Number System - 9th - Maths - (Final)

Edventure
An initiative by IITians, for future IITians !!!
FOUNDATION BUILDER – IX
NUMBER SYSTEM
Head Office: 83, Heera Panna Mall, Hiranandani, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076
CHAPTER - 1
NUMBER SYSTEM
Introduction
Natural Numbers
All counting numbers are natural number. If N is the set of natural numbers, then N = {1, 2, 3, ……..}
Whole Numbers
The natural numbers along with zero form the set of whole number i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …….. are whole
numbers. W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ……}
Integers
The set of integers, Z = {……………….. 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ……….}
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

A number which can be expressed in the form The real numbers which are not rational are
p called irrational numbers. These numbers
, where q  0; p, q are integers, is called a
q p
cannot be put in the form , where q  0, p,
rational number. q
q  Z.
Representation :
The set of rational numbers is represented by the Representation :
p  The set of irrational numbers is represented by
letter Q and written as, Q   / p,qZ,q  0 
q  the letter „Q‟. Every irrational number can be
Every rational number can be expressed as a expressed as a non-terminating and non-
terminating decimal or a non-terminating repeating decimal.
decimal, which is periodic. For Example: 2, 3,0.12112111211112.....,
1 1 1
For Example:  0.5;  0.333...... 0.1010010001.....,.2  3,
2 3 3 5
FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

H.O. 83, Heera Panna Mall, Near Jal-Vayu Vihar, Hiranandani Garden, Powai, Mumbai - 76 1
Call: +91-22-3226-8201 | SMS: +91-842-482-1664 | www.edventure.in | info@edventure.in
Foundation-IX Mathematics Number System
Some Important Properties of Rational and Irrational Numbers

 Properties of Rational Numbers
 The sum of two rational numbers is always rational.
For Example: 2 + 3 = 5 (Rational number)
1 1 5
  (Rational number)
2 3 6
Closure Law holds good.
 The product of two rational numbers is always rational.
1 1 1
For Example:   (Rational number)
3 5 15
2×3=6 (Rational number)
Closure Law holds good.
 Properties of Irrational Numbers:

 The sum of two irrational numbers is not always irrational.
For Example:  2     2   0 (Rational number)
 2    2   2 2 (Irrational number)
Closure Law does not hold good.
 Product of two irrational numbers is not always irrational.
 2 . 2    2   2 (Rational number).

2
For Example:
 2 . 3   6 (Irrational number)

Closure Law does not hold good.
 If „a‟ is irrational, „a‟ is also irrational.
 The sum of a rational number with an irrational number is always irrational.
 The product of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is always irrational.
21
Ex.1 Express in decimal form.
25
Sol.
25 21.0 (0.84
200
100 (i.e., Remainder = 0)
100
0
21
We have  0.84, is a terminating decimal expansion
25
 It is rational number.

Ex.2 Convert each of the following recurring decimals into a rational number
(i) 1.8 (ii) 0.643
Sol. Let x = 1.8
If required, multiply both the sides by 10, 100, 1000, etc. so that decimal point is shifted just
before the repeating digit / digits. Here, decimal point is already just before the repeating
digit i.e. before 8.
 x = 1.8
= 1.8888……… …. (I)
Since, the recurring part has only one digit, multiply both the sides by 10 to get:
10x = 18.888…….. .… (II)
On subtracting equation (I) from equation (II), we get :

17
9x = 17  x
9
17 8
 1.8  1
9 9
In short:
(i) Let x= 1.8
= 1.8888…….. …. (I)
10x = 18.888……….. …. (II)
x= 1.888………..
 
17 8 8
9x  17 and x 1 i.e. 1.8 1
9 9 9

(ii) Let x = 0.643

 100x = 64.3
= 64.3333………… …. (I)
 10 × 100x = 10 × 64.3333……..
 1000x = 643.333…… …. (II)
100x = 64.333…… …. (III)
 
579 193
900 x  579  x= 
900 300
 193
 0.643 
300

Ex.3 Without doing any actual division, find whether each of the following is a terminating
decimal or not;
17 23
(i) (ii)
50 72
Sol. If the denominator of a rational number can be expressed as 2m × 5n; where m and n both
are whole numbers, the rational number is convertible into terminating decimal.
(i) Since, 50  2  5  5  21  52 i.e. 50 can be expressed as 2m  5n .
17
 Rational number is convertible into the terminating decimal.
50
(ii) Since, 72  2  2  2  3  3  23  32 i.e. 72 cannot be expressed as 2m  5n
23
 Rational number is not convertible into the terminating decimal.
72
Density Property of Rational Numbers

 To find many rational numbers between two given distinct rational numbers.
 Between any two different rational numbers, there are infinitely many rational numbers.
ab
Step-1: Let a and b be two rational numbers, q1   a  q1  b q1 is the rational
2
number between a and b.
a  q1
q2   a  q2  q1  b
2
q2 is the rational number between a and q1
q1  b
q3   a  q2  q1  q3  b
2
In this manner we can find infinite rational numbers between two given distinct rational
numbers.
a c
Step-2: and be two rational numbers.
b d
(i) Make denominators equal in both rational numbers.
ad cd
(ii) If we have to find n rational numbers between and , then
bd db
multiply numerators and denominators by such a number so that the
difference between the numerators is atleast n.
Step-3: Let a and b be two rational numbers. Make the denominator equal. If we have
to find n rational numbers, multiply numerator and denominator by n + 1.
Step-4: Let the given two rational numbers be a and b.

ba
Also suppose d  , where n is the number of rational numbers we need to
n 1
find between a and b.
Then, 1st rational no. = a + d
2nd rational no. = a + 2d
3rd rational no. = a + 3d

------------------------------
------------------------------
-------------------------------
nth rational no. = a + nd
1 5
Ex.4 Find the seven rational numbers between and .
6 21
1 5
Sol. Step-1: Seven rational numbers between and are
6 21
1 5

q1  6 21  7  10  1  17  1  17  5
2 42 2 84 6 84 21
1 17

14  17 1 31 1 31 17 5
q2  6 84       
2 84 2 168 6 168 84 21
Similarly we find q3 ,q4 ,q5 ,q6 ,q7 . Since this process is long, we try Method 2.
1 5
Step-2: We have and . L.C.M. of 6 and 21 is 42.
6 21
1
To make denominators equal we multiply numerator an denominator of by
6
5 7 10
7 and by 2, we get and .
21 42 42
To insert seven rational numbers we multiply the numerators and
denominators by such a number so that the difference between the
numerators is atleast 7. Multiplying the numerators and denominators of both
21 30
fractions by 3, we get and . Hence, required seven rational numbers
126 126
1 5 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
between and are , , , , , ,
6 21 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 .
1 5
Step-3: We have and . To make denominators equal we multiply numerator and
6 21
1 5 7 10
denominator of by 7 and by 2, we get and .
6 21 42 42
7 10
Now we need seven rational numbers between and .
42 42
7 10 56 80
Multiply and by 8, we get and
42 42 336 336
57 58 59 60 61 62 63
Hence required seven rational numbers are , , , , , , .
336 336 336 336 336 336 336

