THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (CNMS)

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES (SPS)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CH 211: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

TEST 1 – 2018/2019 ACADEMIC YEAR

MARKING SCHEME
NAME……………………………….………………………REG. No. …………….………………………

DATE: 23rd DECEMBER 2018 TIME: 90 Minutes

Instructions to candidate:

1. Answer all FOUR questions which carries a total of 25 marks.

2. You may use the following informations whenever necessary
Gas constant (R) = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1 or 0.0821 dm3 atm K–1 mol–1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/g C or 4.2 J/g Density
of water = 1 g/cm3

Question One

(a) With a clear example define the following terms as they are used in chemical thermodynamics
(i) Heterogeneous process (1 mark)
(ii) State function (1 mark)

ANSWER HINTS:
(i) Heterogeneous process – refers to a process which consists of more than one phase among solids,
Liquid or gas. Example H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) → H2O (l)
(ii) State function – refers to the properties employed in describing a state. Example ideal state (PV =
nRT) is described by P, V and T which are state functions.

Definition = ½ marks

CH 211: Chemical thermodynamics – Test 1 Page 1

 Example = ½ marks
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(b) From the definition of heat capacity and by using the first law of thermodynamics, show that at constant
volume the internal energy of a system containing 1 mole of a substance is given by
dU = CvdT (2 marks)

ANSWER HINTS:
𝑞
Heat capacity, C = ⁄𝑑𝑇
But from the first law of thermodynamics
∆U = q + w
and w = – PdV

so dU = q – PdV
When V = constant, dV = 0, PdV = 0 Hence
dU = q

Therefore at constant volume, dU = q

i.e. qv = dU or ∆U
𝑞 𝑞𝑣
therefore from C = ⁄𝑑𝑇 , Cv = ⁄𝑑𝑇

𝑑𝑈
so Cv = ⁄𝑑𝑇 since dU = q
Hence dU = Cv T
Total 2 marks
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(c) Calculate a work done when one mole of an ideal gas is heated at constant pressure from 0 oC to 200oC.

(2 marks)

ANSWER HINTS:
From w = – pdV = – p (V2 – V1)
nRT
but V = ⁄p

nRT2 nRT1
hence w = – p ( ⁄p − ⁄p)

w = – (nRT2 nRT1)

CH 211: Chemical thermodynamics – Test 1 Page 2

 w = – nR (T2 T1) w
= – 1662.8 J

Total 2
marks
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(d) Briefly give a clear distinction between classical and statistical thermodynamics. (2 marks)

ANSWER HINTS:
Classical thermodynamics refers to a macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics that does not
require a knowledge of the behavior of individual particles while Statistical thermodynamics refers to a
microscopic approach which based on the average behavior of large groups of individual particles.

Total 2 marks
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Question Two

(a) State Hess’s law of constant heat summation. (1 mark)

ANSWER HINTS:
Total energy change resulting from chemical reaction is dependent only on the initial and final states of
reactants and is independent of the reaction route. 1 mark
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(b) Enthalpies of two reactions are given below.

(i) A + B → C + 2D ∆H1 = X kcal/mol
(ii) C + E → A + F ∆H2 = –Y kcal/mol
Find enthalpy of the reaction A + 2B + E → C + 4D + F in terms of X and Y. (2 marks)

ANSWER HINTS
To get the required reaction i.e. A + 2B + E → C + 4D + F, the following should be done.
• First reaction should be multiplied by 2
i.e. 2A + 2B → 2C + 4D ∆H1 = 2X kcal/mol (1 mark)
• The second reaction must be maintained
i.e. C + E → A + F ∆H2 = Y kcal/mol (1/2 marks)

CH 211: Chemical thermodynamics – Test 1 Page 3

 • Then add the two equations and energies to obtain the required equation and enthalpy
i.e. A + 2B + E → C + 4D + F ∆H3= 2X – Y kcal/mol (1/2 marks)
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(c) At standard condition the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is 1368 kJ/mol.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation representing the reaction above. (1 mark)
ANSWER HINTS:

