2 Midterms

1 | Page ANACHEM PPT
M4: pH CONCEPT (ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA)  The tendency of a solvent to accept or donate protons
Solution determines the strength of a solute acid or base
Solution is composed of: dissolved in it.
 The acids on the given figure become progressively
 Solute – This can be acid, base or salt. It can be defined weaker from top to bottom
by Arrhenius Theory of Ionization, Bronsted Lowry  Perchloric acid and hydrochloric acid are completely
Concept and Lewis Theory dissociated
 Water Solvent  Only about 1% of acetic acid (HC2H3O2) is dissociated.
Theories defining Acids and Bases  Ammonium ion is an even weaker acid with only about
Theory Acid Base 0.01% of this ion being dissociated into hydronium ions
Arrhenius One which One which and ammonia molecules
contains a contains a  Perchlorate and chloride ions have no affinity for protons.
hydrogen which will hydroxide which  The weakest acid forms the strongest conjugate base,
be yielded as a H+1 will be yielded as  That is, ammonia has a much stronger affinity for protons
in water OH-! In water than any base above it.
Bronsted Lowry Proton donor Proton acceptor
Lewis E’ pair acceptor E’ pair donor Acid Strength and Strong Acids
Strength of an acid - refers to how readily an acid will lose or
donate a proton, oftentimes in solution.
Arrhenius Acid: HCl + H2O ⇄ Cl- + H3O+
 A stronger acid more readily ionizes, or dissociates, in a
 Bronsted Acid: HCl has hydrogen so it has a potential to solution than a weaker acid.
donate H+ (Proton Donor)
 Lewis Acid: [H3O+] = H+ + H2O Six Common Strong Acids
 H+ will accept 2 lone pairs from H2O (E’ pair  Hydrochloric acid (HCl)  Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) –
acceptor)  Hyfrobromic acid (HBr) only the first proton is
 Hydroiodic acid (HI) considered as strongly
Arrhenius Base: NaOH ⇄ Na+1 + OH-1
 Nitric acid (HNO3) acidic
 Bronsted Base: It has OH which is negative (potential  Perchloric acid (HClO4)
proton acceptor) Given an acid, HA
 Lewis Acid: Na+1 + OH-1 HA ⇄ H+ + A-
 OH-1 has several e’ pairs (potential e’ pair donor)
 Ka- the arithmetic description of the extent the acid
Conjugate Acids and Bases donates its proton.
Conjugate Acids Conjugate Bases  Ka values oftenly measured experimentally and
What had become of the base What had become of the acid recorded into tables
after accepting a proton. after donating a proton
 Ka↑, the stronger the acid
 Since the conjugates are again acid and base, they will
react to form a backward reaction.  Notice that Ka
 A strong acid has a weak conjugate base and a strong values are very
base has a weak conjugate acid
small that it is
 At equilibrium, weak are favored. difficult to do
Strengths of Acids and Bases arithmetic to
them. So another
way of defining
the strength of an
acid is it pKa
 pKa = -log Ka
 pKa ↓ , Ka↑,
stronger the acid
GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

Base Strength and Strong Bases Possible Interplays of Ions in Solution
Given the base  [H+] > [OH-]  Acidic
 [H+] < [OH-]  Basic
A(aq) + H2O(aq) ⇄ AH(aq) + OH(aq)  [H+] = [OH-]  Neutral
 A base is considered strong if it can Acid is added to Water
readily deprotonate (i.e, remove an H+ ion) from other  The H+ concentration of the resulting solution is
compounds. determined solely by the acid
 The base dissociation constant, Kb, is a measure of
basicity—the base’s general strength. Expressing Acidity and/or Basicity
 Kb↑, strong base, pKb↓  [ ] in M of hydrogen ions and or hydroxide ions more
often are either very small or very large. Comparison of
Strong bases – most are alkali metal and some alkaline earth these ions is difficult.
metal hydroxides.  pH and or pOH- a convenient way of expressing acidity
 Sodium hydroxide  Cesium hydroxide and or basicity
(NaOH) (CsOH)  14 = pH + pOH
 Potassium hydroxide  Calcium hydroxide  Check page 12 for sample problem
(KOH) (Ca[OH]2)
 Lithium hydroxide  Barium hydroxide M4: WEAK ACID & WEAK BASE
(LiOH) (Ba[OH]2) (ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA)
 Rubidium hydroxide  Strontium hydroxide Equilibrium or Ionization Constant
(RbOH) (Sr[OH]2) Equilibrium or ionization constant describes hpw weak an
The Autoionization of Water acid or base is.
H2O + H2O ⇄ H3O+ + OH- [𝑯+ ][𝑨− ] [𝑩+ ][𝑶𝑯− ]
Base1 Acid2 Acid3 Base4 Ka = Kb =
[𝑯𝑨] [𝑩𝑶𝑯]
If Ka or Kb > 1  Numerator is  Numerator is
 H Water can be either an acid or base in Brosnted-
Q > Ka or Kb favored favored
Lowry theory.
 Ions >  Ions >
 Consequently, water can react with itself. molecule molecule
 This reaction is called autoionization (self- If Ka or Kb < 1  Denominator  Denominator
ionization) Q < Ka or Kb is favored is favored
 One water molecule acts as a base and the other as an  Ions <  Ions <
acid. molecule molecule
 Kw = extent of the auto ionization of water
[𝐇𝟑 𝐎+ ][𝐎𝐇− ]
 Kw = [𝐇𝟐 𝐎][𝐇𝟐 𝐎] Ka and Kb Values / Table of Ionization
Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
Kw = [1 x 10-7] [1 x 10-7] = 1 x 10-14
 [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1 x 10-7 M at 25 °C
 Mole ratio 1:1

Neglecting Value of X
 Neglect x if Ka ≤ 1x 10 -4
 Do not neglect x if Ka = 1x 10 -1 - 1x 10 -3
Example 2
Calculate [H+] and the pH of a solution prepared by placing
1.0 mole of HNO3 in enough water to give 1.0 liter of
solution. Ka = 4.5 x 10-4
1. Calculate the M using the given mole of solute and
liters of solution
HNO3 = 1.0 mole / 1.0 L = 1M
2. Construct an ICE table
HNO2 ⇄ H+ + NO2-
I 1M 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 1M-x x x
 Since the ionization constant is a measure of how a
reaction goes from left to right , one can judge 3. Use the equation for K to find [H+]
[𝐻 + ][𝑁𝑂− ] 4.5 x 10-4 = x2
qualitatively how strong or weak an acid is from the value Ka = [𝐻𝑁𝑂 ]2
of the ionization constant. 2
𝑥2
x = √4.5 x 10−4
 Values of ionization are determined experimentally and 4.5 x 10 = 1−𝑥
-4 x = [H+] = 2.1x10-2
once determined, they may be used in quantitative *neglect value of x since
analysis Ka is too small
4. Calculate pH
Dissociation Constant of Some Acids pH = -log [H+] = -log [2.1 x 10-2] = 1.67
Example 3
A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.50 mole of acetic
acid, H2C2H3O2 (abbreviated HAc) in water to give 2.0 liters
solution. Then 0.50 mole of sodium acetate, NaAc, is added.
Find [H+] before and after NaAc is added. Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
BEFORE NaAc WAS ADDED
1. Calculate the M using the given mole of solute and

liters of solution
HAc = 0.50 mole / 2.0 L = 0.25M
NaAc = 0.50 mole / 2.0 L = 0.25M
Sample Problems 2. Construct an ICE table
Example 1
Find [H+] and the pH of a solution in which [HCN] = 1.0 M. CH3COOH ⇄ H+ + CH3COO-
Ka = 4 x 10-10 I 0.25M 0 0
1. Construct an ICE table C -x +x +x
E 0.25M-x x x
HCN ⇄ H+ + CN-
I 1M 0 0 3. Use the equation for K to find [H+] before NaAC was
C -x +x +x added
E 1M-x x x Ka =
[𝐻 + ][𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ] [1.8 x 10-5][0.25] = x2
[𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]
𝑥2
x = √4.5 x 10−6
2. Use the equation for K to find [H+] 1.8 x 10-5 = 0.25−𝑥 x = [H+] = 2.1x10-3
[𝐻 + ][𝐶𝑁 − ]
Ka = [𝐻𝐶𝑁] 4 x 10-10 = x2 *neglect value of x since
𝑥2
x = √4 x 10−10 Ka is too small
4 x 10 =
-10- x = [H+] = 2x10-5
1−𝑥
*neglect value of x
since Ka is too small
3. Calculate pH
pH = -log [H+] = -log [2 x 10-5] = 4.69
AFTER NaAc WAS ADDED SOLUTION B
1. Construct the ICE table again 1. Compute for pka