5 8
Ex.5 The five rational numbers between and .
6 9
5 8
Sol. Here a  ,b  and n  5
6 9
8 5 1

b  a 9 6 8  2  5  3 18 1 1
d     
n 1 5 1 18 6 18  6 108
6
5 8
Hence five rational numbers between and are:
6 9
5 1 5 18 1 91
a  d   
6 108 108 108
5 2 5 18  2 92
a  2d    
6 108 108 108
5 3 5 18  3 93
a  3d    
6 108 108 108
5 4 5 18  4 94 5 5 5 18  5 95
a  4d     and a  5d    
6 108 108 108 6 108 108 108
If a and b are two positive numbers such that ab is not a perfect square, then an irrational
number between a and b = ab
Ex.6 Insert an irrational number between 3 and 4.

Sol. Since, 3 and 4 are positive rational numbers and 3  4 12 is not a perfect square, therefore:
an irrational number between 3 and 4  3  4  3  2  2  2 3
Ex.7 Find two irrational numbers between 2 and 3.

Sol. Since, 2 and 3 are rational numbers and 2 × 3 = 6 is not a perfect square.
 One irrational number between 2 & 3 = 2 3  6
And, an irrational number between 2 and 6 = 2 6  2 6
 Required irrational numbers are: 6 and 2 6
Ex.8 Identify the following as rational or irrational number. - 3 2  8

Sol. 3 2  8  3 2  2 2 2
3 2 2 2
 3  2 2  2  2  2
 
12; which is a rational number.
 3 2  8 is a rational number.

 
2
Ex.9 Examine the following as a rational number or an irrational number - 3  2
3  2   2
2 2
Sol.  32   2  3  2  9  2  6 2 11 6 2
Since, 11 is a rational and 6 2 is irrational and we know that the sum of a rational and an
irrational number is always irrational.
3  2 
2
 11 6 2 is irrational  is an irrational number.
3 5 7 11
Ex.10 Arrange ,  ,  and in ascending order of their magnitude.
4 6 9 15
Sol. For the same positive denominator; if numerator is greater, then the fraction is also greater.
3 5 7 11
, , and [L.C.M. of 4, 6, 9 and 15 = 180]
4 6 9 15
3  45 5  30 7  20 1112
 , , and [Making each denominator = 180]
4  45 6  30 9  20 15 12
135 150 140 132
 , , and
180 180 180 180
Since, numerators in ascending order are:
 150,  140, 132 and 135
150 140 132 135 5 7 11 3
    i.e.   
180 180 180 180 6 9 5 4
Ex.11 To prove 3 is an irrational number.

Sol. Suppose there is a rational number p / q such that its square is 3. Without any loss of
p
generality, in let us suppose that the integer „q‟ is greater than 1 and that „p‟ and „q‟ have
q
p2
no common factors. Then 3
q2
Multiplying both sides by „q‟, we get
p2
 3q
q
As „q‟ is integer, „3q‟ is also an integer. We know that „p‟ and „q‟ have no common factors
from which we can say that 'p 2 ' and ' q' have no common factors.
p2
 is a fraction which is different from an integer.
q
p2
Hence 3q 
q
This contradiction proves that our assumption that 3 is rational is wrong.

Ex.12 Representation of 7 on the number line
 6  3
2 2
  2
2
Sol. 7  12 or 7
3   2
2 2
Take 7
Ex.13 E Represent 9.3 on the number line.

Sol. Draw a line segment AB = 9.3 units and extend it to C such that BC = 1 unit.
Find mid-point of AC and mark it as O.

Draw a semi-circle taking O as centre and AO as radius. Draw BD  AC. Draw an arc taking
B as centre and BD as radius which cuts line at E.
BE = BD = 9.3 units.
Prime Numbers
 All natural numbers that have one & itself as their factors are prime numbers i.e. prime
numbers are divisible by 1 and itself only.
For Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, ……. .
Types of Prime Numbers:

 Twin Primes:
 Prime numbers differing by 2 are called twin primes.
For Example: 5 and 7 are prime numbers.
 The difference between the two numbers is 7 – 5 = 2. So, 5 and 7 are called twin primes.
 Similarly, 3 and 5 are twin primes. 17 and 19; 29 and 31; 41 and 43 are also some
examples of twin primes.
 All the twin primes except  3,5  can be expressed in the form of  6k 1 ,  6k  1 , where
k  N.
 Prime Triplet:
The set of three consecutive prime numbers is called a prime triplet.
For Example: {3, 5, 7} is a prime triplet.
 Co-Primes:
Every pair of two natural numbers having no common factor, other than 1 is called a pair of
co-primes.
For Example: Consider the numbers 16 and 15.
A = set of factors of 16 = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16}
B = set of factors of 15 = {1, 3, 5, 15}
The common factors of 16 and 15 are 1 only.
Hence they are relative primes. These are denoted as (15, 16) = 1
Observations:
1. Any two prime numbers are always relatively prime to each other.
2. Two relatively prime numbers need not be prime numbers.
How to test whether a number is prime or not

 To test a number n take the square root of n and consider as it is, if it is a natural number
otherwise just increase the square root of it to the next natural number.
 Then divide the given number by all the prime numbers below the square root obtained.
 If the number is divisible by any of these prime numbers then it is not a prime number else it
is a prime number.
Ex.14 Check that whether 241 is prime.

Sol. When we take the square root of 241 it is approximate 15, so we consider it 16. Now we
divide 241 by all the prime number below 16 viz., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.
Since 241 is not divisible by anyone of the prime numbers below 16. So it is a prime number.
Surds
 Let „a‟ be a rational number and „n‟ be a positive integer such that n
a is irrational, then n
a
is called a surd of the order „n‟.
For Example: 3
9, 6 4, 5 25.......
In the surd n a
 „a‟ is a positive rational number
n
 is called radical sign.
 „a‟ is called radicand.
 „n‟ is called order of the surd.
 n a i.e., the surd is irrational number.
1
 n
a = a n is called surd or radical.

Ex.15 State with reasons, which of the following are surds and which are not:
(i) 64 (ii) 27 (iii) 225  4
Sol. (i) 64  8  8  8
Since, 8 is a rational number, 64 is not a surd.

