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Growth, Yield Performance And Cost Benefit Of Eggplant (Solanum Melogena)

Production Using Goat And Pig Manure In Ikorodu Lagos Nigeria

Article · April 2016

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 International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)
Growth, Yield Performance And Cost Benefit Of Eggplant
(Solanum Melogena) Production Using Goat And Pig Manure In
Ikorodu Lagos Nigeria
Sanni, K. O.
Department of Crop Production and Horticulture, Lagos
State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria
Abstract: Application of organic fertilizers is one of the
favored methods of rejuvenating depleted soils and
sustaining fertility levels. A field trial was conducted to study
the cost benefit and performance of eggplant as influenced
by goat and pig manure at the Teaching and Research Farm
of Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Nigeria. Treatments
consist of no manure (control), goat manure and pig manure
each at 10 t ha-1 and 5 t ha-1 and laid out in a Randomized
Complete Block Design with 5 replicates. Data were collected
on growth and yield parameters; plant height, number of
leaves, stem girth, number of fruits and fruits weight. Results
obtained from the study shows that source and rate of
manure significantly (P<0.05) influenced that growth and
yield of eggplant. Application of 5 t ha-1 goat manure
significantly (P<0.05) leads to increase in plant height at 3 –
9 weeks after transplanting (WAT), 5 t ha-1 pig manure
produced significant higher number of leaves at 6 and 9
WAT, while 10 t ha-1 of both manure significantly increase
the plant stem girth at 9 WAT, similar trend was equally
observed in terms of yield attributes. Cost benefit ratio
analysis indicates the profitability of eggplant cultivation at
10 t ha-1 goat manure compared to other manure source and
rates of application. It is evident from the study that
profitable yield of eggplant can be accomplished in the study
area with the utilization of 10 t ha-1 goat manure.
Keywords: Cost benefit ratio, Eggplant, Goat manure,
Pig manure, Profitable yield, Yield parameters
I. INTRODUCTION
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most
important vegetable in the world after potato, tomato and
cucumber (Maghfoer et al 2013) grown for its nutritious fruits
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Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2016
ISSN: 2349-8862
Okeowo, T. A
Department of Agricultural Extension and Management,
Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria
which are utilized as vegetables to contribute to the essential
nutrients in human diet. Eggplant fruits could be consumed
raw as snacks by both adult and children. The fruits are
cooked and used in the preparation of sauces for cocoyam and
yam (Onwuka, 2005). In Southeastern Nigeria, the fruits are
served alongside with Kolanuts (Cola accumilata) in both big
and small ceremonies such as marriages, festivals, traditional
title taking, meeting and others (Okafor, 1993).
The increasing demand for eggplants has gone along with
the rapid growth of population. This is due to the increasing
awareness toward the nutritional and health benefit of
eggplant in fulfilling the nutritional requirement of the family
(Jumini and Marliah, 2009). In spite of the considerable
economic, social and health importance of eggplants, optimum
yield cultivation has not been attained in Nigeria due to
continuous cropping resulting in declining soil fertility,
organic matters in the soil and other land degradation factors
(Agboola, 1982; Ullah et al., 2008). Eggplant is highly
responsive to NPK and deficient will inhibit the growth and
result low production. Efforts aimed at increasing the yield of
eggplants using inorganic fertilizer are limited by high cost,
scarcity at the farmers’ level and degradation of soil properties
due to continuous use (Moyin-Jesu, 2007). Hence animal
wastes that result to animal manures are better alternative and
a necessary option. The organic matter of the soil which can
be replenished and maintained by the application of animal
manures has been considered by Reddy and Reddi (1992) as
the life of soil as well as store house of plant nutrients
especially nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and
micronutrients and as well prevents leaching of nutrients.
Nutrients contained in organic manures are released more
slowly and are stored for a longer period in the soil ensuring
longer residual effects, improved root development and higher
crop yields (Sharma and Mittra, 1991).
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 International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)
In Nigeria, huge amount of animal manures are generated
and heaped on dumpsite, posing potential environmental
hazard. Incorporating this waste material into the soil for crop
production is expected to be beneficial since most Nigerian
soils are low in organic matter, which is crucial for
maintaining soil fertility as well as supplying primary,
secondary and micronutrients for crop production. Several
