
Archdiocese of Akkar and Dependencies (Wadi al- Orthodox churches as of 2022.
Nasara, Safita and Tartus): Basilios Mansour (2008–
present)[21]
Archdiocese of Aleppo (Beroea) and Alexandretta: Ephreim Maalouli (2021–present)[22]
Archdiocese of Beirut and Exarchate of Phœnicia: Elias Audi (1980–present)[23]
Archdiocese of Baghdad, Kuwait and Dependencies: Ghattas Hazim (2014–present)[24][25]
Archdiocese of Bosra, Hauran and Jabal al-Arab: Saba Esber (1999–present)[26]
Archdiocese of Byblos and Batroun: Siluan Muci (2018–present)[27]
Archdiocese of Hama (Epiphania) and Exarchate of North Syria: Nicholas Baalbaki (2017–
present)[28]
Archdiocese of Homs (Emesa): George Abu Zakhem (1999–present)[29]
Archdiocese of Latakia (Laodicea ad Mare) and Exarchate of Theodorias: Athanasius Fahd
(2018–present)[30]
Archdiocese of Tripoli and Koura: Ephraim Kyriakos (2009–present)[31]
Archdiocese of Tyre and Sidon: Elias Kfoury (1995–present)[32]
Archdiocese of Zahleh and Baalbek (Heliopolis): Antonios El Soury (14 Nov 2015–
present)[33]

Asia and Oceania

Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines: Basilios Qoudsiah (2017–
present)

Europe
Archdiocese of the British Isles and Ireland (https://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/): Silouan
Oner (2015–present)
Archdiocese of France, Western and Southern Europe (https://www.facebook.com/Archev%
C3%AAch%C3%A9-Orthodoxe-Antiochien-de-France-107251864245678/): Ignatius
Alhoushi (2013–present)
Archdiocese of Germany and Central Europe (https://rum-orthodox.de/): Isaac Barakat
(2013–present)

The Americas
Archdiocese of North America (Englewood, New Jersey); Metropolitan of New York and All
North America: Saba (Esber) (2023–present)
Diocese of Charleston, Oakland and Mid-Atlantic: Thomas Joseph (2004–present)
Diocese of Eagle River and the Northwest: vacant
Diocese of Los Angeles and the West: vacant[34]
 Diocese of New York and Washington, D.C.: Metropolitical diocese
Diocese of Miami and the Southeast: Nicholas Ozone (2017–present)[35]
Diocese of Ottawa, Eastern Canada and Upstate New York: Alexander Mufarrij (2004–
present)
Diocese of Toledo and the Mid-West: Anthony Michaels (2011–present)
Diocese of Wichita and Mid-America: vacant
Diocese of Worcester and New England: John Abdallah (2011–present)
Archdiocese of Buenos Aires and All Argentina: Jacob Khoury (elected 2018)[36]
Archdiocese of Mexico, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean: Ignatius Samaan
(2017–present)
Archdiocese of Santiago and All Chile: Sergios Abad (1996–present), Bishop of Salamias
and Patriarchal Auxiliary for Chile (1988–1996)
Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil: Damaskinos Mansour (1997–present)[37]

Titular dioceses and bishops [38]

Diocese of Shahba: Niphon Saykali (1988–), elevated to archbishop in 2009 and elevated to
metropolitan in 2014, Representative of the Patriarch of Antioch and All the East at the
Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
Diocese of Darayya: Moussa Khoury (1995–), Patriarchal Assistant – Damascus
Diocese of Saidnaya: Luka Khoury (1999–), Patriarchal Assistant – Damascus
Diocese of Banias: Demetrios Charbak (2011–), Auxiliary Bishop in Safita, Archdiocese of
Akkar
Diocese of Arthoussa: Elias Toumeh (2011–), Auxiliary Bishop in Marmarita, Archdiocese of
Akkar
Diocese of Zabadani: Constantine Kayal (2011–), Abbot of St Elias – Shwayya Patriarchal
Monastery
Diocese of Palmyra: Youhanna Haikal (2011–), Auxiliary Bishop in the Archdiocese of
Germany and Central Europe
Diocese of Edessa: Romanos Daoud (2011–), Auxiliary Bishop in the Archdiocese of São
Paulo and Brazil
Diocese of the Emirates: Gregorios Khoury-Abdallah (2014-), Assistant Bishop to the
Patriarch
Diocese of Erzurum: Qays Sadek (2014-), Assistant Bishop to the Patriarch
Diocese of Resafa: Youhanna Batash (2017-)
Diocese of Apamea: Theodore Ghandour (2017-)
Diocese of Diyarbakır: Paul Yazigi (2021-)[22]

Retired bishops
Archdiocese of Byblos and Batroun: Georges Khodr (1970-2018)
Diocese of Jableh: Demetrios Khoury (1995–2003)
 Diocese of Yabroud: Athanasius Saliba (1979–)

Daughter churches
Maronite Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East –Founded by Maron in the 5th century and
survived the later Muslim invasions, reaffirming communion with Rome in the 12th century.
Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch – Formed in 1724 by Cyril VI Tanas, who brought
the Antiochian Orthodox community into communion with Rome.
Church of Imereti and Abkhazia: Granted autocephaly by the Church of Antioch in the 1470s,
but suppressed by the Russian Empire in 1814 and continued to be a dependency of the
Church of Moscow and all Russia until 1917 when it was reunited with Church of Georgia.

See also
Eastern Orthodoxy in Syria
Antiochian Greeks
Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America
Early Christianity
Eastern Orthodox Church
Greek Orthodox Church
Hellenistic Judaism
List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch – 518 to present day
List of Orthodox Churches
List of Patriarchs of Antioch – to 518
Eastern Orthodoxy in Lebanon
Eastern Orthodoxy in Turkey
Pentarchy
Saint John of Damascus
Saint Joseph of Damascus
Saint Raphael of Brooklyn
List of Greek Orthodox Antiochian Churches in Europe

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External links
Official website (http://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/)
"Christian Church to be Filled by a Damascus Preacher" (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstr
act.html?res=9E0CE3D7173CE433A25756C1A96F9C94649ED7CF) (New York Times,
September 15, 1895)

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