Ka = 2.1x10-4
CH3COOH ⇄ H+ + CH3COO- pka = -logka
I 0.25M 0 0.25M = -log (2.1x10-4) = 3.68
C -x +x 0.25+x 2. Derive equation of pH to solve for [CHO2-]
E 0.25M-x x 0.25M+x [A− ] 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐶𝐻𝑂2− ]
pH = pka + log [𝐻𝐴] = 4-3.68
1𝑀
[𝐶𝐻𝑂2 ] − 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐶𝐻𝑂2− ]
2. Derive the equation for K to find [H+] after NaAC was 4 = 3.68 + log [𝐻𝐶𝐻𝑂 ]
= 0.32
2 1𝑀
added 4 = 3.68 + log 1𝑀 [𝐶𝐻𝑂2− ]
[CHO-2]
=antilog 0.32
[𝐻 + ][𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ] [𝑥][0.25]
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 = = 2.09 M
[𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻] 0.25
[𝑥][0.25+𝑥] *cancel 0.25 on 3. Calculate moles of [CHO2-] using the Molarity
1.8 x 10-5 = formula
0.25−𝑥 numerator and
*neglect value of –x and denominator M = mol/L 2.09M = mol/0.25L
+x since Ka is too small x = [H+] = 1.8x10-5 *convert the given 250 mol = 2.09M (0.25L)
Example 4 ml to L = 0.25L = 0.52M
How many moles of sodium formate, NaCHO 2, must be
added to 250 ml of 1.0M HCHO2 solution to give a pH of
Example 5
exactly 4.00. Ka = 2.1 x 10-4
Find the pH of 1.0 liter of 1.0M ammonia solution.
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 (according to the table of ionization)
SOLUTION A
NH3 ⇄ NH4+ + OH-
H20
HCHO2 ⇄ H+ + CHO2-
I 1M 0 0
I 1M 0 0
C -x +x +x
C -x +x +x
E 1M-x x x=y
E 1M-x x x=y
2. Use the equation for K to find [OH-]
[𝑁𝐻4+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
Kb = [𝑁𝐻 1.8 x 10-5 = x2
2. Common ion effect is applied to this problem
NaCHO2 ⇄ Na+ + CHO2-
3] x = √1.8 x 10−5
𝑥2
1.8 x 10-5- = 1−𝑥 x = [OH-] = 4.2x10-3
y 2 y y
*neglect value of x in 1-x
3. Since pH value is given, calculate [H+] since Kb is too small
[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4 = 1x10-4
3. Calculate pH
Since the value of [H+] is too small, the degree of pOH = -log [OH-] 14 = pH + pOH
dissociation will decrease. Therefore, neglect value of = -log 4.2x10-3 pH = 14 – pOH
[H+] = x = 2.37 = 14-2.37 = 11.63
4. Derive the equation for K to find [CHO2-]
[𝐻 + ][𝐶𝐻𝑂2− ] [1𝑥10−4 ][𝑦]
Example 14.5 B Practice with Weak Acids
Ka = [𝐻𝐶𝐻𝑂2 ]
2.1 x 10-4 =
1
[1𝑥10−4 ][𝑦] 2.1𝑥10−4
2.1 x 10-4 = y=
1−𝑥 1𝑥10−4
*neglect value of x in y = [CHO2-] = 2.1M
1-x since [H+] is too
small
5. Calculate moles of [CHO2-] using the Molarity
formula
M = mol/L 2.1M = mol/0.25L
*convert the given 250 mol = 2.1M (0.25L)
ml to L = 0.25L = 0.53M

M4: HYDROLYSIS (ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA)
Salts
 Salts - are one of the products when acids react with
bases.
 Water - other product of the reaction between the acid
and the base.
 Ions of salts
 May react with water – weak acid & weak base
become strong conjugate base and strong
conjugate acid. It favourably accepts from and/or
donates proton to water.
Example 14.5 C The pH of a Mixture of Weak Acids
 May not react with water –strong acid & strong
base become weak conjugate base and weak
conjugate acid. It unfavourably accepts from
and/or donates proton to water.
Types of Salts
According to ppt and discussion
I. Anions of salt– basic salt

 Salt whose anions act as bases with water
 Anions are conjugate acid
 Produce strong base and weak acid
𝐾𝑤 𝐾𝑎
 [H+] or [H3O+] = √ 𝐶
II. Cations of salt – acidic salt

 Salt whose cations act as acids with water
 Cations are conjugate base
 Produce strong acid and weak base
𝐾 𝐶
 [H+] or [H3O+] = √ 𝐾𝑤
𝑏
Example 14.5 D Percent Dissociation
Determine the percent dissociation of the formic acid
solution given in the previous problem (Example 14.5 C)
III. Cations and anions of salt – will hydrolyze
 Salt whose anions act as bases and whose
cations act as acids with water
 Produce weak acid and weak base
𝐾𝑤 𝐾𝑎
 [H+] or [H3O+] = √
𝐾𝑏
Example 14.5 E Ka from Percent Dissociation
IV. Aprotic Salt – will not hydrolyze

 Salt whose both ions do not react with water
 Produce strong acid and strong base
 Strong acid = [H+] or [H3O+] = 1 x 10-7
 Strong base = [OH-] = 1 x 10-7
 pH = 7

Sample Problems 4. NaBr- will not hydrolyze
Item No. 12
In aqueous solution which of the following salts would not  Produced a strong base and strong acid
hydrolyze, would hydrolyze to give an acid solution, or  Produced by weak conjugated base and weak
would hydrolyze to give a basic solution? conjugated acid
 Na reacts with water
1. CrCl3 - acidic salt
Na + H2O ⇄ NaOH- + H+
 Produced a weak base and a strong acid Weak Strong Strong Weak
 Produced by strong conjugated acid and weak conjugated conjugated base Acid
conjugated base acid base
 Cr reacts with water  Br reacts with water
Cr+3 + H2O ⇄ Cr(OH)3 + H+ Br + H2O ⇄ HF+ + OH-

Strong Weak Weak Strong Weak Strong Strong Weak
conjugated conjugated base Acid conjugated conjugated acid base
acid base base acid
 Cl3 reacts with water
5. NH4NO3 - acidic salt
Cl + H2O ⇄ HCl+ + OH-
 Produced a weak base and a strong acid
Weak Strong Strong Weak
conjugated conjugated acid base  Produced by strong conjugated acid and weak
base acid conjugated base
 NH4 reacts with water
2. KClO - basic salt
NH4 + H2O ⇄ NH3- + H3O+
 Produced a strong base and a weak acid Strong Weak Weak Strong
 Produced by strong conjugated base and weak conjugated conjugated base Acid
conjugated acid acid base
 K reacts with water  NO3 reacts with water
K + H2O ⇄ KOH- + H+ NO3 + H2O ⇄ HNO3+ + OH-

Weak Strong Strong Weak Weak Strong Strong Weak
acid base base acid
 ClO reacts with water
6. KNO3- will not hydrolyze
ClO + H2O ⇄ HClO+ + OH-
 Produced a strong base and strong acid
Strong Weak Weak Strong
conjugated conjugated acid base  Produced by weak conjugated base and weak
base acid conjugated acid
 KNO3 reacts with water
3. NaF - basic salt
K + H2O ⇄ KOH- + H+
 Produced a strong base and a weak acid Weak Strong Strong Weak
 Produced by strong conjugated base and weak conjugated conjugated base Acid
conjugated acid acid base
 Na reacts with water  Br reacts with water
Na + H2O ⇄ NaOH- + H+ NO3 + H2O ⇄ HNO3+ + OH-

Weak Strong Strong Weak Weak Strong Strong Weak
acid base base acid
 F reacts with water
F + H2O ⇄ HF+ + OH-

Strong Weak Weak Strong
conjugated conjugated acid base
base acid
Item No. 13 2. Compute for the value of x using the given pH.
Find the pH of a 2.0M NH4NH3 solution. [H+] = x = 10-pH = 10-4.85 =1.41 x 10-5
1. Identify if the cation and/or anions of the given salt is 3. Compute for Ka
acting as an acid, a base or both. [𝐴𝑔𝑂𝐻 − ][𝐻 + ] (1.41 𝑥 10−5 )2
Ka = [𝐴𝑔+ ]
Ka = 0.10
NH4 reacts with water – NH4 is a cation acting as an acid 𝑥2 Ka = 2.0 x 10-9
Ka =
0.10−𝑥
NH4 + H2O ⇄ NH3- + H3O+ *neglect value of x since
Strong Weak Weak Strong Ka is too small
conjugated conjugated base Acid M4: NEUTRALIZATION
acid base (ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA)
NH3 reacts with water Strong acid – dissociates (or ionizes) completely in aqueous
solution to form hydronium ions (H3O+).
Cl3 + H2O ⇄ HCl3+ + OH-
HCl + H2O ⇄ H3O+ + Cl-
Weak Strong Strong Weak
conjugated conjugated acid base Weak acid – does not dissociate completely in aqueous solution
base acid to form hydronium ions (H3O+).
CH3COOH + H2O ⇄ CH3COO- + H3O+

2. Create an ICE table for the reaction of NH4 with water
since pH is needed, Ka value is also needed. NH4 Strong base - dissociates (or ionizes) completely in aqueous
reaction is used since it is a cation acting as an acid solution to form hydroxide ions (OH-).
(Ka  acid)
NaOH ⇄ Na+ + OH-
NH4 ⇄ NH3- + H3O+
H20 Weak base – does not dissociate completely in aqueous
2M 0 0 solution to form hydroxide ions (OH-).
-x +x +x
2M-x x x NH4OH ⇄ NH4+ + OH-
Examples of Weak Acids & Weak Bases

3. Compute for Ka. Kb = 1.81 x 10-5 (according to table of Weak Acids Weak Bases
ionization)  Acetic acid  Ammonium hydroxide
𝐾 1 𝑥 10−14 (CH3COOH) (NH4OH)
Ka = 𝐾𝑤 = 1.81 𝑥 10−5 = 5.52 x 10-10  Hydrofluoric acid (HF)  Ammonia (NH3)
𝑏
 Oxalic Acid (COOH)2
4. Solve for [H3O+] using the K equation.
[𝑁𝐻 − ][𝐻 𝑂 + ] 2(5.52 x 10-10) = x2
Ka = 3[𝑁𝐻 3] Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
4
𝑥2
x = √1.104 x 10−9
5.52 x 10 = 2−𝑥
-10
x = [H3O+] = 3.32 x10-5 Weak acids and weak bases always exist as conjugate acid-
base pairs in an aqueous solution as represented below:
*neglect value of x since
Ka is too small  Here, HA is the acid and A- is termed as the conjugate
5. Solve for pH value. base of HA
pH = -log Ka
= -log 3.32 x10-5 HA + H2O ⇄ H3O+ + A-
= 4.48 Acid Conjugate
base
Item No. 14  Here, A- is the base and HA is termed as the conjugate
The pH of a 0.10 M AgNO3 solution is found to be 4.85. What acid of A-
is the hydrolysis constant (or Ka) for the Ag+ ion?
1. Construct an ICE table for the reaction of Ag+ and A- + H2O ⇄ OH- + HA
water. Base Conjugate
acid
Ag+ ⇄ AgOH- + H+ Rule of thumb: Weak acids have strong conjugate bases,
H20 while weak bases have strong conjugate acids. As shown in the
0.10M 0 0 above two reactions, if HA is a weak acid, then its conjugate
-x +x +x base A- will be a strong base. Similarly, if A- is a weak base, then
0.10M-x x x its conjugate acid HA will be a strong acid.