studies carried out indicate positive effect of organic manure
on soil productivity, crop growth and yield (Eifediyi and
Remison, 2010; Nweke, et al 2013; Adesina and Sanni, 2013;
Sanni and Adenubi, 2015; Uwah and Ogbonna, 2015;
Fagwalawa and Yahaya, 2016). Thus the aim of the study is to
determine the rate of goat and pig manure application that will
be suitable for eggplant (S. melogena) cultivation and its cost
benefit ratio in Ikorodu, Nigeria.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY SITE
The field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and
Research Farm, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Nigeria.
The experimental site is geographically located within latitude
6° 37' 0" North, 3° 31' 0" East. The total mean annual rainfall
ranges between 1670mm – 2200mm and mean temperature
between 26°C - 32°C.
LAND PREPARATION AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The total land area for the experiment was 26m x 21m,
this was ploughed and harrowed to obtain a fine tilt. Each
experimental plot was 3m x 4m with a discard of 1m between
plots treatments to give a total of 25 experimental plots. The
experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) with 5 replicates and 5 treatments. Two rates
of organic manure (5, and 10 t ha-1) were applied a week
before transplanting. The source of the organic manure was
well decomposed Pig and goat dung obtained from the
Polytechnic Teaching and Research Farms. There was a
control plot with no addition of any form of fertilizer.
NURSERY AND TRANSPLANTING OPERATIONS
Seeds of improved variety cultivar of eggplant (Solanum
melogena) used for the experiment was sourced from National
Institute of Horticultural Research (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria
and this was raised on a well prepared nursery. Seeds of the
eggplant were sown using broadcasting method in the nursery
and then covered lightly with soil for easy emergency. The
nursery was shaded to reduce the direct impact of rainfall and
sunlight. Routine nursery practices of weeding and shading
were maintained. The shading was removed and other
hardening process of the seedlings done to acclimatize the
seedlings to field condition. On the eve of the transplanting
day, the seedlings were watered to field capacity so that the
seedlings would be transplanted with ball of the earth the
following day at the rate of one plant per stand using a
planting distance of 60cm x 45cm at 4 weeks after sowing.
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Supplying (replacement of dead seedlings) was done a week
after transplanting. All the agronomic practices required for
Solanum melongena production were ensured.
SOIL PHYSIO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Composite soil samples were collected from top 0-15cm
in the study site before application of manure were air dried
and analyzed for their physio-chemical contents following
standard laboratory procedures (IITA, 1982; Page et al 1989;
Mylavapus and Kennelley 2002; Okalebo et al (2002) to
ascertain the soil fertility status before cropping.
DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Five plants were selected randomly from each plot and
were tagged for data collection on growth and yield
components. Data were collected for the following parameters,
plant height, stem girth and number of leaves recorded at 3, 6
and 9 weeks after transplanting. Number of fruits and weight
of fruits at maturity, Data collected from the study were
subjected to Analysis of Variance test based on RCBD using
SPSS software package. Treatment means were separated with
Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level of significance
(Rangaswamy, 2010).
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Economic analysis was carried out to determine the
benefit cost ratio and monetary outlay for eggplant production.
The gross margin (GM) is the differences between total
revenue (TR) obtained based on the average market retail
prices for the period considered and total variable cost (TVC).
Gross Margin (GM) = TR - TVC
Total Return (TR) = P x Q
Where P = prevailing market price and Q = quantity of
produce.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPERIMENTAL
SOIL
The experimental site was sandy loam in texture and
slightly acidic, total N, K and Organic carbon were low but
available P was high, while exchangeable cations Mg and Ca
was moderately present in the soil (Table 1). The sandy loam
texture of the soil will aid proper drainage and root penetration
and the application of goat and pig manure is expected to
improve the low soil fertility thus enhance eggplant growth
and yield. Soil acidity has been reported as one of the major
constraints to crop growth in tropical region. This implies that
organic manures could serves as good soil amendment
materials in ameliorating acidic soil (Sanni et al 2015) to 6-7
pH requirement of eggplant with the optimum being pH 6.4.
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 International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)
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Soil sample 0 t ha-1 24.08b 37.20b 69.47ab

