MMEN 326

Combined Direct and Bending Stresses

 Introduction
 At times we come across members
subjected to not only a bending moment
but also a direct load.
 Examples of such members include:e.g. a
tall chimney subjected to a wind pressure
or earthquake shocks, a retaining wall
resisting earth pressure or dam resisting
water pressure, a hook, innumerable
machine parts, gauge parts, crane jibs,
etc.
 The member is under two stresses
 Bending stresses - due to bending
moment and
 Direct stress - due to the direct
load.

 Consider the case of a column
subjected by a compressive
load P acting along the axis of
the column as shown in Fig. **.
 This load will cause a direct
compressive stress (𝜎 )whose
intensity will be uniform across
the cross-section of the
column.
Combined Bending and Direct Stresses
 Now consider the case of a column  As shown in Fig**b, let’s introduce
subjected by a compressive load P along the axis of the section, two
whose line of action is at a equal and opposite loads P.
distance of ‘e’ from the axis of
 We thus have three forces are
the column as shown in Fig**a
acting now on the column.
 ‘e’ is known as eccentricity of the
load.
 The eccentric load will cause
direct stress and bending stress.

 One of these loads acts along
the axis of the section as
shown in Fig**c.
 This load will result in direct
stress.
Combined Bending and Direct Stresses
 The other two loads will form a
couple as shown in Fig**d.
 The moment of this couple is: 𝑷 𝒙 𝒆
 This couple will result in bending
stress.
 Therefore, an eccentric load will
produce a direct stress as well as a
bending stress.
 By adding these two stresses
algebraically, a single resultant
stress can be obtained.
 Resultant Stress when a Column of Rectangular section is
subjected to an Eccentric load
 Consider a column of rectangular section  Let:
subjected to an eccentric load as shown in Fig**

 Area of column section, 𝑨 = 𝒃 × 𝒅

 The direct stress (σ0):

 Direct stress is uniform along the cross-section of the

column.
 Moment due to eccentric load P:
 Resultant Stress when a Column of Rectangular section is
subjected to an Eccentric load
 The bending stress σb due to moment  Take y to be positive on the  The stress will be maximum along
at any point of the column section at same side of Y-Y as the load layer BC and minimum along layer
a distance y from the neutral axis Y- AD.
 The bending stress at the
Y is: 𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎
extreme is obtained when:

 I = Moment of inertia of the column 𝜎 =𝜎 −𝜎

section about the neutral axis Y-Y
𝑑𝑏
𝐼=
12
 Therefore,  The resultant stress at any
point will be the algebraic sum
of direct stress and bending
stress.
 Direct stress is compressive
 The bending stress depends upon the and hence bending stress will  If σmin is negative then the
value of y from the axis Y-Y. also be compressive towards stress along the layer AD will be
the right of the axis Y-Y. tensile
 Examples
1. A rectangular column of width 200 mm and of thickness 150 mm carries a point load of 240 kN at an
eccentricity of 10 mm as shown in Fig. **(i). Determine the maximum and minimum stresses on the section. Plot
these stresses along the width of the section
a. Maximum stress b. Minimum stress:
𝜎 =𝜎 −𝜎
 b = 200 mm, d = 150 mm
 A = b × d = 200 × 150 = 30000 mm2 𝑃 𝑀
𝜎 = − 𝑦
 P = 240 kN 𝐴 𝐼

 e = 10 mm
𝜎 = 5.6 𝑁/𝑚
 M = P x e = 24000 x 10

𝐼 = =
σ =σ +σ

P M
σ = + y
A I

σ = 10.4 N/m
 Examples
2. If in example 1, the minimum stress on the section is zero then:
a. Find the eccentricity of the point load of 240 kN acting on the rectangular column.
b. Also calculate the corresponding maximum stress on the section. Plot these stresses along the width of the section
a. Eccentricity of the point load b. Maximum stress:

𝜎 =𝜎 −𝜎 =0 𝑃 𝑀
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎 = + 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼

𝑀 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑃 ∗ 33.33
0= − 𝑦 𝑦=

𝜎 = 16 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = ∗

 But 𝑀 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑒

 Therefore: 𝑒 = = 33.33 𝑚𝑚
 Examples
3. If in example 1, the eccentricity is 50 mm instead of 10 mm then find the maximum and minimum stresses on the
section. Plot these stresses along the width of the section.
a. Maximum stress b. Minimum stress:

𝑒 = 50𝑚𝑚 𝑃 𝑀
𝜎 =𝜎 −𝜎 = − 𝑦
𝑀 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑃 ∗ 50 𝐴 𝐼

𝑀 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑃 ∗ 50
𝑃 𝑀
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎 = + 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼 𝜎 = −4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝜎 = 20 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
 Examples
4. The line of thrust, in a compression testing specimen 15 mm diameter, is parallel to the axis of the specimen but is
displaced from it. Calculate the distance (e) of the line of thrust from the axis when the maximum stress is 20%
greater than the mean stress on a normal section.

𝜋𝑑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 = = 176.714 𝑚𝑚
4 𝐼= 𝑦=
𝜎 = 20% > 𝜎
Therefore:
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎 = = 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃∗𝑒
𝐴 176.714 1.2 ∗ = + 𝑦
176.714 𝐴 𝐼
𝑃
𝜎 = 1.2 ∗
176.714 𝑒 = 0.375 𝑚𝑚
But:
𝑃 𝑀
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎 = + 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼

𝑀 =𝑃∗𝑒
 Examples
5. A hollow rectangular column of external depth 1 m and external width 0.8 m is 10 cm thick. Calculate the maximum and
minimum stress in the section of the column if a vertical load of 200 kN is acting with an eccentricity of 15 cm as
shown in Figure..

