AI in Control SP v1

Modernization of Cyclotron Control and Instrumentation
Systems
Sarbajit Pal
Computer & Informatics Group

VECC
RRCAT-ISPA Theme meeting on “Control Systems and Instrumentation for Future Accelerator Projects”, May 26, 2023 1
Organization of the presentation
1. Cyclotrons in VECC
2. Control requirements
3. Earlier control system
4. Modernization
5. New In-house developments
6. Future plan
1. Cyclotrons in VECC
Room Temperature Cyclotron (RTC)
• Commissioned in 1977
• Alpha & proton with internal PIG Ion Source
• Light heavy ions e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, neon & argon of various charge state with
external ECR Ion Source
• Major renovation around 2008-09
Superconducting Cyclotron (SCC)

• First internal beam: 15nA , 4.44 MeV Ne3+ at extraction on August 2009
• Magnetic field corrected during 2017-18
• Commissioned in December 2019
Medical Cyclotron (IBA Cyclone-30)

• Commercial production of
• FDG started in June, 2020
• 18F-NaF started in Jan, 2021
2. Control System Requirement
ECR Ion Distributed Control Internal and External
Source System Diagnostics System
Vacuum Field Mapping

System System
CYCLOTRON
RF LCW Cooling
System System
Magnet Trim Coil Cooling

Power Supply System
CONTROL LAN
Cryogen Plant & Delivery System Radiation Monitoring System
3. Earlier Control System
Before 2006,
RTC Control System
- Conventional Hardware Console and relay logic, installed around 1970’s
SCC Control System
- In early stage of implementation, Distributed Control System
- Some third party systems and some in-house developed systems were
running independently
In 2006,
EPICS Workshop, sponsored by BRNS & KEK at VECC
Introducer to EPICS – KEK, SLAC, BESSY
Onwards
EPICS is taken up for all new systems and part of the old systems
Now EPICS is almost in every system
Monitoring and Control Philosophy
Office LAN SAN System
Outgoing
Gateway
Historical Central Data

Charting Monitoring Storage
Control LAN
Subsystem n
Subsystem 1 Host Computer
Controller
Subsystem 2
Measuring
equipment
Process
parameters
Control System Architecture
Historical
Laboratory Network Monitor Charting
Outgoing CONSOLE CONSOLE
Gateway Central
Monitoring DISPLAY SERVER
Control Panel &
Control Layer Interlock systems
SAN Control
Data Database
Storage CONTROL LAN
PC based IOC
Device Layer PC based

Controller
Safety
Devices
Embedded IOC NEFP

PLC
Cyclotron Control System
• Total sub-system: ~ 27 VECC Office

Network
• No of Parameters: ~ 3000
• No of control nodes: ~ 20+
• No of HMI station: ~ 40+
• Control software: EPICS, LabView, In-house, third
party SCADA …. RTC & SCC
Monitoring
• Control Network: Ethernet (supervisory level) with System
1Gbps backbone
• Developer: In-house mostly & third party
Room
Superconducting
Temperature
Cyclotron (SCC)
Cyclotron (RTC)
Control System
Control System
Control LAN
• Isolated from Office LAN

to maximize Security.
• Fiber Gigabit Backbone

and end-to-end fiber
connectivity in the
Radioactive Zone for
reliability.
• Node level speed: 100

Mbps.
• H/W Resiliency - Tolerant

to single switch / link
failure.
Supervisory Control System - EPICS
• Underneath protocol – Channel Access (CA)
• Network transparent protocol
• Hides communication intricacies of field devices from GUI
• Unique PV names – to bridge link between CA server & CA client
• Access security – to protect access of crucial parameters
• Event based notification of changed value
LAN
IOC OPI
CA Server
PV Database
Device support
CA Client
CA Client
Field device Field device Field device
More on EPICS
It’s a collection of software tools for developing distributed control system
EPICS Base
(collection of channel access support library, tools for developing epics application)
EPICS Extension EPICS Modules