(ii) 27  3  3  3  3 3 ; which is irrational.
 27 is an irrational number.
Since, 27 is a positive rational number and 27 is irrational.
 27 is a surd.
(iii) 225  4  15 15  2  2  15  2  30; which is a rational number.
 225  4 is not a surd.
Types of Surds
 Quadratic Surd
A surd of order 2 is called a “quadratic surd”.
For Example: 7, 13, 14......
 Cubic Surd
A Surd of order 3 is called a “Cubic Surd”.
3
For Example: 4, 3 7, 3 11,......
 Biquadratic Surd
A surd of order 4 is called a “Biquadratic Surd”.
4
For Example: 6, 4 15, 4 35,......
 Pure Surds
A surd which has unity only as rational factor, the other factor being irrational, is called a
pure surd.
For Example: 2, 3 3, 4 5,.....
 Mixed Surds
A surd which has a rational factor other than unity, the other factor being irrational, is called
a mixed surd.
34
For Example: 2 3,73 5, 5,......
5
 Compound Surds
An expression consisting of the sum or difference of two or more simple surds or the sum of
or difference of a rational and a surd is called a compound surd.
For Example: 3  2,2  3,..... etc.

 Binomial Surds
The compound surd consisting of only two terms are called binomial surds.
For Example: 2  3 3, 3  7....... etc.
 Trinomial Surds
Compound surds consisting of three terms are said to be trinomial surds.
For Example: 7  5  3,3 5  4 2  2 11,...... etc.
 Polynomial Surds
A compound surd consisting of more than two terms are said to be polynomial surds.
For Example: 2 3  4 5  7 11  6 3,...... etc.
Like and unlike surds

 Two or more surds having the same irrational factor are known as “similar or like surds”.
Otherwise, they are called “dissimilar or unlike surds”.
2
For Example: (i) 5,8 5, 5 are like surds.
3
(ii) 2, 5, 3 7 are unlike surds
Addition and subtraction of surds

 Addition and subtraction of similar surds can be done using the distributive law,
a c  b c  a  b  c .
Ex.16 Simplify the following by combining similar surds.

(i) 2 5  5 5 (ii) 3 6  216 (iii) 2 3  5 12  3 48
Sol. (i) 2 5  5 5   2  5  5  7 5
(ii) 3 6  216  3 6  62  6   3 6  6 6  9 6
(iii) 2 3  5 12  3 48
 2 3  5 22  3   3 4 2  3 
 2 3  5  2 3  3  4  3
  2  10  12  3  4 3
Multiplication and division of surds

Surds of the same order can be multiplied according to the law,  x  y  
n n n xy
Note:
When the surds to be multiplied or divided are not of the same order, they have to be necessarily
brought to the same order before the operation is performed.

Ex.17 (i) 15  35 . (ii) 2 3  3 27 .

3 4 6 3
(iii) Multiply 3 by 2. (iv) Divide 5 by 10 .
Sol. (i)  15  35   15 35 

 5357  5 21
2 3
(ii) 2 3  3 27 
3 27
2 3 2 3 2
  
3 3 3
3  3 3  3 9
(iii) 3
3  31 3 and 4
2  21 4
The LCM of 3 and 4 is 12
 31 3  31 12  12 34
21 4  23 12  12 23
 3  2   
3 4 12
34  2  
12 3 12
 3  2 
4 3
 12  818  12 648
(iv) 6
5  51 6
3
10 101 3
LCM OF 3 and 6 is 6
3
10 101 3 102 6  6 102  6 100
6 6
5 5
 3
6
10 100
5 1
6  6
100 20
Ex.18 If a and b are rational and 48  75  16  a  b 3, find ‘a’ and ‘b’.

Sol. 48  75  16
 8  6  15  5  4  4
 2 2 23 2  355 4
 4 3  5 3  4   4  5 3  4
 3 44 3
4 3 ab 3
Equating the rational and irrational parts of both the side, we get
a = 4 and b = 1.

Rationalisation
 When two irrational numbers are multiplied together so that their product is a rational
number, the two irrational number are called rationalising factors of each other.
 The process of rationalising an irrational number by multiplying it with its rationalising factor
is called rationalisation.
For Example: (i) 3 3  3   33  9, a rational number
 3 is a RF of 3 3
    3   2 
2 2
(ii) 3 2 3 2   3  2 1, a rational number
 3  2 is a RF of 3  2 and 3  2 is a RF of 3 2
Conjugate Surds
 If the sum and product of 2 binomial surds is a rational number then each surd is said to be
the conjugate of the other.
For Example: a  b anda  b
2  3 and2  3
Few other points

n
a is a RF of n
an  1 and vice–versa.

n
am is a RF of n
an  m and vice-versa.
a b a b
 is a RF of and vice-versa.
3
a b
3 23
a 13
.b1 3  b2 3
 is a RF of a and vice-versa.
3
a b
3 23
a 13 13
b23
 is a RF of a .b
and vice-versa.
Ex.19 Rationalise the denominator of:

1 5
(i) (ii)
2 2 2
Sol. Multiply and divide the given expression by the least rationalising factor of its denominator.
Simplify, if necessary.
1 1 2
(i)   [Rationalising factor of denominator 2 is 2 ]
2 2 2
2
=
2
(ii) As the least rationalising factor of the denominator 2 2 is 2
5 5 2 5 2 5 2
    
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4

Ex.20 Simplify each of the following by rationalising the denominator:

1 3
(i) (ii)
3 7 5 3
3 2 30
(iii) (iv)
3 2 5 3 3 5
Sol. (i) Since, the denominator = 3  7 and its rationalising factor = 3  7
1 1 3 7
  
3 7 3 7 3 7
3 7 
3  7 3  7   3   7  
2 2
=   9  7  2
97  
3 7

2
(ii) R.F. (Rationalising factor) of denominator 5  3 is 5 3
3 3 5 3
  
5 3 5 3 5 3
3  5 3 3

5 3 2
 5 3 
(iii) R.F. of denominator = 3 2
 
2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
   
3 2 3 2 3 2
 3   2 
2 2
3  2  2 3  2 5  2 6
  52 6
32 1
(iv) R.F. of denominator = 5 3  3 5
      3 5 
2 2
And, 5 3  3 5 5 3  3 5  5 3  25  3  9  5  30
30 30 5 3 3 5
  
5 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 5


30 5 3  3 5  5 3 3 5
30
Ex.21 If both a and b are rational numbers, find the values of a and b in each of the following
equalities:
2 3
a b 6
3 2 2 3
Sol. Multiplying the numerator and denominator by rationalisation factor of the denominator, we
get
2 3

2 3

3 2 2 3

 
2  3 3 2 2 3 
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3  3 2 2 3 
2 3 2 3 2  2  2 3  3 3 2  3 2 3
 
