a'guf w mwif o d e f ; 20 10 ckEjref

2010 Spf? ryck uúLOD;tk

mh a usmuf H;az, Ofwnf
a cwf axmifaom
a us;rI
yck u ú L pmayqk ? usrf ; pmay 'k w d , qk

jrefrmhausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
a'gufwmwifodef; (blrdaA')

wnf;jzwfol - a':wifwif0if; ('DZifbmrGef;)

pmwnf; (wm0efcH)
tzHk;'DZkdif; - aX;vGifaqG

pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolYvufpGJpmpOf

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .1
 2011 ckESpa'guf
f? yxrtBud
w mwifrof? d tk
e f ;yfa& 1500 jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI

'dkhwm0efta&;oHk;yg;
wefzdk; ( 700 ) usyf
Ä jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;
Ä wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI rNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;
Ä tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhckdifNrJa&; 'dkYta&;

yHEk ydS af &;ESiphf mtkyx f w k af 0a&;vkyif ef;

pmayAdrmef pmwnf;rSL;csKyfu
rSwyf w kH iftrSwf 07492 jzifh yHEk ydS í f
rSwyf wkH iftrSwf 03911 jzifh xkwaf 0onf/
*sDwpD yD EkH ydS pf uf½w
kH iG f yHEk ydS o
f nf/

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .2
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
tcef; (7) 86
jy'g;vif;vdkP*f l ESihf owåaA'tjrif
rmwdum
tcef; (8) 98
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm a0ykvv ’ kdP*f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
tcef; (9) 116
-ed'gef;
Aka'¨gZdaemvdkP*f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
tcef; (1) 1 tcef; (10) 126
tnmom;,Ofaus;rI rdk;NAJvkdP*f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
tcef; (2) 5
tcef; (11) 141
tnmom;,Ofaus;rIwGifyg0ifonfhf
ausmufvufeufrsm;ESihf awGU&So
d nfhae&mrsm; jrif;rxdvkdP*f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
tcef; (3) 9 tcef; (12) 154
ausmufvufeufrsm;jyKvkyfonfh z,fcHkvkdP*f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
ausmufrsm;ESifh ausmufvufeuftrsdK;tpm;rsm;
tcef; (13) 166
tcef; (4) 30 vHkumuke;f ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
jy'g;vif;vdkP*f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
tcef; (5) 54 tcef; (14) 196
jy'g;vif;vdkP*f l ESihf blrad A'tjrif r&rf;uke;f ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
- ed*Hk; 222
tcef; (6) 70
jy'g;vif;vdkP*f l ESihf rEkóaA'tjrif - usr;f udk;pm&if;

a'gufw0wf
mwif&nf
ocdeiff; .(yJ.cl;)^
. .jynf
.3olYtwGuf..... 3
a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI

ed ' gef ;

jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIukd blro d ufwrf;
tm;jzifh yvdik pf wdq k if;(Pleistocene)? vGecf o
hJ nfEh pS f wpfoef;cefY
tcsdefuyif {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufü ay:aygufcJhonf/
{&m0wDjrpf\ jrpfjyKqifhrsm; (River Terraces)ay:wGif
ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY toHk;jyKcJhMuaom ausmufvufeuf
rsm;udk awGU&SMd u&m 4if;wdu Yk kd tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (Anyathian
Culture)[kac:wGifcJhMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ausmufacwf
,Ofaus;rItaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaom ausmufvufeuf
ud&d,mwdkYudk t&yf&yfwGif awGUEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh rdk;BudK;
oGm;[ktrsm;odonfh acsmarGUatmif aoG;xm;aom ykqdef
toGm;? yJcGyftoGm;ponfwdkYudk v,f,mxGef,ufonfhtcg
rsK;d wGif ay:aygufawGU&S&d wwfonf/ ,if;ypön;f rsm;udk uHtm;
avsmfpGmawGU&Sdí odrf;qnf;MuonfrSty pepfwus&SmazG
azmfxkwfum ordkif;rwifrDacwfqdkif&m vloHk;ud&d,mrsm;
tjzpf avhvmrI enf;yg;ao;onf[k qd&k acsrnf/
vGwv f yfa&;r&rDu ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI okaw
oe0goemygol EdkifiHjcm;om;blrdaA'ynm&Sif tcsKdUonf
wm0ef0wå&m;jzifh e,fvSnfhonfhtcg c&D;oGm;[efvTJ awGU&Sd

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .4
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI
&onfh ausmufvufeuf ypönf;rsm;udk pkaqmif;Muí uv
uwåm;jywkduf? r'&yfjywkduf ESifh NAdwdoQjywdkufrsm;odkY ay;ydkY
cJhMu\/ 1937-38 ckESpfwGif tar&duefavhvma&;tzGJU
wpfzGJUvma&mufí {&m0wDjrpfurf;wpfavQmufESifh &Srf;jynf tcef; ( 1 )
e,fawmifydkif;wGif pl;prf;avhvm&SmazGum ausmufvufeuf
ypönf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; pkaqmif;o,f,loGm;Muonf/ {&m tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI (Anyathian Culture)
0wDjrpf0rS ;f rS ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIonf tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI
tnmom;,Ofaus;rIonf vGefcJhonhf ESpfwpfoef;
jzpfNyD; tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (Early Anyathian cefYu pwifcJhonf/ tnmom;,Ofaus;rIwGif yg0ifonhf
Culture)ESifh aESmif;ydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (Late Anyathian
ausmufvufeufrsm;udk {&m0wDjrpf\ jrpfjyKqifrh sm; (River
Culture) [lí ausmufvufeufrsm;t& cGJjcm;xm;Edkifonf/
Terraces) ay:wGif awGU&SdMu&onf/ tar&duef blrdaA'
[J[dk;tif;a[mif;a'o&Sd vHkumukef;ae&mESifh oxHkNrdKUe,f? ynm&Sif Dr.de Terra \tqkt d & {&m0wDjrpfonf ¤if;pD;qif;
r&rf;ukef;a'owGifvnf; ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIudk awGUEdkif &m jrpfurf;0J,mwpfavQmufwGif jrpfjyKqifhig;ckudk jyKvkyfcJh
onf/ vdP k *f al e ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIukd jy'g;vif;vdP k *f ?l aMumif; od&Sd&onf/ tqkdygjrpfjyKqifhrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiH
Aka'¨gZdaemvdP k *f ?l a0ykvv
’ P
kd *f ?l rd;k NAv
J P
kd *f ?l z,fcv
kH P
kd *f El iS hf tv,fydkif;&Sd {&m0wDjrpfurf;rsm;wGif awGU&SdEkdifonf/
jrif;rxdvdkPf*lrsm;wGif awGU&Sd&ayonf/
(u) jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (1) T1
yvdkifpwkdqif;tv,fydkif; (Middle Pleistocene)
oufwrf;tcsed w f iG f tay:ydik ;f {&m0wDausmufvmT rsm; (Up-
per Irrawaddian Beds) onf awmifjzpfpOfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
aMumifh jrifhwufapmif;axmifvmMuNyD; umv&SnfMumpGm
wkdufpm;rIrsm;jzpfay:NyD;aomtcg txufjrefrmEdkifiHwGif
us,af jymaomvGijf yifBu;D jzpfay:cJo h nf/ tqkyd gvGijf yifay:

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .5
 2 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
rk;d onf;xefpmG &Gmaomumvrsm;ü ausmufp&pfcrJ sm;udk ydcYk schJ
Muonf/ ¤if;ydkYcstenfrsm;udk ynm&Sif de Terra u Later-
itic Gravel [k ac:qkdcJhNyD; ynm&Sif Pascoe (1912) u Pla-
teau Red Earth [k ac:qdc k o
hJ nf/ ¤if;wko
Yd nf {&m0wD jrpf\
0J,mESpfbufwGif ukef;jrifhrsm;tjzpfwnf&SdNyD; yJcl;½dk;r \
qifajcavQm ajredryhf ikd ;f rsm;ESihf qufpyfwnf&odS nf/ ¤if;onf
{&m0wDjrpf\ yxrjrpfjyKqifhtrSwf-1 (T 1) yifjzpfygonf/
tqkdygjrpfjyKqifhonf umv&Snfvsm;pGm wkdufpm;jcif;cH&NyD;
aomtcg oD;jcm;wnf&adS om awmifuek ;f i,f uav;rsm;tjzpf
ajymif;vJoGm;MuNyD; tjrifhaytm;jzifh 280 rS 450 aytxd
jrifhrm;Muonf/
( c ) jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (2) T 2
rd;k onf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f rIaMumifh jrpfjyKqifh trSwf (1)
tm; wdkufpm;ojzifh 4if;xufwpfqifhedrfhaom jrpfjyKqifh
trSwf (2) udk jzpfay:aponf/ 4if;onf us,fajymí tcsKdU
ae&mrsm;wGif cHw k ef;vsm;&Snrf sm;uJo h Ykd jzpfay:aeNy;D jrpfa&jyif
txufay 180 rS 250 aytxd jrihfrm;Muonf/ 4if;tay:
wGif ydkYcsaomtenfrsm;rSm teDa&mifausmufp&pfcrJ sm;ESihf
4if;wkt
Yd ay:wGif teDa&mifrS yef;a&mif&Sdaom oJvTmrsm;ydkYcs
xm;NyD; 4if;wdkYtay:rS teDa&mif&THUvTmrsm; wnf&SdMuonf/
teDa&mif &TUH vTmudk anmifO;D &TUH vTmeD (Nyaungu Red Earth)
[kac:onf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 3
( * ) jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (3) T 3
umvMum&SnfpGm rkd;&GmoGef;jcif;ESifh wkdufpm;rIrsm;
jzpfay:NyD;aemuf jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (2) xuf wpfqifhedrfhaom
jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (3) udkjzpfay:aponf/ ¤if;onf jrpfjyKqifh
rsm;wGif tus,f0ef;qHk;ESifh ta&;tygqHk;jzpfNyD; {&m0wD
jrpfurf;rS txuf ay 90 rS 110 aytjrifhwGif wnf&Sdonf/
jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (3) \ atmufajcwGif oH"mwf<u,f0aom
tenfrsm;jzpfay:aeNy;D ¤if;wkt Yd ay:wGif Ekef;ajrrsm;zHk;vTrf;
vsuf&Sdonf/ ¤if;tay:wGif a&pD;aMumif;&mrsm;yg&Sdaom
oJausmufyGrsm; zHk;tkyfxm;NyD; ¤if;tay:rS 0gusifhusifh
ta&mif&adS om oJreI af usmufrsm; zH;k tkyv
f su&f MdS uonf/ tqkyd g
oJrIefausmufudk ynm&Sif de Terra u yk*HoJrIefausmuf
(Pagan Silt) [kac:qdkcJhonf/ de Terra \ tqkdt& yk*H
oJrIefausmufonf tdE´d,EdkifiHtaemufajrmufydkif;rS ydkYw0g
oJrIefausmuf (Potwar Silt) ESifh qifwlonf[kqkdonf/
(C) jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (4) T 4
qufvufí rd;k &GmoGe;f rIrsm;ESihf wdu
k pf m;rIrsm;aMumifh
jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (3) xuf wpfqifhedrfhaom jrpfjyKqifh trSwf
(4) udk jzpfay:aponf/ 4if;onf {&m0wDjrpfurf;\ txuf
ay 60 rS 70 aytjrifhwGif wnf&Sdonf/ þurf;cHkqifh\
atmuf a jcwG i f t&G , f t m;jzif h tvwf w ef ; pm;&S d a om
ausmufp&pfcJrsm;wnf&SdNyD; 4if;wkdYtay:rS oJrIefausmufrsm;
zHk;tkyfvsuf &SdMuonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .6
4 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
( i ) jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (5) T 5
rdk;&GmoGef;rIrsm;ESifhwdkufpm;rIrsm; qufvufjzpfay:
NyD;aemuf jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf(4)atmuf wpfqifhedrfhaom jrpfjyK
qifhtrSwf (5) udk jzpfay:aponf/ 4if;onf {&m0wDjrpf\
jrpfjyKqifrh sm;wGif atmufq;kH tqifjh zpfí {&m0wD jrpfurf;\
txufay 40 cefYwGif wnf&Sdonf/ 4if;urf;cHkqifhwGif a&pD;
aMumif;&mrsm;yg&Sdaom oJyGausmufESifh yef;a&mifoJrIef
ausmufrsm;yg&Sdonf/ tqdkyg yef;a&mifoJrIefausmufudk
ynm&Sif de Terra u pOfhul;oJrIefausmuf (Singu Silt)
[ktrnfay;cJhonf/ þodkYjzifh {&m0wDjrpfBuD;onf ESpfaygif;
wpfoef;cefYtwGif; 4if;pD;qif;&m jrpfurf;0J,mwpfavQmufü
jrpfjyKqifBh u;D ig;ckudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI
tcef; ( 2 )
tnmom; ,Ofaus;rIwiG f yg0ifonfh
ausmufvufeufrsm;ESihf awGU&So
d nfh ae&mrsm;
tnmom;,Ofaus;rIukd avhvm&mwGif tydik ;f ESpyf ikd ;f
cGJí avhvmEdkifonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm-
( 1 ) tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI
(Early Anyathian Culture) ESifh
( 2 ) aESmif;ydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI
(Late Anyathian Culture) wdkYjzpfMuonf/
tapmydik ;f tnmom; ,Ofaus;rIukd avhvm&mwGiv f nf;
tydkif;okH;ydkif; cGJjcm;avhvmEdkifonf/
( 1 ) tapmydkif;tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI (1)
(Early Anyathian -1)
4if;onf oH"mwf<u,f0aom ausmufp&pfcJrsm;
tjzpf rauG;NrdKU{&d,mwGif awGU&SdMu&onf/ acsmufNrdKU
{&d,mwGifvnf; jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (1) ukd awGU&SdMu&onf/
5
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .7
6 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
txl;ojzifh jcifaemifrawmifwef;ESifh pavNrdKUta&SUbuf
wdw Yk iG f awGU&SMd u&onf/ tqdyk g{&d,mrsm;rS ausmufvufeuf
23 ckudk awGU&SMd u&onf/ 4if;wdo Yk nf {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f rS awGU&Sd
&aom ausmufvufeufrsm;wGif oufwrf;tBuD;&ifhqHk;yif
jzpfonf/ blrdoufwrf;tm;jzifh yvkdifpwkdqif;tv,fydkif;
oufwrf; (Middle Pleistocene) tpydkif;tcsdefujzpfNyD;
rdk;&GmoGef;rIrsm;jym;aom tcsed u f mvjzpfí tenfycYkd srrI sm;jym;
onf/ 4if;tenfrsm;onf {&m0wDjrpf\ jrpfjyKqift h rSw-f 1
ESifh yJcl;½dk;r\ qifajcavQmae&mrsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhMu
onf/
( 2 ) tapmyd k i f ; tnmom;,Of a us;rI (2)
(Early Anyathian -2)
4if;tydkif;wGif ausmufvufeuf 100 eD;yg;cefYukd
oH<u,f0aom ausmuftumom;rsm;ESifhtwl anmifOD;NrdKU
{&d,mrS awGU&SdMu&onf/ þ,Ofaus;rIjzpfxGef;csdefonf
rkd;enf;yg;onfh blrdoufwrf;tm;jzifh yvkdifpwkdqif; tv,f
aESmif;ykdif; (Late Middle Pleistocene) oufwrf;tcsdefu
jzpfonf/ tqkdyg ausmufvufeufrsm;ukd jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf
(3) atmufrS awGU&SdMu&jcif;jzpfonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 7
( 3 ) tapmydkif; tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (3)
(Early Anyathian -3)
4if;tydkif;wGif ausmufvufeuftrsm;qHk; pkaqmif;
&&Sdonf/ pkpkaygif; 400 cefY&SdNyD; 4if;wkdYudk jrpfjyKqifh trSwf
(2) ESifh trSwf(3) &Sd ausmufp&pfvTmrsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
tqdkyg ausmufvufeufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onfhae&mrsm;rSm
rauG;? rif;bl;? a&eHacsmif;? acsmuf? yk*HESifh yckuúLa'orsm;
jzpfMuonf/ 4if;ae&mrsm;teuf ta&;tBu;D qH;k rSm a&eHacsmif;
ESihf acsmuf{&d,mrsm; jzpfMuonf/ 4if;wd\ Yk blro d ufwrf;rSm
txufyvdkifpwdkqif; tapmydkif;oufwrf; (Early Upper
Pleistocene) yif jzpfonf/
aESmif;ydkif;tnmom; ,Ofaus;rIudk avhvm&mwGif
tydkif;ESpfydkif; cGJjcm;avhvmEdkifonf/
( 1 ) aES m if ; yd k i f ; tnmom;,Of a us;rI (1)
(Late Anyathian -1)
4if;wdu
Yk kd awGU&S&d onfah e&mrsm;rSm rauG;? a&eHacsmif;
ESifh acsmufa'orsm;jzpfMuNyD; ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm tapm
ydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rIrS ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifh uGJjym;
jcm;em;Muonf/ aESmif;ydkif;tnmom; ,Ofaus;rIrS ausmuf
vufeufrsm;onf ydkrdktqifhjrifhvmaMumif; awGU&onf/ 4if;
wkdYonf jrpfjyKqifhtrSwf (3) udk wdkufpm;NyD; aemufxyf
ydkYcsaom ausmufp&pftenfvTmrsm;ESifhtwl awGU&SdMuonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .8
8 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI
aESmif;ykdif;tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI (1) wGif pkaqmif;
&&Sad om ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm rauG;NrKd U{&d,mwGif 1 ck?
a&eHacsmif;NrKd U{&d,mwGif 5 ckEiS hf acsmufNrKd U{&d,mwGif 10 ck
wdkYjzpfMuonf/ tcef; ( 3 )

( 2 ) aESmif;ydkif;tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI (2) ausmufvufeufrsm;jyKvkyo

(Late Anyathian -2)
4if;onf jrefrmhausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIwiG f ausmuf
acwfa[mif; (Paleolithic) \ aemufq;kH tqifyh if jzpfonf/
ausmufvufeufrsm;onf jrpfjyKqift h rSwf (4) ay:&Sd ausmuf
p&pfvTmrsm;wGif awGU&SdMu&NyD; 4if;wkdYudk rauG;NrdKUteD;? ayguf
NrKd Ue,f a,macsmif;wpfavQmufwiG f vnf;aumif;? pOfu h Nl rKd UESihf
yk*HNrdKUtMum;&Sd ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;
pkaqmif;&&SMd uonf/ ausmufvufeufrsm;udk rauG;NrKd U{&d,m
wGif 4 ck? aygufNrdKUe,f a,macsmif;wpfavQmufwGif 17 ck?
pOfhulNrdKUESifh yk*HNrdKUtMum; ae&mrsm;wGif 52 ckudk pkaqmif;
&&SdcJhMuonf/
f nfh ausmufrsm;ESihf
ausmufvufeuf trsKd ;tpm;rsm;
tnmom;,Ofaus;rIwiG f awGU&S&d aom ausmufvuf
eufrsm;udk atmufygausmufrsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aMumif;awGU
&Sd&onf/
(1) qDvDum<u,f wk(zf) rD;awmifausmuf
(Silicified Tuff)
qDvu D m<u,f rD;awmifausmufrsm;wGif wk(zf)(Tuff)
ESifh ½dkiftdkvdkuf (Rhyolite) ausmufrsm;yg0ifMuonf/ 4if;wdkY
onf rD;awmifrx S u G af om acsm&f nfrsm;rS toGiaf jymif;vJvm
Muonf/ 4if;wku Yd kd jrefrmEdik if t
H v,fyikd ;f ykymÜ ;awmifa'oESihf
ausmufyef;awmif;a'orsm;wGif awGU&SdEdkifonf/ csif;wGif;
atmufykdif;a'oESifh rHk&GmNrdKUywf0ef;usifwGifvnf; awGU&SdEdkif
onf/ rEÅav;NrdKU\ajrmufbuf {&m0wDcsKdifh0Srf;wGifvnf;
awGU&Sd&onf/ 4if;wkdYudk jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufbufpGef; w½kwf
e,fpyf&Sd vyf0DawmifMum; (Lagwi Pass) a'owGifvnf;
9

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .9
10 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
awGU&Sd&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif; rauG;NrdKUESifh acsmufNrdKU
tMum; {&m0wDjrpf\ jrpfjyKqifrh sm;ay:rS ausmufp&pf tenf
vTmrsm;wGifvnf; awGU&SdEdkifonf/ tqdkygausmufrsm;onf
rmausmuspfvspfí EdkYESpfa&mif? 0gusifhusifhta&mifrS tndK
a&mifESifh oHacs;a&miftxd &SdMuonf/ 4if;wkdYonf blrd
oufwrf;tm;jzifh yvdkifpwkdqif; oufwrf; (Pleistocene)
om&Sdonfjzpf&m oufwrf;EkaomaMumifh Oa&mywGifawGU&Sd
&aom c&D;aw;&Syfoufwrf; (Cretaceous) &Sdonfh rD;cwf
ausmuf(0g)zvifhausmuf (Flint) rsm;avmuf trsdK;tpm;
raumif;ay/ zvifhausmufrsm;onf oufwrf;&ifNh y;D qDvu D m
(Silica) yg0ifrI ydr
k rkd sm;jym;aomaMumifh ydkrdkrmausm uspfvspf
odyof nf;vsu&f &dS m ausmufvufeufrsm; jyKvyk &f ef taumif;
qHk;yifjzpfonf/
( 2 ) tifMuif;ausmuf (Fossil Wood)
tyifrsm;aoausaomtcg NydKvJí 4if;wkdYtay:odkY
tenfrsm;zHk;tkyfvmMuonf/ tyifwkdY\ wpf½SL;rsm;twGif;
odYk tenfwiG ;f rSqv D uD maysm&f nfrsm; 0ifa&mufat;cJomG ;Mu
&m wjznf;jznf; rmausmuspfvspfNyD; tifMuif;ausmuftjzpf
odYk a&muf&o dS mG ;Mujcif; jzpfonf/ ta&miftm;jzifh EdEYk pS af &mif?
0gusiu hf sit
hf a&mifEiS hf tndKa&mifrsm;txd &SMd uonf/ 4if;wko Yd nf
blrdoufwrf;tm;jzifh wwd,,k*faESmif;ydkif;rS yvdkifpwkdqif;
tapmydkif;oufwrf; (Late Tertiary - Early Pleistocene)
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 11
&SMd uum jrefrmjynfajrmufyikd ;f wGif txufcsi;f wGi;f rS jrpfBu;D em;
txd ysUHESHYwnf&SdMuonf/ xkdYjyif jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;&Sd
{&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f a'orsm;wGiv f nf; aygrsm;pGmawGU&SMd u&onf/
tifMuif;ausmufrsm;tjyif xef;yifrSjzpfaom xef;ausmuf
(Fossil Palm)udkvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;wGif awGU&SdEdkif
onf/ 4if;wkdYonf ndK0ga&mif? tndKa&mif? oHacs;a&mifESifh
teufa&mifrsm;tjzpf awGU&SdMu&onf/
( 3 ) ovif; (Quartz)
ovif;onf qDvu D m(Silica) wpfrsKd ;wnf;jzifh zGUJ pnf;
xm;aomausmufjzpfonf/ 4if;onf tMunfa&mifEiS t hf aemuf
a&mifrsm;tjzpf awGU&onf/ ovif;Munfonf tjzLMunfa&mif
&Sdonf/ uGJtufaomrsufESmjyifonf qDpdkaeouJhodkY&Sdonf/
taemufa&mifovif;rsm;rSm tjzLa&mif? t0gEka&mifrStndK
a&miftxd &SdMuonf/
( 4 ) ovif;ausmuf (Quartzite)
4if;onf oJausmuf(Sandstone) rsm; toGiaf jymif;
vJjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaomausmufjzpfonf/ ta&mif
tm;jzifh ndK0ga&mif? eDnKd a&mifEiS hf tndKa&mifrsm;jzpfMuonf/
rmausmuspfvspf odyfonf;jcif;aMumifh ausmufvufeufrsm;
jyKvkyf&ef oifhawmfonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .10
12 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
ausmufvufeuf trsKd;tpm;rsm;
( 1 ) ckwfxpfud&d,mrsm; (Choppers)
4if;wdo
Yk nf ausmufMurf;vufeufrsm;jzpfMuNy;D tapm
ydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI ausmufacwfa[mif;tcsdefu oHk;pGJ
cJhMuaom ausmufvufeufrsm; jzpfMuonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh
t0dkif;yHk(odkYr[kwf) bJOyHkoP²mef&Sdaom ausmufp&pfcJtBuD;
pm;\ EIwfcrf;om;rsm;udk wpfzufowfzJhxm;aom ausmuf
vufeufjzpfonf/ zrf;qD;&rdaom om;aumifrsm;? opfOopfzk
ESifh tyifwdkYudk ckwfxpf&ef toHk;jyKcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkY
onf toGm;wpfzufwnf;ygaom BuD;rm;onfhausmufvuf
eufrsm;jzpfMuonf/
( 2 ) ckwfpOf;ud&d,mrsm; (Chopping Tools)
4if;wdo
Yk nfvnf; ausmufMurf;vufeufrsm;jzpfMuNy;D
tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI ausmufacwfa[mif;tcsdef
u jyKvkyftoHk;cscJhMuaom ausmufvufeufrsm;jzpfMuonf/
t0dkif;yHk(odkYr[kwf)bJOyHk&Sdaom ausmufvHk;rsm;udk toGm;ESpf
zufpvH;k zJxh m;onfh ausmufvufeufrsm; jzpfMuonf/ zrf;qD;
&rdaom om;aumifwdkY\ tom;rsm;? opfOopfzkESifh tyif
rsm;udk ckwfpOf;&mwGif toHk;jyKcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 13
( 3 ) ausmufyJcGyfrsm; (Hand Adzes)
4if;wkdYonf vHk;0dkif;aomausmuf(odkYr[kwf) bJOyHk
ausmufvHk;rsm; r[kwfMubJ &SnfarsmarsmausmufvHk;rsm;wGif
toGm;ESpzf ufjzifzh í
hJ yHak zmfxm;Muonf/ vufuikd o f nfah e&m
onf {&d,mBu;D rm;Ny;D atmufbufoYkd wjznf;jznf;usO;f ajrmif;
oGm;um tzsm;½SL;í xdyfcRefoGm;Muonf/ tcsdKUausmufyJcGyf
rsm;rSm av;axmifhyHk (Square) ESifh pwk*HyHk (Rectangular)
rsm; jzpfMuonf/ 4if;wdkYudk tyifpdkufysKd;&eftwGuf ajrBuD;udk
wl;qG&mwGifvnf;aumif;? opfOopfzkrsm;udk wl;azmf&mwGif
vnf;aumif; toH;k jyKcMhJ uonf/ 4if;wdu Yk kd ausmufacwfa[mif;
ESifh ausmufacwfopf ESpfrsKd;pvHk;toHk;jyKMuonf/
( 4 ) ausmufjcpfrsm; (Scrapers)
¤if;wko
Yd nf toGm;ESpzf uf&NdS y;D ao;i,faomausmuf
vufeufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ txl;ojzifh om;aumifw\ Ydk ta&cGH
wGif uyfaeaomtom;prsm;udk jcpfxkwf&mwGif toHk;jyKMu
onf/ ¤if;wkdYudkausmufacwfa[mif;ESifh ausmufacwfopf
ESpfrsKd;vHk;ü toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ ausmufvufeuf\toGm;
ESpfzufvHk;udk tEkpdwfzJhí yHkazmfxm;Muonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .11
14 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 15