Composition Control
Sand % 71.70 5 t ha-1 Pig 26.64c 33.62c 70.32b
manure
10 t ha-1 Pig 31.63d 39.63d 70.03bc
Silt % 11.60
manure
5 t ha-1 Goat 33.42a 40.81a 74.2a
Clay % 16.70 manure
10 t ha-1 Goat 15.17e 38.40e 70.81c
Texture class Sandy manure
Loam LSD (0.05) 6.03 8.97 0.64
pH in H2O 5.20 Table 2: Effect of manure on plant height (cm) of eggplant
Nutrient source and rates significantly (p<0.05) increased
Total N (g/kg-1) 0.06 eggplant stem girth development (Table 4). At 3 WAT,
eggplant that received 5 t ha-1 pig manure recorded the highest
stem girth development with 10 t ha-1 fertilized plots having
Organic Carbon (g kg-1) 0.57
the lowest stem girth. Control plots had highest stem girth
followed by 5 t ha-1 pig manure plots and the thinnest plant
Total Exchangeable Acidity 0.10 being the ones grown on 5 t ha-1 goat manure plots. While at 9
(cmol kg-1) WAT, eggplants that received 10 pig and goat manure had the
Mg (cmol/kg-1) 5.60 highest increase in stem girth growth followed by 5 t ha-1 and
the lowest stem girth recorded in 5 t ha-1 pig manure plots.
Ca (cmol/kg-1) 6.40 Manure t ha-1 Weeks after planting
3 WAP 6 WAP 9 WAP
K (cmol/kg-1) 0.06 0 t ha-1 14.80b 51.36ab 72.19ab
Control
Na (cmol/kg-1) 0.13 5 t ha-1 Pig 15.07c 60.69a 120.19a
manure
10 t ha-1 Pig 16.48d 62.24b 80.26b
C.E.C (cmol/kg-1) 12.29 manure
5 t ha-1 Goat 17.30a 42.63bc 60.75bc
Available P (mg/kg-1) 26.00 manure
10 t ha-1 Goat 16.42e 21.41d 52.31d
Table 1: Pre-cropping physio-chemical properties of the manure
experimental soil LSD (0.05) 1.66 2.73 1.33
Table 3: Effect of goat and pig manure on number of leaves of
EFFECT OF MANURE ON EGGPLANT GROWTH eggplant
PARAMETERS Manure t ha-1 Weeks after planting
3 WAP 6 WAP 9 WAP
Result presented in Table 2-4 shows that there were 0 t ha-1 1.74b 2.21a 3.10b
significant influence (P<0.05) in the vegetative growth Control
parameters (plant height, number of leaves and stem girth) of 5 t ha-1 Pig 1.92a 2.12b 2.54c
eggplant under pig and goat manure fertilization rates. manure
Eggplant grown on control plots recorded the shortest plant at 10 t ha-1 Pig 1.68c 2.08c 3.42a
9 WAT. At 3 WAT plots supplied with 5 t ha -1 goat manure manure
recorded the tallest plant closely followed by plots which 5 t ha-1 Goat 0.92d 1.68d 3.22d
received 10 t ha-1pig manure. Same trend was equally manure
observed at 6 and 9 WAT (Table 2). 10 t ha-1 Goat 0.57e 2.06e 3.42a
Number of leaves per plant were also significantly manure
(p<0.05) increased with the rate and type of manure LSD (0.05) 1.93 3.87 2.83
application. Highest number of leaves were observed with the Table 4: Effect of goat and pig manure on stem girth of
application of 5 t ha-1 goat manure at 3 WAT followed by 10 t eggplant
ha-1 pig manure but that was not the case at 6 and 9 WAT as Obtained results might be due to the stimulation effect of
10 and 5 t ha-1 pig manure produced the highest number of organic manures on improving the physical properties of the
leaves respectively and 10 t ha-1 produced the lowest number soil, increasing soil fertility and increasing the availability of
of leaves (Table 3). many nutrients element to plant uptake, which in turn on
Manure t ha-1 Weeks after planting improving the growth of eggplants. The differences in the
3 WAP 6 WAP 9 WAP plant growth could be as a result of differences in the