(collection of tools for developing OPI e.g. Channel (collection of hardware support library for
MEDM, EDM, CSS, Alarm Handler, Strip developing IOC application)
tool, Probe …… many more) Access
Basically CA client Device driver + PV database + CA Server
PLC, Power supplies, Meters….with Serial / Ethernet
CAS CAC
Application Application
database Program
SCC OPI Operational DB MySQL Archiver Probe (records)
(CAC) (CAC) (CAC) (CAC)
Device driver
Embedded Controller Alarm Annunciator Gauge Controller (CAS + CAC) An IOC

IOC IOC IOC IOC
3. Modernization using EPICS tools
EPICS IOC nodes:
Hardware: Commercial computers (x86), ARM based SBC
32/64 bit Linux (RHEL 6/7) / 32 bit Windows 7 (MinGW)
EPICS base (3.14.12.8 -15)
EPICS Asyn-4.11 module for device connectivity
In-house developed MODBUS-TCP/Serial
EPICS soft IOC with in-house developed application specific device driver
Operator Interface:
Hardware: Commercial computer, 32 / 64 bit Windows
EPICS MEDM extension running on Xming X server
Control system studio (CS-Studio)
MS VB based GUI with CA connectivity (in-house developed)
Facilities:
Monitoring & control of high voltage & current PSs, vacuum system, FC, Slit, Ion source
E-Log for recording operational log
Archiving and historic analysis of control data
Repository for manuals, drawings, utility & application software
Control system OPI (MEDM)
Control system OPI (CA ActiveX)
✓ In-house developed CA enabled ActiveX components for Windows OPI e.g.
text display, image based mimic, button, alarm window, trend
✓ MS VB based OPI developed using CA ActiveX components
Control system OPI (CS-Studio)
RTC Control Room
SCC Control Room
SAN based monitoring system on Office LAN
HTTPS server with VEC Office LAN
restricted access
Apache
Web server
MySQL DB
PHP script
SAN Storage
PHP based EPICS Client
RTC Control LAN SCC Control LAN
E-Log facility for RTC & SCC
✓ A web based facility for recording operational log of RTC
✓ Developed using Django, an open source Python based web framework with MySQL database
✓ Integrated with Control data archiver at database level to reflect latest parameter value
✓ Facilitate operator :
▪ manage shift details
▪ upload useful screenshots as image
▪ generate shift report as pdf for a specified period
▪ Save snap shot of operational value of Cyclotron parameters
Technical Document Repository
✓ A repository of drawings, manuals, utility software and application software
✓ Web based interface accessible within RTC control LAN
✓ Ease of maintenance
5. In-house developments
 Magnetic Field Mapper
 Beam phase measurement system
 Beam diagnostic instrument controller
 Digital Nano, Pico-Ammeter & Current Integrator
 Digital RF Power Monitor
 EPICS MySQL Data Archiver
 EPICS enabled Vacuum Gauge Controller
 EPICS enabled alarm annunciator
 Cyclotron operation database
 Cyclotron model interface
Magnetic Field Mapping of SCC
Measurement requirements
✓ Diameter of magnet pole = 29 inch
✓ Maximum field to be measured = 5 Tesla
✓ Field accuracy ~ 10-4 (1 Gauss in 1 Tesla)
✓ Total data points ~ 105 (radial interval = 0.1 inch, ang. Interval = 1
deg) for single scan
✓ No of scan ~ depending upon the grid points
✓ Measurement duration per scan to be minimum (~ 180 minutes)
Measurement process
✓ Measurement of absolute field by NMR gauss meter at magnet
centre and three points on three hills Vault
ALPHA PS 1 8 such T C P S
✓ Calibration of search-coil with digital integrator BETA PS
RS485
✓ Linearly moving search-coil with digital integrator measuring RS422