Mixed Acid & Base Indicator: Methyl Orange
In the process of titration, an acid can be mixed with a base and H-Meor(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + Meor-(aq)
at least one of them is going to be strong.
 Added [OH-]  shifts to right  yellow
 Strong acid and strong base : HCl + NaOH  Added [H+]  shifts to left  red
 Strong acid and weak base : HCl + NH3  The half-way stage where the mixture of red and yellow
 Strong base and weak acid : HF + NaOH produces an orange colour
 happens at pH 3.7
Titration
 A technique to determine the concentration of an Indicator: Phenolphthalein
unknown solution. H-phph(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + phph-(aq)
 A laboratory procedure where neutralization is done.
 Terminologies of titration:  Added [OH-]  shifts to right  pink
 Titrant – a.k.a standard. A solution of a known  Added [H+]  shifts to left  colorless
concentration, which is added to another solution  The half-way stage happens at pH 9.3.
whose concentration has to be determined.  Since a mixture of pink and colourless is simply a
 Titrand or analyte: the solution whose paler pink, this is difficult to detect with any
concentration has to be determined. accuracy.
 The titrant (the solution of known concentration) is pH Range of Indicators
added through a burette to a known volume of the Importance of pKind
analyte (the solution of unknown concentration) until the
reaction is complete  Ind-(aq) is all the rest of the indicator; apart from the
 Knowing the volume of titrant added allows us to hydrogen ion which is given away
determine the concentration of the unknown analyte.
 Indicator - used to signal the end of the reaction, HInd(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + Ind-(aq)
the endpoint.  At half-way through the colour change, the
 Titrant and analyte is a pair of acid and base where at concentrations of the acid and its ion are equal.
least one of them is going to be strong.
 Acid-base titrations are monitored by the change of pH [𝑯+ ][𝑰𝒏𝒅− ]
Kind =
as titration progresses. [𝑯𝑰𝒏𝒅]
 Equivalence point - point in titration at which the amount  This is used to work out what the pH is at this half-way
of titrant added is just enough to completely neutralize point.
the analyte solution.
[𝑯+ ][𝑰𝒏𝒅− ]
 At the equivalence point in an acid-base titration, Kind = = [H+]
[𝑯𝑰𝒏𝒅]
moles of base = moles of acid
 and the solution only contains salt and water  This means that the end point for the indicator depends
entirely on what its pKind value is.
Indicator
It is a weak acid or base that is added to the analyte solution, [H+] = Kind ; pH = pKind
and it changes color when the equivalence point is reached.
Indicators don't change colour sharply at one particular pH
Indicator: Litmus (given by their pKind).
Indicators as weak acids
 Instead, as a rough "rule of thumb", the visible change
HLit(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + Lit-(aq) takes place about 1 pH unit either side of the pK ind value.
 The un-ionised litmus is red Indicator pKind pH range
 The ion is blue Litmus 6.5 5–8
 Added [OH-]  shifts to right  blue Methyl orange 3.7 3.1 – 4.4
 Added [H+]  shifts to left  red Phenolphthalein 9.3 8.3 – 10.0
 If the concentrations of HLit and Lit - are equal at  There is a gradual smooth change from one colour to the
some point during the movement of the position of other, taking place over a range of pH.
equilibrium, the concentrations of the two colours will  Example: Methyl Orange
become equal.  OH- is yellow. If H+ is added, there will be enough
 The color you see will be a mixture of the two  of the red form and will begin to take on an
Violet (sa ppt) or Brown (sabi sa discussion) orange tint. Then, the red will eventually become
so dominant that yellow color is no longer seen.
Choosing Indicators for Titrations Strong Acid –Weak Base
It is a need to choose an indicator which changes colour as
close as possible to that equivalence point.
 Choose an indicator which the end point pH range lies

on the steep part of the titration curve.
 This choice ensures that the pH at the equivalent point
will fall within the range over which the indicator
changes color.
Types of Titration End Point pH Suitable

Range Indicator  This time it is obvious that phenolphthalein would be
Strong Acid – 3 – 10 Any Indicator completely useless
Strong Base  Methyl orange starts to change from yellow towards
Weak Acid – 7 – 11 Phenolphthalein, orange very close to the equivalence point
Strong Base thymol blue  You have to choose an indicator which changes colour
Strong Acid – 3- 7 Methyl orange, on the steep bit of the curve.
Weak Base methyl red
Weak Acid- Weak - - Weak Acid –Strong Base
Base
Strong Acid – Strong Base
 The phenolphthalein changes colour exactly where you

want it to.
 The methyl orange is hopeless
 Neither indicator changes colour at the equivalence Weak Acid –Weak Base
point.
 The graph is so steep at that point that there will be
virtually no difference in the volume of acid added
whichever indicator you choose.
 It would make sense to titrate to the best possible
colour with each indicator.
 If you use phenolphthalein, you would titrate until it just
becomes colourless (at pH 8.3) because that is as close
as you can get to the equivalence point
 Using methyl orange, you would titrate until there is the  The curve is for a case where the acid and base are both
very first trace of orange in the solution. If the solution equally weak - for example, ethanoic acid and ammonia
becomes red, you are getting further from the solution
equivalence point.  You can see that neither indicator is any use.
 Phenolphthalein will have finished changing well before
the equivalence point
 Methyl orange falls off the graph altogether.
 It may be possible to find an indicator which starts to
change or finishes changing at the equivalence
point, but because the pH of the equivalence point will
be different from case to case, you can't generalize.
 On the whole, you would never titrate a weak acid and
a weak base in the presence of an indicator.

10 | P a g e ANACHEM PPT
Net Ionic Equations 3. Construct an ICE Table
 Best way to represent acid base reactions
 All species are written as they exist in solution and only H+ + OH- ⇄ H2O
those species that undergo chemical change are I 0.100mol 0 n/a
included in the equation. C 0 0 n/a
E 0.100mol 0 n/a
 Ex: H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- ⇄ Na+ + Cl- + H2O
4. Use the molarity formula to compute for [H+]
Net equation: H+ + OH- ⇄ H2O 𝑀𝑜𝑙 0.100 𝑚𝑜𝑙
M= = = 0.100M
𝐿 1𝐿
Example 1 5. Calculate pH
Write net ionic equations for the following acid base pH = -log [H+] = -log 0.100M = 1.00
reactions (in aqueous solution)
A. KOH + HCl B. 0.05 mole
1. Expand equation 1. Do the same process in step 1 & 2 in item A using the
K+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- ⇄ K+ + Cl- + H2O given value.
2. Cancel same ions 2. Construct an ICE table
K+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- ⇄ K+ + Cl- + H2O
3. Net equation: H+ + OH- ⇄ H2O H+ + OH- ⇄ H2O
I 0.100mol 0.05mol n/a
B. HCN + KOH C -0.05mol -0.05mol n/a
E 0.05mol 0.05mol n/a
1. Expand equation 3. Use the molarity formula to compute for [H+]
HCN + K+ + OH+ + Cl- ⇄ K+ + CN- + H2O 𝑀𝑜𝑙 0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙
M = 𝐿 = 1𝐿 = 0.05M
2. Cancel same ions – HCN can’t cancelled since it is a
weak acid 4. Calculate pH
HCN + K+ + OH+ + Cl- ⇄ K+ + CN- + H2O pH = -log [H+] = -log 0.05M = 1.30
3. Net equation: HCN + OH- ⇄ CN- + H2O C. 0.09 mole
C. HNO3 + NH3 1. Do the same process in step 1 & 2 in item A using the
1. Expand equation given value.
2. Construct an ICE table similar to the table in item B.
H+ + NO3- + NH3 ⇄ NO3- + NH3 + H+
Just change the ICE values for OH- and the CE values
2. Cancel same ions – NH3+ can’t get cancelled since it is
for H+ according to the given.
a weak acid
H+ + NO3- + NH3 ⇄ NO3- + NH3 + H+ 𝑀𝑜𝑙 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙
3. Net equation: H+ + NH3 ⇄ NH4+ M = 𝐿 = 1𝐿 = 0.01M
4. Calculate pH
D. NH3 + HCN pH = -log [H+] = -log 0.01M = 2.00
1. Nothing will get cancelled since both acid and base D. 0.099 mole
are weak.
NH3 + HCN ⇄ NH4+ + CN+ 1. Do the same process in step 1 & 2 in item A using the
given value.
Example 2 2. Construct an ICE table similar to the table in item B.
Sodium Hydroxide is added to one liter of 0.100M HCl Just change the ICE values for OH- and the CE values
solution. Calculate [H+] and pH after the following amounts for H+ according to the given.
of NaOH have been added:
A. None 𝑀𝑜𝑙 1𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
M= = = 1 x 10-3 M
𝐿 1𝐿
1. Common ion effect is applied to this problem 4. Calculate pH
HCl- ⇄ H+ + Cl- pH = -log [H+] = -log1 x 10-3 M = 3.00
0.100M 0.100M 0.100M
2. Convert M of H+ to mol
𝑀𝑜𝑙
M= 𝐿
Mol = M x L = 0.100M (1L) = 0.100mole