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 International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)
Volume 3 Issue 4, April 2016
ISSN: 2349-8862

composition of manure applied. The increased in pliant height Manure/ t ha-1 Number of Fruit weight
might have been due to the balance availability of nutrients to Fruits (Kg)
the plants that resulted in a favorable soil environment. These 0 t ha-1 Control 2.84a 0.13a
favorable conditions increased the nutrient availability and 5 t ha-1 Pig manure 3.07a 0.16a
-1 a
water holding capacity of the soil resulting in enhanced 10 t ha Pig manure 5.14 0.23a
-1 a
growth and yield (Rashid et al., 2013). The increased in plant 5 t ha Goat manure 7.34 0.34a
-1 b
height could also be traced to the relatively high inherent 10 t ha Goat manure 10.62 0.47b
nutrients in the manures which promoted vigorous foliage LSD (0.05) 5.45 0.26
growth, heightened meristematic and physiological activities Table 5: Effect of Manure on number of fruits and yield of
that favoured the synthesis of more photo-assimilates. The Garden Egg
manure applied stimulates vegetative growth meaning the
formation of more buds and a subsequent increase in the COST ANALYSIS OF EGGPLANT PRODUCTION
number of leaves. The fulfillment of sufficient N has increased
ability of the plant to form leaf. Taiz and Zeiger (2002) stated The cost incurred on the production of Solanum
that the increasing number of leaves have increased the ability melongena can be broadly classified into two stages; the
of plant to produce photosynthates, so that the formation of nursery and main field stage. Result from Table 6 indicated
vegetative organs will be better, due to the leaves function as that the yield obtained from 10 t ha-1 goat manure was the
photosynthetic organs that converse the light energy into highest with a resulting revenue of N2317 followed by 10 t ha-
chemical energy. While Wartapa et al. (2009) stated that fewer 1
goat manure (N1823) empirical evidences from the result
number of leaf, however, will reduce the resulted assimilates suggest the profitability of incorporating 5 and 10 t ha -1 goat
from photosynthetic activity of the leaves manure for sustainable eggplant cultivation in the study area,
The significant increase in stem girth development could in the soil amendment that involved the utilization of organic
be partly attributed to the ability of the manure to release manure; the cost of cultivation can be reduced substantially if
enough phosphorous and potassium which is needed for better the farmers resort to the use of goat manure rather than
stem growth and partly to the ability of the eggplants in those purchasing the highly expensive inorganic fertilizers
plot to assimilate good quantities of phosphorous which was
present, considerably in a good quantity in the soil. And this
conforms to the findings of Adeniyan and Ojeniyi, (2003) who
stated that plants require phosphorous and potassium mineral
for healthy stem production.

EFFECT OF GOAT AND PIG MANURE ON YIELD

PARAMETERS OF EGGPLANT

The result presented in Table 5 shows the influence of

goat and pig manure on the yield parameters of eggplant.
Eggplant yield attributes were influence by the nutrient
sources compared to the control. Among the manure, goat
manure applied at 10 t ha-1produced the highest number of Table 6: Cost returns structure of eggplant production per
fruits and heaviest fruits; this was closely followed by goat treatments
manure applied at 5 t ha-1. The controls showed the lowest
values for these parameters. Yield obtained at 10 t ha -1 goat
manure were significantly different (P<0.05) compared to IV. CONCLUSION
control plots, while other manure source and rates did not
differ significantly from control. This finding is in conformity
The results obtained from this experiment, clearly
with results obtained by Dauda et al (2005) who reported indicated that eggplant responded positively to the various
increase in growth and yield of eggplant treated with organic manure types and their rates of application and comparison of
manure over the control and Moraditochaee et al., (2011) the two manure types indicated that for all the growth and
opined that release of nitrogen from organic manure increases yield attributes, goat manure gave higher response and cost
the number of fruits per plant, the length, and the percentage benefit ration relative to pig manure. Therefore it utilization as
of fruit set. The significant high number of fruits and average
agent of soil fertility enhancement for crop productivity is
fruit weight obtained could also be attributed to the ability of hereby advocate more so as this will lessen the environmental
organic manure to promote vigorous growth, increment of hazard pose by the indiscriminate disposal of the manure by
meristematic and physiological activities in the plants due to livestock farmers in the study area.
adequate plant nutrient supply coupled with improved soil
properties that resulted. It is possible that the low yield
observed with the pig manure treatment may have been caused
by a higher allocation of resources to vegetative growth to the
detriment of reproductive growth.

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 International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)
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