TCPS PC
differential field between magnet centre and various radial points (on- NMR Teslameter
the-fly) MMPS PC Radial Encoder O/P
✓ Azimuthally moving of search-coil carrying arm for 360 deg map Motor Controller
Measurement instruments Search Coil O/P
Angular Encoder
✓ Metrolab PT 2025 NMR Tesla meter for absolute field Digital Integrator RS232
✓ Metrolab PDI 5025 Digital integrator for differential field
Jig Driver
✓ US Digital Linear encoder (300 cpi) for radial position
TCP LAN
✓ Renisaw RESOLUTE 26bit absolute encoder for angular position
Control Room
✓ Measurement jig for radial and angular movement of search coil Mapping Console On-line Data Base
OPI & Setup of MFM System
Result of MFM
• Deviation from three fold
symmetry - Contour Plot
• Shimming to Correct Average
Field Profile
• Shimming for First Harmonic Field
Correction
• First Harmonic minimization by
adding iron shims
Correction of Magnetic field of SCC
✓ It was a major activity during 2017-2018
✓ There were four sets of field mapping activities
▪ During August 2017 – for correction of 1st harmonic at central region
▪ During July 2018 – at very low current (in warm condition) after coil shifting
▪ During November 2018 – to measure 1st harmonic at extraction region after 1st coil shifting
▪ During December 2018 – final field mapping after 2nd coil shifting
✓ Repeating and most time consuming activity during every set of measurement is tuning (mechanical) the
measurement jig to ensure reproducibility of data
Beam Phase Measurement system
•
✓ Detector assembly using SiPM (SenSL make 1mmX1mm aperture) and
Plastic Scintillator (BC-418)
✓ OPAMP based in-house developed Fast timing amplifier (Rise time of
less than 10nS)
✓ CAEN 1GS/s Digitizer with digital CFD for data acquisition
✓ PC based user interface
✓ Timing resolution achieved < 100 nsec (1 deg. @ 20MHz RF)
✓ Ready for deployment during 2019-20
Fast Scintillator based BPM System for SCC
Sectional view of phase probe head
Phase-width of the beam along radius

Digital Nano-Ammeter
✓ In-house developed for beam current measurement
✓ 4 input channels
✓ 32 bit ARM-7 based µ-controller oriented design
✓ Local display using multiline LCD
✓ PC interface through RS232 serial port
✓ Fully automated operation
A import substitute (TOT is done)
Technical specification
Range (Unipolar) 1 nA to 250 nA, 250 nA to 25 µA (Auto selected)
Resolution 0.1 nA (lower range), 6 nA (higher range)
Accuracy 1% FS
Polarity of input Positive only
Display 4-line LCD panel
Communication Port RS232
Input connection Co-axial BNC
Withstands accidental connection with 4V voltage source or 40 mA input current for 5 sec and -ve
Protection
current upto 5 mA for 10 sec.
Power Supply 230 V AC
Digital Pico-Ammeter
Measurement Range &
Accuracy
Current & Charge: 0.1% FSR
: 1pA to 614nA &
6fC to 340pC with Cint
: 1pA to 1.8µA &
6fC to 1nC with Cext
Fluctuation: 0.2pA at 1pA
Sampling Rate: 1.8K Sample/sec
Mini Pico-ampere Meter

