UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

HMT Lab Manual

Submitted By:
2021-ME-424
Waqar Masood
Submitted To:
Dr. Salman Abbasi

Experiment No. 1

Objective:
 To measure the temperature distribution for steady state conduction of energy through

a uniform plane wall and demonstrate the effect of change in heat flow using “linear heat

conduction Accessory”.

Apparatus
• Linear Heat Conduction Accessories (HT-11)

• Heat transfer service unit (HT10X) Parts

• Heating section
• Cooling section

Schematic Diagram

‘’

Linear Heat Conduction Accessories

Specifications
• Material used is Teflon.
• Diameter = 25mm
• Length between each thermocouple = 15mm
• Length of heating section = 30 mm
• Length of cooling section = 30 mm

Theory
Centre of Pressure (C):
The point of application of the resultant pressure is called the center
of pressure.

Heat Transfer:
 Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take

place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference. The science of heat transfer

seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred, but also to predict the rate at

which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions.

Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat. The fact that a

heattransfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat

transfer and thermodynamics. Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium; it may be used

to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another;

it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in
equilibrium during the process. Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of

thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules that may be used to establish energy-

transfer rates. As in the science of thermodynamics, the experimental rules used as a basis of the

subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompass a variety of practical

situations. Conduction Heat Coefficient:

When a temperature gradient exists in a body, experience has

shown that there is an energy transfer from the high-temperature region to the low-temperature

region. We say that the energy is transferred by conduction and that the heat-transfer rate per unit

area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient:

Q/A α ∂T/∂x
When the proportionality constant is inserted,

Q = −kA∂T/∂x
Where Q is the heat-transfer rate and ∂T/∂x is the temperature gradient in the direction of heat

flow.

The positive constant k is called the thermal conductivity of the material; and negative sign is

inserted so that the second principle of thermodynamics will be satisfied., heat must flow downhill

on the temperature scale, as indicated in the coordinate system is called Fourier’s law of heat

conduction.

Procedure
 • First of all, Place the intermediate surface in the cylinder and turn on the apparatus and

check all the connections.

• Set the apparatus on manual and set the voltage.

• Note down the value of current.
• Now wait for ten minutes for noting the value of temperatures.
• When the temperatures are stable then with the help of knob note down the following

temperatures

T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6

• Now change the volts and record the next readings.
• Repeat the experiment for accurate readings.

Observations and calculations:

Heat Heating Section Cooling Section

Sr. Voltage Current
(Q)
No. (V) (I)
Q=VI T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8

1 10 0.97 97 53.8 51.9 50.3 35.4 33.1 31.3

2 15 1.45 23.1 82 78.4 74.8 40 36.0 32.4

3 20 1.92 38.4 108.5 101.8 95.1 50.0 43.0 36.9

Calculation
Voltage = V = 15V
Current = I = 1.45A
Heat = Q = V.I = (15) (1.45) = 23.1 J

Graph
Green line shows V= 8 V
Red line shows V= 12 V
Blue line shows V= 18 V
 100

90

80

70
Temperature

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 6 7 8
Thermocouples

Comments
➢ The temperature distribution depicts that moving away from heated surface the
temperature gets decreases.
➢ As it can be seen from the trend of the lines in the graph that steady change occurs in
the experiment because it can be seen clearly that all the lines have equal distance
between them and follow the same trend which is the condition of steady state.
➢ As we increase voltage, the temperature and the value of Q (heat) increases.

Safety Precautions
➢ Read through the procedures of each laboratory activity before you start the lab
so that you are familiar with them.
➢ Know how to locate and use all safety equipment in the laboratory, including the
emergency shower, first aid kit, fire blanket, fire extinguisher, and eyewash.
➢ Also be sure to locate the nearest exit in case of an emergency.
➢ Avoid dangerous behavior in the laboratory.
➢ Wear safety goggles when handling all hazardous chemicals, working with an open
flame, or when otherwise instructed

Experiment No. 2
Objective
 To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and resistance to heat flow through a

combination of different materials in series using “Linear Heat Conduction Accessory”.

Apparatus
• HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit
• HT11 Linear Heat Conduction Accessory

Schematic Diagram

Fig(a) Linear Heat Conduction Accessories

Technical Data
Distance between thermocouples T1 and T8 = 0.105 (m) Distance
between each thermocouple is 0.015 m.

Diameter of the bar = 0.025 (m)

Intermediate material Used = Brass

Theory
Conduction Heat Coefficient:
When a temperature gradient exists in a body, experience has
shown that there is an energy transfer from the high-temperature region to the low-temperature

region. We say that the energy is transferred by conduction and that the heat-transfer rate per unit

area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient:

Q/A α ∂T/∂x
When the proportionality constant is inserted,

Q = −kA∂T/∂x
Where Q is the heat-transfer rate and ∂T/∂x is the temperature gradient in the direction of heat

flow. The positive constant k is called the thermal conductivity of the material; and negative sign is

inserted so that the second principle of thermodynamics will be satisfied;

i.e., heat must flow downhill on the temperature scale, as indicated in the coordinate system is

called Fourier’s law of heat conduction.

Procedure
• First of all, Place the intermediate surface in the cylinder and turn on the apparatus and

check all the connections.

• Set the apparatus on manual and set the voltage.

• Note down the value of current.
• Now wait for ten minutes for noting the value of temperatures.
• When the temperatures are stable then with the help of knob note down the following

temperatures

T1, T2, T3, T6, T7, T8

• Now change the volts and record the next readings.
• Repeat the experiment for accurate readings.