E. 0.10 mole Example 4
How many ml of 0.10M HNO3 are needed to neutralize 25ml
1. Do the same process in step 1 & 2 in item A using the (= 0.025L) of 0.50M NH3
given value. 1. Convert M of NH3 to mole
2. Construct an ICE table 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
M= 𝐿
H+ + OH- ⇄ H2O 0.50M =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 0.0125 mol
I 0.100mol 0.10mol n/a 0.025𝐿
2. Common ion effect is applied
C -0.10mol -0.10mol n/a
E 0 mol 0 mol n/a HNO3- ⇄ H+ + NO3-
0.10M 0.10M 0.10M
3. Since the value of [H+] = 0, pH is automatically 7.00.
3. Create the net equation and identify the ratio of H+ :
F. 0.11 mole NH3
H+ + NH3  NH4+
1. Do the same process in step 1 & 2 in item A using the Ratio of H : NH3 is 1:1
+
given value. 4. Do stoichiometry
2. Construct an ICE table 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻 +
0.0125 mol NH3 x = 0.0125 mol H+
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝐻3
H+ + OH- ⇄ H2O 5. Compute for mL of [H+]
I 0.100mol 0.11mol n/a 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
M= 𝐿
C -0.1mol -0.1mol n/a
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 0.0125𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1000 𝑚𝑙
E 0 mol 0 .01mol n/a L= = = = 125 ml
𝑀 0.10𝑀 1𝐿
*0.11 mol was rounded off to 0.1mol (basta yan ginawa ni
ma’am) Example 5
[H+] = 0M How many ml of 0.20M H2SO4 are required to neutralize 1
gram of NaOH?
3. Use the molarity formula to compute for [OH-] 1. Create the net equation and identify the ratio of
𝑀𝑜𝑙 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙
M = 𝐿 = 1𝐿 = 0.01M H2SO4 : NaOH
4. Calculate pOH and pH H2SO4 + NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
pOH = -log [OH-] = -log0.01M = 2 Ratio of H2SO4 : NaOH is 1:2
pH = 14-pOH = 14-2 = 12 2. Convert grams of NaOH to moles
Molar Mass of NaOH = 40g/mol
Example 3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
1g NaOH x 40 𝑔 = 0.025 mol
Exactly 10 grams of KOH are added to 100 ml of water. How
many moles of H2CO3 would be needed to neutralize the 3. Do stoichiometry
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
KOH? 0.025 mol NaOH x 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.0125 mol H2SO4
1. Create the net equation and identify the ratio of 4. Compute for mL of [H+]
OH (= KOH) : H2CO3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
M= 𝐿
H2CO3 + OH-  HCO3 + HOH
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 0.0125𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1000 𝑚𝑙
HCO3- + OH-  CO3-2 + 2HOH L= = = = 62.5 ml
𝑀 0.20𝑀 1𝐿
H2CO3 + 2OH-  CO3-2 + 2HOH
Ratio OH (= KOH) : H2CO3 is 2:1 Titration Curves of Acids and Bases
Di ko gets pano ginawa ni ma’am tong step 1. Basta  Titration involves the slow addition of one solution
yan sabi niya uwu. where the concentration is known to a known volume of
2. Convert grams to moles another solution, where the concentration is unknown
Molar mass of KOH = 56.1g/mol until the reaction reaches neutralization level.
10g KOH x
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 0.18 mol  For acid/base titrations, a color change from a pH
56.1 𝑔 indicator is reached
3. Do stoichiometry  Titration Curve
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3
0.18 mol KOH x 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐾𝑂𝐻 = 0.09 mol H2CO3  Generally contain the volume of the titrant
as the independent variable and the pH of
the solution as the dependent variable. The
equivalence point on the graph is where all
of the starting solution has been neutralized
by the titrant.
 This is the pH of the graph if the pH of an
acid solution is plotted against the amount of
base added during a titration
 All acid titration curves follow the same basic shapes.  When a weak acid is neutralized, the solution that
 In the beginning, the solution has a low pH and climbs remains is basic because of the acid's conjugate
as the strong base is added. base remains in solution.
 As the solution nears the point where all of the H+ are   The pH will rise normally at first
neutralized, the pH rises sharply   but as it reaches a zone where the solution seems to
 And then levels out again as the solution becomes be buffered, the slope levels out.
more basic as more OH- ions are added.   After this zone, the pH rises sharply through its
 General Rule: equivalence point and levels out again like the strong
 Strong acid to weak base- pH at equivalent acid/strong base reaction.
point is always lower than 7.
 Strong base to weak acid- pH at equivalence Neutralization Reaction
 A chemical reaction between an acid and a base which
point is always higher than 7.
produces a more neutral solution (closer to a pH of 7)
The graph on the left side of the figure is a titration in which the End of a neutralization reaction is water, no excess
base is added to the acid and so the pH progresses from low hydrogen or hydroxide ions remain.
to high.  However, the final pH depends on the strength of the
acid and base in the reaction.
 pH Levels at the Equivalence Point
Strength of Acid and Base pH Level
Strong Acid – Strong Base 7
Strong Acid- Weak Base <7
Weak Acid- Strong Base >7
Weak Acid – Weak Base pH < 7 if Ka > Kb
pH = 7 if Ka = Kb
pH > 7 if Ka < Kb
  That is the initial slow rise in pH.
  Equivalence point - the point where just enough Expressing Acidity and/or Basicity
base is added to neutralize all the initial acid Sample Problem
  As the solution passes the equivalence point, the pH Calculate the hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations
slows its increase where the solution approaches the pH and the pH and pOH of 0.200M aqueous NaOH at 25°C.
of the titration solution  Hydroxide ion concentration (Kb)
= 0.200M since NaOH is a base
Weak Acids and Strong Bases
 Hydronium ion concentration (Ka)
𝐾 1 𝑥 10−14
Ka = 𝐾𝑤 = = 5 x 10-14 M
𝑏 0.200 𝑀
 pH = -log [Ka] = -log 5 x 10-14 M = 13.30
 pOH = 14 – pH = 14 – 13.30 = 0.70
M4: BUFFERS (ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA)

Terms and Definitions
 Buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or
a weak base and its conjugate acid).
 To be effective, the amounts of the components
 Half- equivalent point – 1st main point. must be much greater than the amount of H3O+
 Occurs halfway through a buffered region where or OH- added.
the pH barely changes for a lot of base added.  Buffer - something that lessens the impact of an external
 When just enough base is added for half of the force.
acid to be converted to the conjugate base.  Buffer-Component Concentration Ratio - determines
the pH
 The concentration of H+ ions equals the Ka value
 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation – relates the ratio
of the acid. pH = pKa
and the pH.
 Higher equivalent point – 2nd point
 When H3O+ or OH- is added to a buffer, one
 Once the acid has been neutralized, notice the
component reacts to form the other; thus, [H3O+] (and
point is above pH=7.
pH) changes only slightly.
 Concentrated (higher capacity) buffer - undergoes
smaller changes in pH than a dilute buffer.
 When the buffer pH equals the pKa of the acid Relative Concentrations of Buffer Components
component, the buffer has its highest capacity. A buffer works because:
 A buffer has an effective pH range of pKa ± 1 pH unit  Large amounts of the acidic (HA) and basic (A-)
 To prepare a buffer: components consume small amounts of added OH- or
1. Choose the conjugate acid-base pair H3O +, respectively.
2. Calculate the ratio of components [𝐻𝐴]
 If the ratio of [𝐴− ] goes up, [ H3O+] goes up.
3. Determine the buffer concentration
[𝐻𝐴]
4. Adjust the final solution to the desired pH.  If the ratio of [𝐴− ] goes down, [ H3O+] goes down.
How does Buffer Works: The Common Ion Effect Mathematically shown as follows
Acid-base buffer - a solution that lessens the impact on pH
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
from the addition of acid or base. [𝐻3 𝑂+ ][𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− ] [𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− ]
 Ka = [H3O+] = Ka
Example: A 100-mL sample of dilute HCl is adjusted to pH [𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻] [𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]
5.00.  Since Ka os constant, the [H3O+] of the solution
 Adding 1 mL of strong acid or of strong base changes depends on the buffer component concentration
[𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ]
the pH by several units ratio [𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]
3
 Adding 1 mL of strong acid will change the pH  The conversion of one component into the other
level from 5.00 to 2.00 produces a small change in the buffer-component
 Adding 1 mL of strong base will change the pH concentration ratio and, consequently, a small change
level from 5.00 to 12.00 in [H3O+] and in pH
pH of a buffered solution - changes much less than the pH of
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
an unbuffered solution when H3O+ or OH - is added. [𝑨 − ]
pH = pKa + log[𝑯𝑨]
Example: A 100-mL sample of an acetate buffer (1 M
CH3COOH mixed with 1 M CH3COONa) is adjusted to pH  More straightforward approach
5.00.  Very useful for two reasons:
 Adding 1 mL of strong acid or of strong base changes 1. It allows us to solve directly for pH instead of
the pH negligibly. having to calculate [H3O+] first.
 Adding 1 mL of strong acid will change the pH 2. It allows us to prepare a buffer of a desired pH
level from 5.00 to 4.98 just by mixing the appropriate amounts of A- and
 Adding 1 mL of strong base will change the pH HA.
level from 5.00 to 5.02
Sample Problem
Components of a Buffer
 Conjugate Acid-Base pair – can either be: Calculate pH:
a. of a buffer solution consisting of 0.50M CH3COOH and
 Weak acid and Conjugate base (CH3COOH *
0.50M CH3COONa
CH3COO-)
1. Common Ion effect is applied
 Weak base and Conjugate acid (NH3 & NH4+) CH3COONa ⇄ CH3COO- + Na+
Presence of a Common Ion 0.50M 0.50M 0.50M
 Common-Ion Effect -occurs when a given ion is added
to an equilibrium mixture that already contains that ion, CH3COOH ⇄ H3O+ + CH3COO-
and the position of equilibrium shifts away from forming it. H2O
 Buffers work through the common-ion effect I 0.50M 0 0.50M
 When acetic acid dissolves in water, the acid C -x +x +x
dissociates slightly: E 0.50M-x x 0.50M+x
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) *neglect value of –x and +x since Ka is too small
 introduce acetate ion by adding the soluble salt 3. Solve for [H3O+]
sodium acetate Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 according o the table of ionization
CH3COO- + Na+ ⇄ CH3COONa Ka =
[𝐻3 𝑂 + ][𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ] x = [H3O+] =
 Adding CH3COO- ion will shift the equilibrium
[𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]
𝑥(0.50) 1.8 x 10-5 M
1.8 x 10-5 =
position to the left; thus, [H3O+] decreases, in (0.50)
effect lowering the extent of acid dissociation: 4. Solve for pH

pH = -log [H3O+] = -log 1.8 x 10-5M = 4.74
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq: added)