For measurement of ultra-low current under high vacuum and
within a vacuum chamber limiting the meter size to 55 x 41 x 10 mm3
Input range :1 pico Amp to 1.8 mirco Amp with 0.1% FSR accuracy.
Works under high vacuum (i.e. of the order of 10-8mbar) and
DC power fed through vacuum feed-through along with other output
connections i.e. Serial communication and local external display.
Digital Current Integrator
The Digital Current Integrator DCI-100µ is designed to measure the DC beam current or average value of pulsating
beam current and the integrated charge. The instrument can measure bipolar currents ranging from 50pA to
100µA with an accuracy of <0.5% (of reading). All the five input ranges are auto-selectable according to
instantaneous current value. The absolute value of total integrated charge is calculated using the combination of
VFC and digital counters and then displayed and stored electronically.
ARM based embedded EPICS IOC module
• COTS type industrial grade small form factor SBC
• Inbuilt Ethernet interface and Preemptive Linux kernel
• Hot-swappable plug-and-play module using E-Fuse
• Displaying IOC name, IP address and Status
• Dual 5VDC @ 5A power supplies configured in redundant mode
• The OS is configured to run minimum applications for fast boot-up
• Allow access for predefined users only
• The OS and s/w are stored in removable 4GB memory module
• The system image is stored in centralized server as backup
• Module tested for continuous run
Digital RF Power Meter
✓ In-house developed Dual Directional Coupler (DDC)
✓ Wide frequency range – 30 to115MHz
✓ Technical specification of meter
S. No. Parameter Value
1 No. of channels Two : (Forward + Reflected)
2 Input Range -20 dBm to 14 dBm (Direct coupling)
3 Frequency Range 30 MHz to 120 MHz (Configurable)
4 Coupling factor 0 to 80 (configurable)
5 Resolution 16 bit (Forward), 12 bit (Reflected)
6 Communication Modular (Wireless / RS232 / RS485)
7 Power supply 12 V DC, 110 mA
8 Display parameter Power in dBm & mW / W / kW
9 Communication Baud 9600
Performance comparison
measurement deviation (%)
0.50
DDC with Keysite power meter
0.30 DDC with VECC power meter
0.10
-0.10 57 59 61 63 65 67
Input RF power (dBm)
-0.30
Suitable for TOT
-0.50
EPICS enabled Vacuum Gauge Controller
✓ Compatible to the Pirani and Penning gauges of reputed manufacturer used in RTC & SCC
✓ Provide 8 channels for gauges of different manufacturers and analog signal to PLCs
✓ Front panel LCD display with control buttons for the configuration of gauge parameters
(gauge type & manufacturer) and network parameters
✓ Embedded EPICS Soft-IOC provides seamless connectivity to the cyclotron control system
for reading and controlling (ON / OFF) the gauges
✓ Inbuilt web based interface for platform independent browser based remote monitoring
✓ Developed using low cost ARM 9, 250 MHz, based SBC with embedded Linux
✓ Performance evaluated against the standard controller of reputed manufacturer
EPICS enabled Alarm Annunciator
✓ ARM based master module with embedded EPICS IOC
✓ Multiple microcontroller based slave modules.
✓ The master and slave modules are connected over SPI bus.
✓ Field alarm signals are connected with slave modules for generating audio-visual alarms.
✓ Embedded EPICS IOC is designed for event driven acquisition of alarm states e.g. FAULT, ACK, OK and
RESET from slave modules and to broadcast
✓ Provides discrete state information of important machine parameters to the operators alarms.
✓ Configured to operate in Ringback sequence as per ISA S18.1 1979(R2004) standard.
✓ H/W Interrupt based data exchange between Master and Slave to minimize latency between time of
occurrence & logging of alarm state ~ 50msec
EPICS MySQL Archiver
• Why a new tool?
To facilitate archiving of EPICS and non-EPICS system parameters
To provide snap shot view of correlated control parameters over time
• Some features
✓ EPICS tool for interfacing EPICS based system with MySQL database
✓ Developed in-house using “MySQL C Interface” API & Epics CA API
✓ Supports polling & event driven types of data logging
✓ Auto configuration of database
✓ Inbuilt web server for distributed online viewing and historic data
analysis
✓ Graphical comparison among max. five parameters from history data
Cyclotron Operation Database
1. In-house developed EPICS client tool with embedded web server.
2. Logging of machine operational data on status message “BOT” or “Beam on
target” by operator.
3. Database table with user, element, charge state, energy and channel as primary
key to accelerate search.
4. Insert or Update operation depending on the availability of previous setting for
identical user, element, charge state, energy and channel combination.
5. Web based platform independent user interface for searching and retrieval of
operational settings.
6. Facility for manual input for system parameters without computer interface
e.g. deflector position, ion source position etc.
7. Application of operational setting from the Web based interface.
Cyclotron Operation Database (status)
 System is operational from January, 2020.
 Total number of machine settings recorded: 196
Control Intranet
Operator Station
Ion species No of settings Energy range EPICS based RTC
(MeV)
control system
Proton (H+) 44 7.0 – 14.0
Alpha (He2+) 146 26.0 – 52.0
Heavy ions (S10+, S9+, 6 218.0

O6+)
CA Client WEB Server
EPICS Client
memory resident database
Database Interface
MySQL Database
Possibility of integrating AI tools
Observations
Many ML models and algorithms have been explored