Observation and Calculations

Overall
Heating section Cooling Section heat
Sr. Voltage Current Heat transfer
R=1/U
# (V) (I) Q=VI coefficient
T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8 U

1 10 0.97 9.7 46.2 45.1 44 30.3 29.2 28.8 1137.69 0.00087

2 20 1.92 38.4 105.2 99.85 94.5 37.6 34.2 31.6 1064.77 0.00093

3 25 2.31 57.75 115.2 109.95 104.7 39.7 35.7 32.4 1423.39 0.00070
Calculations
Diameter = 25mm
Distance between thermocouples = 15mm

Area = (0.025)2 = 0.00049m2

Overall heat transfer coefficient = U = Q/A (T1- T8)

U= = 1137.69

R =1/1137.69= 0.00087 Graph:

1600

1400

1200

1000

800
U

600

400

200

0
9.7 38.4 57.75
Q

Comments
As voltage increases R is going to increase but U is going to be decrease. The increase of R is due

to increase of temperature surface.

Experiment No. 3 Objective

To determine the thermal conductivity k (the constant of proportionality) of a metal
specimen (Brass, Aluminum and steel) using “Linear Heat Conduction Accessory”.
Apparatus
➢ HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit
➢ HT11 Linear Heat Conduction Accessory
Schematic Diagram

Linear Heat Conduction Accessory

Technical Data
Distance between thermocouples T1 and hot face Xhot = 0.0375 m

Distance between hot face and cold face Xint = 0.030 m

Distance between cold face and thermocouple T8 X cold = 0.0375 m

Distance between each thermocouple = 0.015 m.

Diameter of the bar = 0.025 m

Theory
This experiment has a solid brass bar of circular cross section, made in two sections with an

interchangeable middle section. It mounts on a base plate with a clear schematic of the experiment

layout. The first aluminum section includes three thermocouples and the electric heater (heat

source). The second alumium section includes a small water cooled chamber (heat sink) and three

more thermocouples. The interchangeable middle sections (supplied) are of different metals:

• Brass
• Aluminum
• Stainless steel
• Copper
 Each middle section has a thermocouple. The electric heater and thermocouples connect to

sockets on the Heat Transfer experiments base unit, which also supplies the cold water feed and

drain for the heat sink.

Students turn on the cooling water flow and adjust the heater power until the experiment reaches

equilibrium and then record the temperatures as the heat conducts along the bar. Insulation around

the bar reduces heat loss by convection and radiation, so that the results should match the theory

for simple linear conduction only.

According to the Fourier law of heat conduction:

dT
Q=− kA
dx
where
Q = heat flow rate, [W] k = thermal

conductivity of the material,  KmW



A = cross-sectional area of the conduction, [m2] dT

= changes of temperature between 2 points, [K]
dx= changes of displacement between 2 points,
[m]
Procedure
• First of all, Place the intermediate surface in the cylinder and turn on the apparatus and

check all the connections.

• Set the apparatus on manual and set the voltage.

• Note down the value of current.
• Now wait for ten minutes for noting the value of temperatures.
• When the temperatures are stable then with the help of knob note down the following

temperatures

T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6

• Now change the volts and record the next readings.
• Repeat the experiment for accurate readings.
• First of all, Place the intermediate surface in the cylinder and turn on the apparatus and

check all the connections.

 • Set the apparatus on manual and set the voltage.
• Note down the value of current.
• Now wait for ten minutes for noting the value of temperatures.
• When the temperatures are stable then with the help of knob note down the following

temperatures

T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6

• Now change the volts and record the next readings.
• Repeat the experiment for accurate readings.
Formulae
T hot face = T3 – (T2 – T3)/2
T Cold face = T6 + (T6 - T7)/2

Tint = T hot face – T cold face

K int = Qxint / Atint

Observations & Calculations Brass:

Voltage Current Heat Heating section Cooling section
Q=VI THot TCold
(V) (I) ∆tint K int
T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8 face face

12 1.11 13.32 84.3 82.8 81.2 29.3 28.5 28.2 80.5 29.6 50.9 16.1

Aluminum:
Voltage Current Heat Heating section Cooling section
Q=VI THot TCold
(V) (I) ∆tint K int
T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8 face face

12 1.11 13.32 68.5 66.5 64.5 32.9 30.8 27.4 63.5 33.95 29.6 27.8

Steel:
Voltage Current Heat Heating section Cooling section
Q=VI THot TCold
(V) (I) ∆tint K int
T1 T2 T3 T6 T7 T8 face face

12 1.11 13.32 55.6 53.9 52.1 32.2 30.3 29.3 51.2 33.15 18.1 45.2
Graph
Graph between distance and temperature

Brass Aluminum Steel

90
80
70
TEMPERATURE

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.03 0.45 0.6 0.75 0.9 1.05
DISTANCE

Comments
➢ The value of K varies material to material, although given voltages are same. Although
the experimental and literature values are different because of unavailability of ideal

conditions.

➢ The temperature variation for different material is different as depicted from graph.

Safety precautions:
✓ Read through the procedures of each laboratory activity before you start the lab o so that
you are familiar with them.
✓ Know how to locate and use all safety equipment in the laboratory, including the o fume
hood, emergency shower, first aid kit, fire blanket, fire extinguisher, and eyewash.
✓ Also be sure to locate the nearest exit in case of an emergency.
✓ Avoid dangerous behavior in the laboratory.
✓ Wear safety goggles when handling all hazardous chemicals, working with an open