{&m0wDjrpfrS jyKvkyfcJhaom jrpfjyKqifh (5) ckESifh ykdYcstenfrsm;jyajryHk

tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (1) rS ckwfpOf;ud&d,mESifh

yJcGyfrsm; (pav? acsmuf? rauG; {&d,m)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .12
16 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 17

tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (2) ESifh (3) rS ckwfpOf; tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (2) ESifh (3) rS

ud&d,mESifh yJcGyfrsm; (acsmuf? anmifOD; {&d,m) ausmufvufeufrsm; (anmifOD;? yk*HESifh acsmuf {&d,m)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .13
18 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 19

tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (2) ESifh (3) rS tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (2) ESifh (3) rS

ausmufvufeufrsm; (anmifOD;? a&eHacsmif;ESifh acsmuf {&d,m) ckwfpOf;ud&d,mrsm; (acsmuf? yckuúL? rauG;{&d,m)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .14
20 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 21

tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (2) ESifh (3) rS tapmydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (3) rS ckwfxpfud&d,mrsm;

ausmufvufeufrsm; (acsmuf {&d,m) (a&eHacsmif;? acsmuf {&d,m)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .15
22 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 23

tapmydkif;tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI (3) rS ausmufvufeufrsm; tapmydkif;tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI (3) rS ausmufvufeufrsm;

(a&eHacsmif; {&d,m) (a&eHacsmif; {&d,m)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .16
24 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 25

tapmydkif;tnmom; ,Ofaus;rI (3) rS ausmufvufeufrsm; aESmif;ydkif;tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (2) rS yJcGyfESifh ausmufjcpfrsm;

(a&eHacsmif;ESifh rauG; {&d,m) (acsmuf? yk*H? anmifOD;? pOful; {&d,m)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .17
26 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 27

ausmufacwfopfvufeuf ud&d,mrsm;jzpfonfh vufudkifrJh

ausmufacwfopfvufeuf ud&d,mrsm;jzpfonfh
ykqdefESifh ausmufjcpfrsm; (rauG; {&d,m)
ausmufjcpfrsm; (ausmufyef;awmif; {&d,m)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .18
28 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 29

ausmufacwfopf ausmufvufeufrsm;
ausmufacwfopf ausmufvufeufrsm; (rif;bl; {&d,m)
(a&eHacsmif;? anmifOD; ESifh rauG; {&d,m)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .19
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 31
a&;qGjJ c,fv, S xf m;aom vuf0g;yHpk EH pS cf ?k aeyHw
k pfcEk iS hf wd&pämef
½kyfyHkrsm;udk awGUMu&onf/ taemufbuf*lonf BuD;us,fvS
onfrSef\/ odkYaomf rGef;wnfhaygufac:onfhtrdk;ü a&wkduf
tcef; ( 4 ) pm;í ausmufrsm;yJhusum jzpfay:vmaom taygufav;
aygufrSom tvif;a&mif0ifvsuf&Sdavonf/ ay 800-cefY
k *f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
jy'g;vif;vdP tvsm;&Sdaom *lBuD;wpfavQmufvHk; twGif;wGif arSmifrdkufí
pGwfpdkxdkif;rdIif;aeygu vlom;wkdYtNrJcdkatmif;aexkdifMurnf
( 1 ) vd k P f * l w nf a e&mES i f h *l r sm;\taetxm;
r[kwfay/ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl*lBuD;rsm;wGif
awmifBuD;c½dkif? a&iHNrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd jy'g;vif;*lESpfck
vlaerItaxmuftxm;rsm; rawGU&aMumif; od&&dS onf/ *l0ESihf
rSm anmifcsyf&Gmta&SUbuf oHk;rdkifausmfwGifwnf&Sdí a&ykwf
eD;uyfaomae&mrsm;wGifom aexkdifavh&Sdonf/ odkYjzpf&m
&Gma[mif;rS taemufbufwpfrikd af usmf uGma0;onf/ *layguf
vdkPf*lwl;azmfrIudk a&SUbuf*li,fwGifom jyKvkyf&efqHk;jzwf
rsm;rSm ajrjyefYrS ay 50 rS 70 aytxdjrifhaom awmifurf;
Muonf/ þ*lwGifum; tvif;a&mifESifh avaumif;avoefY
yg;,HwGif awmifbufodkYrsufESmjyKvsuf&Sdonf/ xHk;ausmuf*l
aumif;pGm&onf/ rd;k vnf;vH\ k / *ltwGi;f ajrjyifay:ü ausmufcJ
rsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm txl;ojzifh taemufbufvdkPf*l
t&G,ftpm;pm; jyefYBuJaeonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/
BuD;\ twGif;ydkif;rSm obm0tavsmuf ausmufpufyef;qGJ
rsm;? ausmufpufrdk;arQmfrsm;jzifh qef;us,fvSayonf/ ,if;
( 2 ) vd k P f * l w l ; azmf r I
*lrSm vdkPf*lwpfckwnf; r[kwfbJ us,f0ef;aom *lBuD;udk;ckrQ
ta&SUbuf*w l iG f yxrOD;pGmprf;oyfw;l azmfonfh usi;f
pDwef;vsuf wpfckESifhwpfckrSm usOf;ajrmif;aom *li,frsm;jzifh
&Snfüyif ajrvTmrsm;onf yuwdtwkdif;wnf&Sdaeonfudk
qufvsuf&Sdonf/ udkuf 200 cefYuGma0;aom ta&SUbuf*l
awGU&ojzifh rsufarSmufacwfwGif *lwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufMuol
rSm rBu;D us,v f aS cs? odaYk omf yef;csyD rkH sm;onf þ*li,ftwGi;f
rsm;onf ajrtay:,HwGifom vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmMuí wl;qG
üom &Sdayonf/ ,if;*l\tv,fwGif *leH&HrSma&SUodkYpGef;xGuf
zsuqf ;D rI vH;k 0r&Sad o;aMumif; odomonf/ ,if;tajctaeudk
aeojzifh ESpfydkif;uefYxm;onfh taetxm;jzpfaeonf/ aq;
od&onfrSm qufvufwl;azmfprf;oyfrItwGuf rsm;pGmtm;
a&;yef;csrD sm;rSm tqdyk gtv,fe&H w H iG f ajrjyiftxuf 10 ay
wufzG,f&mjzpf\/ rlvajrvTmrsm;rS awGU&Sd&onhf a&S;a[mif;
rS 12 aycefYtjrifhwGif a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpf\/ eDndKa&mifjzifh
30

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .20
 32 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
ypönf;rsm;udk orkdif;taxmuftxm;twGuf pdwfcsvufcs
toHk;jyKEkdifrnfjzpfayonf/ ajrtaetxm;r,dk,Gif;aomf
vnf; vlrsm;rSDwif;aexdkifonhf umvtwGif; jzpfay:cJhaom
ajrvTmxkoHk;aycGJwGif ,Ofaus;rIwpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;&SdcJhaom
vlrsm;toHk;jyKoGm;onhf 0w¬Kypönf;rsm;om a&m>yrf;epfjrKyf
vsuf&SdaMumif; awGU&\/ xkdrSatmufodkYqufí wl;azmfonhf
tcg xHk; ausmufp &pfr sm;jzifh rmausmaeaom obm0
ajrvTmodkY a&mufavonf/ qufvufí pwk*HtuGufrsm;
owfrw S wf ;l azmfNy;D vQif wpfuu G Ef iS hf wpfuu G t f Mum;wGif ajr
abmifESpfaytus,f csefvSyfxm;onf/ ,if;odkY csefxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh *l\tvsm;vku d Ef iS hf teHvu dk jf zwfyikd ;f yHrk sm;udk avhvm
rSwfwrf;wifEdkifonf/
oHk;aycGJrQtxl&Sdaom *ltwGif;txufykdif;ajrvTmrSm
ausmufacwfvlom;wkdY aexkdifaomumvwGifjzpfay:vm
onhf ajrxkjzpfojzifh ,if;ajrom;udw k ;l azmf&mrS ausmufvuf
eufrsm;udk&&Sdonf/ xkdYtjyif ajrpmrsm;udk qefcgcsjcif;jzifh
wd&pämeft½dk;tydkif;tprsm;? c½kcGHrsm;? rD;aoG;tydkif;tprsm;?
ajreDcJrsm;ESifh tkd;jcrf;uGJtenf;i,fudk a&G;xkwf&&Sdonf/ ajr
vTmrsm;udk ig;ydkif;cGJjcm;avhvmEkdifonf/ xHk;ausmuf*lrsm;
twGif;ü awGU&avh&Sdaomajrxkonf rkd;a&wpdrfhpdrfhwkdufpm;
í wjznf;jznf;rkdYarmufvmaom Ekef;ajrrsm;omjzpfMuonf/
ta&mifESifh xHk;"mwf tenf;trsm;om uGJjym;onf/ txl;
ojzifh *l\twGif;ydkif;wGif rD;ckd;a&mifEkef;ajrrsm;jynhfaeojzifh
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 33
wl;azmf&mwGif uspfvspfaooyfaomabmifrsm; csefrxm;Edkif
yg/ *ltrkd;ay:rS NydKusonhf ausmufwHk;BuD;rsm;atmufwGif
vnf; ausmufvufeufESifh t½dk;prsm;udkawGU&ojzifh a&S;us
aMumif;odomonf/ ajrtrsK;d tpm;"mwfcpJG rf;oyf&efEiS fh oD;ESH
opfyifrsK;d aph0wfreI rf sm; &Sd r&Sd okawoejyK&eftwGuf ajrqD
vTm toD;oD;rS ajrerlemrsm;udk pepfwuspkaqmif;cJhygonf/
*ltrSwf (1) [k ac:wGio f nhf ta&SUbuf*rl mS ESpyf ikd ;f
&S&d m? taemufbufyidk ;f wGif rMumao;aomumvu pwk&ef;
t*Fawcif;atmufcHjyKvkyfí wnfaqmufxm;aom apwD
i,fwpfql&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;taemufbufykdif;wGif
us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY rwl;Ekid cf yhJ g/ vlwpfa,muftvsm;arSmufí
vQKd0ifEdkif½HkrQomus,faom vdkPf*lESpfck\ tpydkif;ESifh apwD
Oypm tjyifydkif;wkdYwGif wl;azmfEkdifygonf/
*ltrSwf (2) [k owfrSwfxm;aom taemufbuf
*lBuD;wGifrl *l0\ab;wpfbufwpfcsufü&Sdaom trkd;edrfhedrfh
*li,fESpfckwGifom prf;oyffwl;azmfEkdifonf/ *lrBuD;twGif;ürl
vlaeonhftaxmuftxm; vHk;0rawGU&ay/
( 3 ) ausmuf v uf e uf u d & d , mrsm;
wl;azmf&&Sdonhf ausmufwHk;ausmufcJrsm;teuf
vufeufu&d , d m rjyKvyk &f ao;onhf ausmufcEJ iS hf tydik ;f tp
rsm;udk pGefYy,fNyD;aemuf tMurf;xnfESifh yHkazmfNyD; ud&d,m
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .21
34 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
aygif; 1600 ausmfudk pkaqmif;&&Sdonf/ ¤if;wkdYteuf okaw
oetwGuftoHk;0ifrnhf ausmufvufeuf 422 ckudkom
,laqmifcJhonf/ usefypönf;rsm;udk pcef;teD;wpfae&mwGif
rSwfom;í jrKyfESHxm;&pfcJhonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh vufeuf
ud&d,mrsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif ausmufp&pfvHk;rsm;udk ukefMurf;
tjzpf toHk;jyKonf/ omreftm;jzifh ausmufp&pfvHk;rsm;udk
jrpf½dk; acsmif;½dk;wpfavQmufwGifom awGUEdkifonf/ ,ckuJhodkY
awmifukef;ay:&Sd *ltwGif;wGif awGU&jrif&onfrSm ausmuf
acwfvlom;wkdYu toHk;jyK&ef o,faqmifvmMujcif;aMumifh
omjzpfav&m vufeufjyKvkyf&ef ukefMurf;tjzpf pkaqmif;
xm;aMumif; odomonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ausmufp&pfv;kH erlemrsm;
udkvnf; vufeufud&d,mrsm;ESifhtwl a&G;,lcJhygonf/
jy'g;vif;*lrS ausmufvufeufrsm;onf tMurf;qpf
xm;onfomrsm;ojzifh ausmufacwfa[mif; ud&d,mrsm;
oP²mefjzpfMuonf/ tcsKdUvufeufrsm;rSm toGm;ykdif;wGif
xlxyfvsuf&Sdojzifh tNyD;rowfao;aom ud&d,mtqifhwGif
om&Sdonf/ ausmufp&pfvHk;rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfaom ud&d,mwkdY
wGif obm0ausmufom; rsufESmjyifudk wpfrsufESmwGifvnf;
aumif;? ESprf suEf mS pvH;k wGiv
f nf;aumif;? ab;rsuEf mS rsm;wGif
vnf;aumif; awGU&SdEdkifonf/ tcsKdUud&d,mrsm;udk om;aumif
rsm; zsufonhftcg ckwfpOf;&müvnf; toHk;jyKEkdifonf/
opf0g;ckwf&müvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifonfjzpfojzifh oHk;tifudk
vku
d í f trsK;d tpm;cGjJ cif;xuf? qpfvyk yf akH zmfru
I v
kd u
dk í
f trsK;d
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 35
tpm; owfrw S jf cif;u ydík &Si;f vif;onf/ þenf;jzifh jy'g;vif;
*lrS awGU&Sd&aom ausmufvufeufrsm;udk atmufygtwkdif;
(7) rsKd; cGJjcm;xm;Edkifonf/
(u) ausmufp&pfvHk;rsm; (Pebbles)
¤if ; wk d Y u d k t0d k i f ; yH k (od k Y ) bJ O yH k p onf j zif h
awGU&SdMu&NyD; ¤if;wkdYonf ausmufvufeuf
rsm;jyKvkyf&eftwGuf ukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;
(Raw Materials) jzpfMuonf/
( c ) ckwfxpfud&d,m (Chopper)
¤if;wkdYonf wpfrsufESmwGifom qpfxm;NyD;
toGm;rSmt0dkif;? bJOyHk (odkYr[kwf) tajzmifh
jzpfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ausmufp&pfvHk;
rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf/
( * ) ckwfpOf;ud&d,m (Chopping Tool)
¤if;wkdYonf ESpfrsufESmvHk;qpfxm;í rsm;
aomtm;jzifh toGm;wGefYaeonf/
(C) yJc Gy f (Hand Adze)
¤if;wkdYonf av;axmifh (odkYr[kwf) pwk*H
&Snaf rsmarsmyHjk zpfonf/ toGm;rSm vufuikd f
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .22
36 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
t½dk;ESifh uefYvefYjzwfaeonf/ vufudkifukd
rwyfbJ toHk;jyKvQiv f nf; vufwHEiS hf uefv
Y efY
jzwfaeonf/
( i ) vufudkifrJhykqdef (Hand Axe)
¤if;wkdYonf &Snfarsmarsm yHkoP²mef&Sdonf/
tay:xdyfydkif;um;í atmufydkif;odkY wjznf;
jznf; tzsm;½SL;oGm;onf/ toGm;ESpzf ufv;kH udk
qpfxm;onf/
( p ) ausmufjcpf (Scraper)
¤if;wdkYonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ausmufwHk;rS
qpfxw k af om ausmufvmT (odrYk [kw)f tykid ;f
tprsm;jzpfí om;aumifrS ta&cGHcGm&ef?
ta&jym;rS tom;rsm;jcpfxkwf&eftwGuf
toHk;jyKonf/
(q) ausmufuGif; (Stone Ring)
¤if;wkdYonf cyfjym;jym; yHkoP ²mef&Sdaom
ausmufcrJ sm;udk tv,fwiG t f aygufazmuf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tqkdyg taygufxJodkY
wkwfcRefrsm;? 0g;cRefrsm;wyfí ajrBuD;udk
wl;qGpdkufysKd;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? EG,fBudK;
rsm;jzifh csnfaESmifí &efoltm; ypfayguf
&efaomfvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 37
tcsKUd ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm ausmufw;kH Bu;D rS qpfxw k f
,l&onfjzpf&m a&S;OD;pGm ausmufwHk;BuD;ukd ayjyif (Striking
Platform) azmfNy;D rS ausmufwjl zifh xkzo hJ nhf vu©Pmrsm;
awGU&onf/ ,if;odkYjyKvkyfonhftcg tcsKdUaom ausmufjcpf
rsm;\ 0rf;ykid ;f wGif cH;k jyif (Bulb of Percussion) ESihf vdiI ;f &pf
(Ring) rsm;xifaeonfudk awGU&onf/
ausmufacwfopf vufeufud&d,mrsm;rSm toGm;a&m
udk,fxnfudkyg acsmarGUaeatmif aoG;xm;avh&Sdonf/ ,if;
wku Yd kd t&yfac:tm;jzifh rk;d BuKd ;oGm;[kac:Mu\/ jy'g;vif;*lwiG f
rkd;BudK;oGm;vkd tjynhfaoG;xm;aom ud&d,mrsm; rawGU&acs/
odkYaomf toGm;udkom aoG;xm;aom ausmufjcpfrsm;ESifh
tjynhfeD;yg; aoG;xm;aom ykqdefoGm; ti,fpm;ESpfckudk
awGU&S&d onf/ yHak zmfNy;D aom tcsKUd ykqed o f mG ;wkrYd mS vnf; tacsm
aoG;vkdufygu ausmufacwfopfud&d,mtwkdif; jzpfvmEdkif
onf/
odaYk omf jy'g;vif;*lwiG f ausmufacwfa[mif; vufeuf
ud&d,mrsm;jzpfaom ckwfxpfud&d,mESifh ckwfpOf;ud&d,mrsm;
udkawGU&Sd&onfjzpf&m ¤if;vdkPf*lwGif ausmufacwfa[mif;
uwnf;u vlom;rsm;aexdkifcJhMuaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/
ausmufacwfopfvuf&mjzpfonhf trif;ygaom yJcyG t f Murf;
wpfckudk awGU&S&d ojzifh ausmufacwfopfow Ykd idk f vlom;rsm;
qufvufaexkdifcJhMuaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .23
38 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
vufeufud&d,mjyKvkyfxm;aom ausmuftrsKd;tpm;
rsm;teuf xHk;ausmuf (Limestone) rSm &mEIef;trsm;qHk;
34% jzpfonf/ tjcm;ausmuftrsK;d tpm;wkrYd mS oJausmuf
(Sandstone)? oJrIefausmuf (Siltstone)? ovif;ausmuf
(Quartzite) ESifh rD;oifhausmuf (Igneous Rock) rsm;jzpf
onf/ jy'g;vif;*lywf0ef;usifwGif rawGUEdkifonhf ausmuf
trsKd;tpm;wdkYudk &yfa0;a'orsm;rS o,faqmifvm&onf
udak xmufí vufeufu&d , d mjyKvyk &f ef oifah wmfaom ypön;f
rsm;udk &SmazGtoHk;jyKwwfaMumif; odomonf/
ausmufuiG ;f rsm;udk azmufvufp rNy;D rjywfawGU&jcif;?
toGm;aoG;xm;aom ud&, d mrsm; awGU&jcif;? ukeMf urf;jzpfaom
ausmufp&pfv;kH tajrmuftrsm; pkaqmif;xm;jcif;ESihf yHak zmfNy;D
ud&d,mrsm;ESifh zJhxkwfonhf tydkif;tp trsm;tjym; awGU&
jcif;udk axmufí *ltrSwf 1 rSm vufeufud&d,m xkwfvkyf
aom ae&m (Workshop) wpfckjzpfaMumif; od&onf/
( 4 ) jy'g;vif ; vd k P f * l ausmuf a cwf ,Of a us;rI \
acwf u mv tyd k i f ; tjcm;
þ*lrsm;rS ausmufacwfa[mif;vuf&mESifh ausmuf
acwfopfvuf&m ausmufvufeufypönf;rsm;udk awGU&SdMu&
onf/ ¤if;wkdYonf rD;aoG;rsm;? t½dk;rsm;? tkd;jcrf;yJhrsm;ESifh
vnf; a&maESmae\/ ausmufacwfopf\ vu©Pmjzpfaom
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 39
ausmufuGif;rsm;ESifh trif;ygaom yJcGyfwkdYukdvnf; awGU&Sd
&onf/
jy'g;vif;*lrS wl;azmfpkaqmif;&&Sdonhf rD;aoG;rsm;
ESifh t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;udk acwfumvtydkif;tjcm; odEkdif&ef
twGuf e,l;ZDvefEkdifiH&Sd EsLuvD;,m;odyÜH okawoeAdrmef
odaYk y;ydcYk &hJ m 1970 jynhEf Spf? atmufwb dk mvtwGi;f u "mwfcGJ
prf;oyfavhvmcsufrsm;udk &&Sdonf/
tqkyd g"mwfcpJG rf;oyf rIrsm;t& jy'g;vif;*ltrSwf (1)
ta&SUbufydkif;rS rD;aoG;rsm;onf ESpfaygif; 7740 cefY?
taemufbufydkif;rS rD;aoG;rsm;onf ESpfaygif; 6570 cefY
MumjrifhNyDjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ umAGef"mwfygaom t½dk;p
rsm;udk "mwfcGJprf;oyf&mwGif *ltrSwf (1) ta&SUbufydkif;rS
t½dk;rsm;onfvnf; ESpfaygif; 6570 cefY a&S;usaMumif;
awGU&Sd&\/ t½dk;rsm;udk "mwfcGJprf;oyf&mwGif umAGef"mwfyg
aom tpdwftydkif;ESifh umAGef"mwfrygaom tpdwftykdif;
wkdYukd wpfoD;wpfjcm;pD "mwfcMJG unh&f m? umAGe"f mwfrygaom
tpdwt f ydik ;f rSm ESpaf ygif; 11000 ausmfrQyif&SdaMumif; od&Sd&
onf/
,if;odjYk cm;em;csu&f jdS cif;rSm umAGe"f mwfygaom tpdwf
tykdif;rsm;wGif aESmif;acwfü avxJrS umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f
"mwfrsm;ESihf a&m>yrf; oGm;Ny;D umAGef 14 "mwf ydrk rdk sm;jym;vm
aomaMumifh trSef a&S;usonhf ESpfy&dapä'xuf avsmhenf;
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .24
40 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 41
oGm;onf[k ,lq&onf/ xkdYaMumifh t½dk;rsm;\ acwfumv
tydik ;f tjcm;rSm trSet f m;jzifh ESpaf ygif; 6570 xufyif rsm;pGm
a&S;usaMumif; ,lqEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh jy'g;vif;vkdPf*l\
ausmufacwf ,Ofaus;rIoufwrf;rSm ausmufacwfa[mif;
aESmif;ydik ;f oufwrf; (Upper Paleolithic) rSonf ausmufacwf
opfoufwrf; (Neolithic) txd&SdaMumif; od&Sd&ayonf/

jy'g;vif;*l ywf0ef;usifjyajryHk

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .25
42 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 43

wpfrsufESmwGifom qpfxm;onhf ckwfxpfud&d,mrsm; ESpfrsufESmwGif qpfxm;onhf ckwfpOf;ud&d,mrsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .26
44 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 45

ausmufjcpffrsm;
ausmufuGif;rsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .27
46 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 47

ckwfxpfud&d,mjyKvkyfxm;onhf ausmufvHk;rsm;
ckwfxpfud&d,mjyKvkyfxm;onhf ausmufvHk;rsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .28
48 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 49

vufudkifrJh ykqdefrsm; vufudkifrJh ykqdefrsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .29
50 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 51

ausmufvHk;tjcrf;rsm;
ausmufvHk;tjcrf;rsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .30
52 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 53