3 2 2 3
3 2    2 3 
2 2
2 3 3 2 2  2 3  2  3 3  2  2 3 3
 
3 2 2 3
 2  3
2 2
9 4
2 3 3  2  2 6  3 6  2 3
 
3 2 2 3 9 2  43
2 3 6   2  3  6  6 12  5 6 5
   2  6
3 2 2 3 18  12 6 6
2 3
 a b 6
3 2 2 3
5
 2 6 a b
6
 a  b 6  2   5 / 6  6
 a = 2 and b = 5/6
a  2b  a  2b
Ex.22 If x  , prove that b2x2  abx + b2 = 0
a  2b  a  2b
Sol. x
 a  2b  a  2b  a  2b  a  2b 
 a  2b  a  2b   a  2b  a  2b 
 
2
a  2b  a  2b a  2b  a  2b  2  a  2b a  2b 
 x 
 a  2b    a  2b  4b
2 a  a2  4b2 
 
 x 
2b
 2bx  a  a2  4b2
 2bx  a  a2  4b2
Squaring both sides, we get
 
2
 2bx  a2  a2  4b2
 4b x + a – 4abx = a2 – 4b2
2 2 2
 4b2x2 – 4abx + 4b2 = 0

 b2x2 – abx + b2 = 0

1
Ex.23 Express E  with a rational denominator.
5 3 8
Sol. The denominator is a trinomial surd, an expression having all the three terms as surds.
We group any two of the three terms, say 5 and 3.
Thus 5 3 8  5  3  8. 
Consider the product
       8 
2 2
 5  3  8    5  3  8   5 3 = 5 + 3 + 2 5 3  8  2 15
   
1 5 3 8
 
5 3 8  5 3 8  5 3 8 

 5 3 8
2 15
Rationalizing the denominator
5  3  8  15 
E  
2 15  15 
5 3  3 5  2 30

30
2 3 x
Ex.24 Rationalize the numerator of .
x 1
Sol. Rationalizing factor of 2  3  x is 2  3  x

2 3 x 2 3 x  2 3 x 
   
x 1  x 1   2  3  x 
 2 2   3  x 
2
4  3  x 
 
 x 1  2  3  x   x 1  2  3  x 
1 x 1
 
 x 1  2  3 x  2 3 x
Comparison of Surds
 Two surds of the same order can be easily compared by comparing their radicands.
For Example: 3
25  3 24 since 25 > 24.
 If the surds are of different orders, we first convert them to the same order and then compare
their radicands.
 The following steps are used in comparing the surds of different orders like 3
6 and 3
 6 and 3
13 12
For Example: .
Step-1: Find the L.C.M. of the orders of the given surds. L.C.M. of 3 and 2 is 6.
6
This becomes 6 2 and 6 3 3 .
Step-2: Make the order of each surd equal to the L.C.M.

 6 and 3
26 36
For Example: .
Step 3: From the radicands, we can now decide which is a greater or a smaller surd
6
36  6 27 , since 36 > 27.
Ex.25 Write in ascending order:

(i) 6 3 3 and 53 4 (ii) 5 3,4 5 and 3 7
Sol. (i) Since, 63 3  3 63  3  3 648,53 4  3 53  4  3 500 and 500  648  3 500  3 648
For Example: 53 4  63 3
(ii) Since, 5 3  52  3  75 ,4 5  42  5  80,3 7  32 7  63 and

63  75  80  63  75  80
For Example: 3 7  5 3  4 5
3
Ex.26 Arrange the following surds in a descending order of magnitude 3, 4 5, 6 8.
Sol. L.C.M. of 3, 4, 6 is 12.
3
3  31 3  34 12  12 34  12 81
4
5  51 4  53 12  12 53  12 125
6
8  81 6  82 12  12 82  12 64
125  81  64
 12
125  12 81  12 64
Hence 4
5 3 3 6 8
 4
5, 3 3, 6 8 are in descending order.

Square roots of surds
Ex.27 Find the square root of  8  2 15

Sol. 8  2 15  5  3  2 53
 5   3 
2 2
 2 5 3
 5  3 
2
 8  2 15  5 3
Ex.28 Find the square root of 11 4 7.

Sol. Step-1: Equating the given expression to x  y.
11  4 7  x  y
Step-2: Squaring both sides,
 11 4 7    
2 2
x y
11 4 7  x  y  2 x y
Step-3: Equating the rational and the irrational parts on both sides,
x + y = 11 ---- (I)
and 2 x y  4 7
4xy 16  7 112
We have  x  y    x  7  4xy
2 2
Step-4:
 11 112
2
= 121 – 112 = 9
 x  y
2
9
xy 3 --- (II)
Solving (I) and (II),
If x + y = 11 and x – y = 3, we get
x = 7 and y = 4.
If x + y = 11 and x – y = 3, we get
x = 7 and y = 4.
If x + y = 11 and x – y = 3, we get
x = 4 and y = 7.
 11 4 7  7  4 or 4  7 .

Ex.29 Find fourth root of 124  32 15

Sol. 124  32 15  124  2 256 15  124  2 3840  64  60  2 64  60
 
2
 64  60
= 64  60
4
124  32 15  2 65  60  8  2 15
 
2
532 5 3  5 3
 5 3
 4
124  32 15  5  3
Ex.30 If ap = bq = cr = abc then find the value of pqr.

Sol. Let ap = bq = cr = k (say)
 ap = k  a = k1/p
br = k  b = k1/r
cr = k  c = k1/r
abc = k1/p . k1/q . k1/r (On multiplying)
1 1 1
 
abc  k p q r
k [Given]
1 1 1
   1
p q r
qr  pr  pq
1
pqr
pq + qr + pr = pqr
Ex.31 If x = 2 + 21/3 + 22/3 find x3 – 6x2 + 6x  2.

Sol. x = 2 + 21/3 + 22/3
x  2 = 21/3 + 22/3 = 21/3 (1 + 21/3)
 (x – 2)3 = [21/3(1 + 21/3)]3
 x3  8  3x2.2 + 3.x.22 = 2 (1 + 21/3)3
 x3  8  6x2 + 12x = 2 (1 + 2 +3.12.21/3 + 3.1.22/3)
 x3 – 6x2 + 12x  8 = 2 [3 + 3.21/3 + 3.22/3]
= 6 (1 + 21/3 + 22/3) = 6 (x  1)
 1 2 
 x  2  23  23 
 1 2

 
 x  1 1 2  2 
3 3
 x3  6x2 + 12x  8 = 6x  6
 x3 – 6x2 + 12x  6x  8 + 6 = 0
 x3  6x2 + 6x  2 = 0

1
 2 
1/3  4
  
Ex.32 If   2     7m , then find the value of m.
1
 7  
   
1
 1  4
  1 2  3 
  2     7
m
Sol.
    