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O ∆H = – 1368 kJ/mol 1 mark

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(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation for ethanol if the standard enthalpies of
formation of carbondioxide and water are –393.7 kJ/mol and –285.9 kJ/mol respectively.
(3 marks)
ANSWER HINTS
Required to calculate enthalpy of formation of ethanol
i.e 2C + 3H2 + ½ O2 C2H5OH H=?
Given equations:
(i) C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O ∆H = –1368 kJ/mol
(ii) H2 + 1/2 O2 → H2O ∆H = – 285.9 kJ/mol (iii) C + O2 → CO2 ∆H =
– 393.7 kJ/mol

To create equations = ½
marks Operations:

• Reverse eqn (i)

i.e. 2CO2 + 3H2O → C2H5OH + 3O2 ∆H = 1368 kJ/mol ½ mark
• Multiply eqn (ii) by 3
i.e. 3H2 + 3/2 O2 → 3H2O ∆H = – 857.7 kJ/mol ½ mark
• Multiply eqn (iii) by 2
i.e. 2C + 2O2 → 2CO2 ∆H = – 787.4 kJ/mol ½ mark
• Then add the two equations and energies to obtain the required equation and enthalpy
2CO2 + 3H2O → C2H5OH + 3O2 ∆H = 1368 kJ/mol
3H2 + 3/2 O2 (1/2 O2)→ 3H2O ∆H = – 857.7 kJ/mol
2C + 2O2 → 2CO2 ∆H = – 787.4 kJ/mol
2C + 3H2 + ½ O2 → C2H5OH ∆H = – 277.1 kJ/mol 1 mark

CH 211: Chemical thermodynamics – Test 1 Page 4

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Question Three

(a) Define calorimetry. (1 mark)

ANSWER
Calorimetry - refers to the process of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during a
chemical/physical change.

1 mark
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(b) A 1.0 kg sample of metal with a specific heat of 0.50 kJ/Kg C is heated to 100.0 C and then placed in a
50.0 g sample of water at 20.0 C. What is the final temperature of the metal and the water? (3 marks)

ANSWER
For the metal, qmetal = mC∆T
For the water, qwater = mC∆T
Since metal is hotter than water, metal will loose a certain amount of heat which will be gained by the
water when the two placed together. Therefore;

• Since the temperature of metal is decreasing by a certain amount (∆T),

Then Tf = 100 – T hence T = 100 – Tf
• Since the temperature of water is increasing by a certain amount (∆T), Then T f = 20 + T
hence T = Tf – 20

After placing the metal in water heat will be lost from the metal to the water until the heat of the metal
becomes equal to that of water.

i.e. qmetal = qwater

But from the definition, qmetal = mC∆T = mC(100 – Tf) since T = 100 – Tf
qwater = mC∆T = mC(Tf – 20) since T = Tf – 20
Therefore qmetal = qwater which implies mC(100 – Tf) = mC(Tf – 20)
• Using the data provided;
From m C (100 – Tf) = m C (Tf – 20)
(1.0 x 1000)g x 0.50 J/g C x (100 C – Tf) = 50.0g x 4.2 J/g C x (Tf – 20 C)
500 J/ C x (100 C – Tf) = 210 J/ C x (Tf – 20 C)
50000 J – 500J/ C*Tf = 210J/ C*Tf – 4200J

CH 211: Chemical thermodynamics – Test 1 Page 5

 50000 J + 4200 J = 210J/ C*Tf + 500J/ C*Tf
54200 J = 710J/ C*Tf

Tf = 76.34 C
Therefore the final temperature of metal and water is 76.34 C
Total 3 marks
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Question four

A sample of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible adiabatic expansion from state 1 having 2.3 bar, 0.0063 m 3
and 127 °C to state 2 which occupies 0.028 m3. If the Cp of this system is 28.8 J/K mol,

(i) Calculate number of moles, temperature and pressure obtained after expansion. (3 marks)
(ii) Calculate the internal energy and work done of the process. (2 marks)
(iii) Determine the enthalpy change of the process. (1 mark)

ANSWER HINTS:
(i) From PV = nRT
n = PV/RT since n1 = n2 = n, n = (2.3 x (0.0063 x 103))/(0.0821 x 400) = 0.44 mol 1 mark

From 1 mark

From where = Cp/Cv, P2 = 2.84 x 104 N/m2 1 mark

(ii) From U = nCvdT, dU = – 1636.34 J 1 mark

For adiabatic process dU = w, hence w = – 1636.34 J 1 mark
(iii) From dH = nCpdT, dH = – 2.3 x 103 J 1 mark
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CH 211: Chemical thermodynamics – Test 1 Page 6