wltjzpftoHk;jyKonhf ausmufvHk;rsm; jy'g;vif;*l trSwf (1) &Sd yef;csDyHkrsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .31
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
tcef; ( 5 )
jy'g;vif;vdP
k *f El iS hf blrad A'tjrif
( 1 ) wnfae&mESifh yx0Dtaetxm;
jy'g;vif;vdkPf*la'o\ wnfae&mrSm &Srf;jynfe,f
awmifydkif;? awmifBuD;c½dkif? a&iHNrdKUe,ftwGif;jzpfonf/
wnfae&mtm;jzifh a&iHNrdKU\taemuf,Gef;,Gef; 10 rkdifcefY
wGif&SdNyD; anmifcsyf&Gm\ta&SUajrmufbuf okH;rkdifcefYwGif
jzpfonf/ þa'o\tnTef;jyajryHkrSm 93/C 8 wGif yg0ifNyD;
vdP l nfae&mrSm Grid-coordinate 854./623. jzpfonf/
k *f w
vdkPf*lwnfae&m\ ta&SUbufav;zmvHkcefYwGif a&ykwf
&Gmysuf? taemufwnhfwnhf ESpfrkdifav;zmvHkcefYwGif yef;
avmifacsmif;? taemufawmifbuf okH;rkdifausmfcefYwGif
awmifyHk&Gm? taemufajrmuf,Gef;,Gef;wGif aea&mifum&Gm
tp&SdonfwkdY&SdMuonf/
vdkPf*lwnf&Sd&m ywf0ef;usifa'oonf tenf;i,f
ajyjypfaom awmifukef;qifajcavQm wpfavQmufwGifjzpfNyD;
ywfywfvnfwGif awmifukef;xlxyfí tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
jrifhrm;rwfapmufaom awmifukef; awmifwef;wkdYjzifh 0ef;&H
54
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 55
xm;vsuf&Sdonf/ awmifxlxyfaygrsm;aom a'ojzpfonhf
tjyif jy'g;vif;vdkPf*l wnfae&monf yifv,fa&jyifrS
tjrifhay 1050-cefYjrifhrm;onf/ *l\awmifbuf wpfrkdifcefY
wGif 1607 aytjrifh&Sdaom a&Tawmif wnf&SdNyD; 4686 ay
tjrifh&Sdaom EGm;vnfbdkY awmifwef;BuD;onf ta&SUbuf
wpfrkdifcefYrStpjyKí ta&SUawmifbufodkY oG,fwef;vsuf
wnf&Sdonf/ vdkPf*l\ywf0ef;usifa'owpfckvHk;onf ay
1500 ausmfrS 4700 ay eD;yg;cefYjrifhrm;Muaom awmifukef;
awmifwef;rsm;twGif;wGif awmifMum;csKdifh0Srf;ozG,f wnf&Sd
onf / ,if ; csKd i f h 0 S r f ; BuD ; \ ta&S U buf y d k i f ; onf jrif h r m;
rwfapmufí Murf;wrf;aom awmifukef; awmifwef;BuD;rsm;
wnf&SdNyD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh xHk;ausmufa'ojzpfaomaMumifh
awmifrsm;rSm umhpfajrjyifvu©Pm (Karst Topography)
toGiftjyif wnf&SdMuayonf/
vdkPf*lwnf&Sd&m a'oywf0ef;usifonfvnf; xHk;
ausmufa'ojzpfonfhtavsmuf ausmufpdkif ausmufwHk;rsm;
rSm xHk;a&azsmfzsuf wdkufpm;xm;onfh taygufrsm;? tcRef
twufrsm;? vdkPfacgif;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufvsuf Murf;wrf;aom
toGiftjyifrsm;udk aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ jy'g;vif;*l wnf&Sd&m
a'owGif tvm;wl xHk;ausmufvdkPf*l 10 ckcefY&Sdonf/
awmifbufwiG f yef;avmifacsmif;onf a&Tawmif\ awmifajc
wGif ywfvsuf ta&SUrStaemufodkY pD;qif;í awmifyHk&GmteD;
wGif wpfawmifqpfauGUywfum tauGUtaumufrsm;pGmwdkY
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .32
56 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
jzifh ajrmufbufoYkd qufvufp;D qif;oGm;onf/ acsmif;urf;yg;
wpfzufwpfcsufpDwGif tvGefaumif;rGefaom blrday:xGuf
ydkif; (Geological Outcrop) rsm;? ausmufvTmrsm;udk awGU&Sd
&ayonf/
( 2 ) yg0if a qmif & G u f c suf r sm;
jy'g;vif;vdkPf*ludk wl;azmfavhvm&mwGif blrdu@
taejzifh atmufygvkyfief;&yfrsm; tay:wGifrl wnfí yg0if
aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf/
( u ) *ljzpfay:vmyHEk iS hf *l\t*Fg&yfrsm;udk avhvmjcif;?
( c ) *lEiS yhf wf0ef;usiaf 'o\ blrad A' tcsut f vuf
rsm;udk &SmazGavhvmjcif;ESihf ajrrsuEf mS oGijf yifjy
ajryHka&;qGJjcif;?
( * ) wl;azmf&&Sdaom ausmufvufeufypönf;rsm;udk
ausmuftrsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;jcif;?
(u) *ljzpfay:vmyHkESifh *l\t*Fg&yfrsm; ud k avh v mjcif ;
sm;ud
xHk;ausmufaygrsm;&ma'owGif obm0vdkPf*lrsm;
ESifh vdkPfacgif;wdkY jzpfay:wnf&SdMupNrJ jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynf
wGif jy'g;vif;*luJhokdYaom *laygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm&SdMuonf/
oufwrf;tm;jzifh ESpfoef;aygif; 200 rS 350 cefY&Sdaom
xH k ; ausmuf p Of r sm; wnf & S d & ma'ojzpf o nf h yif ; w,?
awmifBuD;? u,m;jynfe,fESihf armfvNrdKif tp&Sdaom a'o
rsm;wGif þuJhodkYaom xHk;ausmufvdkPf*lrsm; wnf&SdMuonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 57
jy'g;vif;*l trSwf(1) ESifh (2) wdkYrSm xHk;ausmuf*l
rsm;\ jzpfpOftwdik ;f aysm0f if&nf (Solution) \ vkyaf qmifrI
aMumifh jzpfay:vmonf[k ,lq&ayonf/ xHk;ausmufrsm;
wGif &Sdwwfonfh tuf&m? tufaMumif;ESifh tufNydKif (Joint)
tp&So d nfwo Ydk nf *ljzpfay:ap&ef tajccHt*Fg&yfrsm; jzpfMu
onf/ rsuEf mS jyif&dS a&rsm;ESihf umAGeef pftufppf aysm0f ifvsuf
&Sdaom rdk;a&rsm;onf &moDOwkacsrGjcif;jzpfpOf (Weath-
ering Process) t& *ljzpfay:ap&ef yg0ifvy k af qmifMuaom
t"du vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;yif jzpfMuonf/ 4if;a&rsm;onf
tuf&m? tufaMumif;rsm;wpfavQmuf xHk;ausmufvTmrsm;
twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufí xHk;ausmufwGif t"duyg0ifzGJUpnf;
vsuf&Sdaom u,fvpD,rf umAGefedwfudk "mwkazsmfzsufjcif;
jzifh wdkufpm;vm&mrS tacgif;aygufBuD;rsm;? aysmf0if&nf
aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom taygufrsm;ESifh wGif;rsm; ponfwkdY
jzpfay:vmMuonf/ xHk;ausmuftwGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufvmaom
a&onf ajratmufa&tjzpf cdkatmif;vsuf&SdNyD; 4if;wkdY
vSnfhywfjcif;jzifh "mwkazsmfzsufjcif;jzpfpOfudk tpOfwpdkuf
tcsed Mf umjrifph mG qufvufvyk af qmifcjhJ cif;aMumifh jy'g;vif;
vdkPf*luJhodkYaom aysmf0if&nfvdkPf*l (Solution Cave) BuD;
rsm; jzpfay:vmcJh&ayonf/
jy'g;vif;*l trSwf(2) wGif ajratmufa& vSnfhywf
azsmfzsufwkdufpm;jcif;? "mwkcJzGJUtenfxkdifjcif; (Chemical
Deposition) wdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom t*Fg&yfrsm;udk
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .33
58 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
txift&Sm; awGU&S&d onf/ *ltrSwf (1) wGif ,if;t*Fg&yfrsm;
rSm trSwf (2) avmuf xdxda&mufa&muf jzpfay:aejcif;
r&Sad o;ay? *ltrSwf (2) twGi;f &Sd *le&H EH iS hf acgifr;kd tp&So d nf
wdkYwGif aysmf0if&nfwdkY azsmfzsufwkdufpm;jcif;aMumifh vdkPf
acgif; (Tunnel) rsm;ESifh wGif;rsm;? acgif;ayguf (Cavity) rsm;
trsm;tjym; jzpfay:aeonfudk awGU&onf/ acgifrdk;rSm
wdkufpm;jcif;aMumifh wjznf;jznf;yg;vTmvmum Murf;jyifodkY
NydKusvsuf ausmufpkdif ausmufwHk; tydkif;tprsm;tjzpf pkyHk
wnf&Sdaeayonf/ u,fvpD,rf umAGefedwf aysmf0if&nf
rsm;rSm trdk;rSwGJcdk aepOf "mwkcJzGJUí ydkYcsjcif;jzifh ausmufpuf
yef;qGJ (Stalactite) rsm; jzpfay:vm&onf/ 4if;wdkYrSwpfqifh
atmufodkY wpfpufcsif;usaeaom aysmf0if&nfrsm;onf
*lMurf;jyifay:wGif wpfzefcJzGJU tenfxkdifMujyefojzifh umv
wefMumaomf tenfrsm; wjznf;jznf;ydkYcsjcif;jzihf jrifhwuf
vmaom ausmufpufr;kd arQmf (Stalagmite) rsm;jzpfay:vmMu
onf/ tcsdeftvGefMumjrifhaomtcgwGif ausmufpufyef;qGJ
ESihf ausmufpufr;kd arQmrf sm; &Snv
f sm;vmMuNy;D qufro d mG ;aom
tcg obm0ausmufwkdif (Naturar Pillar) rsm; jzpfay:vm
Muonf/ tbufbufrS 0ef;&Hvsuf jzmqif;aeaom xHk;pD;
aMumif;rsm;jzifh wefqmqiftyfaom ausmufwdkifrsm;udk
avxD;rsm;qifx h m;aom toGio f P²mef pdru hf sausmuf (Drip-
stone) rsm;tjzpf awGU& onf/ ,if;wko Yd nf wpfxyfNy;D wpfxyf?
wpf&pfNyD; wpf&pf ydkYcsjcif;jzifh t&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;vmMu
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 59
onfukd rsuEf mS jyifwiG af wGU&aom vdiI ;f wGerYf sm;udk avhvmjcif;
jzifh vnf;aumif;? yJhxGufvsuf&Sdaom rsufESmjyifrsm;wGif
awGU&aom t&pfrsm;udk Munfhjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; odEdkifay
onf/ þtcsut f vufrsm;onf jy'g;vif;vdkP*f l trSwf (1)
eH&Hay:wGif a&;qGJxm;aom yef;csD½kyfrsm;\ oufwrf;udk
wpfenf;tm;jzifh ñTejf yaeayonf/ wpfpufcsi;f usvsu&f adS om
xHk;aysmf0if&nfrsm; cJzGJUtenfxdkif&efrSm tcsdeftm;jzifh ESpf
tydik ;f tjcm; tawmf&n S &f efvo
kd nf/ yef;cs½D yk yf t
kH csKUd rSm 4if;xH;k
tenfrsm;jzifh tawmfyif zHk;tkyfaeNyD; 4if;wdkY\ yrmPtxl
ESifh rsufESmjyif t*Fg&yfrsm;rSm yef;csD½kyfyHkrsm;\ oufwrf;
MumjrifhaMumif;udk oufaocHvsuf&Sdayonf/
( c ) *lESifh ywf0ef;usifa'o\ blrdaA' tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk &SmazGavhvmjcif;
jy'g;vif;*ltrSwf (1) ESifh (2) ESpfckpvHk;onf xHk;
ausmufvkP d *f rl sm; jzpfMuonf/ avhvmawGU&Scd sut
f & ,if;xH;k
ausmufwdkY\ t*Fg&yfrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh yHkaqmifrJh xHk;
ausmuf (Massive Limestone) rsm;om jzpfMuonf/ ,if;xH;k
ausmufrsm;wGif u,fvqdkufwGif;xGufonf t"dutm;jzifh
yg0ifzGJUpnf;vsuf&SdNyD; umAGef"mwftenf;i,f yg0ifvsuf&Sd
onf/ tawGU& trsm;qHk;aom ausmuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm
u,fvqdkufESifh umAGef trsm;tjym;yg&Sdaom yHkaqmifrJh
xH;k ausmufrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ tcsKdUaom xHk;ausmufrsm;rSm
t&G,f tvGefao;i,faom taphrsm;ygonfh xHk;ausmufrsm;
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .34
60 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
jzpfMuonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf u,fvqdkuftaMumi,f
(Calcite Vein) rsm; jzwfvsu& f MdS uonf/ 4if;wdo Yk nf rnDrnm
tuf&m (Uneven Fracture) jzifh uGJwwfMuNyD;vQif wpfcg
wpf&H tuf&mrsuEf mS jyifay:wGif c½kywftuf&m (Conchoidal
Fracture) rsm;udkvnf; awGU&wwfayonf/ usdK;yJhtpdkiftcJ
rsm;wGif cRefxufjywfom;aom tem;rsm;udk awGU&onf/
xif&mS ;aom ouf&t dS <uif;tusef ausmufjzpf½yk <f uif;rsm;udk
rawGU&aomfvnf; yg0ifvsuf&Sdaom u,fvqdkuftcsKdUrSm
½kyf<uif;ausmufrsm; t&nfaysmfjcif;jzifh wnf&Sdaeonf[k
cefYrSef;&ayonf/
ywf0ef;usifa'orsm;&Sd blrdaA'qkdif&m avhvmawGU
&Sdcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf/ aea&mifumESifh
anmifcsyf&GmwkdY\ ywf0ef;usifa'o av;rkdifywfvnfcefYwGif
rD;oifah usmuf trsK;d rsK;d udk yHo
k P²mef trsK;d rsK;d jzifh awGU&onf/
,if;wkdYrSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ESrf;zwfausmuf (ac:) *&ufepf
ausmuf (Granite) trsK;d tpm;jzpfMuNy;D ? &G,Bf u;D aph ausmufom;
(Porphyritic Texture) rS &G,v f wfaph ausmufom;txd &SMd u
aom ausmufrsm; jzpfMuonf/ tcsKUd *&ufepf ausmuftrsK;d
tpm;rsm;wGif [Gef;Avif;wGif;xGuf (Hornblende) trsm;
tjym;yg0ifMuvsuf &G,fao;aph *&ufepfrsm;u ¤if;wdkYudk
taMumrsm;tjzpf jzwfvsuf&SdMuonf/
anmifcsyf&Gmta&SUbuf wpfrkdifywf0ef;usifa'o
wGif toGifajymif;ausmuf trsKd;rsKd;udk awGU&onf/ ¤if;wdkY
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 61
tm;vH;k rSm v,fjyifausmufpOfpk (Lebyin Series) rS ausmuf
trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf[k ,lq&onf/ toGifajymif;
ausmufrsm;tjzpf ovif;ausmuf (Quartzite)? oQpf (Schist)
ESifh tjcm;toGifajymif;ausmufrsm;udk awGU&onf/ ,if;
ausmufpOfpu k akd usmv f eG í
f ta&SUbufwpfridk cf cJG efw
Y iG f p&pfjzKe;f
ausmuf (Conglomerate) trsK;d tpm;rsm;udak wGUonf/ ¤if;wdYk
onf rlvausmufrsm;usKd;yJhí ,if;usKd;yJhprsm;udk wpfckESifh
wpfck wGq J ufapojzifh jzpfay:vmaom ausmufrsm;jzpfMuNy;D
oufwrf;tm;jzifh rMumao;aom p&pfjzKe;f ausmufrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif yg0ifvsuf&Sdaom ausmufp&pfrsm;onf
t&G,t f pm;Bu;D rm;MuNy;D u,fvpD,rf umAGeef w d f yg0ifaom
tenfrsm;jzifh wGJqufxm;Muonf/
¤if;p&pfjzKef;ausmufrsm;udkausmfvGefí jy'g;vif;*l
ra&mufrD wpfrdkifcefYrSpí xHk;ausmufrsm;udk pwifawGU&
onf/ þxHk;ausmufrsm;\ t*Fg&yfrsm;rSm ukef;jyifjrifh
xHk;ausmuf (Plateau Limestone) pOfwef;wGifyg0ifaom
xHk;ausmufrsm;ESifh tawmfyif qifwlonf/ odkYaomf armfqef
ausmufpOfwef; (Mawson Series) rS xH;k ausmufrsm;vnf;
jzpfEikd zf ,
G &f m&So
d nf/ tcsKUd ae&mrsm;wGif oJausmuf (Sand-
stone) ESihf oJre I af usmuf (Siltstone) rsm;a&maESmvsuaf wGU&
onf/ jy'g;vif;*lESifh ,if;ywf0ef;usifa'oteD;wpf0dkufwGif
xHk;ausmufrsm;ukdom tawGU&rsm;onf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .35
62 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
jy'g;vif;*lta&SUbuf a&ykw&f mG ysut f eD;wGif aumif;pGm
vTmxyfvsuf&Sdaom xHk;ausmufrsm;udk awGU&\/ 4if;wdkYonf
ta&miftm;jzifh rD;cdk;a&mif&SdMuonf/ u,fvqdkuftaMum
rsm;jzwfvsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&\/ 4if;xHk;ausmufrsm;ESifhtwl
a,Svausmuf (Shale) tenf;tusO;f a&maESmvsuf awGU&onf/
4if;ywf0ef;usifwGif awGU&aom oJausmufrsm;rSm yg;vTmpGm
vTmxyfvsu&f MdS uNy;D umAGeef w d rf sm; yg0ifzUJG pnf;vsu&f MdS uonf/
awmify&kH mG ywf0ef;usiaf 'owGif *&ufepfrsm; aMurG
jcif;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom *&ufepfajrqDvTm(Granitic Soil)
rsm; zHk;tkyfvsuf&SdNyD; ovif;wGif;xGufrsm;pGm yg0ifvsuf
&Sdaom tjcm;ajrqDvTmrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;
wGif &G,fBuD;aphausmufom;&Sdaom *&ufepftrsKd;rsKd;udk
awGU&NyD; tcsKdUrSm [Gef;Avif;trsm;tjym; yg0ifvsuf&SdMu
onf/ tcsKdU*&ufepf ausmufpdkifBuD;rsm;wGif &G,fao;aphjzpf
aom rdkufu½dk *&ufepf'dkuf(Microgranite Dyke)rsm;u
jzwfvsuf&SdMuNyD; ,if;wkdY\ txlrSm wpfvufrtxd&SdMu
onf/
aea&mifumESihf uefq,f&mG wk\ Yd ywf0ef;usiaf 'oESihf
yef;avmifacsmif;urf;yg;rsm;wGif toGifajymif;ausmuf trsKd;
tpm;rsm;ESifh uefq,f&GmteD;wGif tufppfrD;oifhausmufrsm;
udk awGU&onf/ ,if;wkrYd mS *&,fE'kd ikd t f ½kd ukd f (Granodiorite)ESihf
&G,fao;aph ausmufom;&Sdaom rD;awmifausmufrsm; jzpfMu
onfh ½dik t f v
kd u
kd q
f aH usmuf (Rhyolitic Rock) rsm; jzpfMuonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 63
anmifcsyf&GmESifh awmifyHk&GmMum;wGifvnf; vTm&Sd½dkif
tdkvdkuf (Banded Rhyolite) rsm;udk awGU&onf/ ,if;wkdYESifh
twl ovif;ausmuf trsm;tjym;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ yef;
avmifacsmif;urf;yg;wGif oJrIefausmufrsm;udkvnf; awGU&
onf/ xdkYaMumifh toGifajymif;ausmufrsm;rSm rD;oifhausmuf
rsm;\ wd;k 0ifraI Mumifh toGiaf jymif;vJomG ;&aom ausmufrsm;
jzpf[efwlonf/
jy'g;vif;*l taemufbufwGif&Sdaom p&pfjzKef;
ausmufrsm;rSm ½dkiftdkvdkuf? oJrIefausmufESifh &G,fBuD;aph
ausmufrsm;\ ausmufp&pfrsm; yg0ifvsuf &Sad yonf/ tqdyk g
p&pfjzKef; ausmufrsm;rSm xHk;ausmufrsm;ay:wGif qifhvsuf
&Sdonf[k xifrSwf&ayonf/
txufyg avhvmawGU&Scd surf sm;t& ausmuftrsK;d rsK;d
wd\Yk qufpyfwnf&adS eyHrk mS ½Iyaf xG;vsu&f adS yonf/ anmifcsyf
&Gm taemufbuf&Sd rD;oifhausmufrsm;\ wdk;0ifrIaMumifh
anmifcsyf&Gm ta&SUbuf&Sd toGifajymif;ausmufrsm; jzpfay:
vmMuonf[k ,lq&ayonf/ tenfusausmufrsm;jzpfMu
aom xHk;ausmufrsm;? oJausmufESifh oJrIefausmufwkdYrSm
armfqefausmufpOfwef;wGif yg0ifaom ausmuftrsKd;tpm;
rsm; jzpfMuonf[k awG;xifp&m&Sdonf/ odkYaomf xHk;ausmuf
t*Fg&yfrsm;rSm ukef;jyifjrifhxHk;ausmufESifhvnf; tawmfyif
qifwlonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmufrsm;\oufwrf;udk cefYrSef;&ef
tawmfyif cJ,Of;onf/ a'oywf0ef;usifwpfckvHk;udk NcHKí
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .36
64 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 65
Munfhaomf blrdtaetxm;jzifhvnf; tawmfyif½IyfaxG;pGm ajryHkay:wGifwif&ef rSefajymif;ygtdrfajr§mifudk toHk;jyKí
wnf&Sdaeonfukd awGU&onf/ a'o\rsuEf mS oGijf yifrmS vnf; vnf;aumif; tjrifhESifhwnfae&mrsm; &,lcJhonf/ *ltrSwf
Murf;wrf;ojzifh wduspGmazmfjyEdkif&efrSm rvG,fulvSay? (1) onfatmufajcrS *l0t0ifMurf;jyiftxd 71 ay 3 vufr
ausmuftrsKd ;tpm; trsK;d rsK;d udv
k nf; taetxm; trsK;d rsK;d jzifh cefYjrifhí *ltrSwf(2) rSm atmufajcajrjyefYrS 53 ay 10
awGU&aomaMumifh wpfrsKd;ESifhwpfrsKd; qufoG,faeMuyHkrSm vufrcefY tjrifhwGif&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/
wduspGm azmfxkwf&ef cJ,Of;ayonf/
( * ) wl;azmf&&Sdaom ausmufvufeufypönf;rsm;udk
ausmuftrsd t rsdK ;tpm;cG J j cm;jcif ;
ajrrsuf E S m oG i f j yif j y ajryH k a &;qG J j cif ;
wl;azmf&&Sdaom ausmufvufeufypönf;rsm;udk trsKd;
ajryHka&;qGJjcif;ESifhywfoufí *lESifhywf0ef;usifteD;
tpm; cGJjcm;&mwGif t"dutrsKd;tpm;rsm;jzpfMuaom toGif
wpf0dkufwGif&Sdaom ajrrsufESmoGifjyifudk avhvm&efESifh &&Sd
ajymif;ausmuf? tenfusausmufESifh rD;oifhausmuf oHk;rsKd;
aom blrdaA'tcsuftvufrsm;udk ajryHkay:wGif wifjy&ef
pvH;k yif awGU&S&d onf/ awGU&S&d aom ausmuftrsK;d tpm; trsK;d
jzpfonf/ avhvmuGif;qif;cJhaom tcsdefydkif;tm;jzifh ajryHk
rsKd;wdkYrSmvnf; a'oywf0ef;usifwGif&Sdaom rlv&Sd&if;pGJ
azmfxkwfEdkif&ef ajrwkid ;f wmjcif; jyKvyk af ejcif;rSm tcsed t f wef
ausmuftrsKd;tpm;rsm;yif jzpfMuonf/
Mum ukecf &hJ onf/ ajrwdik ;f jyKvyk &f mwGif rSeaf jymif;yg tdraf jrm§ if
a'o\t"du&S&d if;pGjJ zpfaom xH;k ausmuftrsK;d tpm;
(Telescopic Compass) udk toHk;jyKí ajryHka&;qGJcJhonf/
ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm awGU&Sd&aom ausmufvufeufrsm;
ajryHkudk 1 vufr= 40 ay pau;jzifhvnf;aumif;? uGefwdk
tm;vHk;teuf trsm;qHk; jzpfayonf/
jcm;em;jcif; (Contour Interval) ig;ayjzifv h nf;aumif; a&;qGJ
ausmuftrsKd;tpm;toD;oD;\ yg0ifrI&mEIef;rSm-
cJhonf/ ajrwkdif;jyKvkyf&mwGif *l (1) ESihf (2) wk\ Yd ywf0ef;usif
(1) xHk;ausmuf - 34%
{&d,mpwk&ef; wpfaxmifywfvnfwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf/
(2) oJausmuf - 26%
xdkYjyif *lrsm;\atmufajcrS *l\t0ifMurf;jyiftxd
(3) oJrIefausmuf - 7%
tjrifah yud&k mS &ef tqifq h ifw h ikd ;f xGmenf; (Stepping Method)
(4) ovif;ausmuf - 13%
jzifh axmift h edrt hf jrifw h idk ;f ud&, d m (Abney Level) udk toH;k
(5) rdkufu½dk*&ufepf - 5%
jyKívnf;aumif;? *lrsm;\wnfae&mudk wpfvufr-wpfrikd f