7
 
1
  2 1 3  4
 
2 
  7    7m
   
1
 
 4 1 3  4
 7  7
m
 
7 
14
4 3
  7m
 7-1/3 = 7m
 m = 1/3
Ex.33 Between 7  3 and 11  7 , which is greater?

Sol. By rationalizing,
7 3
 7 3  7 3  4
7 3 7 3
11  7 
 11  7  11  7  4
11  7 11  7
The numerator of each of the irrational number is 4.
But 11  7  7  3
4 4
 
7 3 11  7
7  3  11  7
Ex.34 Compare the surds A = 8  7 and B = 10  5 .

Sol. Since there is a positive sign, square both the surds, we get,
 8  7   8  7  2 56 15  2 56
2
A2 
  10  5   10  5  2 50  15  2 50
2
B2
As  56  50,15  2 56 15  2 50  A  B
i.e. 8  7  10  5

1 1 1
Ex.35 Find the value of ........
2 2 2
1 1 1
Sol. Let x  ........
2 2 2
1
x x
2
x
x2 
2
x
 x2  0
2
 1
 x x  0
 2
1
 x  0,
2
But x  0
1
 x
2
A B C D
Ex.36 Let   
a b c d
Prove that Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  a  b  c  d A  B  C  D
A B C D
Sol.    k
a b c d
A = ak, B = bk, C = ck, D = dk
A + B + C + D = k(a + b + c + d)
A B  C D A B  C D
 k or k
abc  d abc d
Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  k  a  b  c  d 
Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  A  B  C  D  a  b  c  d
i.e.   A  B  C  Da  b  c  d
Ex.37 Show that 3

ax2  by2  cz2  3 a  3 b  3 c
1 1 1
if ax3  by3  cz3 and   1
x y z
ax3 by3 cz3  1 1 1

Sol. 3
ax2  by2  cz2  3    3 ax3     = x3 a ---- (I)
x y z x y z
= y3 b ---- (II)
= z3 c ---- (III)

Adding equation (1), (2) and (3),

3
ax 2  by 2  cz 2 3
ax 2  by 2  cz 2 3
ax 2  by 2  cz 2
i.e.   3 a 3 b 3 c
x y z
 1 1 1
3
ax 2  by 2  cz2      3 a  3 b  3 c
x y z
 3
ax2  by2  cz2  3 a  3 b  3 c
Ex.38 (i) 85/3 (ii) 27-1/3

5 1 1
   
53 3  3  1
1 3
Sol. (i) 8 53
 2 3
2 3  2  32
5
(ii) 27  3 3 3 3 3  31 
3
2
 64  3 1 25
Ex.39 Simplify:    3
 125  1
64
256  4
 625 
 
2 1
 125  3  625  4 5
Sol.     
 64   256  3
43
2
1
 5 3  3  256  4 5  5 2 4 5
           
 4    625  4  4  5 4
 1
4
1 
  256  4 4
 
4
 
4
  625  5 5
 
25 9
 1
16 16
Ex.40 Given: 1176 = 2p . 3q . 7r , find :

(i) The numerical values of p, q and r,
(ii) The value of 2p . 3q. 7-r as a fraction.
Sol. (i) 1176 = 2p . 3q . 7r
 23 × 31 × 72 = 2p . 3q . 7r [1176 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 × 7]
 p = 3, q = 1 and r = 2
(ii) 2p . 3q . 7-r = 23 . 31 . 7-2

8  3 24
 
72 49

mn nl lm

3a  2  3a  1  am   an   al 
Ex.41 Simplify: (i) (ii)  
n 
. l
a  . m 
a 
4  3a  3a a     
3a.32  3a.31
Sol. (i) The given expression = [3a . 32 = 3a + 2]
4  3a  3 a
=

3a 32  31   93 2
3a
 4 1 3
    . a 
mn nl lm
(ii) The given expression = am  n . an  l lm
2
 n2 2
 l2 2
 m2
= am .an .al
2
 n2  n2 l2  l2  m2
= am  a0  1
Ex.42 If a = b2x, b = c2y and c = a2z show that 8xyz = 1.

Sol. a = b2x and b = c2y
 
2x
 a = c 2y  c 4xy
Similarly, a = c4xy and c = a2z
a 
4xy
2z
 a8xyz
 a=
Now, a = a8xyz
 8xyz = 1
Alternative methods
b    c 
2z 4xz
2x 2y
 c 8xyz
1. c = a2z
= i.e. c = c8xyz  1 = 8xyz
 a   b 
2y 4yz
2z 2x
 b8xyz
2. b = c2y = i.e. b = b8xyz  1 = 8xyz
Ex.43 If 2x = 4 × 2y and 9 × 3x = 3-y; find the values of x and y.

Sol. 2x = 4 × 2y  2x = 22 × 2y
 2x = 22 + y and x = 2 + y ---- (I)
9 × 3x = 3y  32 × 3x = 3y
 32 + x = 3y and 2 + x =  y ---- (II)
On solving equations I and II, we get:
x = 0 and y = 2

1 1 1
ba c a
 a b c b
 b c
1
Ex.44 Prove that 1 x x 1 x x 1 x  xa  c
1 1 1
 b c
 a c
 b
Sol. L.H.S. x x x x x xa
1 a
 a 1 b
 b 1 
x x x x xc xc
xa xb xc
  
x a  xb  x c xb  x a  x c x c  xb  x a
x a  xb  x c
 1
x a  xb  x c = R.H.S.

EXERCISE – I
1 1
1. Insert two rational numbers between: and
3 4
2. Find the value of 2.6  0.9.
p
3. Express 0.235 in the form , where p and q are integers and q  0.
q
12 18
4. The greater among and is
2 3
 6
n
 216, then find the value of n
32
5. If .
6. Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational.

(i) 23 (ii) 225 (iii) 0.3796
(iv) 7.478478….. (v) 1.101001000100001….
16
7. If x  x  1 x 1, then show that x  .
25
8. If 15  x 14  8  7, then find the value of x.
7  45 1  1   1
9. If x  . Find the value of x3  3  7  x 2  2 x  x 
2 x  x   
1 1 1 1
10. Prove that    .......  2
1 2 2 3 3 4 8 9
11. Which is smaller, 2  1 or 3 2 ?
12. Find the positive square root of the following.

