CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Elevation in boiling Point

Name : N.NIVETHA
Class : XII
Year : 2023-2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ……………………………………, a student of

Grade X11 has successfully completed Chemistry project entitled

‘………………………………………………………………………….’

under the guidance of Mrs. T. Kowsalya Devi, (PGT

CHEMISTRY) during the academic year 2023-2024 in partial

fulfilment of chemistry practical examination conducted by

SSCE, New Delhi.

REGISTER NUMBER:
DATE OF EXAMINATION:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

Mr. Dr. R. KRISHNAMOORTHY, CHAIRMAN SIR, Sri
Krish International School for providing me with all the
facility that was required to complete my project.

I am thankful to Mrs. Dr. S. UDAYA CHITRA, VICE

PRINCIPAL,
Sri Krish International School for her valuable guidance
and for her constant encouragement.

It gives me great pleasure to extend my special thanks to my

chemistry teacher Mrs. T. KOWSALYA DEVI (PGT
CHEMISTRY) for her guidance, support & encouragement
throughout the duration of the project. Without her
motivation and help, the successful completion of this project
would not have been possible.
I like to thank Mr. T. MANOHAR, Lab Incharge for helping
me out during the practical part of this project & all those
who have helped me to complete this project on time.
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION

 SOLUTIONS

 TYPES OF SOLUTION

 PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION

2. THEORY

 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

 TYPES OF COLLIGATIVE

PROPERTIES

3. EXPERIMENT

 AIM

 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 PROCEDURE

 OBSERVATION TABLE
  TABLE FOR ELEVATION OF

BOILING POINT

 RESULT

 SOURCES OF ERROR

4. BIBILOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or

more components in which the particle size is
smaller than 1 nm.

Common examples of solutions are sugar in

water and salt in water solutions, soda water,
etc. In a solution, all the components appear as
a single phase. There is particle homogeneity
i.e., particles are evenly distributed.

Solutions have two components; one is solvent

and the other is solute.

 The component that dissolves the other

component is called the solvent.
 The component(s) that is/are dissolved in
the solvent is/are called solute(s).

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS:

S.NO SOLUTE SOLVENT EXAMPLES

1. Gas Gas Mixture of O2 and
N2 gases
2. Liquid Gas Chloroform mixed
with N2 gas
3. Solid Gas Camphor in N2 gas

4. Gas Liquid Oxygen dissolved

in water
5. Liquid Liquid Ethanol dissolved
in water
6. Solid Liquid Glucose dissolved
in water
7. Gas Solid Solution of
hydrogen in
palladium
8. Liquid Solid Amalgam of
mercury with
sodium
9. Solid Solid Copper dissolved
in gold
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION:

 It is a homogeneous mixture.
 Its particles are too tiny and have a diameter
of less than 1 nm.
 The particles are not visible to naked eyes.
 Particles don’t scatter a beam of light passing
through it and hence the path of the light is
not visible.
 Solutes are inseparable from the mixture and
do not sediment. A solution is stable.
 The components of a mixture cannot be
separated using filtration.
THEORY
All the properties depend on the number of solute
particles irrespective of their nature relative to the
number of particles present in the solution. Such
properties are called Colligative properties.
It means that two solutions having different components
but same mole fraction of solute can have identical
colligative properties.
Different Types of Colligative Properties of
Solution:
1. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
The number of solvent molecules escaping into vapour
phase gets reduced and as a result the pressure exerted
by the vapour phase is also reduced. This is known as
relative lowering of vapour pressure.
2. Elevation in Boiling Point
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which
the vapour pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. We
know that with the addition of a non-volatile liquid to a
pure solvent, the vapour pressure of a solution decrease.
Therefore, to make vapour pressure equal to atmospheric
pressure, we have to increase the temperature of the
solution. The difference in the boiling point of the
solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent is
termed elevation in boiling point.
If T0b is the boiling point of the pure solvent and Tb is the
boiling point of the solution, then elevation in boiling
point is given as
∆Tb =T0b-Tb

Experimental results show that there is a relation

between elevation in boiling point and molality ‘m’ of the
solute present in the solution.
∆Tb ∝ m
∆Tb = kb.m
Where,
kb = molal elevation constant
Substituting the value of ‘m’ in the above relation, we get
∆Tb = 1000 x kb x m2 / M2 x m1
Where,
m2 = mass of solvent in g
M1 = mass of solvent in kg
M2 = molar mass of solute

3. Depression in Freezing Point

The depression in the freezing point of a solution is
defined as the difference between the freezing points of a
pure solvent and that of the solution. If T0 and T are the
respective freezing points of a pure solvent and a
solution, then the depression in the freezing point ΔTf is
given by, ΔTf = T0 – T (T < T0).

4. Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure is defined as the minimum
pressure applied to a solution to stop the flow of
solvent molecules through a semipermeable
membrane. The osmotic pressure of a solution is
proportional to the molar concentration of the
solute particles in the solution.
EXPERIMENT

AIM:
To study the effect of various solutes on
the elevation of boiling point.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Bunsen Burner
2. Tripod Stand
3. Wire Mesh
4. 250ml Flask
5. Glass Stirrer
6. Beckmann’s Thermometer
7. Solutes Under Investigation
8. Tap Water
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the apparatus using a 250ml beaker
containing 200ml of the experimental
solution.

2. Put the beaker on the tripod stand with a wire

mesh and use the Bunsen burner to heat the
solution.

3. A celestial thermometer calibrated up to 110

degree Celsius is immersed in the solution in
the beaker with the help of a clamp stand.

4. The initial temperature taken before starting

the experiment was considered as the room
temperature.

5. At first find the boiling point of the tap water.

This temperature is taken as the standard
boiling point of the solution.
6. Now, prepare three different concentrations
of Glucose and boil 250ml of each one by one
in the beaker.

7. Take the readings of the temperature after

every 20 seconds.

8. After 90 seconds, take the readings after

every 10 seconds in order to easily find out
the concurrent result.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
The boiling point of tap water as solvent is
found to be 99.3 degree C
Least count of thermometer: 0.1 degree C

TABLE FOR ELEVATION IN BOILING

POINT:
Mass of Molal Measured Elevation in
solute concentration temperature B.P from
(grams) (mole/kg) of B.P experiment
(degree C) (degree C)
Glucose
0.125 99.4 0.1
0.25 100.6 1.3
0.5 101.1 1.8
1 101.2 1.9
RESULT:
On increasing the concentration, the
boiling point of glucose increases.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
Due to non-availability of distilled water,
tap water was also used. Moreover, due to
prolonged heating, some of the solution
evaporates bringing about a change in the actual
concentrations. So, it can be suggested that
increases in boiling point is dependent only on the
number of moles solute.
The difference between theoretical
predictions and experimentally found values can
be attributed to experimental errors as
experiment was not conducted in controlled
laboratory conditions.
It is proved that when a non-volatile
solute is added to a volatile solvent, the boiling
point of the solvent increases. Also, this increase
in boiling point is not dependent on the nature of
the solute but depends only on the number of
moles of the solute. Thus, this elevation in boiling
point is a colligative property
BIBILOGRAPHY
 Chemistry textbook for class XII, Part-1,
NCERT
 Chemistry Laboratory Manual for class XII,
NCERT
 www.wikipedia.org
 https://byjus.com