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .37
66 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
(6) *&ufepf - 1.4%
(7) aAhpfrD;oifhausmuf - 8%
ESifh tufppfrD;awmifausmuf
wdkYjzpfMuonf/
( 1 ) xH k ; ausmuf vuf e uf y pö n f ; rsm;
xHk;ausmufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom ausmufvufeuf
ypön;f rsm;wGif ywf0ef;usifa'oü&Sdaom xHk;ausmufrsm;\
t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifh tawmfyifqifwlMuonfudk awGU&onf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh xif&mS ;aomt*Fg&yfrsm;rSm tvGe&f ,G af o;aph
&Sdjcif;? umAGeftenf;i,fyg0ifjcif;? u,fvqdkufwGif;xGuf
<u,f a omxHk;ausmufjzpfjcif;wkdY jzpfonf/ xl;jcm;aom
tcsurf mS ,if;wk\ Yd tuf&m (Fracture) yif jzpfonf/ 4if;wkYd
wGif cRefxufaom tuf&mESifhvnf;aumif;? c½kywftuf&m
ESifh vnf;aumif; uGJwwfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ta&mifrSm
rD;cd;k jyma&mifrS teufa&miftxd yg0ifaom umAGet f csK;d tpm;
ay:wGif rlwnfí ajymif;vJwwfonf/
( 2 ) oJ a usmuf vuf e uf y pö n f ; rsm;
oJausmufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom ausmufvufeufrsm;
onf xHk;ausmufavmuf uspfvspfodyfonf;rI r&Sdaomfvnf;
tawmftwef rmausmaom oJausmufrsm;jzifo h m jyKvyk x
f m;
onfudk awGU&onf/ ta&mifrSm zGJUpnf;xm;aom oHatmuf
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 67
qkdufwGJqufypönf;ESifh yg0ifaomta&mtaESmrsm;ay:wGif
rlwnfí t0g&ifah &mif? rGjJ yma&mifEiS hf tndKa&miftxd &Sw d wf
onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh oJaphrsm;onf wpf&, G w f nf;jzpfaom
t&G,t f pm;rsm;&SMd uNy;D ,if;wku
Yd kd oHatmufqu kd ?f u,fvpD,rf?
umAGeftp&Sdaom wGJqufypönf;rsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/
wpfcgwpf&H rsufESmjyifü yg;vTmaomta&mif&Sd tvTmyg;
(Colour Lamination)rsm; awGU&onf/ yg0ifzUJG pnf;vsu&f adS om
oJyGifhrsm;rSm tenf;i,faxmifhcRefaom ovif;wGif;xGufaph
rsm;jzpfonf/
( 3 ) oJ r I e f a usmuf vuf e uf y pö n f ; rsm;
,if;wdo Yk nf tapht&G,t f m;jzifh oJausmufrsm;xuf
ao;i,fMuNyD;vQif rsm;aomtm;jzifh oH"mwf<u,f0aom
tkwf<uyfeDa&mif&Sdonf/ tcsKdUoJrIefausmufvufeufypönf;
rsm;rSm tawmfyifrmausmNyD; tenf;i,f uspfvspfodyfonf;
onf/ oJreI af usmufjzifh jyKvyk x f m;aom ausmufvufeufrsm;
onf ckwx f pfí jyKvyk x f m;aom ausmufvufeufrsm;r[kwf
MubJ rsm;aomtm;jzifh vH;k 0dik ;f aom ausmufvufeufrsm;om
jzpfMuonfudk awGU&onf/
(4) ovif;ausmuf vufeufrsm;
ovif;ausmufvufeufrsm;onf wpfrsKd;wnf;awGU&
aom toGifajymif;ausmuf trsKd;tpm;rsm;yif jzpfonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .38
68 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
,if;wdoYk nf tvGeo f yd o
f nf; uspv f sprf mausmNy;D vQif ta&mif
tm;jzifh tjymEk (odrYk [kw)f rD;cd;k Eka&mifrsm; jzpfMuonf/ zGUJ pnf;
xm;aom wGif;xGufrsm;rSm ovif;wpfrsdK;wnf; yg0ifvsuf&Sd
NyD;vQif tpGef;em;rsm;wGif tvif;rIefaom t*Fg&yf&Sdonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh ovif;ausmufvufeufrsm;udk aoG;xm;aom
ausmufvufeufrsm;tjzpfom awGU&onf/
( 5 ) rd k u f u ½d k * &uf e pf ausmuf v uf e uf r sm;
þausmufvufeuftrsKd;tpm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom
ausmufvufeufrsm;onf ausmufp&pfvHk;rsm;udk xkvkyfxm;
aom ausmufvufeuftrsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdak usmuf
trsKd;tpm;wGif ta&mifEkwGif;xGufrsm;jzpfMuaom ovif;
(Quartz) ESihf z,fpyg (Feldspar) rsm; t"du&SMd uNy;D ta&mif
&ifh vaMu;ndK (Biotite Mica) ESih f oH"mwf<u,f0aom wGi;f xGuf
rsm; zGJUpnf;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ ausmufom;taejzifh
wGi;f xGurf sm;onf wpfcEk iS hf wpfck wpfrsK;d ESihf wpfrsK;d wdu
k ½f u
kd f
xdqufaeaMumif; awGU&onf/
( 6 ) *&uf e pf ausmuf v uf e uf r sm;
þausmufvufeufrsm;udk rdu k u f ½d*k &ufepf ausmuf
vufeuftrsKd;tpm;uJhodkYyif ausmufp&pfud&d,m (Pebble
Tools)tjzpfom awGU&onf/ yg0ifzUJG pnf;xm;aom wGi;f xGuf
trsK;d tpm;ESihf tcsK;d tpm;wdrYk mS rdu
k u
f ½d*k &ufepfEiS hf twlwyl if
jzpfaomfvnf; wGif;xGuft&G,ftpm; ydkrdkBuD;rm;onf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 69
( 7 ) aAh p f r D ; oif h a usmuf E S i f h tuf p pf r D ; oif h a usmuf
vufeufrsm;
þausmuftrsKd;tpm; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk trsm;tjym;
awGU&\/ ,if;wdo Yk nf teD;ywf0ef;usiw f iG af wGU&aom rD;oifh
ausmuf trsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh tawmfyif qifwlonf/ tufppf
rD;oifhausmufrsm;tjzpf &G,fao;aphvGefausmufom;&Sdaom
rD;awmifausmufrsm;jzpfMuonfh ½dkiftdkvdkufausmufvufeuf
rsm;udk awGU&onf/ tcsKdU½dkiftdkvdkuf ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm
ovif;wGif;xGuf trsm;tjym;yg0ifMuNyD; rmausmodyfonf;
Muonf/ t"dutm;jzifh ta&mif&Sdaomzefrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;
xm;Muonf/
tuf&mrsufESmjyifrSm Murf;wrf;cRefxufaomtem;
rsm;&Sdonf/ þausmuftrsKd;tpm; ausmufvufeufrsm;udk
ausmufp&pfvufeufrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ckwx f pfíjyKvyk f
xm;aom ausmufvufeufrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? aoG;xm;
aom ausmufvufeufrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; awGU&onf/
wl;azmf&&Sdaom rD;oifhausmufvufeuf trsKd;tpm;tm;vHk;
wdkYrSm a'oywf0ef;usifwGif&Sdaom ausmufrsm;ESifh zGJUpnf;yHk
tm;jzif h v nf ; aumif ; ? t*F g &yf r sm;tm;jzif h v nf ; aumif ;
tawmfyif qifwlonfudk awGU&ayonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .39
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
tcef; ( 6 )
k *f El iS hf rEkóaA'tjrif
jy'g;vif;vdP
( 1 ) jy'g;vif ; *l r sm;
jy'g;vif;*lrsm;onf a&ykwf&Gma[mif;\ taemuf
buf wpfrkdifausmftuGmwGif&Sdaom aywpfaxmifausmfjrifh
onhf ukef;jyifjrifhay:wGif wnf&Sdonf/ *lESpfckpvHk;onf
awmifbufoYkd rsuEf mS rlaeonf/ jy'g;vif;vdP
k *f l *lrBu;D onf
ay 800 cefY&Snfvsm;NyD; cef;raqmif ukd;cef;ESifh tcef;i,f
rsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ *lrBuD;\rsufESmt0if0onf ay
50 cefYus,fonf/
jy'g;vif;vdkPf*l *lrBuD;\ta&SUbufwGif jy'g;vif;
*li,f&Sd\/ jy'g;vif;*li,fonf *lrBuD;rS ay 600 cefYa0;
uGmonf/ *li,f\ rsufESmt0if0onf ay 80 cefY&SdNyD;
ESpfcef;wGJjzpf\/ twGif;bufü ay 40 cefY&Snfonf/
( 2 ) cG J j cm;a0zef q H k ; jzwf j cif ;
jy'g;vif;vdkPf*l wl;azmfa&;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf jy'g;
vif;*lrsm;\ taetxm;ESihf ausmufacwfvo l m;wk\
Yd yef;csD
70
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 71
vuf&mrsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfNyD; t"duwl;azmfoifhaom*lESifh
tprf;wl;azmfoifhaom*l ponfjzifh cGJjcm;Munhf&ayonf/
rEkóaA'enf;? a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;rsm;jzifh vufawGU
wl;azmfrnfqkdvQif OD;pm;ay;NyD; t"duwl;azmfoifhaomae&m?
tprf;wl;azmfoifah omae&mESihf vH;k 0rwl;azmfoifah omae&m
[lí cGJjcm;a0zefqHk;jzwfwwf&ef ta&;BuD;vSayonf/
*lrBuD;\ cef;aqmif? cef;rESifh cef;i,frsm;xJwGif
ausmufjzpfxHk;aysmf&nfrsm;aMumifh wzdwfzdwfwvufvuf
ta&mifawmufaeaom ausmufpufyef;qGJrsm;ESifh ausmuf
pufrkd;arQmfrsm;aMumifh tvStytqef;wMu,fjzpfaeonf/
odkYaomf ¤if;*lrBuD;udk OD;pm;ay;wl;azmfoifhaom *lr[kwf[k
avhvma&;tzGJUu qHk;jzwfonf/
þ*lrBuD;xJü tat;"mwfvGefuJaejcif;? aea&mif
tvif;a&mifaumif;pGmr&jcif;? ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;tNrJ
aexkdif&ef OwkoyÜm,rQwcJh[efr&Sdjcif;? rkd;a&rsm;wkdufpm;
o,f,lvmcJhaom &THUajrEkef;ajrrsm;txyfxyf zHk;vTrf;aejcif;?
tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif rlvausmufom;rsm;yif txif;om;ay:
aejcif;ESihf ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm;\vuf&mrsm; tawGUenf;
jcif;paom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh 4if;jy'g;vif;vdkPf*lrBuD;udk
OD;pm;ay;wl;azmfoifhaom *lr[kwf[k qHk;jzwfjcif;jzpfonf/
jy'g;vif;*li,ftwGi;f ü crf;em;xnf0gaom ausmuf
pufyef;qGrJ sm;ESihf ausmufpufr;kd arQmrf sm; tBu;D tus,rf &Sad cs?
odkYaomf þ*li,fudk t"duxm;í OD;pm;ay;wl;azmfoifhonf
[k qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .40
72 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
jy'g;vif;*li,fü tat;"mwf? tpdk"mwfenf;yg;jcif;?
ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm; aexdik Ef ikd af om oifah wmfonfh OwkoyÜ,
&Sdjcif;? tvif;a&mifESifhavaumif;avoefY&&Sdjcif;? ausmuf
acwfvo l m;rsm; BuKd uEf pS o
f ufrnfh tay:pD;jrifuiG ;f &Sjd cif;ESihf
ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;a&;qGJcJh[ef&Sdaom yef;csDvuf&mrsm;
onf *li,f\eH&rH sm;ESihf rsuEf mS Muufrsm;ay:wGif trsm;tjym;
awGU&jcif;paom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh þjy'g;vif;*li,fudk
tav;xm;í OD;pm;ay;wl;azmfoifo h nf[k cGjJ cm;a0zefq;kH jzwf
Mujcif;jzpfayonf/
*ltrSwf (1) ESifh *ltrSwf (2)
OD;pm;ay;wl;azmfoifhaomaMumifh jy'g;vif;*li,fudk
*ltrSwf(1) [k trnfay;NyD; *lrBuD;udk*ltrSwf (2) [k trnf
ay;Muonf/ jy'g;vif;*lrsm;udk vufawGUwl;azmfaomtcg
jy'g;vif;*li,fEiS hf *lrBu;D udk *l (1) ESi*hf l (2) [lívnf;aumif;?
ta&SU*lESifhtaemuf*l[lívnf;aumif;? *luav;ESifh*lBuD;[k
vnf;aumif; ac:a0:Muonf/
( 3 ) uRrf;usifaom tvkyform;rsm; &SmazGjcif;
jy'g;vif;*lrsm;udk vufawGUuGi;f qif;í wl;azmfaom
tcg uRr;f usiaf omtvkyo f rm;rsm;&&S&d ef ta&;Bu;D vSonf/
xkdYaMumifh jy'g;vif;*lrsm;udk vufawGUwl;azmfaomtcg &&Sd
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 73
xm;aomtvkyform;rsm;udkyif tm;udk;pdwfcs&avmufaom
tvkyform;rsm;jzpfvmap&ef tvkyfvkyf&if;oifMum;jyo
ay;&onf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmt& vufawGUwl;azmf
&mü aygufw;l ? aygufcRe;f ? aygufjym;? wl&iG ;f ESiahf *:jym;rsm;udk
rnfonfah e&mü rnforYkd nfyt kH oH;k jyK&rnfukd vufawGUoifMum;
ay;Mu&onf/ a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;ESifh ausmufacwfvlom;
rsm;\ ausmufwHk;ausmufvufeuf paomypönf;rsm;r&Sdonfh
tay:,HajrvTmrsm;udk wl;azmf&mü ajrom;twGif;odkYpl;&Sepf
0ifEikd af om aygufw;l ? aygufcRe;f rsm;udk toH;k jyKEikd Nf y;D ausmuf
vufeufpaom a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm; wl;azmf&&SdEdkifavmuf
aomae&mü ajrvTmajrom;rsm;twGif; pl;&Seuf0ifEdkifaom
aygufwl;? aygufcRef;rsm;udk tm;pdkufcGefpdkuftoHk;jyKaomf?
ausmufwHk;ausmufvufeuftp&Sdaom a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;
ysupf ;D zG,&f adS omaMumifh aygufjym;? a*:jym;rsm;uko d m *½kpukd f
oHk;oifhaMumif;ponfjzifh oifMum;ay;&onf/
ausmufwHk;ausmufvufeufpaom a&S;a[mif;ypönf;
rsm; &SmazGawGU&Sdrnfh ajrvTmpOfrsm;okdY a&muf&SdaomtcgwGif
ausmufw;kH ausmufvufeufrsm; rysupf ;D &avatmif taumif;
yuwdtwdik ;f &Sad tmif vufuikd af *:jym;i,f? aygufjym;i,fEiS hf
wl & G i f ; i,f r sm;jzif h ajrvT m rsm;ud k tenf ; i,f w l ; azmf N yD ;
ausmufwHk; ausmufvufeufpaom a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;udk
xkwaf zmf wl;,l&rnft h aMumif;udv k nf; tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm;
oifMum;ay;Mu&onf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .41
74 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
ajrpmajrvTmrsm;udk pGeyYf pfaomtcgwGiv
f nf; ajrpm
ajrvTmxJwGif a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm; a&maESmygroGm;&av
atmif qefcgusJ? qefcgvwf? qefcgpdyfrsm;? vufudkif
qefaumi,frsm;jzifh tqifhqifh&SmazG&rnfh enf;rsm;udkvnf;
oif M um;ay;Mu&onf / trS e f p if p pf taumif ; qH k ; aom
a&S;a[mif;okawoe wl;azmfrIonf a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;udk
tysuftpD; tenf;qHk;ESifh enf;pepftrSefqHk; wl;azmf&jcif;
jzpfaomaMumifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; þa&GUþrQvufawGU
oifMum;ay;&jcif;jzpfonf/
( 4 ) vuf a wG U wl ; azmf j cif ;
vufawGUwl;azmfaomtcg jy'g;vif;*ltrSwf (1) udk
yif ta&SUbufjcrf;? taemufbufjcrf;cGJí ajrmif;&Snfpepf
rsm;udk toHk;jyKNyD;wl;azmfMu\/ wl;azmfpOfü ajrmif;&Snf (1)?
ajrmif;&Snf (2)? ajrmif;&Snf (3) ponfjzifh tpOftvdkuf
trnfay;NyD; wl;azmfMuonf/ jy'g;vif;*l (1) ü wl;azmfae
aom &ufrsm;twGif;rSmyif jy'g;vif;*l(2) jzpfaom *lrBuD;
udkvnf; wl;azmfMuonf/ jy'g;vif;*l *lrBuD;\ rsufESmpm&Sd
usi;f rsm;rS ausmufw;kH ausmufvufeuf tenf;i,f&&So d nf/
rEkóaA'enf;? a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;rsm;jzifh
a&S;a[mif;ae&mrsm;udk wl;azmf&mwGif tuGu½f u kd f wl;azmfenf;
(Box System)ESihf ajrmif;&Snp f epf wl;azmfenf; (Trench Sys-
tem) [lí&Sd&m jy'g;vif;vdkPf*lrsm;udk wl;azmf&mü ydkrdktqif
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 75
ajyap&ef ajrmif;&SnfpepfudkoHk;í wl;azmfMuonf/ tvkyf
orm;rsm; oGm;vm&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? ajro,f ajrn§&d mwGif
vnf;aumif; vG,fulpdrfhaomiSm ajrmif;wGif;ü avSum;xpf
rsm; azmfapNyD; wl;azmfaponf/ ajrmif;&SnfwpfckESifh wpfck
tMum;wGif vloGm;vrf;? ajrom;abmifrsm; xm;í wl;azmf
apcJhonf/ ausmufwHk; ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifh t½dk;rsm;udk
awGU&So
d nfth cg awGU&Sad om ausmufw;kH ausmufvufeufrsm;
\ ajrvTmpOfuykd g rSww f rf;,lNy;D ausmufw;kH ausmufvufeuf
rsm;udk aumuf,laponf/
oufwrf;cGJ&mwGif ta&;ygaomaMumifh ausmufwHk;
ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifh ajrvTmpOfudkrSwfwrf;,lí aumuf
,lapjcif;jzpfonf/ wl;azmfa&;tzGUJ onf blrad A'oabmt&
txufajrvTmpOfrsm;onf atmufajrvTmpOfrsm;xuf ouf
wrf;i,fonfudk odNyD;jzpfayonf/
( 5 ) ausmuf w H k ; ausmuf v uf e uf y pö n f ; rsm;
wl;azmfa&;tzGUJ onf Zefe0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYrS 28 &uf
aeYtxd 17 &ufwdkifwkdif jy'g;vif;*lrsm;udk wl;azmfMuonf/
þodkYwl;azmf&mwGif ausmufwl? ausmuf"m;? ausmufyJcGyf?
ausmufjcpfu&d ,
d m? ausmufuiG ;f ? rd;k BuKd ;oGm;ESihf ausmufp&pf
vufeufpaom ausmufvufeuf 1600 ausmf&&SdcJhonf/
tqdyk gvufeufrsm;wGif yHak csm? yHMk urf;trsm;tjym;yg0ifonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .42
76 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
jy'g;vif;*lrsm;udk wl;azmf&mü ausmufacwfvlom;
rsm; yef;csDa&;qGJ&mwGif toHk;jyKaom ajrom;aq;eDcJrsm;?
tdk;jcrf;uGJrsm;? rD;aoG;prsm;? c½kcGH a,mufoGm;cGHrsm;? opfoD;cGH
rsm;ESifh om;aumifrsKd;pHkwdkY\ t½dk;ESifhoGm; ½kyf<uif;rsm;udk
&&SdcJhMuonf/
( 6 ) jy'g;vif ; *l ausmuf a cwf v l o m;wd k Y \ vl a erI
rEkóaA'tjrift& ]]vlaerI}} [laompum;\
t"dymÜ ,fukd zGiq
hf v
kd Qif ]]vlaerI}}[lonf vlom;wd\ Yk aexdik af &;?
rdom;pk tpm&SmazGr?I tEkynm ud;k uG,, f MkH unfrEI iS hf pdw"f mwf
tiftm;ponfjzifh t"dymÜ ,f&onf/ jy'g;vif;*l ausmufacwf
vlom;wkdY\ vlaerI[kqkd&müvnf; ,if;vlom;wkdY\ aexkdif
a&;? 0wfpm;qif,ifa&;? tpm&SmazGxkwfvkyfa&;? arG;jrLa&;?
vlrIa&;pepf? yef;csDa&;qGJjcif;? bmoma&;udk;uG,f ,HkMunfrI?
pdwful;pdwfoef;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIypönf; xkwfvkyfrI ponfwdkY
yg0ifonf[k qdk&rnfomjzpfayonf/
jy'g;vif;*lrsm;rS&&Sad om ausmufw;kH ausmufvufeuf
paom ypönf;rsm;onf ausmufacwfa[mif;rS ypönf;rsm;jzpf
onf (odkYr[kwf) ausmufacwfv,fESifh ausmufacwfopfrS
ypönf;rsm;jzpfonf ponfjzifh ,wdjywfrqHk;jzwfoifhao;ay?
,if;ypön;f rsm;onf rnfonfah cwf? rnfonfEh pS u f ypön;f rsm;
jzpfonfudk umAGef 14 "mwfcGJenf; paom odyÜHenf;rsm;jzifh
ppfaq;wGufcsufNyD;rSomvQif ydkrdkwduspGm ajymMum;Edkifrnf
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 77
jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh jy'g;vif;*lae ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm;\
acwftcgudk rqH;k jzwf&ao;bJ &SmazGawGU&Sxd m;aom ausmufw;kH
ausmufvufeuf ponfyh pön;f rsm;udk tud;k tum;jyKNy;D jy'g;vif;
vdkP*f al e ausmufacwfvo l m;wd\Yk vlaerI tajctae rsm;udk
azmfjyrnfjzpfayonf/
(u) aexd k i f a &;
jy'g;vif;*l ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm;onf *lrsm;twGi;f ü
aexkdifwwfNyDjzpfaomaMumifh 4if;wdkYonf rdk;'Pf? av'Pf
ESifh aeyl&Sdef'Pfudk umuG,faexdkifvdkaom aexdkifrI tqifh
twef;&SdNyD[k qdkEdkifayonf/ tu,fí tumtuG,f trdk;
tumr&Sdaom ae&mwGif oGm;vmaexdkifygu jy'g;vif;*lae
ausmufacwfvlom;wkdY\ vlaerItqifhonf rsm;pGmedrfhus
onf[k qdk&rnfom jzpfonf/ jy'g;vif;*l ausmufacwf
vlom;wdkYonf *lrsm;wGiftpOftNrJ aexdkifoavm? odkYwnf;
r[kwf Oa&mywdkuf ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;uJhodkY aus;&Gm
wnfaxmifaeNyaD vm[lonfh taMumif;udk qufvufqef;ppf
MunfhMu&OD; rnfjzpfonf/ jy'g;vif;*l ausmufacwfvlom;
wkoYd nf &moDOwkajymif;vJonfuv kd udk í
f ae&majymif;oavm?
awmawmifESifh opfyifoD;ESH tenf;trsm;ukdvdkufí ae&m
ajymif;oavmpaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;udkvnf; ppfaq;
Mu&OD;rnfjzpfonf/ trSepf ifppf ausmufacwfopfü vlom;wkYd
onf ae&mxdik cf if;wpfcw k nf;ü twnfwus aexdik w f wfaom
oabm&SdaeayNyD/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .43
78 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 79
( c ) 0wf p m;qif , if a &; a,mufoGm;ESifh ig;rsm;udzk rf;qD;pm;aomufjcif; ponfwu Ykd kd
vlom;wkdYonf ,Ofaus;rI jrifhrm;wdk;wufvmaom jyKvyk cf ahJ omaMumifh ,if;wdo Yk nf tpm&SmazGaompepfuv kd nf;
tcgrS rdrw d \ Ykd ud,
k cf E¨mudk &moDOwk'PfrS umuG,w f wfaom usifhoHk;cJhonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
oabm&&Scd o hJ nf/ ,Ofaus;rItqift h wef; edru hf spOfü rdrw
d \ Ykd jy'g;vif;*lrsm;\ eH&rH sm;rSm rsuEf mS Muufrsm;ay:wGif
ud,k cf E¨mudk tumtuG,rf x hJ m;rnfjzpfNy;D ,Ofaus;rIw;kd wuf a&;qGJxm;cJhaom ig;yHkrsm;ESifhawmawmifyHkrsm;uvnf; jy'g;
vmaomtcgwGif vlom;wdo Yk nf rdrwd \
Ykd ud,k cf E¨mudk opf&u
G f vif;*lausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf tpm&SmazGaompepfudk
opfacgufrsm;jzifh umuG,fMurnfvnf; jzpfayonf/ jzwfoef;cJhaMumif; oufaojyvsuf&Sdayonf/
jy'g;vif;*l ,Ofaus;rIacwfwiG f vlom;wdo Yk nf awm½dik ;f jy'g;vif;*laeausmufacwfvo l m;rsm; toH;k jyKcahJ om
wd&pämefrsm;udkyif trJvkduf zrf;,lpm;aomufaeNyDjzpfaom v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;ESiyhf wfoufonfh ausmufvufeufu&d , d m
aMumifh ,if;vlom;wdkYonf om;a&rsm;udkyif &moDOwktum rsm;udk rawGU[kqo kd ifo h nf/ xdaYk Mumifh jy'g;vif;*lae ausmuf
tuG,fypönf;rsm;tjzpf toHk;jyKcJhMuayvdrfhrnf/ om;arG; acwfvlom;rsm;onf pdkufysKd;a&;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
om;a&wdo Yk nf ysupf ;D vG,jf cif;aMumifh wl;azmf&mwGif 4if;wdu Yk kd jyKonf rjyKonfudk ,wdjywfrqHk;jzwfEdkifao;ay? tu,fí
rawGU&Sd&jcif; jzpfayonf/ jy'g;vif;*lwiG af wGU&aom td;k jcrf;uGrJ sm;\ ouú&mZfukd trSef
tuefazmfxkwfEdkifaomf? pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m ud&d,mrsm;udk
( * ) tpm&S m azG x k w f v k y f a &; xyfrHawGU&Sdaomf jy'g;vif;*lae ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf
tpm&SmazGxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh ywfoufí jy'g;vif;*l pdkufysKd;a&;pepfudkyg vkyfaqmifcJhonf[k qHk;jzwf&rnfom
ae ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf tpm&SmazGrIpepftwGif;ü jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfopfü pdkufysKd;a&;pepf ay:aygufcJhNyD
usivf nfcJhonf[k qkdoifh\/ rEkóaA'tjrift& a&S;OD; jzpfayonf/
vlom;wkdYonf tpm&SmazGaompepf? arG;jrLa&;ESifh ,SOfwGJ
aom pdkufysKd;a&;pepfEiS hf tpm;tpmtydtk vQH xkwv
f yk af om (C) arG ; jrLa&;
pepf[íl pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;udk a,bk,soabmt& jzwfoef; jy'g;vif;*leH&Hrsm;ESifh rsufESmMuufrsm;ay:wGif a&;qGJ
ausmfvTm;cJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ jy'g;vif;*l ausmufacwf xm;aom yHrk sm;rSm tdraf rG;wd&pämefyrkH sm; ygonf[k qkEd ikd v
f Qif
vlom;wdkYonf om;aumifrsm;udk zrf;qD;pm;aomufjcif;? c½k? jy'g;vif;*lae ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;onf arG;jrLa&;udyk g

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .44
80 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 81
wGzJ ufvyk uf ikd af eNy[
D q
k Edk idk af yonf/ awm½dik ;f wd&pämef rsm;\ xkwfvkyfjcif;? yl;aygif;í om;aumifBuD;rsm; zrf;qD;jcif;ESifh
ajc? vufpaom t½dk;rsm;ESifh <uufom;aMumrsm;qHk&m tqpf ausmuf*ltwGif;ü trsm;tjym; pka0;aexdkifjcif; paompepf
trsu?f t½d;k rsm;onf tdraf rG;wd&pämefrsm;\ ajcvuf? tqpf rsm;&SdaomaMumifh jy'g;vif;*lausmufacwfvlom;rsm;onf
trsu?f t½d;k rsm;xufBu;D xGm;aom oabmobm0&Sad yonf/ tpkta0;ESifh aexdkifwwfaompepf&SdNyD[k qdkEdkifayonf/
awm½dik ;f wd&pämefrsm;onf awmwGi;f üajy;vTm;ae&aomaMumifh rdom;pkpepfjzifhaexdkifcJhonf odkYr[kwf aqGrsdK;pkpepfjzifh
þuJhodkY t½dk;tqpftrsufrsm; BuD;xGm;ae&jcif; jzpfonf/ aexdik cf o
hJ nfponfwu Ykd kd qH;k jzwfEikd &f ef cdik v
f akH omtaxmuf
owåaA'ynm&Sifrsm;onf txufwGif azmfjyxm; txm;rsm;udk xyfr&H mS azG&rnf jzpfonf/ trSepf ifppf ,Ofaus;rI
aom jcm;em;csufudkawGU&Sdjcif;ESifh jy'g;vif;*lwGif;rS wl;,l&&Sd wdk;wufí "avhxHk;pHESifh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm; ay:aygufvm
aom t½dk;rsm;wGif tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;\ t½dk;rsm;yg0ifonf aomtcgrSomvQif vlom;wdkY\ tdrfaxmifa&;pepfrsm;ESifh
[k qkdEdkifvQif jy'g;vif;*lae ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;onf rdom;pkpepfrsm;onf wdk;wufvmonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
arG;jrLa&;udkyg wGJzufvkyfudkifaeNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/ ,if;okdY ( p ) vl a erI t ajctae
qkdvQif jy'g;vif;*l ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;onf ausmuf jy'g;vif;vdkPf*l ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;\ vlaerI
acwfopf ,Ofaus;rItqifo h yYkd if a&muf&adS eNy[
D k qkEd ikd o
f nf/ tajctaeonf tawmfyifjrifhrm;vsuf&Sdayonf/ jy'g;vif;
trSefpifppf ausmufacwfopfodkY a&mufrSomvQif vlom;wkdY *l ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;onf ausmuf*leH&Hrsm;ESifh rsufESm
onf arG;jrLa&;udk pwifEidk o f nf[k rEkóaA'ynm&Sirf sm;u Muufrsm;ay:wGif yef;csDrsm;a&;qGJEdkif&ef tcsdefydk? tcsdeftm;
tqkdjyKcJhMuayonf/ &onftxd vlaerItajctae tqift h wef; jrifrh m;wd;k wuf
( i ) vl r I a &;pepf vsuf&Sdonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
vlraI &;pepfEiS yhf wfoufívnf; jy'g;vif;vdP k *f al e (q) yef ; csD a &;qG J j cif ;
ausmufacwfvo l m;wdoYk nf rde;f rtrsm;,laom pepfusio hf ;kH yef;csrD sm;ESihf ywfoufívnf; awmifwef;ESpcf t k Mum;
onf odwYk nf;r[kwf a,musmf ;trsm;,laom pepfusio hf ;kH onf rS aexGuyf pkH onfwu Ykd ykd if a&;qGw
J wfNyjD zpfaomaMumifh jy'g;
ponfjzifh ,wdjywfqHk;jzwf&ef rvG,fulvSay? jy'g;vif;*l vif;*lae ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;onf ½IarQmfcif;yef;csD
ausmufacwfvo l m;wdo
Yk nf yl;aygif;í ausmufvufeufypön;f a&;qGrJ \
I a&SUajy;yef;csv D uf&mudyk if a&;qGaJ eNy[
D k qdw
k ef&m