Successful ones typically involve well-defined problems and/or small systems with limited
complexity
As an add-on or improvement to existing techniques/methods
Many have not yet been used for real-time applications
Opportunities to Advance/Expand Machine Learning for Particle Accelerators
• A new type of machine learning centred around complex physical systems, the accelerator,
not only the data, plays a critical or even dominant role
• Develop more powerful machine learning techniques by combining physics knowledge and
data models
• Take advantage of a rich set of real-time information from accelerator operation
AI application in Particle Accelerators
• Anomaly detection and machine protection
– LHC
– XFEL, Desy
• System Modelling and Simulation for Operation Set points
– High Power Terahertz Free Electron Laser (FEL) at ISIR, Osaka University
– Fermilab
• Virtual Instrumentation / Virtual Diagnostics
– LINAC Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC, Stanford University
– Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Test (FACET-II), SLAC
• Advanced Data Analysis
– Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK,
– THz coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR), SRSLS Germany
• Tuning, Control, and Rapid Switching Between Operating Conditions
– THz FEL, Osaka
– LCLS, SLAC
Tuning, Control, and Rapid Switching between Operating Conditions
Switch beam parameters in a THz FEL: Injector Neural networks trained by reinforcement learning
and Beamline Tuning Data from PARMELA simulation
Online undulator tapering optimization at LCLS NN with reinforcement learning; Other techniques: RCDS; MOGA; PSO; ES; SA; MCMC
Tuning quad settings of LCLS beamline; Noise
Bayesian optimization using Gaussian Process. Existing technique: Nelder-Mead
issue in optimization and to Incorporate physics
Optimization; Hyper-parameters generated using historical data
model
System Modelling
Switch beam parameters in a THz FEL (OSAKA) Data: simulated data including parameters of RF, quadruples, Twiss parameters,
Injector and Beamline Tuning emittance, etc.; Reinforcement learning with two Neural Networks
Predicting beam parameters: a gun injector at Data: simulated solenoid strengths, gun phases, and cathode images
Fermilab Hybrid of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a fully-connected NN
Virtual Instrumentation / Virtual Diagnostics Data
Predicting X-ray FEL pulse properties at LCLS at Data from single-shot diagnostics (fast and slow) for electron beam and X-ray
SLAC, Stanford University Linear, Quadratic, Support Vector Regression (SVR), ANN
MLP regressor from scikit-learn ; Data for training and validation: from simulated non-
Prediction of electron beam longitudinal phase
intercepting diagnostics and LPS images for FACET-II; Five non-destructive
space (LPS)/current profile at FACET-II and LCLS
measurements and LPS images measured using a transverse
Anomaly Detection and Machine Protection
“Quench” Detection: Monitoring of LHC SC Data: Archived Log Resistive Voltage Data of SC Magnets
Magnets LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
“Quench” Detection: in XFEL SC RF Cavity Data: Physics Model based 2D Residue Data use SVM to find the 2D Boundary
Data: turn-by-turn BPM data ; Autoencoder: Bad BPM has a higher loss
Faulty BPM detection at LHC
Clustering: Density-based spatial clustering
Variation of operating current of in RTC
1100
OPERATIONAL TIME SEQUENCE OF MAIN MAGNET CURRENT FOR 40 MeV
ALPHA
MAIN MAGNET CURRENT

1000
900
839.86 A 839.18 A 839.78 A 840.22 A
(ampere) 800
840.82 A
700
600
500
400
300
2020-01-10
2020-02-13
2020-02-22
2020-03-10
2020-10-10
2020-10-15
2020-11-23
2020-12-06
2020-12-22
2021-01-08
2021-01-14
2021-01-20
2021-01-26
2021-03-31
2021-04-03
2021-04-09
2021-07-14
2021-07-20
2021-07-25
2021-08-02
2021-08-08
2021-08-24
2021-09-18
2021-09-21
2021-09-24
2021-10-01
2021-10-24
2021-11-05
2021-11-24
2021-12-02
2021-12-16
2022-01-20
2022-01-27
2022-02-14
2022-03-09
2022-03-13
2022-03-17
DATE OF OPERATION
• Variation of about 1-2 ampere for same beam energy

• Hence prediction based on operational history may provide
more accurate operational set point
Variation of operating current in RTC
850
ENERGY vs MAIN MAGNET CURRENT (ALPHA)
825
MAIN MAGNET CURRENT (ampere)