10  2 6  60  2 10
13. If both a and b are rational numbers, find the values of a and b in each of the following
equations.
23 5
ab 5
45 5
1
14. Write Additive inverse of .
5
3
15. Write multiplicative inverse of .
5
16. Examine whether the following numbers are rational or irrational:
    
2
(i) 2  3 (ii) 3  2 3  2
17. Find two rational numbers between 0.222332333233332…. and 0.252552555255552…..
18. If x  12  4  x, then find x.
19. Locate 17 on the number line.
5 1 5 1 a2  ab  b2
20. If a  and b  , then find the value of .
5 1 5 1 a2  ab  b2
1
  1 1  4
3
21. Simplify: 5  8 3  27 3  
   
   
1
22. Given that 3 1.732 find the value of 75  48  192
2
5 2  5 2
23. Find x2, if x 
5 1
3 4
24. Multiply: 5 by 2.
3
25. Express the following in the simplest form. 625
a
26. Express each of the following as a rational number i.e. in the form ; where a, b  Z and
b
b  0.
(i) 0.2104 (ii) 0.158 (iii) 0.0384
5 3 1 17
27. Arrange ,  ,  and in descending order of their magnitudes.
8 16 4 32
28. Representation of 3 on the number line
29. Simplify 45  3 20  4 5.

30. Simplify 2 3 4  7 3 32  3 500.
31. Find the values of „a‟ and „b‟, if:

5 2 5 2
(i)  a  b 10 (ii)  a  b 10
5 2 5 2
1 1 1 1
32. Prove that    .......  2
1 2 2 3 3 4 8 9
a  2b  a  2b
33. If x  , then show that bx2 – ax + b = 0.
a  2b  a  2b

EXERCISE – II
1. Represent as a decimal number:
4 5 8
(i) (ii) (iii)
15 24 13
a
2. Express each of the following as a rational number i.e. in the form ; where a, b  Z and
b
b  0.

(i) 0.53 (ii) 0.227 (iii) 2.24689 (iv) 0.572
3. Insert three rational numbers between:

2 3 4 9
(i) and (ii) and
5 7 11 16
4. Find three rational numbers between 5 and 2.
5. Find the square of:

(i) 3 2 (ii) 3  2 5
6. State, whether the following numbers are rational or not:

2
 7 
    
2
(i) 3  3 (ii) 5  5 5  5 (iii)  
6 2 
7. Use division method to show that 3 and 5 are irrational numbers.
8. Use method of contradiction to show that 3 and 5 are irrational numbers.
9. Write a pair of irrational numbers whose sum is rational.
10. Write a pair of irrational numbers whose difference is irrational.
11. State, with reasons, which of the following are surds and which are not:
(i) 5 128 (ii) 3
64 (iii) 3
25 . 3 40 (iv)  (v) 3 2
12. Write the lowest rationalising factor of:

(i) 24 (ii) 5 2 (iii) 3 2  2 3
13. Rationalise the denominators of:

2 3 3 2 2 5 3 2
(i) (ii) (iii)
5 3 2 2 5 3 2

14. Find the value of „a‟ and „b‟ in each of the following:
2 3 53 2
(i) ab 3 (ii) ab 2
2 3 53 2
2 3
15. Simplify: 
6 2 6 2
5 2 5 2
16. If x  and y  ; find:
5 2 5 2
(i) x2 (ii) y2 (iii) xy (iv) x2 + y2 + xy.
3
 1
17. If x  1 2 , find the value of  x   .
x  
1
18. If x  5  2 6 , find: x2 
x2
3 3 2

 16  4  49  2  343  3
19. Evaluate:      
 81   9   216 
5n  3  6  5n  1
20. Simplify:
9  5n  5n  22
2
2
 27  3  1
21. Evaluate:      50
 8  4
1

 
1 
Simplify the following and express with positive index: 1 1 1 n 
1
22. 
 
23. If 2160 = 2a . 3b . 5c, find a, b and c. Hence calculate the value of 3a × 2-b × 5-c.
83a  25  22a 3  27n  1  9  33n  1

24. Simplify: (i) (ii)
4  211a  2 2a 8  33n  5  27n
25. If a = xm + n . yl ; b = xn + l . ym and c = xl + m . yn,

prove that: am – n . bn – l . cl – m = 1
26. If x = 3 and y = 2, find the value of:

(i) xx + yy (ii) xy + yx

a2  ab  b2 b2  bc  c 2 c 2  ca  a2
 xa   xb   xc 
27. Simplify : (i)  b   c   a 
x x
x     
a2  ab  b2 b2  bc  c 2 c 2  ca  a2
 xa   xb   xc 
(ii)  b    c    a 
x x
x     
28. Solve for x:

x4 x 1
(i) 25x – 1 = 4 × 23x + 1 (ii)  49  72   343
29. Find x, if :
x 1 x 1
x3
 3 125  2 27
(i) 2 16 (ii)    (iii)  3  
 5 27  3 8
30. Solve : 22x + 2x + 2  4 × 23 = 0
31. Solve for x if : p12x  p  q12x  q ;p  q.
32. If ax = b, by = c and cz = a, prove that : xyz = 1.
2xz
33. If ax = by = cz and b2 and ac, prove that : y  .
xz
1 1 1
34. If 5p = 4q = 20r; show that :    0.
p q r
If 4x + 3 = 112 + 8 × 4x; find the value of 18x  .

3x
35.
36. Solve for x :
     
2 4
(i) a3  5 . ax  a8x  12 . (ii) 3 2x  1  2x  2  5  0.
3 1
37. Find three rational numbers between  and .
4 2
38. Without doing any actual division, find which of the following rational numbers have
terminating decimal representation:
7 23 9 32
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
16 125 14 45
43 17 61 123
(v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
50 40 75 250
5 7 2 11
39. Arrange  , ,  and in ascending order of their magnitudes.
9 12 3 18

40.  
Representation of 2  3 on the number line
41.  
Representation of 5  6 on the number line
42. Simplify 4 81  8 3 216.
43. If x  5  4 6, find:
1 1 1
(i) (ii) x  (iii) x 
x x x
1 1
44. If m  and n  , find :
3 8 3 8
(i) m2 (ii) n2 (iii) mn

EXERCISE – III
1. For an integer n, a student states the following:
I. If n is odd, n 1 is even.
2
II. If n is even, n 1 is odd.

2
III. If n is even n 1 is irrational.

Which of the above statements would be true?
(A) I and III (B) I and II (C) I, II and III (D) II and III
1 1
2. If a  2  3 and b  2  3 then 2
 is equal to
a b2
(A) 14 (B)  14 (C) 8 3 (D) 8 3
143

1
3. If  a  b, then a and b are respectively
k4 k  k 1
(A) 10 and 0 (B) 10 and 4 (C) 10 and 4 (D) 10 and 0
1 1 1 1
4. If A A  B B  C C ,ABC  B AC  CAB  729. Which of the following equals A A ?
ABC ABC ABC
(A) 81 (B) 3 (C) 27 (D) 9
1 2
5. If x  1 5 3  5 3 , then find the value of x3  3x2  12x + 6.
(A) 22 (B) 20 (C) 16 (D) 14
x x2 3 x3 6 x4 10
6. 2x 3x 6x 9x 
(A) 18 (B) 54 (C) 24 (D) 36
7 2 3 c p  q r
7. If  p  q  r  , where p, q, r are rational numbers, then q + r  p =
2 7 5 23
(A) 361 (B) 302 (C) 418 (D) 426
8. If a  6  3 ,b  3  2 and c  2  6 , then find the value of a3 + b3 + c3  2abc.