Calculate pH: 5. Solve for [H3O+]
b. After adding 0.020 mol of solid Na0H to 1.0 L of the buffer Ka =
[𝐻3 𝑂 + ][𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ] x = [H3O+] =
solution in part (a) [𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]
𝑥(0.48) 1.95x 10-5 M
1. Common ion effect is applied 1.8 x 10-5 = (0.52)
NaOH ⇄ Na+ + OH- 6. Solve for pH
0.020mol 0.020mol 0.020mol pH = -log [H3O+] = -log 1.95x 10-5 M = 4.71
CH3COONa ⇄ CH3COO- + Na+
0.50M 0.50M 0.50M 2 Key Aspects of a Buffer
2. Calculate [OH-] 1. Buffer Capacity
[OH-] = 0.20mol / 1.0L = 0.020M  It is a measure of the “strength” of the buffer
3. Obtain the final amount of compounds after the  Its ability to maintain the pH following addition of strong
buffer was added acid or base.
CH3COOH+ + OH- ⇄ CH3COO- + H2O  Depends ultimately on compact concentrations:
0.50M 0.020M 0.50M n/a  Absolute concentrations- the more
-0.020M -0.020M +0.020M n/a concentrated the buffer components, the greater
0.48M 0 0.52M n/a the capacity.
4. Construct an ICE table  Relative concentrations- the closer the
component concentrations are to each other, the
CH3COOH ⇄ H3O+ + CH3COO-
H2O
greater the capacity.
I 0.48M 0 0.52M  When strong base is added, the pH increases least for
C -x +x +x most concentrated buffer.
E 0.48M-x x 0.52M+x  A concentrated (higher capacity) buffer undergoes
*neglect value of –x and +x since Ka is too small smaller changes in pH than a dilute buffer. When the
5. Solve for [H3O+] buffer pH equals the pKa of the acid component, the
[𝐻 𝑂 + ][𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ] x = [H3O+] = buffer has its highest capacity.
Ka = 3 [𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻] [𝐴− ]
3
𝑥(0.52) 1.66x 10-5 M pH = pKa + log[𝐻𝐴] = pKa + log 1 = pKa + 0 = pKa
1.8 x 10-5 =
(0.48)
6. Solve for pH Sample Problems
pH = -log [H3O+] = -log 1.66x 10-5 M = 4.78 Add 0.010mol of OH- to 1.00L of buffer. With inital
concentrations of [HA] = 1.00M; [A-] = 1.00M
Calculate pH: Initial: When: 0.010mol OH- / 1.00L
[𝐴− ] 1.00𝑀 = 0.010M is added:
c. After adding 0.020 mol of HCl to 1.0 L of the buffer = =1
[𝐻𝐴] 1.00𝑀 [𝐴− ] 1.010𝑀
solution in part (a) = = 1.0110
[𝐻𝐴] 0.999𝑀
1. Common ion effect is applied 1.02−1.000
Percent change = x 100 = 2%
HCl ⇄ H+ + Cl- 1.000
0.020mol 0.020mol 0.020mol
CH3COONa ⇄ CH3COO- + Na+ Add 0.010mol of OH- to 1.00L of buffer. With inital
0.50M 0.50M 0.50M concentrations of [HA] = 0.250M; [A-] = 1.750M
2. Calculate [H+] Initial: When: 0.010mol OH- / 1.00L
[𝐴− ] 1.750𝑀 = 0.010M is added:
[H+] = 0.020mol / 1.0L = 0.020M = =7
[𝐻𝐴] 0.250𝑀 [𝐴− ] 1.760𝑀
3. Obtain the final amount of compounds after buffer = = 7.33
[𝐻𝐴] 0.240𝑀
was added Percent change =
7.33−7.00
x 100 = 4.7%
7.00
CH3COO- + H+ ⇄ CH3COOH + H2O
0.50M 0.020M 0.50M n/a  Note that the change in the concentration ratio is more
-0.020M -0.020M +0.020M n/a than twice as large when the initial concentrations of the
0.48M 0 0.52M n/a components are very different.
4. Construct an ICE table  Thus, a buffer has the highest capacity when the
component concentrations are equal.
CH3COOH ⇄ H3O+ + CH3COO- [𝐴− ]
H2O  That is when =1
[𝐻𝐴]
0.52M 0 0.48M
-x +x +x
0.52M-x x 0.48M+x
*neglect value of –x and +x since Ka is too small

2. Buffer Range Sample Problem 19.13
 It is the pH range over which the buffer is effective. An environmental chemist needs a carbonate buffer of pH
 It is a usable range within ± pH unit of the pKa of the 10.00 to study the effects of acid rain on limestone-rich
acid component. soils. How many grams of Na2CO3 must she add to 1.5L of
 In other words, it has an effective pH range of 0.20M NaHCO3 to make the buffer? Ka of HCO3- is 4.7 x 10-11.
pKa ± 1pH unit 1. Common ion effect is applied to Na2CO3
 It is related to the buffer-component concentrations Na2CO3 ⇄ Na+ + CO3-2
[𝐴− ] 0.20M 0.20M 0.20M
 ratio
[𝐻𝐴] 2. Compute for [H3O+]
 The further the concentration ratio is from 1, the less [H3O+] = antilog –pH or 10-pH = 10-10 = 1x10-10M
effective the buffer (the lower the buffer capacity). 3. Compute for [CO3-2] or x
HCO3- + H2O ⇄ CO3-2 + H3O+
As explained by: 0.20M x 1x10-10M
[𝑨− ]
If the [𝑯𝑨] ratio is greater than 10 or less than 0.1 [𝐶𝑂−2 ][𝐻3 𝑂+ ]
4.7 x 10-11 =
𝑥 (1𝑥10−10 ) x= 0.094M
K = 3
a
[𝐻𝐶𝑂3− ] 0.20𝑀
[𝐴− ] 10 [𝐴− ] 1
[𝐻𝐴]
= 1
= 10 = = 0.1
[𝐻𝐴] 10 4. Common ion effect is applied to Na2CO3
 If one component concentration is more than 10 times Na2CO3 ⇄ Na+ + CO3-2
the other—buffering action is poor 0.094M 0.094M 0.094M
 Since log 10 = +1 and log 0.1 = -1 5. Compute for moles of Na2CO3
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
(10) (1) M= 𝐿 0.094M = 1.5𝐿 moles = 0.141 mol
pH = pKa + log (1) = pKa + 1 and pH = pKa + log(10) = pKa - 1
6. Convert moles of Na2CO3 to grams
105.99𝑔𝑁𝑎 𝐶𝑂
Preparing a Buffer 0.141mol Na2CO3 x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎 2𝐶𝑂 3 = 14.94g Na2CO3
Several steps are required to prepare a buffer: 2 3
1. Decide on the conjugate acid-base pair. The chemist should dissolve 15g of Na2CO3 into about 1.3L of
a. Choice is determined mostly by the desired pH. 0.20M NaHCO3 to male 1.5L. Using a pH meter, she can
b. A buffer is most effective when the buffer-component adjust the pH to 10.00 by dropwise addition of concentrated
concentration ratio is close to 1 strong acid or base.
pH = pKa
Follow Up Problem 19.13
Convert pKa to Ka, choose the acid from a list, (Table
How would you prepare a benzoic acid/benzoate buffer with
of Ionization Constant) and use the sodium salt as the
pH=4.25, starting with 5.0L of 0.050 M sodium benzoate
conjugate base. (C6H5COONa) solution and adding the acidic component?
[𝑨− ]
2. Find the [𝑯𝑨] ratio that gives the desired pH using the Ka of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) is 6.3 x10-5
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 1. Common ion effect is applied to C6H5COONa
[𝐴− ] [𝐴− ] C6H5COONa ⇄ Na+ + C6H5COO-
pH = pKa + log[𝐻𝐴] ≈ pKa + log[𝐻𝐴]𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 0.050M 0.050M 0.050M
because HA is a weak acid, and thus dissociates very 2. Compute for [H3O+]
little, the equilibrium concentrations are approximately [H3O+] = antilog –pH or 10-pH = 10-4.25 = 5.62x10-5M
equal to the initial concentrations. 3. Compute for [C6H5COOH] or x
3. Choose the buffer concentration and calculate the C6H5COOH + H2O ⇄ C6H5COO- + H3O+
amounts to mix. x 0.050M 5.62x10-5
a. From a given amount of one component, find the M
[𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ][𝐻3 𝑂 + ]
amount of the other component using the buffer- Ka = [𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]
component concentration ratio. −5
-5 (0.050𝑀)(5.62𝑥10 ) (0.050𝑀)(5.62𝑥10−5)
6.3 x10 = x=
4. Mix the amounts together and adjust the buffer pH to 𝑥 6.3𝑥10−5
x = [C6H5COOH] = 0.0446 M
the desired value. Add small amounts of strong acid
or strong base, while monitoring the solution with a 4. Compute for moles of C6H5COOH
pH meter. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
M= 𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
0.0446M = 5𝐿 moles = 0.223mol
5. Convert moles of C6H5COOH to grams
122 𝑔𝐶 𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
0.223 mol C6H5COOH x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
6 5
= 27.21gC6H5COOH