M.O.I. about Y-Y axis is:

𝐷𝐵 𝑑𝑏
𝐼 = − = 28.26 × 10 𝑚𝑚
12 12
𝑀 =𝑃∗𝑒 𝑦 = ⁄ = ±400𝑚𝑚

𝑃 𝑀
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎 = + 𝑦 = 1.05 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝)
𝐴 𝐼

𝑃 𝑀
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎 = + 𝑦 = 0.2004𝑁/𝑚𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝)
𝐴 𝐼

𝐵 = 800𝑚𝑚, 𝐷 = 1000𝑚𝑚, 𝑡 = 100𝑚𝑚

𝑏 = 600𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 800𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 = 𝐵 ∗ 𝐷 − 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 320000𝑚𝑚
𝑒 = 150𝑚𝑚
 Wind Pressure on Chimneys
 Chimneys are tall structures subjected to horizontal  If the area exposed to the wind pressure is curved
wind pressure. (as in the case of a cylindrical chimney shaft) the
magnitude of the force will be less than when the
 Due to horizontal wind force the base of the chimney
area is a flat surface.
shaft is subjected to bending moment.
 The reduction factor K, depending upon the shape
 Thus at the base of such tall chimneys, there will be
of the area exposed to wind is called the co-
bending stress due to wind force and direct (or axial)
efficient of wind resistance.
stress due to self-weight.
𝑾  The value of K varies from 0.5 to 0.75. For
 The direct stress 𝝈𝒐 = where W is the weight of cylindrical shafts, its value will be ⁄ , unless stated
𝑨
chimney and A is the cross-sectional area. otherwise.
𝑴 𝑴  The cross-section of chimneys may be hollow
 The bending stress 𝝈𝒃 = = 𝒚 where M is the
𝒁 𝑰 square or hollow circle.
bending moment due to horizontal axial pressure and Z is
modulus of section.  The cross-section may be uniform throughout the
height or be tapering towards the top.
 The pressure due to wind is usually specified as a
horizontal force on a unit area of a vertical plane, on
which it acts normally.
 The shape of the object exposed to wind will, however,
affect the magnitude of the force exerted by the wind
on it.
 Wind Pressure on Chimneys
 The total horizontal wind force is calculated by using  For uniform circular chimney shafts:
the following relation:  Value of K is taken as 𝟐⁄𝟑 unless stated otherwise
𝑃 =𝐾∗𝑝∗𝐴
 Projected area 𝐴=𝐷∗ℎ
Where:  Where 𝑫 = External diameter of chimney shaft
𝑃 = Total horizontal wind force and 𝒉 = height of chimney
𝐾 = Co-efficient of wind resistance  𝑷 will act at 𝒉⁄𝟐
𝑝 = horizontal intensity of wind pressure
𝐴 =Projected area of the surface exposed to wind.
 For rectangular and square chimneys of uniform
cross-section:
 Value of K is taken as unity i.e,𝑲 = 𝟏
 Projected area 𝐴=𝑏 ∗ℎ
 Where 𝒃 = width of size exposed to wind and 𝒉 =
height of chimney
 𝑷 will act at 𝒉⁄𝟐
 Examples
1. A masonry chimney 24 metres high, of uniform circular section, 3.5 metres external
diameter and 2 metres internal diameter is subjected to a horizontal wind pressure of 1
kN/m2 of projected area. Find the maximum and minimum stress intensities at the base,
if the specific weight of masonry is 22 kN/m3.
 Cross-sectional area A = 6.48 m2.  𝝈𝒃 =
𝑴
𝒚 = ∗ 1.75 = 178.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑰 .
 Wind pressure, 𝑝 = 1 kN/m2.
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎
 Specific weight of masonry, 𝑤 = 22 kN/m3
= 528 + 178.7 = 706.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Height of the chimney, ℎ = 24 m
𝜎 =𝜎 −𝜎
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝜎 ,𝜎 =𝜎 −𝜎
= 528 − 178.7 = 349.3𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑾 × × . ∗ ∗
 𝝈𝒐 = 𝑨
= = .
= 528𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑴
 𝝈𝒃 = 𝒚
𝑰

𝐼= 3.5 − 2 = 6.58 𝑚

𝑦= ⁄ = . ⁄ = 1.75𝑚
 𝑀=𝑃∗ ⁄

 𝑃 =𝐾∗𝑝∗𝐴 = ∗ 1 ∗ 24 ∗ 3.5 = 56𝑘𝑁

 𝑀 = 56 ∗ ⁄ = 672𝑘𝑁𝑚
 Exercise
1. A cylindrical chimney, 22 m high, of uniform circular section has 4 metres external diameter and 2
metres internal diameter. The intensity of horizontal wind pressure is 1.2 kN/m2. Find the maximum
and minimum normal stress intensities at the section, if the specific weight of masonry is 22 kN/m3.
(Ans 𝜎 = 615.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and 𝜎 = 352.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚 )
2. A square chimney 24 m high, has an opening of 1.25 m × 1.25 m inside. The external dimensions are
2.5 m × 2.5 m. The horizontal intensity of wind pressure is 1.3 kN/m2 and the specific weight of
masonry is 22 kN/m3. Calculate the maximum and minimum stress intensities at the base of the
chimney. (Ans 𝜎 = 911.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and 𝜎 = 144.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 )

3. A long rectangular wall is 2.5 m wide. If the maximum wind pressure on the face of the wall is 1.1
kN/m2, find the maximum height of the wall so that there is no tension in the base of the wall. The
specific weight of masonry is 22 kN/m3. (Ans ℎ = 41.67 𝑚)
Thank You !!