(A) 3 2  5 3  6 (B) 3 2  5 3  6
(C) 3 2  4 3  6 (D) 3 2  4 3  6
9. The square root 5  2 6 is:

(A) 3 2 (B) 3 2 (C) 2 3 (D) 3 2

10. 3  4  5  17  4 15  _______
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) 5
11. A rationalising factor of 3 16  3 4  1 is:

(A) 41 3  1  (B) 41 3  1 (C) 21 3  1 (D) 21 3  1
12. 21 4 5  8 3  4 15  ______

(A) 5 22 3 (B) 5  4  12
(C)  5  4  12 (D)  5  4  12
   
32 32
13. If 4  15  4  15  k 6, then k = _______
(A) 9 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 6
14. If 1  a  2, then a  2 a 1  a  2 a 1  _____
(A) 2 (B) 2 a  1 (C) 2 (D) 1
p q
 1  1
p   p   x
 q  q p
15. If p

q  
then x = ______
 1  1  q
q  q 
 p  p
(A) p  q (B) p + q (C) q  p (D) pq
l 10  14  15  21
16. If  , then:
10  14  15  21 k
1
(A) k = l / 2 (B) l  k / 2 (C) l  2 / k (D) lk 
2
x 1
17. If x  5  2 6, then   _____
2 2x
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
18. The mean proportional between 11  5 and 13 11  19 5 is:
(A) 3  11  5  (B) 3  11  5  (C) 11  5 (D)

11  5
3
1
, the value of x  2x  7x + 10 is equal to
3 2
19. If x 
2 3
(A) 2  3 (B) 10 (C) 7  2 3 (D) 8

3 8
20.   ______ .
19  2 88 14  2 33
(A) 19  2 33 (B) 14  2 88 (C) 11 2 24 (D) 11 2 55
21. 7  2 6  7  2 6  ______.
(A) 14 (B) 6 (C) 2 6 (D) 7
22. The following are the steps involved in finding the least among 3 , 3 4 and 6
15. Arrange
them in sequential order.
(a)  6 15 is the smallest.
1 3 1 2 1 1
(b)  3 2  3 6 ,4 3  4 6 ,15 6  15 6
(c) The LCM of the denominators of the exponents is 6.
1 1 1
(d) 3  3 2 , 3 4  4 3 , 6 15  15 6
(e)  3  6 27, 3 4  6 16, 6 15  6 15
(A) dcabe (B) dabeb (C) dcbea (D) dbcae
4
23.  _______ .
10  2 21
(A)
1
4
 7 3  (B)
1
4
 7 3  (C) 7 3 (D) 7 3
x y
24. If x  2  3,xy 1, then   ______
2 x 2 y
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2
l 10  14  15  21
25. If  , then:
10  14  15  21 k
1
(A) k = l/2 (B) l = k/2 (C) l = 2/k (D) lk 
2
3
26. The smallest of 4, 4 5, 4 6, 3 8 is:
3 4 3 4
(A) 8 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 6
1 1
27.   _____
5  5  24 5  5  24
(A) 1/ 2 (B) 1/ 2 (C) 1/ 3 (D) 1/ 3
   
x2  3 x2  3
28. If 5  2 6  52 6  10, then x = _________
(A) 2, 2 (B) 2,  2 (C) 2,  2 (D) 2,  2, 2,  2

EXERCISE – IV
1. If „x‟ and „y‟ are rational and x 2  y 5  128  180  80  72 find „x‟ and „y‟.
2. Simplify 4 12  50  7 48.
12
3. Rationalise the denominator of .
3 5 2 2
43 5
4. If  a  b 5, find a, b.
43 5
1 1
5. If x  2 2  7, express  x   in the simplest form.
2 x
5 3
6. If  a  b 15, find a, b.
5 3
1
7. Simplify 252  5 6  294  3 .
6
8. Rationalise the denominator.

5 20
i) ii)
7 4 7 3 3 7
11 4 7 11 4 7
9. Simplify  .
11 4 7 11 4 7
1
10. Rationalise the denominator .
3  2 1
3 2 4 3 6
11. Rationalise the denominator and simplify :  
3 6 6 2 2 3
12. Simplify : 53 250  73 16 143 54
1 1 1 1 1
13. Show that      5:
3 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 2
14. Which is greater (a) 7  3 or 5 1 (b) 17  12 or 11  6

15. Find the positive square root of 10  2 6  2 15  2 10 .
16. Find the fourth root of 28 16 3 .
17. Find the positive square root of 62 3  8 2 6 .
   a 2  2
 1    a 
   b   
18. If    1 and a + b = 5, then find „a‟ and „b‟.
 
2
 a  b  2 ab 
 
 
19. Show that x  2 x 1  x  2 x 1  2, for 1  x  2.
20. If three real numbers a, b, c none of which is zero are related by a2  b2  c2  2bc 1 a2 ,
b2  c2  a2  2ca 1 b2 , c2  a2  b2  2ab 1 c2 , then prove that a  c 1 b2  b 1 c2
21. Find the value of x3 + y3 + z3 – 2xyz, if x  7  5,y  5  3,z  3  7.
22. If x is real, then find the solution set of x  1  x  1  1.

ANSWER KEY
Exercise - I
 1 7 13 1   8 5
1.  3 , 24 , 48 , 4  2. 2.6  0.9  x  y  3  1 3 
   
 233   18 12 
3.  990  4.   
   3 2
5. 6 6
6. (i) 23 is an irrational number. (ii) 225 is a rational number.