M4: TITRATION PROBLEMS Sample Problem 19.39
Calculating the pH during Titration Calculate the pH during titration of 40.00 mL of 0.1000M HCl
By knowing the chemical species present during the titration, with 0.1000M NaOH solution after the following additions of
we can calculate the pH at various points along the way: base:
a.0mL
1. Find the number of moles you start with 1. Convert given volumes from ml to L & compute for
2. Find the number of moles you end with , and convert Vtotal
them to concentrations 1𝐿
40mlHCl x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.04L 0mlNaOH  0L
3. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left over,
Vtotal = 0.04LHCl + 0LNaOH = 0.04L
that affects the pH (in Molarity )
2. Find the number of moles you started and ended with
4. Solve for the x which are either the [OH-] or [H+]
and identify which is the excess and limiting
Titration only occurs between the following: reactant.
HCl + NaOH ⇄ NaCl + H2O
WA vs. SB SA vs. WB SA vs. SB 0.1M 0.1M
Weak acid vs. Strong base Weak base vs. Strong acid 0.04L 0L
 partial dissociation of the  partial dissociation of the 4x10-3 mol 0
weak acid weak base, Excess Limiting
 the presence of the buffer  the presence of the buffer reactant reactant
 the reaction of the conjugate  the reaction of the 3. Convert the moles of excess reactant to molarity to
base with water conjugate acid with water calculate [H+] OR [OH-]
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 4𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐻𝐶𝑙
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration Curves M= = = 0.01M HCl
𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.04𝐿
Features of the Curve: HCl ⇄ H+ + Cl-
1. The pH starts out low; reflecting the high [H 3O+] of the 0.1M 0.1M
4. Since [H+] was computed, calculate pH
strong acid, and increases gradually as acid is
pH = -log[H+] = -log [0.1M] = 1.00
neutralized by the added base, (Cl- is from HCl and Na+
from NaOH.) b. 25.00mL
2. The pH rises 6 to 8 units very rapidly. This steep increase 1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute
begins when the amount (mol) of OH- added nearly for Vtotal
equals the amount (mol) of H3O +1 originally present in 1𝐿 1𝐿
40mlHCl x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.04L 25mlNaOH x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.025L
the acid
3. The pH increases slowly beyond the steep rise as more Vtotal = 0.04LHCl + 0.025LNaOH = 0.065L
base (shown as OH-) is added. 2. Find the number of moles you started with & identify
which is the excess and limiting reactant.
These regions of the titration curve each require a separate HCl + NaOH ⇄ NaCl + H2O
calculation to find [H3O+]: 0.1M 0.1M
0.04L 0.04L
4x10-3 2.5x10-3 2.5x10-3
mol mol mol
Excess Limiting
reactant reactant
NaCl is disregarded because it does not affect pH. Na+
and Cl- are weak conjugated acid and base.
3. Find the number of moles you ended with by
subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant.
HCl NaOH
4x10-3 mol - 2.5x10-3 mol 2.5x10-3 mol - 2.5x10-3 mol
= 1.5x10 mol
-3 =0
4. Convert the moles of the excess reactant to molarity
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1.5𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐻𝐶𝑙
M= 𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 0.065𝐿
= 2.3x10-2M
HCl ⇄ H+ + Cl-
2.3x10-2M 2.3x10-2M
5. Since [H+] was computed, calculate pH.
pH = -log[H+] = -log [2.3x10-2M] = 1.63

c. 39.00mL e. 40.00mL
1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute 1. Convert given volumes from mL to L
for Vtotal 1𝐿
40mlHCl x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.04L
1𝐿
40mlNaOH x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.04L
1𝐿 1𝐿
40mlHCl x = 0.04L 39mlNaOH x = 0.039L 2. Find the number of moles you started with
1000𝑚𝑙 1000𝑚𝑙
Vtotal = 0.04LHCl + 0.039LNaOH = 0.079L HCl + NaOH ⇄ NaCl + H2O
2. Find the number of moles you started with & identify 0.1M 0.1M Affects
which is the excess and limiting reactant. 0.04L 0.05L pH
HCl + NaOH ⇄ NaCl + H2O 4x10-3 4x10-3 4x10-3 since
0.1M 0.1M mol mol mol there
0.04L 0.039L is no
4x10-3 3.9x10-3 3.9x10-3 excess
mol mol mol 3. Use the value of Kw to calculate [H+]
Excess Limiting Kw = [H+] [OH-] = (x) (x)
reactant reactant 1 x 10-14 = x2
3. Find the number of moles you ended with by [H+] = [OH-] = x = 1x10-7M
subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant. 4. Since [H+] was computed, calculate pH.
HCl NaOH pH = -log[H+] = -log [1x10-7M] = 7.00
4x10-3 mol – 3.9x10-3 mol 3.9x10-3 mol – 3.9x10-3
= 1x10-4 mol mol = 0 f. 40.10mL
4. Convert the moles of the excess reactant to molarity 1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute
to calculate [H+] OR [OH-] for Vtotal
1𝐿 1𝐿
M=
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
=
1𝑥10−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐻𝐶𝑙
= 1.27x10-3M 40mlHCl x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.04L 40.10mlNaOH x 1000𝑚𝑙=
0.0401L
HCl ⇄ H+ + Cl-
Vtotal = 0.04LHCl + 0.0401LNaOH = 0.0801L
1.27x10 M
-3 1.27x10 M
-3
2. Find the number of moles you started with & identify
pH = -log[H+] = -log [1.27x10-3M] = 2.89
d. 39.90mL 0.1M 0.1M
1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute 0.04L 0.0401L
for Vtotal 4x10-3 4.01x10-3 4x10-3
1𝐿 1𝐿 mol mol mol
40mlHCl x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.04L 39mlNaOH x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.0399L Limiting Excess
Vtotal = 0.04LHCl + 0.0399LNaOH = 0.0799L reactant reactant
2. Find the number of moles you started with & identify 3. Find the number of moles you ended with by
which is the excess and limiting reactant. subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant.
HCl + NaOH ⇄ NaCl + H2O HCl NaOH
0.1M 0.1M 4x10-3 mol –4x10-3 mol mol 4.01x10-3 mol –4x10-3 mol
0.04L 0.039L =0 = 1x10-5mol
4x10-3 3.99x10-3 3.9x10-3 4. Convert the moles of the excess reactant to molarity
mol mol mol to calculate [H+] OR [OH-]
Excess Limiting 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1𝑥10−5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
reactant reactant M= 𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 0.0799𝐿
= 1.25x10-4M NaOH
3. Find the number of moles you ended with by NaOH ⇄ OH- + Na+
subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant. 1.25x10-4M 1.25x10-4M
HCl NaOH 5. Since [OH-] was computed, calculate pOH to get pH.
4x10-3 mol – 3.99x10-3 mol 3.99x10-3 mol – 3.99x10-3 pOH = -log[OH-] = -log [1.25x10-4M] = 3.90
= 1x10-5 mol mol = 0 pH = 14- pOH = 14-3.90 = 10.10
to calculate [H+] OR [OH-]
M= = = 1.25x10-4M HCl
HCl ⇄ H+ + Cl-
1.25x10 M
-4 1.25x10 M
-4

pH = -log[H+] = -log [1.25x10-4M] = 3.90

g. 50.00mL Weak Acid-Strong Base Titration Curves
1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute We must take into account the 3 species:
for Vtotal
1𝐿 1𝐿  partial dissociation of the weak acid
40mlHCl x = 0.04L 50mlNaOH x = 0.05L  presence of the buffer
1000𝑚𝑙 1000𝑚𝑙
Vtotal = 0.04LHCl + 0.05LNaOH = 0.09L  reaction of the conjugate base with water (hydrolysis)
which is the excess and limiting reactant. The four key regions of the titration curve each require a
HCl + NaOH ⇄ NaCl + H2O separate calculation to find [H3O1]:
0.1M 0.1M
0.04L 0.05L
4x10-3 5x10-3 4x10-3
mol mol mol
Limiting Excess
reactant reactant
3. Find the number of moles you ended with by
subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant.
HCl NaOH
4x10-3 mol –4x10-3 mol mol 5x10-3 mol –4x10-3 mol
=0 = 1x10-3mol
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
M= 𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 0.09𝐿
= 1.11x10-2M NaOH  At the midpoint of the buffer region, half the initial HPr
NaOH ⇄ OH- + Na+ has reacted
1.11x10-2M 1.11x10-2M  that is, half of the OH- needed to reach the
5. Since [OH-] was computed, calculate pOH to get pH. equivalence point has been added.
pOH = -log[OH-] = -log [1.11x10-2M] = 1.95
pH = 14- pOH = 14-1.95 = 12.05 [HPr] = [Pr-], or [Pr-]/[HPr] = Therefore, pH = pKa
Middle of buffer region: pH = pKa + log ([Pr-]/[HPr]) = pKa + log 1
What is the pH of the resulting solution when you mix 75 = pKa + 0 = pKa
mL of 0.2M HCl with 50 mL of 0.1M NaOH?
 The pH observed at this point is used to estimate the pKa
1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute
of an unknown acid.
for Vtotal
1𝐿 1𝐿
75mlHCl x = 0.075L 50mlNaOH x = 0.05L Features of the Curve
1000𝑚𝑙 1000𝑚𝑙
Vtotal = 0.075LHCl + 0.05LNaOH = 0.125L
1. The initial pH is higher. Because the weak acid
dissociates slightly, much less H3O+ is present, than
the strong acid .
2. The curve rises gradually in the so-called buffer region,
0.2M 0.1M
before the steep rise to the equivalence point.
0.075L 0.05L
1.5x10-2 5x10-3 5x10-3  As HPr reacts with strong base, more Pr- forms,
mol mol mol which creates an HPr/Pr- buffer.
Excess Limiting 3. The pH at the equivalence point is above 7.00. The
reactant reactant solution contains the strong-base cation Na+, which does
3. Find the number of moles you ended with by not react with water, and the weak-acid anion Pr-, which
subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant. acts as a weak base to accept a proton from H2O and
HCl NaOH yield OH-.
1.5x10-2 mol – 5x10-3 mol 5x10-3 mol –5x10-3 mol 4. The pH increases slowly beyond the equivalence point as
= 0.01 mol =0 excess OH- is added.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 0.01𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐻𝐶𝑙
M= = = 8x10-2M HCl
HCl ⇄ H+ + Cl-
8x10-2M 8x10-2M
pH = -log[H+] = -log [8x10-2M] = 1.09
Sample Problem 3. Find the number of moles you ended with by
Calculate the pH during titration of 40.00 mL of 0.1000M subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant.
propanoic acid (HPr; Ka = 1.3x10-5) after each of the CH3CH2COOH NaOH
following additions of 0.1000M NaOH: 4x10-3 mol – 3.x10-3 mol 3x10-3 mol – 3x10-3 mol
a.0mL = 1x10-3 mol =0
1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute CH3CH2COONa = 3x10-3 mol
for VTotal 4. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left
40mlCH3CH2COOH x
1𝐿
0mlNaOH  0L over, that affects the pH (in Molarity )
1000𝑚𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
= 0.04L [CH3CH2COOH] = 𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 0.07𝐿
Vtotal = 0.04LCH3CH2COOH + 0LNaOH = 0.04L = 1.43 x10-2 M CH3CH2COOH
2. Find the number of moles you started and ended with 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 3𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎
and identify which is the excess and limiting [CH3CH2COONa] = 𝑉 = 0.07𝐿
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
reactant. = 4.29 x10-2 M CH3CH2COONa
CH3CH2COOH + NaOH CH3CH2COONa ⇄ CH3CH2COO- + Na+
0.1M 0.1M 4.29 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M
0.04L 0L
4x10-3 mol 0 CH3CH2COOH ⇄ CH3CH2COO- + H3O+
Excess Limiting H20
reactant Reactant I 1.43 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M 0
3. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left C -x +x +x
over, that affects the pH (in Molarity ) E 1.43 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M x
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 4𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 –x +x
[CH3CH2COOH] = =
𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.04𝐿 Neglect –x and +x because the value of Ka is too small
= 0.1M CH3CH2COOH
CH3CH2COOH ⇄ CH3CH2COO- + H3O+ 5. Solve for the x which are either the [OH-] or [H+]
H20 According to table of ionization, Ka of HPr is 1.3x10-5
I 0.1M 0 0 [𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ][𝐻3 𝑂+ ] (1.3𝑥10−5 )(1.43𝑥10−2 )
Ka = x=
C -x +x +x [𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻] 4.29𝑥10−2
(4.29𝑥10−2 )(𝑥) x = [H3O+] = 4.33x10-6M
E 0.1M-x x x 1.3x10-5 =
1.43𝑥10−2
4. Solve for the x which are either the [OH-] or [H+]
According to table of ionization, Ka of HPr is 1.3x10-5 6. Since [H3O+] was calculated, find pH
[𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂− ][𝐻 𝑂+ ] pH = -log[H3O+] = -log [4.33x10-6M] = 5.36
Ka = 3[𝐶𝐻 2𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]3 x = √(1.3𝑥10−5 )(0.1𝑀)
3
𝑥2
2
x = [H3O+] = 1.14x10-3M c. 40.00mL
1.3x10-5 =
0.1𝑀 1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute
5. Since [H3O+] was calculated, find pH for Vtotal
1𝐿 1𝐿
pH = -log[H3O+] = -log [1.14x10-3M] = 2.94 40mlCH3CH2COOH x 1000𝑚𝑙 40mlNaOH x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.04L
= 0.04L
b. 30.00mL
Vtotal = 0.04LCH3CH2COOH + 0.04LNaOH = 0.08L
1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute
for Vtotal
1𝐿 1𝐿
40mlCH3CH2COOH x 1000𝑚𝑙 30mlNaOH x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.03L CH3CH2COOH + NaOH ⇄ CH3CH2COONa + H2O
= 0.04L 0.1M 0.1M
Vtotal = 0.04LCH3CH2COOH + 0.03LNaOH = 0.07L 0.04L 0.03L
2. Find the number of moles you started with & identify 4x10-3 mol 4x10-3 4x10-3mol
which is the excess and limiting reactant. mol
CH3CH2COOH + NaOH ⇄ CH3CH2COONa + H2O Limiting reactants
0.1M 0.1M CH3CH2COONa is not disregarded because as it dissociates, it
0.04L 0.03L produces CH3CH2COO-, which is a strong conjugate base
4x10-3 mol 3x10-3 3x10-3mol
mol 3. Find the number of moles you ended with by
Excess Limiting subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant.
reactant reactant CH3CH2COOH NaOH
CH3CH2COONa is not disregarded because as it dissociates, it 4x10-3 mol – 4.x10-3 mol 4x10-3 mol – 4x10-3 mol
produces CH3CH2COO-, which is a strong conjugate base. =0 =0
CH3CH2COONa = 4x10-3 mol

4. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left 4. Calculate the concentrations of the excess reactants
over, that affects the pH (in Molarity ) [NaOH] =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
=
1𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 4𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.09𝐿
[CH3CH2COONa] = = = 1.11 x10-2 M NaOH
CH3CH2COONa ⇄ CH3CH2COO- + Na+ NaOH ⇄ Na+- + OH-
5 x10-2 M 5 x10-2 M 5 x10-2 M 1.11 x10 M
-2 1.11 x10 M
-2 1.11 x10-2 M
5. Since [OH ] was calculated, find pOH to compute for
-
CH3CH2COO- ⇄ CH3CH2COOH + OH- pH

H20 pOH = -log[OH-] = -log [1.11 x10-2 M] = 1.95
I 5 x10-2 M 0 0 pH = 14-pOH = 14 – 1.95 = 12,05
C -x +x +x
E 5 x10-2 M -x x x Weak Base-Strong Acid Titration Curves
Neglect –x because the value of Ka is too small We must take into account the 3 species:
5. Solve for the x which are either the [OH-] or [H+]  partial dissociation of the weak base
According to table of ionization, Ka of HPr is 1.3x10-5  presence of the buffer
Since x = [OH-], find Kb first  reaction of the conjugate acid with water (hydrolysis)
𝐾𝑤 1𝑥10−14
Kh = K b = = = 7.69x10-10 Sample Problem
𝐾𝑎 1.3𝑥10−5
[𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻][𝑂𝐻 − ] x = √(7.69𝑥10 −10)(5𝑥10−2)
Kb = Calculate the pH during the titration 0f 40.00 mL of 0.100M
[𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂− ]
x = [OH-] = 6.2x10-6M NH3 (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5) after each of the following addition of
𝑥2
7.69x10-10 = 5𝑥10−2𝑀 0.100M HCl
a.0mL
6. Since [OH-] was calculated, find pOH to compute for 1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute
pH for VTotal
pOH = -log[OH-] = -log [6.2x10-6M] = 5.21 1𝐿
0mlHCl 0L
40mlNH3 x 1000𝑚𝑙
pH = 14-pOH = 14 - 5.21 = 8.8
= 0.04L
d. 50.00mL Vtotal = 0.04LNH3 + 0LHCl = 0.04L
1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute 2. Find the number of moles you started and ended with
for Vtotal and identify which is the excess and limiting
1𝐿 1𝐿 reactant.
40mlCH3CH2COOH x 1000𝑚𝑙 50mlNaOH x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.05L
NH3 + HCl ⇄ NH4Cl
= 0.04L H20
Vtotal = 0.04LCH3CH2COOH + 0.05LNaOH = 0.09L 0.1M 0.1M
2. Find the number of moles you started with & identify 0.04L 0L
which is the excess and limiting reactant. 4x10-3 mol 0
CH3CH2COOH + NaOH ⇄ CH3CH2COONa + H2O Excess Limiting
0.1M 0.1M reactant Reactant
0.04L 0.05L 3. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left
4x10-3 mol 5x10-3 4x10-3mol over, that affects the pH (in Molarity )
mol 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 4𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝐻3
Limiting Excess [NH3]= 𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 0.04𝐿
reactant reactant = 0.1M NH3
Disregard CH3CH2COONa because [OH-] from the strong base NH3 ⇄ NH4+ + OH-
NaOH is stronger than the strong conjugate base H20
[CH3CH2COO-] from CH3CH2COONa. I 0.1M 0 0
C -x +x +x
3. Find the number of moles you ended with by E 0.1M-x x x
subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant. *neglect –x because Kb value is too small
CH3CH2COOH NaOH
4x10-3 mol – 4.x10-3 mol 5x10-3 mol – 4x10-3 mol 4. Solve for the x which are either the [OH-] or [H+]
=0 = 1x10-3mol [𝑁𝐻4+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
Kb = [𝑁𝐻 x = √(1.8𝑥10−5 )(0.1𝑀)
CH3CH2COONa = 4x10-3 mol 3]
x = [OH-] = 1.34x10-3M
𝑥2
1.8x10-5 =
0.1𝑀

5. Since [OH-] was calculated, find pOH to compute for c. 40.00mL
pH 1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute
pOH = -log[OH-] = -log [1.34x10-3M] = 2.87 for Vtotal
pH = 14-pOH = 14 – 2.87 = 11.12 40mlNH3 x
1𝐿
40mlHCl x
1𝐿
= 0.04L
1000𝑚𝑙 1000𝑚𝑙
b. 30.00mL = 0.04L
1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute Vtotal = 0.04LNH3 + 0.04LHCl = 0.08L
for Vtotal
1𝐿 1𝐿 which is the excess and limiting reactant.
40mlNH3 x 1000𝑚𝑙 30mlHCl x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.03L
NH3 + HCl ⇄ NH4Cl
= 0.04L H20
Vtotal = 0.04LNH3 + 0.03LHCl = 0.07L 0.1M 0.1M
2. Find the number of moles you started with & identify 0.04L 0.04L
which is the excess and limiting reactant. 4x10-3 mol 4x10-3 mol 4x10-3 mol
NH3 + HCl ⇄ NH4Cl Limiting Reactants
H20 NH4Cl is not disregarded because as it dissociates, it produces
0.1M 0.1M NH4+, which is a strong conjugate acid.
0.04L 0.03L
4x10-3 mol 3x10-3 mol 3x10-3 mol 3. Find the number of moles you ended with by
Excess Limiting subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant.
reactant Reactant NH3 HCl
NH4Cl is not disregarded because as it dissociates, it produces 4x10-3 mol – 4.x10-3 mol 4x10-3 mol – 4x10-3 mol
NH4+, which is a strong conjugate acid. =0 =0
NH4Cl = 4x10-3 mol
3. Find the number of moles you ended with by 4. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left
subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant. over, that affects the pH (in Molarity )
NH3 HCl 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 4𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎
4x10-3 mol – 3.x10-3 mol 3x10-3 mol – 3x10-3 mol [NH4Cl] = 𝑉 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.08𝐿
= 1x10-3 mol =0 NH4Cl ⇄ NH4+- + Cl-
NH4Cl = 3x10-3 mol 5 x10-2 M 5 x10-2 M 5 x10-2 M
4. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left
over, that affects the pH (in Molarity ) NH4+ ⇄ NH3 + H3O+
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝐻3 H20
[NH3] = = I
𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.07𝐿 5 x10-2 M 0 0
= 1.43 x10-2 M NH3 C -x +x +x
[NH4Cl] = 𝑉
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
=
3𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 E 5 x10-2 M -x x x
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.07𝐿 Neglect –x because the value of Kb is too small
= 4.29 x10-2 M NH4Cl
NH4Cl ⇄ NH4+- + Cl- 5. Solve for x which is either the [OH-] or [H+]
4.29 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M Since Kb is already given and x = [H3O+], find Ka
𝐾𝑤 1𝑥10−14
Ka = K h = = = 5.56x10-10
NH3 NH4+ + OH- 𝐾𝑏 1.8𝑥10−5
⇄ [𝑁𝐻3 ][𝐻3 𝑂 − ]
H20 Kb = x = √(5,56𝑥10 −10)(5𝑥10−2)
[𝑁𝐻4+ ] x = [H3O+], = 5.27x10-6M
I 1.43 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M 0 𝑥2
C -x +x +x 5.56x10-10= 5𝑥10−2𝑀
E 1.43 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M x
–x +x 6. Since [H3O+] was calculated, find pH
Neglect –x and +x because the value of Kb is too small pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(5.27x10-6M) = 5.27
5. Solve for x which is either the [OH-] or [H+] d. 50.00mL

