Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Сучасні лінгвістичні теорії
Сучасні лінгвістичні теорії
Сучасні лінгвістичні теорії
Sociosemantic Perspective:
- In a boxing gym, a boxer says, "I have a black eye." The context is within
the realm of the sport, where black eyes can be a common occurrence.
Pragmatic Perspective:
Cognitive Perspective:
- Memory Trigger. Saying "I have a black eye" may prompt the speaker to
recall the events that led to the injury, affecting their cognitive state by
evoking memories of the incident.
- Emotional State. Depending on the circumstances leading to the black eye,
the speaker's cognitive and emotional state may vary, with feelings such as
embarrassment, anger, or regret.
- Healing and Recovery. In a support group, sharing the statement may
contribute to the speaker's cognitive healing and recovery process as they
open up about their experiences.
2)
Homonymous Words:
3)
Thematic Meaning:
- "The majestic mountains stood tall against the horizon." (The theme is "the
majestic mountains," the central focus of the sentence.)
Rhematic Meaning:
- "She sang a beautiful song at the talent show." (The rheme is "sang a
beautiful song," describing her performance.)
Connotative Meaning:
- "Her smile lit up the room, spreading warmth." (The word "lit up" has a
connotative meaning, implying that her smile had a positive and cheerful
impact.)
Reflected Meaning:
- "The teacher's strictness reflected in her students' discipline." (Here,
"strictness" has a reflected meaning, indicating that the students' discipline
mirrors or is influenced by the teacher's strict approach.)
Thematic Meaning:
- "The mystery surrounding the treasure intrigued everyone." (In this
sentence, "the mystery surrounding the treasure" is the theme, focusing on
the central concept of the intrigue.)
Rhematic Meaning:
- "The treasure's location remains unknown." (Here, "remains unknown" is
the rheme, providing information about the theme, which is "the treasure's
location.")
Connotative Meaning:
- "Her laughter was infectious, brightening everyone's mood." (In this
sentence, "infectious" conveys a connotative meaning, suggesting that her
laughter easily spreads and positively affects others.)
Reflected Meaning:
- The peaceful atmosphere of the park reflected the city's need for serenity."
(In this context, "the peaceful atmosphere" reflects the city's collective
desire for tranquility and calmness.)
Thematic Meaning:
- "The success of the project delighted the entire team." (The theme here is
"the success of the project," which is the central focus of the sentence.)
4)
1. The White House issued a statement ("The White House" is used to refer
to the U.S. government or the President of the United States)
2. He's addicted to the bottle. ("the bottle" is used to represent alcoholic
beverages, implying that the person is addicted to drinking alcohol.)
3. The suits on Wall Street control the markets. ("the suits" refers to the
businesspeople or investors who typically wear suits and are associated
with financial decision-making. It suggests that these individuals have
influence over the financial markets.)
4. The press loves a good scandal. ("The press" represents the journalists
and media organizations, suggesting that those in the media industry are
drawn to and report on scandals.)
5. The classroom was attentive during the lecture. ("The classroom" is used
to represent the students within it, suggesting that the students were
attentive during the lecture.)
Metaphor:
- Time is a thief. (time is compared to a thief, suggesting that time steals
moments from our lives.)
- The world is a stage.( the world as a stage, emphasizing the idea that life is
like a play or performance.)_
Metonymy:
- My ride is parked outside. “Ride” would be a metonym for car.
- a hired gun. They’re most likely referring to a person associated with a gun:
an assassin.
6)
Euphemisms:
Dysphemisms:
7) Table
8) Cataphoric Reference:
1. A cold wind was blowing out of the north, and it(direct) made the trees
rustle like living things.
2. Will wanted nothing so much as to ride hellbent for the safety of the Wall,
but that(indirect) was not a feeling to share with your commander.
3. David is my best friend. He(direct) likes and his(indirect) favourite foods are
Spaghetti Bologness and hamburger.
9)
1. Ser Waymar(agent) met it(Patient) with steel(Instrument).
2. The king(agent) is riding to Winterfell(Goal) to seek you out(Purpose).
3. Catelyn(Experiencer) wished she could share his joy(Purpose).
4. We(agent) should send word(Theme) to your brother(Beneficiary) on the
Wall(Location).
5. Ben(agent) will want to be here(Purpose).