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .45
82 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 83
onf/ jy'g;vif;vdkPf*l trdk;pGef;ESifh awmifwef;awmifpG,f ( p s ) pd w f u l ; pd w f o ef ;
tMum;wGif jrif&aom aeyHu k kd a&;qGoJ nf[í l vnf; tcsKd Uyk*Kd¾ vf jy'g;vif;vdP k *f l ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm; a&;qGcJ ahJ om
wdu Yk ,lqMuayonf/ aeyHw k iG f a&mifjcnfrsm; jzmvufaeyHyk g yef;csDyHkrsm;wGif aeyHkESifh vuf0g;yHkrsm;rSm pdwful;pdwfoef;
&Sjd cif;ESihf awmifp,
G f awmifwef;ESpcf t k Mum;wGif aexGuaf eyHk oabmt& txl;ojzifh rSwfom;xdkufonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
yg&Sjd cif;paom 0daoo vu©Pmrsm;yg&Sad omaMumifh awGUorQ aeyHrk mS awmifpOf awmifwef;ESpcf t k Mum;wGif aexGuaf e[ef
aom ausmufacwf aeyHk yef;csDvuf&mrsm;xuf omvGef a&;qGx J m;aomaMumifv h nf;aumif;? aea&mifjcnfjzmxGuaf e
xl;jcm;aeonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ yHu
k kd rsO;f pufrsm;ESihf jyoxm;aomaMumifv h nf;aumif;? vuf0g;yHk
jy'g;vif;*ltrSwf(1)wGif aq;a&mifysufaeaom rsm;rSm vufaAGyHkrsm;udk azmfjyxm;aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?
yef;csDvuf&m tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdayonf/ ½kyfvHk;azmfEkdif jy'g;vif;*l yef;csaD &;qGo J wl \
Ykd pdwu
f ;l pdwo f ef;onf qef;Mu,f
avmufatmif awGU&aomyef;csDrSm 12 yHkom jzpfonf/ ,if; vsuf&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ ,if;yHkrsm;rSm avhvmrdaom
12 yHk teuf ajymifyHk? ig;yHk? vuf0g;yHk? aeyHk ponfwdkY yg0if ausmufacwf aeyHk? vuf0g;yHkrsm;xufyif xl;qef;omvGefae
aMumif; awGU&onf/ ajymifyHkESifh ig;yHkrsm;rSm jy'g;vif;*l onf[k qdk&ayrnf/
ausmufacwfvlom;rsm; trJvdkufzrf;qD;&mwGif awGU&avh&Sd
aom om;aumifrsm;\ yHkrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh 4if;yHkrsm;onf ( n ) ,Of a us;rI y pö n f ; xk w f v k y f r I
yif jy'g;vif;*l ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm;\ tpm;tpm&SmazGrI ,Ofaus;rIypön;f xkwv f yk af &;ESihf ywfoufívnf;
jy'g;vif;*lae ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;onf ausmufykqdef?
ESifh vlaerItqifhudk azmfjyay;aeonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/
ausmuf"m;? ausmufyJcGyf? ausmufjcpfud&d,m? ausmufp&pf
( Z ) bmoma&; ud k ; uG , f , H k M unf r I vufeufESifh ausmufuGif; ponfwdkYudkyif xkwfvkyfoHk;pGJwwf
aeyHEk iS hf vufaAGyykH gaom vuf0g;yHrk sm;onf jy'g;vif; NyD jzpfaomaMumifh 4if;wd\ Yk vlaerIEiS hf ,Ofaus;rItqifo h nf
*laeausmufacwfvo l m;wd\ Yk bmoma&;ud;k uG,, f MkH unfrEI iS hf rSwfwrf;wif&avmufonftxd jrifhrm;wdk;wufaeNyD[k qdk&
qufpyfaeonf[k tcsKUd ynm&Sirf sm;u ,lqMuonf/ þ,lqcsuf ayrnf/ rEkóaA'tjrift& ausmufacwfrsm;udk t½kPfOD;
udvk ufcEH ikd &f ef xyfrí
H oufaotaxmuftxm; &SmazGoifh ausmufacwf(Dawnstone Age)? ausmufacwfa[mif;?
onf[k qdk&rnfjzpfayonf/ ausmufacwfv,fEiS hf ausmufacwfopf[í l cGjJ cm;xm;ayonf/

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .46
84 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 85
t½kPfOD; ausmufacwfü ausmufvufeufrsm;onf vuf&m rsm;udkwyfí pdkufysKd;&eftwGuf ajrudkwl;qG&mwGif toHk;jyK
tMurf;qHk;jzpfí obm0tavsmuf jzpfay:aeaom ausmuf cJMh uonf[k ,lqMuygonf/ &Sr;f jynfe,f ae&mtESt YH jym;wGif
rsm;ESifhyif cGJjcm;r&Edkifatmif &Sdwwfayonf/ ausmufacwf ausmufuiG ;f vufeufrsm;udk awGU&S&d aomaMumifh tcsKUd ynm&Sif
opfü ausmufvufeufrsm;onf vuf&mtaumif;rGefqHk;jzpf rsm;u jy'g;vif;vdP k *f l ausmufacwfvo l m;wd\Yk vlaerIb0
Ny;D ausmufvufeufrsm;udk aoG;íyif toH;k jyKaeNyjD zpfaMumif; onf jrifwh ufvsu&f NdS y;D ausmufuiG ;f rsm;udk ypön;f csi;f vJv,
S f
awGU&onf/ &mwGif vJvS,fa&;r@dKif (Medium of Exchange) tjzpf
jy'g;vif;*lrS ausmufvufeufrsm;onf t½kPfOD; toHk;jyKcJhMuvdrfhrnf[k ,lqMuayonf/
ausmufacwfvufeuftqifu h kd vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; ausmv f eG af e
NyD[k qHk;jzwfEkdifayonf/ rdk;BudK;oGm;[kac:aom aoG;xm;
onfhvufeufrsm;udk awGU&NyDjzpfaomaMumifh jy'g;vif;*l
ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm;onf ausmufacwfopfuv kd nf; jzwf
ausmfcJhonf[k aumufcsufcsEdkifayonf/
ausmufykqdef? ausmuf"m;ESifh ausmufyJcGyfrsm;udk
om;ig;rsm; vS;D jzwf ckwx f pf&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? xif; paom
opfom;rsm;udk jzwfydkif;&mwGifvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKEdkifay
onf/ ausmufjcpfud&d,mrsm;udk om;a&rsm;ESifh t½dk;rsm;wGif
uyfaeaom tom;rsm;udkjcpfxkwf&efESifh om;a&rsm;udk
vdktyfaom yHkoP²mef&&Sd&ef vSD;jzwf&mwGif toHk;jyKEkdifay
onf/ ausmufuiG ;f rsm;udk wkwrf sm;xdyw f iG w
f yfí om;aumif
zrf;&mwGif toHk;jyKonf[k ,lqonf/ tcsKdUynm&SifwdkYurl
EG,Bf uKd ;p wpfzufwpfcsuw f iG f ausmufuiG ;f rsm;udk csnaf ESmifí
om;aumifrsm;udk zrf;qD;&mwGif toHk;jyKMuonf[kqdkonf/
tcsKdUynm&Sifrsm;url wkwfcRefrsm;\xdyfwGif ausmufuGif;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .47
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 87
onf wpfqifw h ;kd wufvmum rdrw d Ykd vdu
k vf yH pfcwf pm;aomuf
aom wd& pämefaumifrsm;\ tavhtxESihf ¤if;wdcYk adk tmif;ae
xdkifwwfonfh ae&mwdkYudkyg od&Sdem;vnfvmMuonf/ wpfcg
tcef; ( 7 ) wpf&HwGif om;aumifrsm;udk vdkufvHypfcwf&if; armyef;aom
aMumifh tem;,lcsdefwGif rdrdwdkY\ teD;ywf0ef;usifwpf0dkuf&Sd
jy'g;vif;vdP
k *f El iS hf owåaA'tjrif ouf&Sd0w¬Kypönf;rsm; (tyifESifhwd& pämef)\ tavhtxESifh
obm0 taetxm;rsm;udkyg avhvmEdkif&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;
jy'g;vif;vdkPf*lESifh ¤if;\a'owpf0dkufwGif ausmuf &cJhMuonf/ þuJhodkY avhvm&if;jzifh rsm;rMumrDumvwGif
acwfvlom;rsm; aexdkifoGm;vmrI &Sdr&Sd [lonfh tcsuf wd& pämeft½kdif;xJrS oifhawmfrnfxifaom taumifrsm;udk
tvufrsm;udk ynm&Sit f oD;oD;wdu Yk rdrw
d \
Ykd ½Iaxmift
h rsK;d rsK;d t&Sifvuf&zrf;,lNyD; rdrdwdkY\ae&mteD;wpf0dkufwGif ,Ofyg;
rSaeí ÓPfpGrf;rDoavmuf pl;prf;&SmazG avhvmrSwfom; vmatmif arG;jrL&efudkvnf; odem;vnfvmMuonf/ xdkenf;
wifjyMuonfhenf;wl owåaA'½IaxmifhrSvnf; jriforQudk wlpGmyif rdrdwdkY\ touftEÅ&m,ftwGuf pdk;&drf&aom
wifjy&ayrnf/ wd&pämefrsK;d rsm;udv k nf; cGjJ cm;od&v dS mMuonfomru wd&pämef
rsK;d aygif;rsm;pGmwk\ Yd usupf m;&ma'o? tcsed f tp&So d nfwu Ydk kd
( 1 ) *l\eH&Htxufydkif;cefYwGif a&;qGJxm;cJ xm;cJhaom ½kyfyHkrsm;
yg cefYrSef;rSwfom;vmEdkifMuonf/
urÇmay:wGif vlom;[lí pwifay:aygufaexdkif arG;jrLa&;udkpwifí od&SdvmMuNyD;onhfaemuf rdrdwkdY
aom tcsdefrSpí vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ ywf0ef;usif&Sd wd& pämef arG;jrLxm;aom wd&pämefrsm; (odkY) pdkufysKd;xm;aomtyif
taygif;wd\ Yk taMumif;rsm;udk tenf;ESit hf rsm;qdo
k vdk pwif tp&So d nfwu Ydk kd txl;*½kpu kd Nf y;D rarG;jrL? rpduk yf sK;d ygu tvG,f
od&SdvmMuonf[k tqdk&Sdonf/ tvGefa&S;usaom ausmuf wul aoausysufpD;oGm;EkdifaMumif;ESifh tu,fí*½kpdkufNyD;
acwfvo l m;wdo Yk nf rkq;kd rsm;omjzpfMuonf[k ,lqMuonf/ arG;jrLMunhf½Iygu tvGef tusKd;jzpfxGef;aMumif;rsm;udkyg
xdrk q
k ;kd wdo
Yk nf rdrwd \
Ykd pm;0wfaea&;twGuf wd& pämef odvmaomaMumifh trIrJh trSwfrJh arG;jrLpdkufysKd;jcif;wkdYrS
wdkY\ tom;ESifhta&cGHrsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ þuJhodkY ae wpfqifw h ufNy;D *½kwpdu k Mf unh½f aI rG;jrLjcif;? pepfwuspu kd yf sK;d
xdkifcJhMuNyD; rsm;rMumrDumvtwGif; ,if;rkqdk;wdkY\ aexdkifrI jcif;tp&Sdonfrsm;ukd tpOfwpdkufjyKvkyfvmMuonf/
86

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .48
88 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
xdkrSwpfqifhwufí wd&pämefrsm;udk tkyfvkdufarG;jrL
Ny;D xde;f ausmif;jcif;udyk g wd&pämeftyk x f rJ S e*d&k &dS if;pGt
rsm;xuf rsKd;ydkaumif;aomtaumifrsKd;rsm; ay:aygufvm
wwfMuonfuv kd nf; txl;tqef;ozG,af wGUjrifMu&Ny;D ,if;
trsKd;aumif;taumifrsm;rSqufí rsKd;aumif;taumifrsm;
om aygufyGm;vmMuonfudkom awGU&SdMuonf/
odkY&mwGif xdktcsdefumvwkdifatmif vlom;wkdYonf
pma&;pmzwf j cif ; tp&S d o nh f ynm&yf r sm;ud k wwf u Rrf ;
em;vnfMuao;onfr[kwfacs? pma&;pmzwfjcif;twwf
onf ,aeYrSjyefía&wGufvQif vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 5000
cefYurS pwifíay:aygufvmonf[k tqkd&Sdonf/
pma&;pmzwfjcif;twwf pwifwwfajrmufMuonhf
tcsdefumvodkYa&mufaomtcgrSom ¤if;acwfrwkdifrDa&S;ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGmwkt Yd wGi;f u vkyuf ikd pf rf;oyfawGUjrifcahJ omtcsuf
rsm;tay:rlwnfí qufvufNy;D vkyu f ikd af &;rSwv
jzpfayonf/
orkdif;rwifrDacwfu vlom;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ tod
w&m;rsm;udk pmayjzifha&;om;rSwfxm;jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfEkdifcJh
ygvQif rnfuJhodkYaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh rdrdwkdY\om;pOf
ajr;qufrsm;od&Sdem;vnfEdkif&ef todÓPfynmrsm;udkcsef&pf
ay;xm;EdkifcJhrnfenf;? tajzum; ½kyfyHkrsm;qGJjcif;? ½kyfwkyHkpH
rsm;jyKvkyfjcif; tp&SdonfwkdYjzifhom rdrdwdkYvkyfukdifajymqkdvkd
onhftaMumif;t&mrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fudk ay:vGifatmif
pGrf;aqmifjyocJhMu&rnfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,fr&Sdygacs/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 89
þuJo h aYkd om oufaocHtaxmuftxm;rsK;d udk jy'g;
J aumif vif;vdkPf*lüawGU&yg\avm/ awGUjrifcJh&aom *l\txuf
ydkif;qDavmufwGif a&;qGJxm;onhf½kyfyHkrsm;xJrS rmefygaom
awm0ufESifh uRJ½dkif;wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? EGm;rBuD;aemufrS
aeí EGm;i,fav;onf rdcifEGm;rBuD;oGm;&modkY vkdufaeonhf
[efonfvnf;aumif;? EGm;rBuD;aemufrSaeí EGm;i,fav;
onf rdcifEmG ;rBu;D oGm;&modYk vku d af eonh[
f efonfvnf;aumif;?
awmifESpfvHk;Mum;rS ay:xGuf[ef&Sdonhf ae0ef; (odkYr[kwf)
aexef;wpfzsm;cefYudk a&;qGJxm;onfhae0ef;\ yHkonfvnf;
aumif;? ½SL;ysH? qif? ig; tp&SdonhfyHkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
a,musmf ; rde;f r tp&So d nfyh rkH sm;onfvnf;aumif;? txufü
azmfjyNy;D cJo h nfh ordik ;f rwifraD cwfu vlom;wdYk rSwo f m;xm;
&SdcJhaom ynmay;½kyfyHkrsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ þ,lq
csuu f kd ydrk ckd ikd v
f akH ponfrmS ,if;½kyyf rkH sm;onf xdak cwf xdt k cg
f mcJMh ujcif;
u vlwkdY\ÓPfrDoavmuf a&;qGJxm;onfh yHrk sm;jzpfaom
aMumifh ,ckrsufarSmufacwf&Sd tvm;wl taumifrsm;\
oP²mefudk wdwdususazmfjyxm;rI r&Sdjcif;? ½kyfyHktcsKdUwdkY
tay:rSjzwfí wpdrfhpdrfhpD;qif;oGm;aom a&xJwGifygonfh
xH;k "mwfrsm;onf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmMumjrifch NhJ y;D ½kyyf t kH csKdUay:wGif
xHk;ausmufvTmtjzpfjzifh zHk;tkyfvsuf&Sdjcif;wdkYudkaxmufí
,if;½kyfyHkrsm;onf ESpfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmu a&;qGJcJhonfh
yHkrsm;omvQif jzpfEkdifp&mtaMumif;&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh *leH&H
txufydkif;u ½kyfyHkrsm;tay:rlwnfí ygPaA'tjrifjzifh
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .49
90 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 91
aqG;aEG;&mü jy'g;vif;*l a'owpf0dkufwGif ausmufacwf ( i ) OD;csdKrygaom owå0g
vlom;wdYk aexdik cf [
hJ ef&odS nf[k wdwu
d susrajymEdik af omfvnf; ( p ) qif E S p f a umif \ aemuf y d k i f ; ES i f h wl a omyH k
&mEIe;f rsm;rsm; jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf/ wdkYjzpfMuonf/
rdrwd aYkd vhvmcJMh uonf*h rl sm;\ teD;uyf ywf0ef;usif
( 2 ) *lESifh ajcmufrdkifcefYywfvnftwGif;&Sd awmawmif
udk wjznf;jznf; qefYíqefYí avhvmcJh&m ajcmufrdkifuGmcefY
a&ajr taetxm;
a&ajrtaetxm;
a0;aom ywf0ef;usifodkY a&mufaomtcg aus;&GmtcsdKUudk
jy'g;vif;vdkPf*l trSwf (1) \ *leH&Htxufydkif;qD
awGU&onf/ ,if;aus;&Gmrsm;rSm (1) a&ykwfaus;&Gm? (2)
avmufwiG f awGUjrifc&hJ aom ½kyyf rkH sm;onf xdak cwfxt dk cgu
rtlyif aus;&Gm? (3) awmifyakH us;&Gm? (4) anmifcsyaf us;&Gm?
,if;ae&mwGif aexdkifcJhaom vlom;wdkY a&;qGJxm;cJhonf
(5) aea&mifumaus;&Gm ESifh (6) Munfwdkifuefq,faus;&Gm
qdkjcif;rSm ,HkrSm;zG,f&mr&Sday/ odkYaomf ,ckrsufarSmufacwf
wkdYjzpfMuonf/
wGif awGUjrif&aom *l\ywf0ef;usif taetxm;rsKd;onf
aus;&GmtoD;oD;wGif aexdkifvsuf&SdMuaom &Gmol
½kyfyHkyg owå0gwdkYaexdkif&ef oifhawmfyg\avm(odkYr[kwf)
&Gmom;rsm;onf &Gm\teD;wpf0dkuf&Sd ajrjyefYae&mwdkYudk
½kyyf ykH g owå0gwkaYd exdik cf ahJ om ywf0ef;usirf sK;d onf ESpaf ygif;
xGef,ufpdkufysKd;íaomfvnf;aumif;? awmifay:ESifhawmif
rsm;pGm MumjrifhcJhonfh aemufydkif;wGif ,aeYawGUae&onfh
apmif;rsm;wGif aygufaeMuonfh 0g;rsm;udk ckw, f jl cif;jzifah omf
ywf0ef;usifrsKd;okYd ul;ajymif;cJNh y;D ½kyyf ykH g owå0grsKd ;rsm;onf
vnf;aumif; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI jyKvkyfaexdkifvsuf
vnf; ,if;a'owpf0u kd rf S aysmufu,
G o f mG ;Mujcif;avm tp
&So
d nfwu Ykd kd qef;ppf&efyif jzpfayonf/ &SMd uonf/
vdkPf*ltwGif;awGUcJh&onfh xdkacwfvlom;wdkY a&;qGJ tqdkyg aus;&Gmrsm;ESifh jy'g;vif;*lwdkYMum;&Sd a'o
cJh[efwlaom ½kyfyHktcsKdUrSm- onf rlvtajccHtm;jzifh xH;k ausmufawmifrsK;d ajrrsuEf mS jyif
(u) vlwdkY\vuf0g;yHk ESpfyHkESifh ae0ef;\yHk jzpf\/ xkad jrrsuEf mS jyifwiG f tif? unif? ysO;f uwd;k tp&So d nfh
( c ) ajymif opfrmyifBu;D rsm;? 0g;awmBu;D rsm;? udik ;f awmBu;D rsm;? jrufcif;
( * ) EGm;rBuD;aemufrS EGm;uav;vdkufaeyHk ponfwYkd t"duaygufa&mufae\/ tcsKUd ae&mwdw Yk iG f csKEH ,
G f
(C) BuD;rm;aom ig;yHkoP²mefESpfck ydwaf ygif;wkdYjzifh jynfhusyfaeonf/

