Advanced

Psychological
Statistics
Chi-Square Test
of Independence
Report by: Maria Aimee P. Rodriguez
 What is Chi-Square Test of
Independence?
Chi-Square test (or x2 test)
• Karl Pearson
• also called as chi-square test of association
• is a statistical test for categorical variables.
• it is used to determine whether the actual
observed data are significantly different from
expected data.
Formula
 Assumptions

1. The data in the cells should be frequencies or counts

2. There are two (2) variables and both are measured as
categories, usually at the nominal level. However, data may be
ordinal data. Interval or ratio data that have been collapsed into
ordinal categories may also be used.
3. The frequencies/scores should be sufficiently large. The
expected value in each cell must be 5 or more.)
 Example
A ramen store wishes to determine whether there is a difference in the level of spiciness
selected by males and females for their ramen. A random sample provides the data given
below. At α = 0.05, test the claim that the level of spiciness selected is dependent of the
gender of the individual.

Spiciness Level
Gender
Mild Medium Hot

Male 24 20 19
Female 13 15 20

Ho: The spiciness level selected by the individual is independent of the gender of the
individual. (There is no relationship between spiciness level and gender)

H1: The spiciness level selected by the individual is dependent of the gender of the
individual. (There is a relationship)
 Computation
Step 1: Create a table for the OBSERVED/ACTUAL frequencies /scores. Then compute
for its total sum and total rows.
 Computation
Step 2: Create a table for the EXPECTED frequencies /scores. Copy the total row and
total sum from the observed/actual scores.
 Computation
Step 3: Compute for the Expected Values by using the formula:
 Computation
Step 4: Compute for the Chi-Square (x2) by the following methods:

TRADITIONAL/MANUAL METHOD
Computation
TRADITIONAL/MANUAL METHOD
Computation
TRADITIONAL/MANUAL METHOD
 Computation
Step 5: Compute for the Degrees of Freedom then Find the critical value by using the
Chi-Distribution Table
 Computation
Step 5: Compute for the Degrees of Freedom then Find the critical value by using the
Chi-Distribution Table

CRITICAL
VALUE = 5.991
Computation
EXCEL FORMULA
 Decision and Conclusion
Since the chi-square value of 2.02 is less than the critical value of 5.991, then the null
hypothesis is not rejected.

Meaning, there is not enough evidence to support the claim that the spiciness level
selected by an individual is dependent of the gender of the individual.