(iii) 0.3796 is a rational number. (iv) 7.478478…. is a rational number.
(v) 1.101001000100001…. is an irrational number.
8. [x = 4] 9. [0]
11.  3  2 12.  2  3  5
   
 67 2 
13. a  109 ,b  109  14. [1/5]
 
15. [5/3] 16. [(i) irrational ; (ii) rational]
17. [0.25 and 0.2525] 18. x  1  3 

 
1
4 5 4  4  5
20. 21.  
3
22.  1.732  23. [2]
24. 12 5000  25. 53 5 

   
 1051 143 127 

26.  i 4995 ; ii 900 ; (iii) 3300 
 
5 17 3 1 3  5
27.      . Required sum= = 0.38 29.
8 32 16 4 8  
30. 11.3 4 
 
7 2
31. (i) a  and b   ; (ii) a   5 and b = 2
3 3

EXERCISE – II
1. [(i) 0.26 ; (ii) 0.2083 ; (iii) 0.615384 ]
8 5 4933 572
2. (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) 2 ; (iv)
15 22 19980 999
2 7 5 8 3 4 17 13 22 9  13 3 1 
3. (i) , , , , ; (ii) , , , , 4. 5  4  2   4   2 
5 17 12 19 7 11 38 27 43 16  
5. (i) 5  2 6 ; (ii) 29  12 5 6. [(i) No ; (ii) Yes ; (iii) Yes]
9. [ 3  2 and 5  2 ] 10. [ 7  5 2 and 3  5 2 ]
11. (i) 5 128 is a surd (ii) not a surd

(iii) not a surd (iv) not a surd as  is irrational
(v) not a surd as 3 + 2 is irrational.
12. [(i) 6 ; (ii) 5  2 ; (iii) 3 2  2 3 ]
2 15
13. [(i) ; (ii) 5  2 6 ; (iii) 19  6 10
5
43 30
14. (i) a = 7 and b = 4 ; (ii) a  and b 
7 7
2 3  23 2  6
15.
4
16. (i) 161 72 5 ; (ii) 161 72 5 ; (iii) 1 ; (iv) 323
17. [8] 18. [98]
19. [31.5] 20. [19]
 51
21.  4  22. [n]
 
1
23. [a = 4, b = 3 and c =1; 2 ] 24. [(i) 22a + 3 ; (ii) 28]
40
1 8 2  a3  b3  c 3 
26. [(i) 27 ; (ii) 7 ] 27. [(i) 1 ; (ii) x ]
4 9

28. [(i) 2 ; (ii) 3] 29. [(i) 5 ; (ii) 7 ; (iii) 8]
3
30. [2] 31. 4
 
35. [x = 27] 36. [(i) 1 (ii) 3]
 3 7 1 3 1 
37.   4  16  8  16  2  38. [(i), (ii), (v), (vi) and (viii)]
 
2 5 7 11 23 5
39.      . Required difference = 1 1.3. 42. [-12]
3 9 12 18 18 18
54 6 360 280 350 288

43. (i)  (ii)  6 (iii)  6]
71 71 71 71 71
44. [(i) 17  6 8 (ii) 17  6 8 (iii) 1]
EXERCISE – III
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (A)
7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (D) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (C)
13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (B) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (B)
19. (D) 20. (C) 21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (C) 24. (A)
25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (D) 28. (D)

EXERCISE – IV
1. [x = 2 ; y = 10] 2.  5
  
2  4 3 

 2  5  10  1  61 24 
3.  
4. a   29 ; b   29 
 
5. 2 2  6. [a = 4 ; b = 1]
 
7.
 3 
6 7  2 6 
 
8.
5
 
 21 7 3  3 7 
 

9.
 466 
10.  
 2 2  6 
 
 9   
  4
 
11. [0] 12.  33 2 

 
14. [(a) 7  3  5 1 ; (b) 11  6  17  12 ]
15.  2  3  5 16. 3 1
 
17.  3  1 2  18. [a = 3 ; b = 2]
21. 2 7  2 3  4 5  22. 

 

About Us
Edventure is a well-crafted institution with a team of dedicated experienced IITians who intend to help an
individual succeed in today's tough competition. In the times of continuously degrading education quality, we
are continuously trying to establish a strong and quality platform for engineering and medical entrance
preparations.We are continuously working to provide the best in the field.
IITs/AIIMs are the most prestigious institutes of our country. Getting into IITs/AIIMs has been the toughest
challenge for every student. In this competitive world, every student has to deal with the pressure of
performing well. We understand each child has a different set of skills and talent which needs to be nurtured.
The learning phase of one's life is a constantly evolving phase which is very critical in molding the future.
Key features of Edventure:

· Personalised Coaching for engineering and Medical students
· Small Batch size having only 12 student in a batch
· Experienced IITians / Ex-IITians PACE faculty team
· Limited Intake of students insuring personalised touch with quality education
Edventure FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

H.O. : 83, Heera Panna Mall, Hiranandani, Powai, Mumbai - 400076
Bandra
305, Rizvi Chamber,
Near Lucky Restaurant,
Hill Road, Bandra (W)
www.edventure.in | info@edventure.in | +91-22-3226-8201

Number System - 9th - Maths - (Final)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Number System - 9th - Maths - (Final)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Edventure

An initiative by IITians, for future IITians !!!

Rational and Irrational Numbers

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Some Important Properties of Rational and Irrational Numbers

 Properties of Irrational Numbers:

 2 . 2    2   2 (Rational number).

 2 . 3   6 (Irrational number)

 If „a‟ is irrational, „a‟ is also irrational.

 The sum of a rational number with an irrational number is always irrational.

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

On subtracting equation (I) from equation (II), we get :

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Density Property of Rational Numbers

Step-4: Let the given two rational numbers be a and b.

3rd rational no. = a + 3d

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Ex.6 Insert an irrational number between 3 and 4.

Ex.7 Find two irrational numbers between 2 and 3.

And, an irrational number between 2 and 6 = 2 6  2 6

 Required irrational numbers are: 6 and 2 6

Ex.8 Identify the following as rational or irrational number. - 3 2  8

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Ex.11 To prove 3 is an irrational number.

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Ex.12 Representation of 7 on the number line

Ex.13 E Represent 9.3 on the number line.

Find mid-point of AC and mark it as O.

Types of Prime Numbers:

How to test whether a number is prime or not

Ex.14 Check that whether 241 is prime.

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Since, 8 is a rational number, 64 is not a surd.

 225  4 is not a surd.

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Like and unlike surds

Addition and subtraction of surds

Ex.16 Simplify the following by combining similar surds.

Multiplication and division of surds

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Ex.17 (i) 15  35 . (ii) 2 3  3 27 .

Sol. (i)  15  35   15 35 

Ex.18 If a and b are rational and 48  75  16  a  b 3, find ‘a’ and ‘b’.

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Ex.19 Rationalise the denominator of:

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Ex.20 Simplify each of the following by rationalising the denominator:

 4b2x2 – 4abx + 4b2 = 0

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Sol. Rationalizing factor of 2  3  x is 2  3  x

Step-2: Make the order of each surd equal to the L.C.M.

Ex.25 Write in ascending order:

(ii) Since, 5 3  52  3  75 ,4 5  42  5  80,3 7  32 7  63 and

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Square roots of surds

Ex.27 Find the square root of  8  2 15

Ex.28 Find the square root of 11 4 7.

FEAT Educational Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Ex.29 Find fourth root of 124  32 15

Ex.30 If ap = bq = cr = abc then find the value of pqr.

Ex.31 If x = 2 + 21/3 + 22/3 find x3 – 6x2 + 6x  2.