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .50
92 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
ajrrsuf E S m jyif t aetxm;ud k Munf h j yef v Qif v nf ;
rwfapmufaom awmifcg;yef;rsm;? ajyaom awmifukef;rsm;?
euf½dIif;aom vQKdBuD;rsm;? a&tenf;i,f&Sdaom a&tdkifrsm;?
ajcmufcef;aeaom ajrmif;rsm;ESifh a&pD;tvGefoefaom
acsmif;us,fBuD;rsm;udk awGU&onf/
,ckrsuaf rSmufacwfwiG f awGU&onfh ywf0ef;usirf sKd ;
onf vlom;wdaYk exdik o f nfh tajctaersK;d udk ay;vsu&f o dS nf/
odaYk omf ,if;ywf0ef;usirf sK;d onf vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygif; axmif
aygif;rsm;pGmü rnfuJhodkYaom ywf0ef;usifrsdK;tjzpf wnf&SdcJh
rnfenf;? xdyk wf0ef;usirf sKd ;wGif rnfuo hJ aYkd om ouf&odS wå0g
wdYk aexdik Ef ikd cf rhJ nfenf; tp&So
d nfwuYkd kd qef;ppf&ef vdt k yfvm
onf/ odkYrSomvQif ,ckavhvmonfh*lESifh ywf0ef;usifwdkYwGif
vltygt0if tjcm;aom wd&pämefrsm; aexkid cf ahJ Mumif; oufao
jyEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
owåaA'ynm&yfwiG f a*[aA'pHepf (Ecosystem)
[laom a0g[m&&Sd\/ ,if;a0g[m&onf Ecological Sys-
tem udk yl;aygif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
,if; Ecosystem atmufwGif ZD0½kyfqkdif&m tpk
ta0; (Biotic Community) ESihf oufryhJ wf0ef;usif (Physical
Environment) wkdYonf wpfckudkwpfck tjyeftvSeftusKd;
jyKMuNyD; tajctaewpfckukd zefwD;ay;\/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;xJrS
wpfrsKd;rsKd; cRwf,Gif;oGm;vQif rlvtajctaeonf oifhawmf
aomtjcm;tajctaewpfckckodkY toGiful;ajymif;oGm;wwf
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 93
onf/ odaYk omf xko d tYkd ajctaetajymif;tvJ jzpfEidk af pumrl
ZD0½kyfqkdif&mtpkta0;ESifh oufrJhywf0ef;usifwkdY\ oifhawmf
ovdk yl;aygif;rIjzpfonhf Ecosystem wpfrsK;d udk ay:aygufvm
aponf/
yHkpHtm;jzifh rkd;rsm;rsm;&GmvQif pGwfpdkxdkif;rdIif;jcif;udk
ESpof ufaom awmtkyBf u;D rsm;ay:aygufrnf/ awmtkyBf u;D udk
trSjD yKí owå0gtrsK;d rsK;d aexkid u f supf m;Muonf/ xlxyfaom
opfyifrsm;rSxkwfvkyfonhf a&ckd;a&aiGUrsm;onf rkd;&Gm&ef
twGuf taxmuftuljyKMujyefonf/ opfyifESifh owå0gwkdY
onf ZD0½kyfqkdif&m tpkta0;jzpfí rkd;&Gmjcif;ESifh pGwfpdkxdkif;
rdIif;jcif;wkdYonf oufrJhywf0ef;usifjzpfNyD; wpfckESifh wpfck
trSDo[JjyKum ywf0ef;usifwpfrsKd;udk wnfaqmufvsuf&Sd
Muonf/
tu,fí ,if;awmtkyfBuD;&Sd tyifrsm;udk ckwf&Sif;
ypfvdkufvQif a&cdk;a&aiGU&&ef vrf;r&Sdojzifh rdk;&GmEIef;enf;yg;
vmrnf/ rd;k enf;yg;vmaomaMumifh ajcmufaoGUyltu kd vf mrnf/
ajcmufaoGUvm&jcif;aMumifh opfyifrsm;onfvnf; oefpGrf;
xlxyfpGm aygufa&mufjcif;r&SdawmhbJ ajcmufaoGUonfh
'PfudkcHEdkif&nf&Sdrnfh tyifrsKd;rsm;om aygufa&mufvsuf
&Sdrnf/ owå0grsm;taeESifhvnf; awmBuD;rsm;xJwGif aexdkif
wwf o nf h owå 0 grsKd ; rsm;rS a eí tyif r sm;enf ; yg;aom
vGifjyifrsKd;wGif aexdkifwwfonfh owå0grsKd;rsm; tpm;xdk;
ay:aygufvmayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf Ecosystem ac:onfh
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .51
94 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 95
ZD0½kyqf ikd &f m tpkta0;ESihf oufryhJ wf0ef;usiw f Ykd yl;wGaJ exdik f xdaYk Mumifh jy'g;vif;*l\ ywf0ef;usiw f iG f xdpk Oftcgu
jcif;um; wpfrsKd;wpfrnfjzpfvmNyD; ywf0ef;usif topfudk xlxyfaom opfawmBu;D &Scd ahJ yrnf/ opfawmxlxyfonfEiS hf
ay:aygufvmaponf/ trQ rdk;aumif;pGm &GmoGef;aomaMumifh acsmif;? ajrmif;? tif;?
ouf&rdS sm;(tyifEiS o hf wå0g)\ obm0wpfcu k kd tenf; tdik w f o Ykd nfvnf; atmifjrifpmG ay:aygufvmcJah yrnf/ awm
i,fwifjyvdkygao;onf/ rnfonfhouf&SdrsKd;rqdk rdrdwpfOD; tkyfBuD;udkrSDcdkNyD; acsi,f? pdkif? qwf? ajymif? qif tp&Sdaom
wnf;? wpfa,mufwnf;? wpfyifwnf;wnf&jdS cif;xuf ttkyf awmowå0grsm;onfvnf;aumif;? acsmif;BuD; ajrmif;BuD;rsm;
tzGJUESifhaexkdifwnf&Sdjcif;u rsm;onf/ udktrSDjyKaexdkifaom ig;trsKd;rsKd;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; xdk
yHpk t
H m;jzifh jrufyifonf wpfyifwnf;xD;wnf;ayguf acwf xdt k cgwGif jy'g;vif;*lwpf0u kd üf aygrsm;aeayvdrhrf nf/
raeyg? jrufcif;tjzpf pka0;aygufa&mufonf/ uRef;yif? *l\eH&w H iG af &;qGx J m;cJah om ½kyyf rkH sm;uvnf; ,if;owå0grsm;
0g;yiftp&SdonfwdkYonfvnf; uRef;awm? 0g;awmtjzpf aygrsm;cJhaMumif;udk oufaocHvsuf&Sdayonf/
pkaygif;aygufa&mufonf/ tvm;wl r&rf;awm? refusn;f awm? umva&GUavsmvmcJhNyD; vlom;wdkYonf *ltwGif;
o&ufawm tp&So d nfwo Ykd nfvnf; obm0twkid ;f trsK;d wl ckad tmif;aexdik af omtqifrh S td;k tdrrf sm;xlaxmifaexdik w f wf
tyifrsm; pkaygif;aygufa&mufaeMuonf/ aomtqifhodkY a&mufvmaomtcg vufvSrf;rD&m tyifrsm;
owå0grsm;wGifvnf; yHkpHtm;jzifh yk&Gufqdwf? usdKif; udk ckwv f NJS y;D tdrrf sm; aqmufvyk af exdik v f mMuonf/ acwfonf
aumif? ,kef? EGm;? uRJ? jrif;usm;rStp vltqHk; owå0grSeforQ ajymif;vJvmonfESifhtrQ aexdkif&mtdrfwdkY\yHkpH? tus,f
onf wpfaumifx;D wnf;aejcif;xuf tpkta0;? todik ;f t0dik ;f t0ef; tp&So d nfwv Ykd nf; wd;k wufaumif;rGev f maomaMumifh
ESifhaejcif;rsdK;u ydkrdkrsm;jym;onf/ þum; ouf&SdwdkY\ tavh opfom;rsm;udk ydkrdkvdktyfvmcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh opfyifrsm;udk
txyif jzpfayonf/ ydrk Nkd y;D ckwv f t JS oH;k jyKvmMuonf/ þodjYk zifh wpftrd rf S ESpt f rd ?f
jy'g;vif;*l\ ywf0ef;usifudk avhvmcJh&mü tif? aemufNyD; &Gmwpf&Gmtjzpf &GmwnfvmMuonf/ xdkYaemuf
unif? ysOf;uwdk; tp&SdonfhtyifBuD;rsm;udk awGUcJhaMumif; wpf&GmrSESpf&Gm tp&SdonfwdkY yGm;rsm;vmMuonf/ tjcm;wpf
azmfjyNyD;cJhNyDjzpfonf/ ,if;tyifrsm;onf vGefcJhaomESpf zufürlum; opfawmrsm; jyKe;f wD;vmaomaMumifh rd;k acgifvm
aygif;rsm;pGmu ouf&w dS \
Ykd pepfwpfct k & awmtkyBf u;D toGif onf/ rd;k acgifvmaomaMumifh rd;k enf;onfah 'orsK;d wGif ayguf
jzifh wnf&SdcJhrnfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f&mr&Sdyg/ wwfonfh tyifrsK;d rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ opfawmrsm;tpm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .52
96 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
0g;awmrsm;ESifh tjcm;tyifi,frsm; ay:aygufvmonf/
acsmif;? ajrmif;rsm;vnf; wdrfaumvmNyD; vQKdBuD; vQKdi,frsm;
tjzpf usef&pfcJhonf/ ,aeYjy'g;vif;*l\ ywf0ef;usifum;
þtwdkif;yif jzpfayonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,ckrsufarSmufacwfwGif awGUjrif&aom
*l\ywf0ef;usirf sK;d onf ½kyyf x
kH üJ awGU&onfh owå0gwdaYk exdik f
&ef oifah wmfaom ywf0ef;usirf sKd; &mEIe;f jynfrh [kwaf omfvnf;
½kyfyHkygowå0gwdkY &mEIef;jynfhaexdkifEdkifcJhaom ywf0ef;usifrsKd;
rSaeí ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmMumjrifch NhJ y;D aemufyikd ;f ü ,ckrsuaf rSmuf
acwfwGifawGU&onfh *l\ywf0ef;usifrsKd;odkY ul;ajymif;cJhNyD;
½kyfyHkygowå0grsKd;rsm;onfvnf; ,if;a'owpf0dkufrS aysmuf
uG,foGm;Mu&jcif; jzpfEdkifayonf/
( 3 ) wl;azmf&mwGifawGU&Sdí odrf;qnf;pkaqmif;xm;aom
t½d;k rsm;
tqdkygt½dk;rsm;onf vlwdkY\t½dk;avm(odkYr[kwf)
tjcm;aom wd&pämefwdkY\t½dk;avm tp&Sdonfudkod&Sd&ef
twGuf &efukefaq;wuúodkvftrSwf(1)? cE¨maA'XmeodkY
ay;ydkYNyD; ppfaq;rIrsm;jyKvkyfcJh&mü vl½dk;rsm;r[kwfaMumif;
wduspGm ajymqkdEdkifcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf&&Sdonfht½dk;wdkY\ oufwrf;udkqef;ppf&ef
twGuf oufqdkif&mwdkYu EdkifiHjcm;odkYydkYNyD; "mwfcGJppfaq;ap
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 97
aomtcg ,if;t½dk;rsm;onfESpfaygif; 10000 ausmfrQMumNyD
jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&onf/
xdkYaMumifh wl;azmf&&SdcJhaom t½dk;rsm;rSm tjcm;aom
wd&pämefw\ Ykd t½d;k rsm;omjzpfNy;D ? vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygif; 10000
ausmaf vmufu jy'g;vif;*la'owpf0u kd wf iG f aexdik cf MhJ uonfh
vlom;wdkYpm;aomufNyD; pGefYypfxm;cJhaom wd&pämefwdkY\ t½dk;
rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;? xdak cwfvo l m;wdEYk iS hf twlwuGaexdik f
aom wd&pämefwdkYaoqHk;NyD;onfhaemuf <uif;usef&pfaom
t½dk;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpf[efwlayonf/
rnfonfhowå0grsKd;\t½dk;[lí wdwdususajymEdkif
&ef cJ,Of;aomfvnf; t½dk;wdkY\t&G,fudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh
qdwt f &G,cf ef&Y o
dS nfh owå0grsK;d rS uRtJ &G,cf ef&Y odS nfh owå0g
rsKd;rsm;yg0ifNyD; xdkacwfvlom;wdkY\ tpm;tpmtjzpfaomf
vnf;aumif;? cdkif;ap&eftwGufaomfvnf;aumif; toHk;cs
onfh wd&pämefaumifrsKd;rsm; jzpfEdkifayonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .53
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 99
50 cefY &SNd y;D *lMurf;jyifrS trd;k txd tjrifrh mS 35aycef&Y o dS nf/
4if;onf wpfzufziG *hf t l rsKd;tpm;jzpfí vdkP*f w l iG ;f ü obm0
tavsmufjzpfay:aeaom ausmufpufyef;qGJ (Stalactite) ESihf
tcef; ( 8 ) ausmufpufr;kd arQmf (Stalagmite) rsm; jzpfxeG ;f vsu&f MdS uonf/
rEÅav;NrdKU? jynfvHk;csrf;om&yfuGufae OD;ausmf[ef
a0ykvv
’ P
kd *f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI (blrdaA'bGJU&)ESifh awmifilNrdKU? jynfolYaq;½HkrS t½dk;txl;uk
q&m0efa'gufwmjrifah qGwYkd ESpOf ;D onf 2000 jynfEh pS ?f {Nyv D
(1) vd k P f * l w nf a e&mES i f h *l \ taetxm; u bm;tHNrdKUe,f a0ykv’awmifodkY bk&m;zl;oGm;a&mufpOfu
a0ykv’vdkPf*lwnf&Sd&m a0ykv’awmifonf u&if awGU&SdcJh&aom owå0gwdkY\oGm;rsm;ESifh ar;½dk;rsm;udk pkaqmif;
jynfe,fNrKd Uawmf bm;tHNrKd UrS vdiI ;f bGUJ NrKd Uodo
Yk mG ;onfh um;vrf;r &,lcJhMuonf/
ay:&Sd awmifuav;aus;&GmteD; ausmufawmif&Gma[mif;\
ta&SUbufEpS rf ikd cf eftY uGmwGif wnf&o dS nf/ xH;k ausmufawmif ( 2 ) vd k P f * l w l ; azmf j cif ; ES i f h awG U &S d c suf r sm;
jzpfNyD; blrdaA'ynm&yf\ x&aA' oufwrf;owfrSwfcsuf a0ykv’vdkPf*lodkY blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm; yg0ifaom
avhvma&;tzGJUonf 23-5-2000 rS 30-5-2000 &ufaeY
t& armfvNrKd ix f ;kH ausmuftrsK;d tpm; (Mawlamyine Lime-
txd oGm;a&mufwl;azmf avhvmcJhMuonf/ avhvma&;tzGJU
stone) jzpfonf/ vGec f ohJ nfh ESpo
f ef; 290 cef&Y dS ygrD,eftcsed f
wGif pma&;olEiS t hf wl jrefrmha&eHEiS hf obm0"mwfaiGUvkyif ef;
(Permian Period) u yifv,fwi G f wnfaqmufcahJ om oEÅm
rS okawoet&m&SdcsKyf OD;oef;xG#f? &efukefwuúodkvf? blrd
ausmufcufwef;rsm;rSwpfqifh jzpfay:vmonfh xHk;ausmuf
aA'XmerS o½kyfjyq&m OD;atmifEdkifpdk;? '*Hkwuúodkvf? blrd
rsm;yif jzpfMuonf/ aA'XmerS o½kyfjyq&m OD;pkd;ol&xGef;wkdY yg0ifMuonf/
a0ykvv ’ kP d *f rl mS ta&SUbufoYkd rsuEf mS rlvsuf wnf&NdS y;D a0ykv’vdkPf*ltwGif;ü ausmufacwfvlom;wkdY trJ
,if;rStaemufbufodkY awmufavQmufaygufoGm;Edkifaom vkud f pm;aomufcMhJ uaom owå0gwk\ Yd t½d;k rsm;? oGm;rsm;ESihf
ao;i,fonfh *lwGif;vrf;ayguf&SdouJhodkY awmifbufESifh ausmufacwfvlom;wkdY toHk;jyKcJhMuaom ausmufvufeuf
ajrmufbufodkY qufoG,faeonfh *laygufi,frsm;udkvnf; rsm;wkdYonf xHk;uspffcJrsm;ESifh a&maESmrmausmvsuf tvTm
awGU&SdMu&onf/ yifrvdkPf*lBuD;\ rsufESmyGifhtus,frSm ay
98

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .54
100 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
vkduf jzpfwnfaeonf/ tqkdygtvTmrSm wpfayrS oHk;aycefY
txdxlonf/ awGU&Sd&onhf owå0gwkdY\ ½kyf<uif;rsm;rSm acs?
orif? qwf? ajymifESifh awm0ufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ txl;ojzifh
orifwkdY\ ½kyf<uif;rsm;udk aygrsm;pGmawGU&Sd&\/ ¤if;wkdYwGif
t&G,fra&mufao;aom orifi,fuav;rsm;rSonf touf
t&G,fBuD;&ifh tdkrif;aeNyDjzpfaom orifBuD;rsm;txd yg0ifMu
onf/ a0ykvv ’ P
kd *f w
l nf&&dS ma'oonf ausmufacwfvo l m;
wkdY aexkdifusufpm;pOftcsdefu acs? orif? qwf? ajymif?
awm0uf paomowå0gwkdY trsm;tjym; tkyfvkdufusufpm;cJh
Mu[efwlonf/ odkYaomf ,cktcsdefwGifrl ¤if;owå0gwkdYonf
a0ykv’vdkPf*lwnf&Sd&ma'owGif vHk;0rawGU&awmhyg/
a0yk v ’ v d k P f * l o nf ywf 0 ef ; usif a jrjyif t xuf
ay20 cefYtjrifhwGif&SdNyD; a&ESifh eD;aomae&m jzpfojzifh
ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY aexdkif&ef oifhawmfonf/ *l0rSm
ta&S U buf o d k Y rsufESmrlxm;onfjzpf&m tvif;a&mifESifh
aea&mifukd aumif;pGm &Sdonf/ vdkPf*lrSm rsm;pGmus,f0ef;jcif;
r&Syd g/ ausmufacwf rdom;pkwpfp(k odrYk [kw)f ESppf o k m aexdik f
cJ h M u[ef w l o nf / owå 0 gwk d Y \ t½d k ; rsm;? oG m ;rsm;ES i f h
ausmufvufeufrsm;awGU&Sd&m xHk;uspfcJtvTmwGif rD;aoG;udk
awGU&Sd&onfjzpf&m a0ykv’vkdP*f rl S ausmufacwfvo l m;wdYk
onf 4if;wdt Yk rJvu kd í f &&Sad om om;aumifrsm;udk zkwu f ifí
pm;aomufcMhJ u[efwo l nf/ EdwYk u kd f owå0g½ky<f uif;rsm;ESit
hf wl
ig;wk\ Yd t½d;k rsm;ESihf vdycf HG tydik ;f tprsm;udyk g awGU&SMd u&ojzifh
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 101
4if;vdkPf*laevlom;wdkYonf ig;zrf;jcif;twwfynmudkyg
wwfajrmufcJhMuaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ vlom;wkdY\t½dk;ESifh
oGm;rsm;udk rawGU&S&d aomfvnf; 4if;wdkYtrJvdkufpm;aomuf
cJhMuaom owå0gwdkY\½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh ausmufvufeufrsm;
udk awGU&Sd&jcif;jzifh a0ykv’vdkPf*lwGif ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY
aexdkifcJhonfrSm aocsmonf/
awGU&Sd&aom ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh
rD;oifhausmuf(Igneous Rock)jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom ausmuf
Murf;vufeufrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ 4if;wko Yd nf trsm;tm;jzifh
wpfzuftoGm;omyg&Sdaom ckwfxpfud&d,mrsm;(0g)ckwfjzwf
ud&, d mrsm;(Choppers)ESihf ausmufjcpfrsm;(Scrapers) jzpfMu
onf/ tqdkygvufeufrsm;rSm ausmufacsmacwf(0g) ausmuf
acwfopf(Neolithic) tcsdefu vufeufrsm; r[kwfMuyg/
ausmufMurf;acwf(0g) ausmufacwfa[mif; txufydkif;
(Upper Paleolithic)tcse d u
f jyKvyk tf oH;k jyKcahJ om ausmuf
vufeufrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzpf&m a0ykv’vdkPf*lwGif
ausmufacwfvlom;wkdYonf vGefcJhonfhESpf 9000 rS 6000
cefYtwGif; aexdkifusufpm;cJhMu[efwlonf/ ausmufacsm
vufeufrsm;udk rawGU&S&d ojzifh ausmufacwfopftcsed w f iG f
tqdyk g vdkPf*lü vlom;rsm; qufvufaexdkifcJhMujcif; r&Sdyg/
vdP k *f o
l nf wpf0ufwpfysuf NyKd usaejcif;aMumifh ausmufacwf
a[mif; tcsdefuwnf;u vlom;wkdYonf 4if;vdkPf*lrS pGefYcGm
cJhMu[efwlonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .55
102 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfhtcsufrSm ausmufjzpf
½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh ausmufvufeufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onfhajrvTm
wGif ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY yef;csDqGJ&mwGiftoHk;jyKaom
ajreDcJ (Red Ochre) udk awGU&Sd&jcif;yifjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf&m
a0ykvv ’ Pkd *f rl S ausmufacwfvo l m;wdo
Yk nf vdPk *f \l eH&rH sm;
wGif yef;csDyHkrsm; a&;qGJcJhMuoavm[k awG;awmpOf;pm;
zG,f&mjzpfonf/ pma&;olwdkYtzGJUrS eH&Haq;a&;yef;csDrsm;
awGUvdkawGUjim; aphpyfaocsmpGm &SmazGMuaomfvnf; vdkPf*l
eH&Hrsm;onf ESpf&Snfvrsm; &moDOwkwdkufpm;xm;jcif;'Pfudk
cHxm;&onfjzpf&m eH&Hyef;csDrsm;udk rawGU&Sd&yg/
u&ifjynfe,fwGif ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY aexkdifcJh
onf[k ,lq&aom tjcm;vdkPf*lrsm;rSm q'´ef*l? aumh*Gef;
*lESifh bk&ifhnD*lrsm;yif jzpfMuonf/ a0ykv’vdkPf*ltygt0if
tqdkygvdkPf*lrsm;rSm ywf0ef;usifajrjyif txuf tjrifhae&m
wGifwnf&Sdjcif;? a&ESifheD;jcif;? tvif;a&mifaumif;pGm&&Sdjcif;?
vdkPf*lonf BuD;rm;us,f0ef;jcif;? av0ifavxGufaumif;rGef
jcif;? vHkNcHKrIr&Sdjcif; paomtcsufrsm;ESifh jynfhpHkonfjzpf&m
ausmufacwfvo l m;wkYd aexkid cf MhJ uonf[k ,HMk unf,q
a0ykvv ’ kP
d *f rl S ausmufacwfvo l m;wdo
Yk nf jy'g;vif;
vdkPf*lrS ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYESifh acwfNydKifaexdkifcJhMu[ef
wlonf/ odkYaomf jy'g;vif;vdkPf*lwGif ausmufacwfa[mif;
ESit
hf wl ausmufacwfopfvufeufrsm;udyk g awGU&S&d onfjzpf&m?
ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf ausmufacwfa[mif;tcsdefrS
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 103
ausmufacwfopftcsdeftxd qifhuJaexkdifcJhMuaMumif; od&Sd
&onf/ a0ykv’vdkPf*lwGifrl ausmufacwfa[mif;tcsdefwGif
om vlom;wkaYd exdik cf MhJ uNy;D vdP
k *f t
l rd;k NyKd usíjzpfap? a&m*g
a0'empGJuyfíjzpfap? awm½dkif;owå0gwdkY\ wkdufcdkufaESmifh
,SufrIaMumifhjzpfap? tjcm;aom ab;&efrsm;aMumifhjzpfap
ausmufacwfa[mif;tcsed u f wnf;uyif vdP k *f u
l pkd eG cYf mG cJMh u
[efwlayonf/
( 3 ) a0ykv’vdkPf*lrS blrdaA'qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;
a0ykv’awmifrSm blrdtaetxm;t& 300 'D*&DrS
110 'D*&Dwef;aeaom awmifwef;i,fwpfckjzpfonfhtjyif?
tufNydKifrsm;(Joints)? jywfa&GUrsm;(Faults)jzifh oHk;ydkif;ydkif;
jzwfxm;aom blrt d aetxm;udk awGU&onf/ ausmufvmT rsm;
\ tidkuf(Bedding)tm; aocsmpGm rawGUEdkifcJhyg/ a0ykv’
awmifrBu;D rS &,lcahJ om xH;k ausmufw;kH rsm;udk ausmufyg;vTm
rsm; jyKvkyfprf;oyf&mwGif oEÅm(Coral)[kac:aom ½kyf<uif;
tydkif;tprsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ xdkYjyif tPkausmufjzpf½kyf
l &onf/ <uif;rsm;jzpfonfh azmf&efrDeDzm&m ausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;rsm;
(Foraminifera Fossils)udv k nf; awGU&SMd u&onf/
txufazmfjyyg ausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;rsm;udk &Srf;jynf
e,f ajrmufyikd ;f ESihf awmifyikd ;f &Sd uke;f jyifjrifx
h ;kH ausmuf(Plateau
Limestone) tkyp f wk iG f awGU&S&d onft h wGuf x&aA' oabm
t& qufpyfavhvmvQif u&ifjynfe,f&dS armfvNrKd ix f ;kH ausmuf
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .56
104 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 105
rsm;(Mawlamyine Limestone) ESifh qufpyfí &ayonf/ tqdyk gypön;f rsm;udk a0ykva’ wmif\ yifr*l&dS t½d;k rsm;
4if;wd\
Yk blro d ufwrf;rSm blrad A'tcsed Zf ,m;ESihf csed x
f ;kd Munfh ygaom ajrvTm (Bone Bed)rS awGU&Sd&jcif; jzpfayonf/
vQif vGefcJhaomESpfoef; 300 rS 248 oef; (Upper Car-
boniferous to Upper Permian) umvwGif ylaEG;aom yifv,f (5) oHk;oyfcsufrsm;
a&wdrfydkif;wGif tenfusjzpfay:cJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ a0ykvv ’ kP
d *f tl wGi;f owå0gwd\ Yk t½d;k rsm;ESihf oGm;rsm;
a&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm vGefpGmpdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;ayonf/
( 4 ) a0yk v ’ v d k P f * l r S awG U &S d & onf h ½ k y f < uif ; rsm; t½d;k rsm;wGif uke;f ae Edw Yk u
kd o
f wå0g rsKd;pdwfaygif; ajcmufcak wGU
(u) ukef;aeausm½dk;&Sd EdkYwdkufowå0grsm; &jcif;? ukef;aeowå0gESifh a&aeowå0gwkdYudk wpfpkwpfa0;
(1) awmEGm;tkypf 0k if rsK;d EG,pf rk sm; (ajymif?pdik )f wnf; awGU&jcif;rSm vdP k *f al e vlom;wdo Yk nf 4if;wdt Yk rJvukd f
(2) oriftkyfpk0if rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; zrf;qD;&mrS &&Sad om trJ? om;ig;rsm;udk rdrw d aYkd eaom vdP k *f l
(3) *sD(acs)tkyfpk0if rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; twGif; ,laqmifí zkwfuifpm;aomuf&mrS <uif;usefaom
(4) qwftkyfpk0if rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; pkyHkpGefYypfypönf;rsm;[k ,lqoHk;oyfEdkifygonf/
(5) 0uftkyfpk0if rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; tqdyk g pGeyYf pftpktyHrk &S &Sad om owå0gwk\ Yd oGm;rsm;
(6) &SOfh? <uuftkyfpk0if rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; udk qef;ppfMunfh&m vsifjrefpGmajy;vTm;Ekdifaom orifrsm;?
(c) a&owå0grsm; qwfEiS hf *s(D acs) ponfh om;aumift&G,rf sK;d pHw k u
Ykd kd trsm;qH;k
(1) ig;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; awGU&ouJhodkY t&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;wkwfcdkifaom awmEGm;BuD;
(2) a,mufoGm;rsm;? *Hk;cGHrsm; i,f (ajymif? pdkif)wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? &efrlwwfaom awm0uf
(*) ukef;ae? a&aeowå0grsm; uJoh aYkd om om;aumifrsm;udyk ifvQif zrf;qD;Edik jf cif;ESihf ig;wk\ Yd
(1) vdyf\t½dk;rmcsyfjym;rsm; t½d;k rsm;ud k awGU&S&d jcif;jzifh a0ykvv ’ P kd *f al e ausmufacwfvl
om;wdkYonf om; ig;zrf;qD;aom twwfudk aumif;pGmwwf
(C) vlvkyfypönf;rsm;
ajrmufaeNyDjzpfonfh rkqdk;wHigrsm; jzpfMuonf/ þ*lae
(1) ausmufvufeufrsm;
vlom;rsm;onf om;aumifrsm;udk zrf;qD;owfjzwf&efESifh
(2) rD;aoG;rsm;
tydkif;ydkif; ckwfxpf&ef ausmufykqdef(Stone Axe) rsm;? xkcGJ
(3) ajreDcJtydkif;tprsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .57
106 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 107
acsr&G efEiS hf ckwx f pfcw
k yf ikd ;f &ef vufeuf(Chopper) rsm;? t½d;k vdkPf*leH&HwGif yef;csD a&;jcif;? ajrtdk;ajrcGufrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;rS
ESihf ta&jym;wGif uyfaeaomtom;rsm;udk jcpfxkwf,lEdkif&ef pkdufysKd;arG;jrLjcif; twwfrsm;txd wdk;wufvmMuonf[k
ausmufjcpf (Scraper)rsm;udk jyKvyk o f ;kH pGcJ o
hJ nfukd od&&dS onf/ ,lqcJhMuonf/
ausmufvufeufrsm;jyKvyk x f m;onfh ausmufw;kH rsm;rSm a0ykvv’ kP
d *f rl pS eG yYf pfxm;onfh t½d;k tydik ;f tprsm;ESihf
rmausmaom rD;oifah usmufrsm;(Acid Igneous Rocks) ESifh twl a wG U &aom ausmuf v uf e uf r sm;rS m rmausmaom
tvGefrmausmaom ovif;<u,foJausmuf (Quartzose ausmufvHk;acsmrsm;udk aooyfpGm jzwfawmufjyKjyifEdkifjcif;?
Sandstone)rsm; jzpfMuonf/ 4if;ausmufw;kH rsm;rSm rmausmí vdk&mt&G,fudk&&Sdatmif jyKvkyfEkdifaom tqifhodkYa&muf&Sd
ajymifacsmaeonfh vufoD;qkyfcefYBuD;aom ausmufvHk;acsm aeonfudkawGU&aomfvnf; ausmufacsmacwf ausmufvuf
rsm;udk vdktyfovdk cGJjcrf;jzwfawmufí ausmufvufeufrsm; eufrsm;avmuf acsmarGUjcif;? yGwfwdkufpm;xm;jcif;rsm;r&Sdyg/
tjzpf toH;k jyKaomtwwfukd wwfajrmufaeMuNyjD zpfaMumif; xdaYk Mumifh ausmufacsmacwf(od)Yk ausmufacwfopf (Neolithic)
azmfjyaeayonf/ tcsed [ f k roHk;oyfEdkifyg/ odkY&mwGif ausmufacwfa[mif;u
ynm&S i f w d k Y \ ,l q csuf r S m ausmuf v uf e uf r sm; toHk;jyKcJhaom ausmufvufeufrsm;xuf ydkrdkaooyfonfh
tqifq h ifw h ;kd wufvmyHw k iG f ausmufacwfO;D (Eolithic) ay: tjyif rD;aoG;tydkif;tprsm;ESifh eH&Haq;a&;&mwGif toHk;jyK
xGef;pumvü vufwpfudkifpm obm0ausmufwHk;rsm;udkom onfh ajreDc(J Red Ochre) rsm;udk awGU&S&d jcif;aMumifh ausmuf
udkifwG,ftoHk;jyKavh&Sdonfh umv[k owfrSwfcJhonf/ acwfa[mif; aESmif;ydik ;f tcsed u f mv (Upper Paleolithic) [k
ausmufacwfa[mif; (Paleolithic) tcsdefwGifrl ausmufwHk; owfrSwfoifhayonf/
acsmrsm;udk vdt k yfovdk jyKjyifcpJG w d fí toH;k jyKonfu h mv[k ausmufacwfa[mif; aESmif;ydkif;umvwGif a0ykv’
owfrw S cf ohJ nf/ ausmufacwfopf (Neolithic)tcsdefwGif vdP k *f ül ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm; aexdik cf MhJ uonfh taxmuf
ausmufvufeufrsm;udk ausmufv;kH acsmrsm;rS vdt k yfovdyk pkH H txm;rSm odomxif&Sm;onf/ tqdkyg ausmuf*lwGifawGU&
&&SdatmifzJh,ljcif;? ajymifvufcRefxufatmif aoG;jcif;? aom owå0gwkdY\ t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;rSm *lwGifaeaom
ausmufvufeufrsm; acsmarGUap&ef yGww f u kd jf cif;? ta&mifwif ausmufacwfvlwdkY\ pm;<uif;pm;usefrsm;rS pGefYypfcJhaom
jcif; ponfhtwwfynmrsm;tjyif qifhuJwdk;wufrItaejzifh t½dk;rsm;jzpfí ausmufvufeufrsm;rSmvnf; 4if;wdkYtoHk;jyK