800
775
750
725
700
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
BEAM ENERGY (MeV)
AI based Prediction of Magnet Currents
Operating energy
Control Intranet
Operating current Predicted current
EPICS based RTC Operator Station
Required energy control system
Neural network based
regression
Optimizing parameters
• Number of hidden layers and nodes per layer
• Activation functions for individual layers CA Client / CA Server
• Choice of optimizing function memory resident

database
EPICS IOC
Implementation
• Cyclotron operational database application modified to MLPACK
incorporate open source machine learning library based Library
Present status MySQL Device driver
• Offline testing & optimization is being done for main magnet
current; to be done for Trim-coils and beam line magnets
MySQL Database
Cyclotron Model Interface
1. In house developed EPICS IOC application for interfacing Fortran and Mathematica based cyclotron
modeling and analysis codes
2. Development of TCP Server interface in FORTRAN and Mathematica
3. EPICS Interface for the FORTRAN based TCFIT code used to find the settings for 2 main coils and 14 sets of
Trim-Coils to produce an appropriate field to accelerate a specific ion to the final energy at the given
extraction radius based on
 Ion charge state
 Final energy
 Particle phase curve
4. Facilitate operator to apply the above settings to control system on single mouse click
5. Interface for Mathematica modules for generating following profiles using real time values of 2 Main coils
and 14 sets of Trim coils
 Average magnetic field profile
 Particle phase profile
 Field and phase profile for trim coil – 1
 Field and phase profile for trim coil – 13
 Orbit shift profile
6. Above profiles are plotted in operator interface on real time, hence assist operator to visualize the effect of
change in system parameters.
Cyclotron Model Interface (Status)
 System is operational from February, 2021.
Control Intranet
 Operator interfaces for the above system are shown below. Operator Station
EPICS based SCC
control system
CA Client / CA Server
EPICS IOC
memory resident
database
Device driver
TCFIT Mathematic
TCP Server a TCP Server
OPI for TCFIT
Indigenous NI Modules with ASIC VEC001
• 16 channel MCSA module (developed
using CPDA ASIC)
• 100 MeV dynamic range for DSSD/SSSD
detectors
• Both hole and electron measurement
• Sensitivity: 20 or 40 mV/MeV
• 100 Ω output impedance
• 50 ns Rise Time with 350pF of Cd
CPDA ASIC • 25 keV FWHM
MCSA-16 module under “Make-In-India” Specification MSCA-16 Imported
initiative to replace imported module Module
Dynamic Range ( MeV Si) 100 100
• D&D of preamplifier module Power ( mW/ch) 30 100
Linearity <1% <1%
• Characterization of pre-amplifier module Noise (keV)
• Validation of pre-amplifier module with Si strip (entire assembly) <25
(Cd=350 pF) 5+0.06/pF
detectors and Am-241 and Th-232 alpha sources Noise (keV)
• In-beam testing using alpha particle in RTC (ASIC) 2.5+ 0.04/pF
Channels 16 16
Energy spectrum and linearity
AI application in Nuclear DAQ
IN Nuclear Electronics & DAQ