[𝑁𝐻4+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ] (1.8𝑥10−5 )(1.43𝑥10−2 ) 1. Convert given volumes from mL to L and compute
Kb = x=
[𝑁𝐻3 ] 4.29𝑥10−2 for Vtotal
(4.29𝑥10−2 )(𝑥) x = [OH-] = 6x10-6M 1𝐿 1𝐿
1.8x10-5 = 40mlNH3 x 1000𝑚𝑙 50mlHCl x 1000𝑚𝑙= 0.05L
1.43𝑥10−3
= 0.04L
6. Since [OH-]
was calculated, find pOH to compute for Vtotal = 0.04LNH3 + 0.05LHCl = 0.09L
pH
pOH = -log[OH-] = -log [6x10-6M] = 5.22
pH = 14-pOH = 14 – 2.87 = 8.78

2. Find the number of moles you started with & identify 5. Since CH3COONa is the excess, you can apply
which is the excess and limiting reactant. common ion effect and then convert the moles to
NH3 + HCl ⇄ NH4Cl molarity.
H20 Vtotal = 0.0422LCH3COOH + 0.05887NaOH = 0. 10107L
0.1M 0.1M 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 2.19𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎
[CH3COONa] = =
0.04L 0.05L 𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.10107𝐿
4x10-3 mol 5x10-3 mol 4x10-3 mol = 2.17 x10-2 M CH3COONa
Limiting Excess CH3COONa ⇄ CH3COO- + Na+
reactant reactant 2.17 x10-2 M 2.17 x10-2 M 4.29 x10-2 M
Disregard NH4Cl because [H+] from the strong acid HCl is 7. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left
stronger than the strong conjugate acid [NH 4+] from NH4Cl over, that affects the pH (in Molarity)
CH3COO- ⇄ CH3COOH + OH-
3. Find the number of moles you ended with by H20
subtracting the moles of the limiting reactant. 2.17 x10-2 M 0 0
NH4 HCl -x +x +x
4x10-3 mol – 4.x10-3 mol 5x10-3 mol – 4x10-3 mol 2.17 x10-2 M -x x x
=0 = 1x10-3mol *Neglect value of –x since value of Ka is too small
8. Solve for x which is either the [OH-] or [H+]
4. Calculate the concentrations of the excess reactants According to the table of ionization Ka oof acetic acid
[HCl] = = = 1.8 x 10-5. However, x = [OH-], find Kb.
𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.09𝐿 𝐾𝑤 1𝑥10−14
= 1.11 x10-2 M HCl Ka = Kh = 𝐾𝑏 = = 5.56x10-10
1.8𝑥10−5
HCl ⇄ H+- + Cl- Kb =
[𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻][𝑂𝐻 − ] x = √(5.56𝑥10−10)(2.17𝑥10−2)
1.11 x10 M
-2 1.11 x10-2 M 1.11 x10-2 M [𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − ] x = [OH-], = 3.47x10-6M
𝑥2
5. Since [H+] was calculated, find pH 5.56x10-10=
2.17𝑥10−2 𝑀
pH= -log[H+] = -log [1.11 x10-2 M] = 1.95
Sample Problem 19.43 9. Since [OH-] was calculated, find pOH to compute for
Find the pH and volume (mL) of 0.0372 M NaOH needed to pH
reach the equivalence point in titrations of pOH = -log[OH-] = -log [3.47x10-6M] = 5.46
a. 42.2 mL of 0.0520M CH3COOH pH = 14- pOH = 14-5.46 = 8.54
1. Convert M CH3COOH to moles
Moles = M(L) = 0.0520M (0.0422L) = 2.19 x 10-3moles b. 23.4 mL of 0.0390M HNO2
CH3COOH 1. Convert M HNO2 to moles
2. Do stoichiometry Moles = M(L) = 0.0390M (0.0234L) = 9.13 x 10-4moles
CH3COOH + NaOH ⇄ CH3COONa + HOH HNO2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
2.19 x 10-3moles CH3COOH x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 2. Do stoichiometry
3
HNO2 + NaOH ⇄ NaNO2 + HOH
= 2.19 x 10-3moles NaOH 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
3. Derive molarity formula to calculate the volume of 9.13 x 10-4moles HNO2 x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑁𝑂
2
NaOH = 9.13 x 10-4moles NaOH
M=
𝑚𝑜𝑙 3. Derive molarity formula to calculate the volume of
𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙 2.19 𝑥 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 NaOH
L= = = 0.05887L = 58.87 mL 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 0.0372 𝑀 M= 𝐿
4. Find the number of moles you started with and 𝑚𝑜𝑙 9.14 𝑥 10−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙
identify which is the excess and limiting reactant. L= = = 0.02454L = 24.54 mL
𝑀 0.0372 𝑀
CH3COOH + NaOH ⇄ CH3COONa 4. Find the number of moles you started with and
H20 identify which is the excess and limiting reactant.
2.19 x 10-3 2.19 x 10-3 HNO2 + NaOH ⇄ NaNO2
moles moles H20
-2.19 x 10-3 -2.19 x 10-3 9.13 x 10-4 9.13 x 10-4
moles moles moles moles
0 0 2.19 x 10-3 -9.13 x 10-4 -9.13 x 10-4
moles moles moles
Limiting 0 0 9.13 x 10-4
reactants moles
Limiting
reactants
5. Since NaNO2 is the excess, you can apply common

ion effect and then convert the moles to molarity.
Vtotal = 0.0234LNaNO2 + 0.02454NaOH = 0. 4794L
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 9.13𝑥10−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂2
[NaNO2] = =
= 1.90 x10-2 M NaNO2
NaNO2 ⇄ NO2- + Na+
1.90 x10-2 M 1.90 x10-2 M 1.90 x10-2 M
6. Do an ICE table for any of the things you have left
over, that affects the pH (in Molarity)
NO2- ⇄ HNO2+ + OH-
H20
1.90 x10-2 M 0 0
-x +x +x
1.90 x10-2 M -x x x
*Neglect value of –x since value of Ka is too small
7. Solve for x which is either the [OH-] or [H+]
According to the table of ionization Ka of HNO2
= 7.2 x 10-4. However, x = [OH-], find Kb.
𝐾𝑤 1𝑥10−14
Ka = Kh = 𝐾𝑏 = = 1.39x10-11
7.2𝑥10−4
[𝐻𝑁𝑂2 ][𝑂𝐻 − ] x = √(1.39𝑥10−11)(1.90𝑥10−2)
Kb =
[𝑁𝑂2− ] x = [OH-], = 5.14x10-7M
𝑥2
1.39x10-11= 1.90𝑥10−2 𝑀
10. Since [OH-] was calculated, find pOH to compute

for pH
pOH = -log[OH-] = -log [5.14x10-7M] = 6.29
pH = 14- pOH = 14-6.29 = 7.71
Practice Problems
Ang totoo niyan, tinatamad lang talaga ako magencode ng
solutions pero you can use this nalang to test yourself. See if
you can get the correct answers with your own way of solving.
If 30.0 mL of 0.200 mol/L NH3 (a weak base) is titrated with

0.400 mol/L HI, determine the pH of the solution at the
equivalence point. NH3 has a Kb = 1.76 x 10-5
Answer: pH = 9.07
Find the pH during the titration of 20.00 mL of 0.1000M

butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH (Ka = 1.54x10-5), with
0.1000M NaOH solution after the following additions of
titrant:
a) 0 mL b) 10.00 mL c) 15.00 mL d) 19.00mL
e) 19.95 mL f) 20.00 mL g) 20.05 mL h) 25.00 mL
Answers:
a) 2.91 e) 7.41
b) 4.81 f) 8.76
c) 5.29 g) 10.10
d) 6.09 h) 12.05

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1 | Page ANACHEM PPT

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

BEFORE NaAc WAS ADDED

1. Calculate the M using the given mole of solute and

1. Construct the ICE table again 1. Compute for pka

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

I. Anions of salt– basic salt

II. Cations of salt – acidic salt

Example 14.5 E Ka from Percent Dissociation

IV. Aprotic Salt – will not hydrolyze

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

Cr+3 + H2O ⇄ Cr(OH)3 + H+ Br + H2O ⇄ HF+ + OH-

K + H2O ⇄ KOH- + H+ NO3 + H2O ⇄ HNO3+ + OH-

Na + H2O ⇄ NaOH- + H+ NO3 + H2O ⇄ HNO3+ + OH-

F + H2O ⇄ HF+ + OH-

CH3COOH + H2O ⇄ CH3COO- + H3O+

Examples of Weak Acids & Weak Bases

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

 Choose an indicator which the end point pH range lies

Types of Titration End Point pH Suitable

Strong Acid – Strong Base

 The phenolphthalein changes colour exactly where you

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

M4: BUFFERS (ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA)

effect lowering the extent of acid dissociation: 4. Solve for pH

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

5. Since [H+] was computed, calculate pH.

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

CH3CH2COO- ⇄ CH3CH2COOH + OH- pH

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

5. Solve for x which is either the [OH-] or [H+] d. 50.00mL

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

5. Since NaNO2 is the excess, you can apply common

10. Since [OH-] was calculated, find pOH to compute

If 30.0 mL of 0.200 mol/L NH3 (a weak base) is titrated with

Find the pH during the titration of 20.00 mL of 0.1000M

GOOD LUCK CATAPANG MT2A

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