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .58
108 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 109
cJMh uaom vufeufrsm;omjzpfMuonf/ *laevlrsm;\ obm0 olithic) uwnf;u trJvu kd ?f ig;&Sm? rkq;kd wHigtjzpf touf
rSm tkyfpkvdkufvSnfhvnfí trJom;aumifrsm;udk &SmazG arG;&if; aexkdifoGm;cJhMuonf[k oHk;oyf&ayonf/
zrf;,lpm;aomufMurnf/ xdkuJhodkY vSnfhvnfoGm;vmaepOf
&moDOwk'Pf? om;&Jaumifrsm;\ ab;&ef? &efvkdaom
tiftm;Bu;D rm;onfh rsK;d EG,w f t
l yk pf \
k ab;&efrsm;rS a&Smif&mS ;
&efESifh em;cdk&eftwGuf vHkNcHKaom *lrsm;wGif pcef;cscdkatmif;
aeMuayrnf/ þa0ykv’vdkPf*lrSm ajrjyifrS ay 20 cefYtjrifh
wGifwnf&Sdjcif;? teD;ywf0ef;usifwGif a&&Sdjcif;? *laygufi,f
rsm;rSm t&yfav;rsufESmodkY qufoG,fxm;onfh tjyif
oifhwifhaom tus,ft0ef;&Sdojzifh ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;
20 rS 30 cefYtxd aexdkif&ef oifhawmfaom*l jzpfayonf/
þa0ykv’vdkPf*lwGif aexdkifcJhaom ausmufacwfvl
wko Yd nf umvMum&Snpf mG aexkid cf MhJ uaMumif;rSm 4if;wdpYk eG yYf pf
xm;onfh t½d;k rsm;\ xkxnfyrmPudk avhvmjcif;jzifh odom
ygonf/ awGU&Sd&aom ausmufvufeufrsm;\ yHkoP²mef?
t&G,ftpm;? aooyfaomvuf&mudk avhvm&jcif;jzifhvnf;
aumif;? rD;aoG;cJrsm;udk awGU&Sd&jcif;jzifh rD;udk toHk;jyKaeMu
aMumif;ESifhtwl ajreDcJ (Red Ochre)udk awGU&Sd&jcif;jzifh
vdkPf*leH&HwGif yef;csDa&;qGJjcif;twwfudk wwfajrmufcJhMuNyD
[k ,lqoHk;oyf&ygonf/ odkYjzpfí þa0ykv’vdkPf*lwGif
aexdkifcJhMuaom ausmufacwfvlom;rsKd;EG,fpkwdkYonf vGefcJh
aom ausmufacwfa[mif; aESmif;ydkif;tcsdef (Upper Pale-

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .59
110 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 111

a0ykv’awmif\ blrdjzwfydkif;yHk

a0ykv’vdkPf*l\ wnfae&mjyajryHk a0ykv’vdkPf*ltwGif;&Sd tenfvTmrsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .60
112 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 113

ausmufjcpf (Scraper)

ckwfjzwfud&d,m (Chopper)

ausmufyq
k ed f (Hand Axe)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .61

ausmufyq
k ed f (Hand Axe)
114 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 115

*sD (acs) \ atmufar;½dk;ESifh tHoGm;rsm;

orif\ atmufar;½dk;ESifh oGm;rsm;wpfpHk-

awm0uf\ atmufar;½dk;ESifh tHoGm;rsm; orif\ tay:ar;½dk;ESifh tHoGm;rsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .62
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 117
&Sr;f jynfe,f? ,Ofaus;rIjywdu k rf S jywdu
k rf LS ; a':eef;avmifiif;
u t½dk;pESpfckudk ,laqmifvmygonf/ tqdkyg t½dk;prsm;rSm
Aka'¨gZdaem bk&m;ausmif;teD;&Sd vdkPf*lrSawGU&Sd&aMumif;?
tcef; ( 9 ) awGU&SdolrSm tqdkyg bk&m;ausmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrl
aom OD;yÍöif; OD;ol&d,jzpfaMumif;? OD;yÍöif;u tqdkyg t½dk;p
Aka'¨gZdaemvdP
k *f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI rsm;udk olrxHodkYay;ydkYNyD; wwfodem;vnfolxH jyoay;yg&ef
ESifh 4if;\ausmif;teD;vdkPf*lodkY vma&mufavhvmapvdkyg
( 1 ) vd k P f * l w nf a e&mES i f h *l \ taetxm; aMumif; ajymjyygonf/ t½dk;prsm;udk pma&;ol avhvmMunfh½I
Aka'¨gZdaemvdkP*f o l nf &Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f ? uavm &m EdkYwdkufowå0gwdkY\ t½dk;prsm;jzpfNyD; wpf0ufwpfysuf
NrKd Ue,ftwGi;f &Sd [J[;kd wku d ef ,f? tif;acgif;aus;&Gmtkypf ?k oDacgif ausmufjzpfaeonfudk awGU&onf/
aus;&GmteD;&Sd oDacgifawmifwef;wGif wnf&o dS nf/ awmifwef; 1997 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 29 &ufaeYwGif pma&;ol
[kqdk&aomfvnf; atmufajcajrjyifrS ay 300 cefYom jrifyh g OD;aqmifí awmifBu;D wuúov kd ?f blrad A'XmerS q&m? q&mr
onf/ Aka'¨gZdaemvdP k *f l jzpfay:aeonfah usmufrmS uke;f jyif rsm;onf Aka'¨gZdaemvdkPf*lodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmMuonf/
jrifx h ;kH ausmuf (Plateau Limestone) trsK;d tpm;jzpfNy;D vGecf hJ OD;yÍöif;rSm touf 50 cefY&Sdí oxHkZmwd[k od&yg\/ ]Aka'¨g
onfh ESpfoef; 300 ausmfcefYu yifv,fwGiftenfxdkif Zdaem[k bmaMumift h rnfay;xm;ygovJ bk&m;} [k pma&;ol
jzpfay:cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ u ar;avQmufaomtcg OD;yÍöi;f u rdeaYf wmfryl gonf/ ]Aka'¨g}
pma&;olonf awmifBu;D wuúov kd ?f blrad A'XmewGif qdkonfrSm oHk;avmuxG#fxm; Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;? ]Zdaem} qdk
ygarmu©tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef armfvNrdKifwuúodkvfrS onfrSm Zde &efudkatmifEkdifjcif;(odkYr[kwf)ab;&eftaygif;rS
awmifBu;D wuúov kd o
f tYkd oGm;? atmifyef;NrKd UESihf [J[;kd NrKd UtMum;? umuG,fay;jcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&aMumif;? odkYygí bk&m;ausmif;
[J[dk;odkYra&mufrD ajcmufrdkifcefYtvdk um;vrf;\vuf0Jbuf teD;um;vrf;ay:wGif oGm;vmaeMuaom c&D;oGm;taygif;
cyfvrS ;f vSr;f awmifapmif;ay:wGif ]Aka'¨gZdaem} [laompmwef; wkdYrSm ]Aka'¨gZdaem} pmweff;udkjrifí pdwfxJrS&GwfqdkrdonfESifh
udk vSrf;jrifcJh&\/ odkY&mwGif trSwfxifxifom &SdcJhygonf/ ab;tEÅ&m,fut kd vdv k kd umuG,Nf y;D om;jzpfomG ;ygaMumif;jzifh
awmifBuD;wuúodkvfodkY a&muf&SdNyD; wpfywfcefYtMumwGif rdefYawmfrlyg\/
116

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .63
118 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
vdkPf*lrSm bk&m;ausmif;\awmifbuf ay 200 cefY
tuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/ vdkPf*ltwGif; apwDi,fwpfqlESifh
bk&m;qif;wkawmfrsm; wnfxm;aMumif; awGU&S&d \/ OD;yÍöi;f u
tqdkyg bk&m;rsm;udk 4if;udk,fwkdif 1991 ckESpfwGif wnfxm;
udk;uG,fxm;aMumif;rdefYygonf/ pma&;olonf vdkPf*ltae
txm;tm; avhvmMunf&h m ausmufacwfvo l m;wdYk aexdik cf &hJ m
vdkPf*ljzpfEdkifaMumif; od&SdcJhonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh-
(1) vdkPf*lonf ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYtwGuf
&efolrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkYtrJvdkuf&ef om;aumif
rsm;udk aumif;pGm jrifEikd af om tjrifah e&mwGif
wnf&jdS cif;?
(2) vdkPf*l\trdk;wGif ajruRHayguf (Sink Hole)
ryg&SdbJ trdk;ESifhtum vHkNcHKrI&Sdjcif;?
(3) vdkPf*ltwGif; av0ifavxGuf aumif;pGm
&&Sdjcif;?
(4) vdP k *f tl wGi;f tvif;a&mif aumif;pGm &&Sjd cif;?
(5) vdkPf*l\atmuf ay 300 cefYtedrfhydkif;wGif
wpfcsdefu a&tdkifBuD;&SdcJhjcif;?
(,ckwdkif a&tenf;i,f usef&Sdaeao;jcif;)
paomtcsufrsm;yif jzpfayonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 119
( 2 ) vd k P f * l w G i f ; wl ; azmf & mrS awG U &S d c suf r sm;
pma&;olwt Ykd zGUJ onf OD;yÍöi;f tm;cGiahf wmif;í vdP k *f \ l
nmbufe&H EH iS u hf yfvsuf t*FawvGwaf eaom ae&mudk wl;azmf
Muonf/ tvsm; 4 ay? teH 2 ay? teuf 2 aycefYwGif
Edw
Yk u
kd o
f wå0gwd\ Yk t½d;k prsm;? OD;csKyd ikd ;f prsm;? ar;½d;k rsm;ESio hf mG ;
rsm;udk awGUMu&awmhonf/ pma&;olrS ppfaq;Munfh&m awm
uRJ(0g)ajymif (Bibos gaurus)? awmEGm;(0g)pdkif (Bibos
bantang)? orif (Rucervus eldi)? *sD (Munjacus munjak)?
awmifqw d f (Capricornis sumatraensis) wk\ Yd t½d;k rsm;? oGm;
rsm;ESifh OD;csKdrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ½kyf<uif;rsm;rSm wpf0ufwpfysuf
ausmufjzpfaeonhf (Semifossil) tqifhwGifom &Sdayonf/
þodkYjzifh aemufxyfíESpfBudrfwkdifwkdif vdkPf*l\
rsufESmpmwGif qufvufwl;azmfMu&m ,cifawGU&SdNyD; EdkYwkduf
owå0gwkdY\ ½kyf<uif;rsm;tjyif? awm0uf (Sus scofa) \
ar;½d;k ESihf tHomG ;rsm;udv k nf;aumif;? ausmufvufeufrsm;jzpf
onhf ausmufuiG ;f rsm; (Stone Rings ) ESihf ausmufvufeuf
jyKvkyf&ef ukefMurf; (Raw Material) tjzpf toHk;jyKonhf
ausmufvHk;rsm; (Pebbles) udkvnf;aumif; wl;azmfawGU&SdMu
onf/
ausmufvufeufrsm;udk pma&;olppfaq;Munfh&m
ausmufacwfopf (Neolithic)tcsed u f mv? vGecf ohJ nfEh pS af ygif;
6000 rS 4000 cefY tcsdeftwGif;u ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY
jyKvkyftoHk;jyKcJhMuaom ausmufvufeufrsm;jzpfMuonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .64
120 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
trsm;tm;jzifh ausmufuiG ;f rsm;udk awGU&SMd u&\/ ausmufacwf
opftcsed o f nf pl;xd;k pdu
k yf sK;d aomtwwfukd wwfajrmufaeMu
NyDjzpf&m ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf ausmufuGif;rsm;wGif
cRefxufaomwkwfacsmif;rsm;udk wyfqifum pl;xdk;pdkufysKd;&m
wGif toHk;jyKcJhMu[efwlonf/ ausmufuGif;rsm;wGif vufudkif
t½d;k wyfqifí wlozG,f xkEu S &f mwGivf nf; toH;k jyKcMhJ u[ef
&Sd\/ ausmufuGif;rsm;wGif EG,fBudK;rsm;csnfum &efoludkypf
vTJayguf&ef vufeuftjzpfvnf; toHk;jyKcJhMuayvdrfhrnf/
ausmufvufeufrsm;tjzpf xkvkyfxm;aomausmufrsm;rSm
oJausmuf (Sandstone)? oJreI af usmuf (Siltstone)? ovif;
<u,foaJ usmuf (Quartzose Sandstone)ESihf ovif;ausmuf
(Quartzite) rsm;jzpfMuonf/
13-9-97 &ufaeYonf paeaeYjzpf\? &moDOwkrSm
rdk;wGif;ESifhyif rwl? txl;om,mvSonf/ ]Aka'¨gZdaem} vdkPf*l
um; ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY aexdkifcJh&mvdkPf*ljzpfaMumif;
aocsmayNy/D ausmufacwfvo l m;\ ½ky<f uif;udk awGU&S&d efom
vdkawmhonf/ pma&;olwdkY blrdaA'XmerS q&m? q&mrrsm;
ESihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;oltcsKUd wko Yd nf pwkwt ¬ Burd f wl;azmf
&ef ]Aka'¨gZdaem}vdP k *f ol Ykd awmifBu;D wuúov kd rf S eHeufyikd ;f wGif
xGufvmMu\/ a&muf&SdNyD; OD;yÍöif;tm;0wfjyKí wl;azmfa&;
vkyfief;pMu&m wpfem&DtwGif;üyif ausmufacwfvlom;\
ar;½dk;ydkif;pESifh oGm;rsm;udk wl;azmfawGU&SdMuawmhonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 121
( 3 ) ausmuf a cwf v l o m;\ ½k y f < uif ;
awGU&Sd&aom½kyf<uif;udk pma&;olrSppfaq;Munfh&m
tay:ar;½d;k ydik ;f pESihf atmufar;½d;k ydik ;f pwdYk tHvv JG suwf q
JG uf
aeaMumif;awGU&\/ tay:ar;½d;k ydik ;f wGif ta&SUtHomG ;trSwf
(3)? trSwf(4)ESifh tHoGm;trSwf(1)wdkY yg0ifMuNyD; atmufar;
½dk;ydkif;wGif a&SUtHoGm;trSwf(4)ESifh tHoGm;trSwf(1)wdkY yg&Sd
Muonf/ oGm;wk\ Yd t&G,t f pm;onf ausmufacwfvo l m;tae
jzifh tenf;i,fao;i,faeonfhtwGuf trsKd;orD;wpfOD;\
ar;½dk;jzpfrnf[k ,lqygonf/ touftm;jzifhrl wdkufpm;xm;
aom Buw d 0f g;&mrsuEf mS jyif&dS yGe;f &mrsm; (Cusps)t& touf
50 ausmf 60 ESpfwGif;cefY[k cefYrSef;&onf/ tqdkyg ar;½d;k ESihf
twl oGm;ta<uESpaf csmif;udk awGU&SMd u&m wpfacsmif;rSm a&SUtH
oGm; trSwf (3) jzpfí tjcm;wpfacsmif;rSm tHoGm; trSwf
(3) jzpfMuonf/ wl;azmfa&;tzGJUom;rsm;tm;vHk; aysmf&Tif
oGm;Muyg\/ 1997 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (13)&uf? paeaeY
onfum; atmifjrifaomaeYygwnf;/
xdkaeYu vdkPf*lwl;azmfa&; tzGJUom;rsm;rSm tzGJU
acgif;aqmiftjzpf awmifBu;D wuúov kd ?f blrad A'Xme ygarmu©
a'guf w mwif o d e f ; ? tzG J U 0if r sm;tjzpf wG J z uf y garmu©
OD;armifarmif? uxdu OD;wifvdIif? vufaxmufuxdursm;
jzpfMuaom OD;a|;vGi?f OD;a|;atmif? a':cifpef;? a':oef;pde?f
a':oef;oef;OD;? "mwfcGJcef;vkyfom; OD;wifarmifxl;? yxrESpf
ESihf wwd,ESpf *kPx f ;l wef;rS ausmif;om;? ausmif;oltcsKUd wdYk
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .65
122 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 123
jzpfMuonf/ xdkaeYu awmifBuD;wuúodkvfrS Aka'¨gZdaem cJhMuonfh owå0gwkdY\ ½kyf<uif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; wpfpk
vdkPf*l wl;azmfa&;odkY vdkufygMunfh½I tm;ay;Muolrsm;rSm wpfa0;wnf; awGU&SdMu&onfjzpf&m jrefrmEkdifiH\ ausmuf
awmifBuD;wuúodkvf ygarmu©csKyf a'gufwmvSjrifhESifh ZeD; acwf,Ofaus;rIudk avhvmazmfxkwf&mwGif rsm;pGmta&;BuD;
a'gufwma':odef;EG,f? XmerSL; a':cifoefY? 'óeduaA' vSayonf/
XmerS wGzJ ufygarmu© q&mOD;cspaf qG? jrefrmpmXmerS uxdu
q&mOD;jrarmifEiS hf armfueG ;f xde;f tqifh (2) a':cifjrNird ;f wdkY
jzpfMuygonf/
ausmufacwfvo l m;wk\ Yd ½ky<f uif;rsm;udk ausmufacwf
vlom;wdaYk exdik cf &hJ m vdPk *f w
l ikd ;f wGif awGU&SMd u&onf r[kwaf y?
ausmufacwfvo l m;wdo Yk nf 4if;wdt Yk xJrS wpfO;D OD;aoqH;k vQif
vdkPf*ltwGif; jrKyfESHavhr&SdMuyg/ &efolwdkY\wdkufcdkufowf
jzwfjcif;cH&íaomfvnf;aumif;? om;&Jw&d pämefw\ Ykd wdu
k cf u
kd f
jcif;cH&íaomfvnf;aumif;? tema&m*gusa&mufí aoaus
ysupf ;D vQiaf omfvnf;aumif;? vdP k *f tl rd;k NyKd usíaomfvnf;
aumif;? ½kyftavmif;udk vdkPf*ltwGif; pGefYypfcJhí vdkPf*ludk
pGefYcGmNyD; tjcm;wpfae&modkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;wwfMuonf/
þuJhodkYaom tajctaersKd;wGifom 4if;wdkY\½kyftavmif;udk
4if;wdkYaexdkifcJh&m vdkPf*ltwGif; awGU&SdEkdifonf/ odkYjzpf&m
ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY aexdkifcJh&m vdkPf*lrsm;wGif 4if;wkdY\
½kyf<uif;rsm;udk tvGef&Sm;yg;pGmom awGU&SdEdkifonf/ ,ck Aka'¨g
ZdaemvdkPf*lrSmrl ausmufacwfopf jzpfvifhupm; ausmuf
acwfvlom;\ ½kyf<uif;udkvnf;aumif;? 4if;wdkY jyKvkyfoHk;pGJ
cJo
h nfh ausmufvufeufrsm;ESihf trJvu dk f owfjzwfpm;aomuf

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .66
124 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 125

Aka'¨gZdaemvdkPf*lrS wl;azmfawGU&Sd&onhf ausmufvufeufrsm;

10
ajryHt
k nTe;f

um;vrf; a&SUtHoGm; 2 acsmif;ESifh a&SUtHoGm; 1 10

acsmif; oGm;ta<u
&xm;vrf; pau; 1 vu® = 1 rkdif 10 tHoGm; 1 acsmif;yg ESifh tHoGm; 1 acsmif; 2 acsmif;
ajryHkeHygwf 93 D tay:ar;½d;k yg atmufar;½dk;
vdkPf*l 10 10
acsmif; Aka'¨gZdaemvdkPf*lrS wl;azmfawGU&Sd&onhf
Aka'¨gZdaemvdkPf*ljy ajryHk 10 ausmufacwfvlom;\ ½kyf<uif;rsm;

10
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .67
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
tcef; ( 10 )
rd;k NAv
J P
kd *f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
( 1 ) vd k P f * l q k d i f & m bl r d a A'tcsuf t vuf r sm;
(u) wnf a e&m
rdk;NAJvdkPf*lonf z,fcHkNrdKUe,f&Sd rdk;NAJNrdKU\taemuf
buf ESprf ikd cf eft
Y uGm usm;awmif[ak c:aom awmifuek ;f wGif
jzpfay:aeonfh vdkPf*ljzpfonf/ ajryHkeHygwf 94 - E 3 ,
Grid (654917)wGif wnf&SdNyD; ta&SUbufvSnfh ausmuf
urf;yg;,H vdkPf*ljzpfonf/
( c ) atmuf c H a usmuf t rsKd ; tpm;
vdkPf*ljzpfay:apaom ausmuftrsKd;tpm;rSm ESpf
oef; 290 rS 200 oef;cefY oufwrf;&Sdaom ukef;jyifjrifh
xH;k ausmuf (Plateau Limestone) jzpfí tufNyKd i(f Joint) rsm;
aom &G,fao;aph&Sd rD;cdk;a&mif ovif;<u,fxHk;ausmufrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ 4if;wdo Yk nf &moDOwkwu kd pf m;rI'PfaMumifh Murf;
wrf;cufa&mfaom oGijf yif&MdS uNy;D rsm;aomtm;jzifrh wfapmuf
126
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 127
jrifhrm;aom ausmufurf;yg;,Hrsm; jzpfay:aeMuonf/ ajr
atmufxHk;aysmf&nf (Lime Solution) \ wkdufpm;rIaMumifh
trdk;zGifh*laygufrsm; (Sink Holes) ESifh ab;wkduf*laygufrsm;
(Caves) jzpfay:vmMuonf/
( * ) bl r d t aetxm;
z,fcNkH rKd Ue,f taemufjcrf;a'owGif xl;jcm;odompGm
jzpfay:aeMuaom ausmufurf;yg;,HESifh vdkPf*lwkdYrSm awmif
ajrmufjzpfay:cJhaom wufwdk;epfjywfa&GU (N-S Tectonic
Faulting)aMumifh[k ,lq&onf/ þjzpfpOfaMumifh jywfa&GU
eH&Hrsm;wGif vdkPf*lrsm;? ausmufeH&Htrdk;rsm; jzpfay:vmMu
onf/ þa'o ae&mrsm;onf a&S;acwfu obm0a&tdik rf sm;?
jrpfacsmif;rsm;wdEYk iS hf reD;ra0;wGif wnf&adS omaMumifh ausmuf
acwf vlom;rsm;ESifh wd&pämefrsm;aeEdkifaom tajctaersKd;
jzpfayonf/
vdkPf*lonf *ltrdk;jyKwfusaeaom vdkPf*ljzpfí
ta&SUbufodkY rsufESmrlxm;onf/ pma&;ol\ tawGUtBuHK
t& ausmufacwfvo l m;wdo
Yk nf ta&SUbufvn S o
hf nfh vdP
k *f l
rsm;wGif trsm;qHk;aexdkifcJhMuaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ xdkYjyif
vdkPf*lonf ywf0ef;usifajrjyiftxuf ay 30 rS ay 100
cefY tjrifwh iG f wnf&jdS cif;? vdP k *f \
l trd;k wGif ajruRaH ygufryg
&SdbJ vHkNcHKrI&Sdjcif;? av0ifavxGufaumif;jcif;? tvif;a&mif
aumif;pGm&&Sdjcif;? vdkPf*lESifhreD;ra0;wGif a&&Sdjcif; paom
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .68
128 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
t*Fg&yfrsm;udrk o S mvQif ausmufacwfvo l m;wkYd vdP
k *f t
l wGi;f
aexdkifcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
vdkPf*lt&G,ftpm;rSm rsm;pGmus,f0ef;jcif; r&Sdyg?
tvsm;ay 60 cefYESifh teHay 30 cefYom us,f0ef;onf/
ausmufacwfvlom; rdom;pk ESpfpk(odkY)oHk;pkcefYom aexdkifcJh
Mu[efwo l nf/ vdP k *f t
l rd;k ausmufe&H o
H nf vdP k *f \
l tv,f
ae&müjyKwfusaeonfjzpf&m wl;azmfjcif;vkyfief;udk jyKwfus
aeaomausmufwHk;BuD;\ eHab; wpfzufwpfcsufwGifom
jyKvkyfEkdifcJhygonf/
( 2 ) vd k P f * l w G i f ; rS wl ; azmf a wG U &S d c suf r sm;
rdk;NAJvdkPf*l wl;azmfjcif;udk pma&;olonf awmifBuD;
wuúov kd ?f blrad A'XmewGif ygarmu©tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
pOfu ta&SUydkif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;\ ulnDyHhydk;rIjzifh
jyKvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
11-3-97 aeYESifh 13-3-97 aeYwdkYwGif pma&;ol
OD;aqmifaom awmifBuD;wuúodkvf? blrdaA'XmerS q&m?
q&mrrsm;tzGJUonf rdk;NAJNrdKU taemufbufESpfrdkifcefYtuGm&Sd
usm;awmif[ak c:aom awmifuek ;f atmuf&dS vdkP*f u
Muygonf/ vdkPf*lwGif;rS wl;azmfawGU&Sdcsufrsm;rSm ausmuf
vufeufrsm;jyKvkyf&eftwGuf ukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;jzpfonfh
ausmufvHk;rsm;(Pebbles)? ausmufuGif;rsm;(Stone Rings)?
ausmufjcpfrsm;(Scrapers) wdkYjzpfMuonf/ owå0gwdkY\ ½kyf
<uif;rsm;rSm-
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 129
( 1 ) awmuRJ (0g) ajymif (Bibos gaurus)
4if;onf toD;t&Gupf m; owå0gjzpfí taumifBu;D rsK;d
jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYudk jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;ESifh pdrfhBuD;NrdKifBuD;rsm;
wGif awGU&wwfonf/ 4if;wdkY\ tay:tHoGm;rsm;? atmuftH
oGm;rsm;ESifh t½dk;rsm;udk vdkPf*lrSwl;azmfawGU&Sd&onf/
( 2 ) awmEGm; (0g) pdkif (Bibos sondaicus)
4if;onfvnf; toD;t&Gupf m; owå0gjzpfí taumif
BuD;rsdK;yifjzpfonf/ 4if;wkdYudk jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;ESifh pdrfhBuD;
NrdKifBuD;rsm;wGif awGU&wwfonf/ 4if;wkdY\ tay:tHoGm;rsm;?
atmuftHoGm;rsm;ESifh t½dk;prsm;udk vdkPf*lrS wl;azmfawGU&Sd&
onf/
( 3 ) *sD (0g) acs (Munjacus bantang)
4if;onf toD;t&Gufpm; owå0gjzpfí taumif
ao;rsdK;jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYudk jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;ESifh tyifi,f
rsm;&Sdaom awmawmifrsm;wGif awGU&wwfonf/
( 4 ) orif ( Rucervus eldi)
l kd wl;azmf
4if;onf toD;t&Gufpm; owå0gjzpfí taumif
tvwfpm;rsKd ;jzpfonf/ 4if;wku Yd kd jrufcif;vGijf yifrsm;ESihf pdrBhf u;D
NrdKifBuD;rsm;wGif awGU&wwfonf/ 4if;wdkY\ tay:tHoGm;rsm;?
atmufto H mG ;rsm;ESihf t½d;k p trsm;tjym;udk vdP k *f rl S wl;azmf
awGU&Sd&onf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .69
130 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 131
( 5 ) qwf (Rusa unicolor) ( 9 ) awm0uf (Sus scofa)
4if;onf toD;t&Gufpm; owå0gjzpfí orifxuf 4if;onf toD;t&Gufpm; owå0gjzpfí jrufcif;vGif
tenf;i,fBuD;aom t&G,ftvwfpm; jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYudk jyifrsm;ESifh tyifykrsm;&Sdaom opfawmrsm;wGif aexdkifusuf
jrufcif;vGijf yifrsm;ESihf pdrBhf u;D NrKd iBf u;D rsm;wGif awGU&wwfonf/ pm;Muonf/ 4if;\ tay:tHoGm;ESifh atmuftHoGm;rsm;udk
4if;wdkY\ tay:tHoGm;rsm;? atmuftHoGm;rsm;ESifh t½dk;p vdkPf*lwGif;rS wl;azmfawGU&Sdonf/
tenf;i,fudk vdkPf*lwGif;rS wl;azmf&&Sdonf/ rd;k NAv
J kP
d *f rl aS usmufvufeufrsm;wGif ausmufuiG ;f udk
awGU&Sd&onfjzpf&m? 4if;udktcRefygaom wkwfacsmif;rsm;wGif
( 6 ) usm; (Felis tigris) wyfí pl;xdk;pkdufysKd;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? wlozG,fxkESuf&ef
4if;onf tom;pm;owå0gjzpfí jrufcif;vGijf yifrsm; vnf;aumif;? EG,fBudK;rsm;jzifh csnfaESmifí ypfayguf&ef
ESifh pdrfhBuD;NrdKifBuD;rsm;wGif awGU&wwfonf/ 4if;\ tay:tH vufeuftjzpfvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKcJhMu[efwlonf/
oGm;rsm;? atmuftHoGm;rsm;ESifh t½dk;p tenf;i,fudk wl;azmf ausmufvufeufrsm;udk &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&Sd rdk;vHk;
awGU&Sd&onf/ [de;f ausmufvmT pkaygif;rS oJausmuftrsK;d rsK;d (Fine-grained
Indurated Sandstones)ESifh uavmausmufvTmeD (Kalaw
( 7 ) arsmuf (Hylobate)
Redbed)rS oJrIefausmufwdkYjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&
4if;onf toD;t&Gufpm; owå0gjzpfí opfawmxl
xyfaom pdrfhBuD; NrdKifBuD;rsm;&Sd opfyifrsm;ay:wGif aexdkif onf/
usupf m;avh&o
dS nf/ 4if;\ atmufto H mG ; wpfacsmif;udk vdkP*f l ( 3 ) ausmuf a cwf v l o m;\ ½k y f < uif ;
rS wl;azmfawGU&Sd&onf/ rd;k NAv
J P
kd *f rl S ausmufacwfvo
l m;wd\
Yk oGm;ig;acsmif;
udk wl;azmfawGU&Sd&onf/ tqdkyg oGm;ig;acsmif;onf vloHk;OD;
( 8 ) jzLaumif (Hystrix)
wkdY\oGm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm-
4if;onf toD;t&Gufpm;aom taumifao;rsKd;jzpf
(u) t&G,fra&mufao;aomuav;i,f\ tHoGm;
onf/ jrufcif;vGijf yifrsm;ESihf tyifyrk sm;&Sad om opfawmrsm; wpfacsmif;?
wGif aexkdifusufpm;Muonf/ 4if;\tHoGm;rsm;ESifh pG,foGm; (c) t&G,af &mufNy;D vlvwfyikd ;f ausmufacwf vlom;
wpfacsmif;udk wl;azmfawGU&Sd&onf/ \ oGm;ESpfacsmif;?