• Parameter optimization of digital DAQ
• Noise optimization in front-end electronics
• Advanced data processing and storage
optimization in high data volume DAQ
ML for noise minimization
Amplitude
Current WORK
• Improvement of Ion/Ioff ratio of Field Effect
Diode
• Baseline restoration to improve energy
resolution deterioration due to dark current
time
FEE boards using ASIC (VECC002) for GMDA Assembly
GMDA ASIC
• Granular charged particle Multiplicity filter
Detector Array (GMDA) has to accommodate 24
sections of 2x2 CsI(Tl) detectors confined in a
very small volume to cover 4 angle.
• High SNR required as gain of the detector is
very low.
• Low heat dissipation of the FEE to avoid vacuum
breaking. GMDA
• An 8-channel in-house designed ASIC (VECC-002 Detector Type 96 CSI(Tl) with PIN
CSA) and 5th order Gaussian Shaper based on Electronic < 1% of dynamic
follow-the-leader (FLF) architecture Resolution range
Peaking Time 1/3µs
• Tested inside vacuum (10-5 mbar)
Sensitivity 5mV/fC (CSA);
• CSA shaper signals and spectroscopy with Am- 2.5mV/fC(shaper)
241 alpha source were obtained. Linearity < 1%
• The variable decay time for alpha and gamma Shaper Type Fifth order
were observed and this signature will be utilized complex pole
for Pulse Shape discriminator circuit. Gaussian
No of Channel 8
Analog Module using VECC003 ASIC for NFM
Neutron Flux Monitor (NFM) plays an important role in the safety of accelerator and reactors by sensing the
neutron flux at suitable locations and actuating the safety actions upon crossing the alarm threshold value.
VECC003 ASIC, a dual-channel Charge-Sensitive Amplifier (CSA) and Shaper circuit using 0.18μm SCL CMOS
technology, was designed and fabricated for deployment with Boron Tri-fluoride (BF3) detectors.
The NFM analog module has the following sections: power supply, detector HV bias, detector input, front-
end electronics, a comparator circuit and accounting circuit and able to cater up to 100KHz count.
FPGA Based Digital I/Q Demodulator for LLRF Control System at RIB
- To maintaining the proper phase and amplitude of the RF voltage
inside the accelerator cavity
- I/Q demodulator to measure phase and amplitude of the RF I/P
- Earlier Analog I/Q demodulator with conventional analog RF
components is susceptible to noise, drift and other inherent errors and
degrade the I/Q Demodulator performance.
- Non I/Q Sampling used : M. fs = N. fIF
- RF input is down converted to IF of 113 MHz by mixing the RF with a
1187 MHz LO. Block diagram of Digital IQ
- IF is sampled with ADC operating at fs which is derived from global Demodulator
113 MHz ref clock.
- 16-Bit, 250 MSPS ADC used for sampling IF. Zynq-7000 SoC based
development kit used for hardware implementation. AXI Slave IP-core
used for ADC operation. DMA used for data management from ADC to
Memory.
- 1.6 GHz VCO based clock multiplier for generation of fs.
- The N & M parameters are configured from FPGA through SPI
communication.
- LabVIEW based DAQ system developed for data acquisition and
configuration over UART.
- The phase and amplitude stability for N=4, M=5 (that is selected for
our design) is less than 0.025° and 0.0003 V respectively.
H/W Implementation using FPGA Board and ADC module with Clock Generator
SoC based DAQ Board for Cyclotron Control
3D view of PCB layout
• Zynq 7000 SoC - advantage of the s/w & h/w

programmability (ARM proc and FPGA)
• 16 Channel On-Board ADCs/ DACs for Analog I/Os
• 8x4 Pin GPIO for Digital I/Os.
• Dual core ARM® Cortex-A9 based processor for
implementation of interlock logics using C.
• Board design and layout is indigenous.
• EPICS IOC to be ported on the SoC.
• EPICS Architecture (Hardware layer and IOC layer) into one
and reducing hardware complexity.
Block Diagram of SoC based DAQ board
6. Future plan
❖ Development of customized hardware platform
▪ to cope up fast obsolescence of control hardware
▪ a hardware platform satisfying our control need
(e.g. multiple serial interface, few analog and digital interfaces, fast control
application, EPICS compatible environment for seamless integration)
▪ SoC based platform e.g. Zynq UltraScale + (MPSoC & RFSoC)
(epics is already ported on Xilinx petalinux kernel)
❖ Development of customized linux kernel compatible to hardware and associated EPICS
application development environment
❖Integration between control system and accelerator design & simulation codes
❖ Building control environment involving minimum human intervention for O&M
▪ plug-and play type control nodes for ease of maintenance
▪ DB linked auto-control to reduce human involvement
References:
• Ram Kumar Paul, Amitabha Das, Partha Dhara, Ayan Banerjee, Tapas Samanta, Sarbajit Pal, K. Banerjee, “Implementation of FPGA
based real-time digital DAQ for high resolution, and high count rate nuclear spectroscopy application”, Journal of
Instrumentation (JINST), 2023 (communicated)
• Anindya Roy; Jayanta Debnath; Pradhan Jedidiah; Malay Kanti Dey et al., “EPICS interface with Cyclotron Model and Analysis tools
in Superconducting Cyclotron ”, InPAC 2022 proceedings, March 22-25, 2022, VECC Kolkata.
• Anindya Roy; Animesh Goswami; Prodyut Prodyut Sankar Chakraborty et al., “MySQL based EPICS interface for Cyclotron
Operation Database ”, InPAC 2022 proceedings, March 22-25, 2022, VECC Kolkata.
• Manish Kumar Jha, Tanushyam Bhattacharjee, "Design of Multichannel Readout ASIC for particle tagged gamma spectroscopy at
VECC", Part of Proceedings, 64th DAE BRNS Symposium on nuclear physics : Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), India, DAE Symp.Nucl.Phys.
64 (2019) 964-965, 2019
• Anindya Roy, Partha Pratim Nandy, R. B. Bhole, Sarbajit Pal and Amitava Roy, “Development of EPICS enabled alarm annunciation
system”, Indian Particle Accelerator Conference, Jan 10-13, 2018, RRCAT, Indore, InPAC -2018
• Shantonu Sahoo, Anindya Roy, Sarbajit Pal and Amitava Roy, “Development of EPICS based control System for Main Magnet &
Trim Coil Power Supplies “, Indian Particle Accelerator Conference, Jan 10-13, 2018, RRCAT, Indore, InPAC -2018
• Niraj Chaddha, R.B.Bhole, J Pradhan, P.P. Nandy and Sarbajit Pal, “Instrumentation for position measurement of Magnetic Median
Plane of SCC and error analysis”, Indian Particle Accelerator Conference, Jan 10-13, 2018, RRCAT, Indore, InPAC -2018
• Sarbjit Pal, “Computerised Control and Diagnostics of Cyclotrons”, International Journal of Research, Volume/Issue 1/2, Special
issue for National Symposium on Recent trends in Instrumentation Science & Technology, IISN 2394-6873 (2015)
• Anindya Roy, R. B. Bhole, Partha P. Nandy, R. C. Yadav, Sarbajit Pal, and Amitava Roy, “Implementation of EPICS based Vacuum
Control System for Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata”, Review of Scientific Instruments 86, 033306 (2015)
• Tanushyam Bhattacharjee, Malay Kanti Dey, Partha Dhara, Suvodeep Roy, Jayanta, Debnath, Rajendra Balakrishna Bhole, Atanu
Dutta, Jedidiah Pradhan, Sarbajit Pal, Gautam Pal, Amitava Roy, and Alok Chakrabarti, “Development of a fast scintillator based
beam Phase Measurement System for compact Superconducting Cyclotrons”, Review of Scientific Instruments 84, 053303 (2013)
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
– All members of C&I Group associated with these development & implementation
– EPICS Community
Thank You

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Modernization of Cyclotron Control and Instrumentation

Computer & Informatics Group

Superconducting Cyclotron (SCC)

Medical Cyclotron (IBA Cyclone-30)

Vacuum Field Mapping

Magnet Trim Coil Cooling

Cryogen Plant & Delivery System Radiation Monitoring System

Office LAN SAN System

Historical Central Data

Device Layer PC based

Embedded IOC NEFP

• Total sub-system: ~ 27 VECC Office

• Isolated from Office LAN

• Fiber Gigabit Backbone

• Node level speed: 100

• H/W Resiliency - Tolerant

EPICS Extension EPICS Modules

PLC, Power supplies, Meters….with Serial / Ethernet

Embedded Controller Alarm Annunciator Gauge Controller (CAS + CAC) An IOC

PHP based EPICS Client

RTC Control LAN SCC Control LAN

✓ Linearly moving search-coil with digital integrator measuring RS422

Sectional view of phase probe head

Phase-width of the beam along radius

Mini Pico-ampere Meter

Alpha (He2+) 146 26.0 – 52.0

Heavy ions (S10+, S9+, 6 218.0

Many ML models and algorithms have been explored

Opportunities to Advance/Expand Machine Learning for Particle Accelerators

MAIN MAGNET CURRENT

• Variation of about 1-2 ampere for same beam energy

MAIN MAGNET CURRENT (ampere)

• Choice of optimizing function memory resident

IN Nuclear Electronics & DAQ

• Zynq 7000 SoC - advantage of the s/w & h/w

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