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .70
 132 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
(*) t&G,fvGef oufBuD;&G,ftdk\ oGm;ESpfacsmif;
wdkYyg0ifMuonf/ þausmufacwfvlom; rdom;pkonf tem
a&m*gusa&mufí aoqHk;avovm;? odkYwnf;r[kwf tom;
pm;owå0grsm;\ wdkufcdkufowfjzwfrIaMumifh aoqHk;cJhonf
vm; rajymwwfEdkifygacs/ xl;jcm;onfrSm rdk;NAJvdkPf*lwl;azmf
&mwGif tom;pm;owå0g usm;\oGm;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&jcif;yif
jzpfonf/ pma&;ol\ tawGUtBuKH t& tjcm;rnfonfv h Pkd *f l
wGifrS usm;\oGm;rsm;udk rawGU&Sd&ay/ ,ck rdk;NAJvdkPf*lwpfck
wnf;wGio f m usm;\oGm;rsm;udk awGU&S&d jcif;jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
pOf;pm;zG,&f mrSm vdP k *f wl iG ;f ae ausmufacwfvo l m; rdom;pk
udk usm;owå0grS udu k jf zwfpm;aomufNy;D 4if;usm;onf vdP k *f l
wGi;f cdak tmif;aexdik cf &hJ mrS tema&m*gpGu J yfí tqdyk g vdP k *f l
wGif;üyif aoqHk;cJhjcif;jzpfrnf[k cefYrSef;&ayonf/
pma&;olwt Ykd zGUJ onf z,fcNkH rKd Ue,fEiS hf yifavmif;NrKd Ue,f
rsm;&Sd ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI taxmuftxm;rsm;udyk g oGm;
a&mufavhvmcJhMu\/ z,fcHkNrdKUe,f taemufbufjcrf;a'o
wGif xl;jcm;odompGmjzpfay:aeMuaom ausmufurf;yg;,H
rsm;ESifh vdkPf*lwdkYrSm awmif? ajrmufa&GUvsm;cJhaom wufwdk;
epf jywfa&GUaMumifh[k ,lq&onf/ þjzpfpOfaMumifh jywfa&GU
aMumif;wpfavQmufwiG f vdP k *f rl sm;ESihf ausmufe&H rH sm;jzpfay:
MuNy;D uRu H saomcsKid 0hf rS ;f ESiahf jredrahf 'orsm;wGif blro d ufwrf;
tm;jzifh ydkíi,faom vdGKiftHausmufvTmpOf (Loi-an For-
mation) ESifh uavmausmufvTmeD (Kalaw Red Beds)wdkY
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 133
ydkYcsxm;rIudk z,fcHkNrdKUe,f? rdk;NAJNrdKUe,f? yifavmif;NrdKUe,f?
v,f0ef;&Gma'o ywf0ef;usifwdkYwGif awGU&Sd&onf/
þa'oonf a&S ; acwf w pf c sd e f u jrpf ? acsmif ; ?
tif;tdkifrsm;aygrsm;í om;&Jwd&pämefrsm; usufpm;&ma'o
jzpfchjJ cif;aMumifh vdkPf*lrsm;twGif; ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY
aexdkifcJhMu[efwo l nf/ v,f0ef;&Gmonf z,fcNkHrKd Utaemufbuf
10-rdik f cefYtuGmwGifwnf&Sdum z,fcHkNrdKUe,fESifh yifavmif;
NrKd Ue,fpyfwiG f wnf&o dS nf/ v,f0ef;&Gm\awmifbuf wpfrikd f
ceft Y uGmwGif awmif-ajrmufwef;aeaom xH;k ausmufurf;yg;
,HBuD; wnf&Sdonf/ tqdkygausmufeH&Honf tvsm;ay 170
cefY&Sdí tjrifhrSm ay 100 cefY&Sdonf/ ausmufeH&H\tv,f
wGif tjrifh 5 ayrS 15 aytwGif;a&;qGJxm;aom eH&Haq;a&;
yef;csrD sm;udk awGU&onf/ a&;qGx J m;aomyHrk sm;rSm jrif;yH?k EGm;yHk
ESifh vlyHkrsm;jzpfMuonf/ jrif;\ausmukef;ay:wGif vlu
rwfwwf&yfae[ef yHkrsm;udkawGU&\/ pma&;ol ,lqonfrSm
tqdkyg aq;a&;yef;csDrsm;onf ausmufacwfopftcsdefu
vlom;wdkYa&;qGJcJhaom yef;csDyHkrsm;[k ,lqygonf/ ausmuf
acwfvlom;wdkYonf 4if;wdkYaexdkif&m vdkPf*l0rS arQmfMunfh
vQif vdkPf*latmufbuf rvSr;f rurf;wGif jrif;½dik ;f tkypf rk sm;
ajy;vTm;aeonfuMkd unfí h tqdyk gowå0grsm;\ ausmuke;f ay:
wGif pD;eif;vkdufyg&vQif aumif;avpG[k pdwful;,OfcJhMuay
vdrfhrnf/ yef;csDyHkt&G,ftpm;rSm ao;i,fonf/ jrif;rsm;\
t&G,t f pm;rSm tvsm; 5 vufr rS 10 vufrcefo Y m&So d nf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .71
 134 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 135
vlyrkH mS tjrifh 6 vufrcefo Y m&So d nf/ tcsKdU½kyyf rkH sm;rSm &moD ESihf u,m;jynfe,fwiG f ae&mig;ckü awGU&Sx d m;Ny;D jzpfygonf/
Owk wdkufpm;xm;rIaMumifh ysufpD;aeNyDjzpfonf/ ½kyfyHkrsm; ajrmufbuftusqHk;vdkPf*lrSm &GmiHNrdKUe,f&Sd jy'g;vif;vdkPf*l
tm;vHk;ukd ajreDcJ (Red Ochre) jzifh a&;qGJxm;jcif; jzpfyg jzpfonf/ 'kwd,vdkPf*lrSm uavmNrdKUe,f? [J[dk;NrdKUteD;&Sd
onf/ Aka'¨gZdaemvdkPf*ljzpfonf/ wwd,vdkPf*lrSm uavmNrdKUe,f?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ausmufacwfvdkPf*l yef;csDudk &GmiH jrif;rxdaus;&GmteD;&Sd jrif;rxdvP kd *f jl zpfonf/ pwkwv ¬ P
kd *f l
NrdKUe,f&Sd jy'g;vif;vdkPf*lwGifom awGU&SdcJhMu\/ jy'g;vif; rSm z,fcHkNrdKUteD;&Sd z,fcHkvdkPf*ljzpfNyD; yÍörvdkPf*lrSm rdk;NAJ
vdP k *f w
l iG f ausmufacwfa[mif;ESihf ausmufacwfopfvo l m; NrdKUteD;&Sd rdk;NAJvdkPf*lwkdYjzpfMuonf/ tqdkygvdkPf*lrsm;\
wdkY aexdkifcJhMuonf/ ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf vGefcJhonfh wnf&SdrIonf yx0Dtaetxm;tm;jzifh wpfaMumwnf;yif
ESpf 12000 cefYrS 4000 cefYtwGif; jy'g;vif;vdkPf*lü aexdkif jzpfygonf/
cJhMu&m? vdkPf*ltrdk;ESifh eH&Hrsm;wGif EGm;yHk? vuf0g;yHk? aeyHk
ponfwdkYudk ajreDcJjzifhyif a&;qGJcJhMuonf/ ½kyfyHkrsm;rSmvnf;
BuD;rm;Muonf/ ,ck v,f0ef;&GmteD;awGU&Sd&aom ausmuf
acwfyef;csDrsm;rSm vdkPf*ltwGif; a&;qGJxm;jcif; r[kwfyg/
ausmufurf;yg;,HwiG f a&;qGx J m;aomyHrk sm;jzpfí t&G,t f pm;
tm;jzifhvnf; ao;i,fygonf/ rnfodkYqdkap &Sm;yg;vSaom
ausmufacwfyef;csDrsm;udk ,cktcg jrefrmEdkifiH\ae&mESpfckü
awGU&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ &GmiHNrdKUe,f? jy'g;vif;vdkPf*lESifh
v,f0ef;&GmteD;&Sd ausmufurf;yg;,HwGif okawoDwdkYavhvm
EdkifMuNyD jzpfygonf/
rd;k NAv
J P
kd *f o
l nf [J[;kd NrKd UteD;rS Aka'¨gZdaemvdP k *f El iS hf
acwfNydKifjzpfí vGefcJhonfhESpf 6000 rS 4000 cefYtwGif;
ausmufacwfopf vlom;wdkYaexdkifcJhonfh vdkPf*ljzpfygonf/
ausmufacwfvo l m;wdYk aexdik cf o
hJ nfh vdP
k *f rl sm;udk &Sr;f jynfe,f

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .72
136 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 137

ausmufeH&Haq;a&;yef;csD wnfae&mjy ajryHk

rkd;NAJNrdKU taemufbuf&Sd vdkPf*lwnfae&mjyajryHk

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .73
138 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 139

rkd;NAJvdkPf*lrS wl;azmfawGU&Sd&aom owå0gwkdY\ ½kyf<uif;rsm; v,f0ef;&GmteD; ausmufeH&HwGif awGU&aom ausmufacwfyef;csD

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .74
140 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI

tcef; ( 11 )
jrif;rxdvP
kd *f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI

jrif;rxda'oonf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif;? uavm

rkd;NAJvdkPf*lrS wl;azmfawGU&Sd&aom ausmufacwfvlom;wkdY\ oGm;rsm;
NrdKUe,ftwGif; wnf&SdNyD; uavmNrdKU\ta&SUawmifbuf 4-
rdik f tuGmESifh atmifyef;NrdKU\taemufawmifbuf 5-rdkifcefY
tuGmwGif wnf&o dS nf/ uavm-atmifyef; jynfaxmifpv k rf;r
BuD;ay:ü uavmrS 4-rdkif? atmifyef;rS 2-rdkiftuGmwGif
yifavmif;? vGKd iaf umfoo Ykd mG ;onfh um;vrf;&So d nf/ 4if;vrf;qHk
rS yifavmif;bufodkY 4-rkdifcefYoGm;vQif jrif;rxd&GmodkYa&muf
onf/ jrif;rxda'owGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum; vlodrsm;aom
OPÖvakH rG;&Siaf wmf obm0vdP k *f o
l nf jrif;rxdvPkd *f l trSwf
(1) jzpfí jynfwGif;jynfy ajcvsifawmifwuform;rsm;
pdwf0ifpm;pGm wufa&mufavh&Sdonfh jrif;rxdawmifBuD;
wnf&o dS nf/ jrif;rxdawmif\ awmifbuf&dS awmifBu;D ajc&Gm
(Taunggyi-Che) \ ta&SUajrmufbufwGif jrif;rxdvdkPf*l
trSwf (2) udk awGU&SdEkdifonf/

141

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .75
142 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
ajrrsuf E S m oG i f j yif
uavmNrdKU\ta&SUawmifbuf 4 rdkifcefYtuGmwGif
wnf&adS om jrif;rxdawmifBu;D rSm ywf0ef;usiaf 'owGif tjrifh
rm;qH;k aom awmifjzpfonf/ uavmNrKd Uonf yifv,fa&rsuEf mS
jyiftxuf 4315 aytjrifw h iG wf nf&í dS jrif;rxdawmifonf
awmifajcrS 1075 aytjrifw h iG wf nf&odS nf/ jrif;rxd awmifr
BuD;rSm yifavmif;-vdGKifaumfum;vrf;\ taemufbufwGif
wnf&NdS y;D jrif;rxd&mG \ taemufawmifbufwiG f wnf&o dS nf/
yifavmif;-vdKG iaf umfum;vrf;\ ta&SUbuf&adS wmifuek ;f rsm;
rSm opfyifaygufa&mufrI enf;yg;NyD; vHk;0dkif;aomawmifukef;?
awmifypl mrsm;(Rolling Topography) taetxm;udk awGU&onf/
jrif;rxdvdkPf*l trSwf (1)
jrif;rxdvP kd *f l trSwf (1) [kac:aom OPÖvakH rG;&Sif
awmf obm0vdkPf*lonf uavmrS yifavmif;odkYoGm;onfh
um;vrf;\ ta&SUbuf ESpfzmvHkcefY uGma0;onfhae&mwGif
*lrsm;ESihf vdP
k af cgif;wnf&&dS m awmifuek ;f wpfcu k kd awGU&onf/
vdkPf*ltvsm;rSm 1028 ay&Sdonf/ vdkPfacgif;twGif;odkY
,cifu a&0ifojzifh a&0if*l[kvnf;ac:wGifonf/ tqdkyg
vdPk af cgif;xJwiG f OPÖvakH rG;&Siaf wmf½yk yf mG ;awmfEiS hf apwDrsm;
&Sdonf/ awmifukef;\ awmifbufydkif;wGif vdkPfacgif;
xGufayguf&Sdonf/ xdkxGufaygufwpf0dkufü a&S;a[mif;½kyfyGm;
awmf 28 ql (ESpfusdyf&Spfql) ESifh apwDrsm;udk zl;awGU&onf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 143
4if;wdkYonf a&S;ESpfaygif; 2300 ausmfuwnf;u wnfxm;
udk;uG,fcJhonfh apwDrsm;jzpfMuonf/ apwDbk&m;rsm;\ rlv
aumif;rI&iS o
f nf oD&"d r®maomurif;Bu;D jzpfí aemufyikd ;f wGif
qufvufwnfxm;ud;k uG,o f rl mS taemf&xmrif;Bu;D jzpfonf
[k qdkygonf/
vd k P f * l q d k i f & mbl r d a A' tcsuf t vuf r sm;
( 1 ) wnf a e&m
jrif;rxdvP
kd *f l trSwf (1) onf jrefrmjynf ajryHt
k ñTe;f
. .
93 D / 10 , Grid NO . NS 145 , EW 96 wGif wnf&o dS nf/
( 2 ) atmufcHausmuf trsKd;tpm;
vdkPf*ljzpfay:aeaom atmufcHausmuftrsKd;tpm;
rSm ukef;jyifjrifhxHk;ausmuf(Plateau Limestone)jzpfí blrd
oufwrf;tm;jzifh ygrD,ef (Permian)tcsdefrS x½dkif,qpf
(Triassic)tcsdef? vGefcJhonfhESpfoef; 290 rS 200 oef;cefY
tcsed u
f yifv,fwiG f tenfycYkd sjzpfay:cJah om xH;k ausmufrsm;
jzpfonf/ vdkPf*ltwGif;ü ajratmufa&wkdufpm;rIaMumifh
p&pfjzKef;ausmuf ydkYcsvTmrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ vdkPf*l\
acgifr;kd wGif ausmufpufyef;qGrJ sm; (Stalactites) &SdNyD; vdkPf*l
Murf;jyifwiG f ausmufpufr;kd arQmrf sm;(Stalagmites) udk awGU&
onf/ xdt Yk jyif ausmufpufyef;qGEJ iS hf ausmufpufr;kd arQmfwkdY
xdqHk&mrS jzpfay:vmaom xHk;ausmufwkdifrsm; (Pillars) udk
vnf; awGU&Sd&onf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .76
 144 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
( 3 ) bl r d t aetxm;
jrif;rxda'oonf uavmvTmwGecYf sKd ix
onf/ 4if;a'owGif ukef;jyifjrifhxHk;ausmufonf ae&muGuf
Mum; ay:xGuaf eonf/ tqdyk g xH;k ausmuf\vm;&mrSm awmif
ajrmufeD;yg; oG,fwef;aeonf/ tqdkygxHk;ausmuf\ ta&SU
buf E S i f h taemuf b uf w k d Y w G i f vG , f t H a usmuf v T m rsm;
ay:xGufaeMuonf/ xHk;ausmuf\ a,bk,staetxm;rSm
. .
25 / 300 jzpfonf/ vdkPf*l\rsufESmpmwGif jywfa&GUaMumif;
(Fault) rSm ta&SUtaemufeD;yg; jzwfaeonf/ vdkPf*lwGif
tufNydKifrsm; (Joints)ESifh tufaMumif;rsm; (Fractures)
&Sad ejcif;aMumifh vdkPf*latmufajcrSm tpOftNrJ a&pdrfhae
onf/ vdkPf*lt0if0wGif bk&m;rsm;wnfxm;jcif;? *lMurf;jyif
wGit f *Fawrsm; cif;xm;jcif;wdaYk Mumifh vkP d *f tl wGi;f wl;azmf
jcif; rjyKvkyfEkdifay/
jrif;rxdvdkPf*l trSwf (2)
vd k P f * l q d k i f & m bl r d a A' tcsuf t vuf r sm;
( 1 ) wnf a e&m
jrif;rxd vdP
k *f t
l rSwf (2) onf jrif;rxdawmif\
awmifbuf awmifBuD;ajc&Gm\ ta&SUajrmufbuf † rdkifcefY
tuGm? tjrifhay 4600 wGifwnf&Sdí jrefrmjynfajryHk tñTef;
. .
93 D /10 , Grid NO . NS 123 , EW 95 wGiw f nf&o dS nf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 145
( 2 ) atmufcHausmuf trsKd;tpm;
hf w
J iG f wnf&dS vdP
k *f jl zpfay:aeaom atmufcaH usmuf trsK;d tpm;
rSm uke;f jyifjrifx
h ;kH ausmuftyk pf w
k iG f yg0ifonfh opfap;yifx;kH
ausmuf (Thitsipin Limestone) trsKd;tpm;jzpfNyD; blrd
oufwrf;tm;jzifh ESpfoef; 290 rS 200 oef; tcsdeftwGif;u
jzpfonf/ vdkPf*l\tus,frSm 150 ay&SdNyD; tjrifhrSm 25
ay&Sdaom wpfzuf&yfvdkPf*ltrsdK;tpm; jzpfonf/
( 3 ) bl r d t aetxm;
xHk;ausmufvTmrsm;\ a,bk,s taetxm;rSm
. .
30 /275 jzpfonf/ vdkPf*l\rsufESmpmwGif jywfa&GUaMumif;
(Fault) rSm ta&SU taemufeD;yg; jzwfaeNyD; vdkPf*lt0rSm
jrifwh ufyikd ;f (Up Throw Side) jzpfí vdP
k *f 0l awmifbufrmS
edrfhusydkif; (Down Throw Side) jzpfonf/
( 4 ) vk d P f * l t wG i f ; rS avh v mawG U &S d c suf r sm;
(u) ausmufvufeufrsm;
jrif;rxdvPkd *f l trSwf (2) wGif ausmufacwfvo
l m;
wdkY toHk;jyKcJhMuaom ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm ukefMurf;jzpf
onfh ausmufv;kH rsm;(Pebbles)? ausmufjcpfrsm;(Scrapers)
ESifh ausmufuGif;rsm;(Stone Rings) jzpfMuonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .77
146
a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
( c ) ausm½d k ; &S d o wå 0 gwk d Y \ ½k y f < uif ; rsm;
1/ orif (Rucervus eldi)
4if;onf t&G,ftvwfpm;jzpfí awmBuD;NrdKifBuD;ESifh
jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;ü usufpm;aom owå0gjzpfNyD; toD;
t&Gupf m; (Herbivorous) owå0gjzpfonf/ 4if;wd\
ESifh t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;udk aygrsm;pGm awGU&onf/
2/ qwf (Rusa unicolor)
4if;onf orifxuf tenf;i,fydkBuD;aom t&G,f
tvwfpm;jzpfí awmBuD;NrdKifBuD;ESifh jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;ü
usufpm;aomowå0gjzpfNyD; toD;t&Gufpm;owå0g jzpfonf/
4if;wdkY\ oGm;tcsKdUudk awGU&Sd&onf/
3/ awmEGm; (Bos taurus)
4if;onf taumifBuD; trsKd;tpm;jzpfí toD;t&Guf
pm;rsKd;jzpfum awmBuD;NrdKifBuD;rsm;ü aexdkifusufpm;aom
owå0gjzpfonf/ 4if;wdkY\oGm;rsm;ESifh t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;udk
awGU&Sd&onf/
4/ jzL (Hystrix)
4if;onf taumifi,f trsK;d tpm;jzpfí toD;t&Guf
pm;rsKd;jzpfNyD; awmBuD;NrdKifBuD;ESifh jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;? awmif
apmif;rsm;wGif aexdkifusufpm;aom owå0grsm;jzpfMuonf/
4if;wdkY\ oGm;tydkif;tprsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 147
5/ BuHU (Rhinoceros)
4if;onf taumifBu;D trsK;d tpm;jzpfí toD;t&Guf
pm;um pdrfhBuD;NrdKifBuD;rsm;ü aexkdifusufpm;aom owå0grsm;
jzpfMuonf/ 4if;wdkY\ oGm;tydkif;tprsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/
Yk oGm;rsm;
6/ awm0uf (Sus scofa)
4if;onf taumifvwf trsKd;tpm;jzpfí awmBuD;
NrKd iBf u;D rsm;wGio
f m aexkid u
f supf m;MuNy;D toD;t&GuEf iS hf opfO
opfzrk sm;udk pm;aomufMuonf/ 4if;wd\ Yk oGm;tydik ;f tprsm;
ESifh tpG,ftcsKdUudk awGU&Sd&onf/
7/ ausmufacwfvlom;\ oGm;rsm;
t&G,af &mufNy;D aom ausmufacwfvo l m;\ tHomG ;
ESifh atmufa&SUtHoGm;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ oGm;wdkY\ t&G,f
tpm;t& a,musfm;jzpfrnf[k ,lqygonf/
(*) ausm½dk;rJhowå0gwdkY\ ½kyf<uif;rsm;
ausm½d;k rJo
h wå0grsm;taejzifh apwDc½kEiS hf c½kzifvrd f
tkyfpkrsm;jzpfMuonfh (Gasteropod) trsKd;rsKd;udk vdkPf*l
twGif;ü aygrsm;pGmawGU&Sd&onf/
ausmuf j zpf ½ k y f < uif ; rsm;\ ouf w rf ;
awmifBu;D wuúov kd ?f blrad A'XmerS ygarmu©a'gufwm
wifodef;ESifh tzGJU (1997-1998) avhvmawGU&SdcJhaom [J[dk;
NrdKUtaemufbuf&Sd Aka'¨gZdaemvdkPf*lrS ausmufacwfvlom;?
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .78
148 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 149
z,fcHkvdkPf*lESifh rdk;NAJvdkPf*lwdkYrS ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;ESifh
qufpyfEdIif;,SOfrIt& vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 6000 rS 4000
cefY tcsed t
f wGi;f ausmufacwfopf (Neolithic) tcsed u f mvu
jzpfrnf[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/

jrif;rxdvdkPf*l wnfae&mjyajryHk

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .79
150 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 151

orif\ nmbuf
orif\anmbuf
tmufar;½dk;ESifh tH
atmuf oGmk;ES; ifh tHoGm;
ar;½d

orif\ nmbuftay:tHoGm;

t&G,fra&mufao;aom orifi,f\
nmbufatmufar;½dk;ESifh tHoGm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .80
152 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 153

orif\
orif\ b,fbufatmufa&SODUoG;csmK;d

ausmufacwfvlom;\ atmufa&SUoGm;

orif\ b,fbufatmufa&SUoGm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .81
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 155
wkdufpm;xm;rIaMumifh ,cktcg tvsm; 8 rDwmESifh teH 4
rDwmcefYom usef&Sdygawmhonf/

tcef; ( 12 ) ( 2 ) vd k P f * l wl ; azmf a vh v m&ef jzpf a y:vmyy:vmyHk

z,fcv
kH P
kd *f l ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
( 1 ) vk d P f * l w nf a e&m
z,fcHkvdkPf*lonf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; z,fcHkNrdKU\
ta&SUawmifbuf wpfrikd cf cJG eft Y uGmwGif wnf&odS nf/ vkP
d *f l
jzpfay:aeaom ausmuftrsK;d tpm;rSm oufO;D uyftxufyikd ;f
oufwrf;&So d nfh uke;f jyifjrifx h ;kH ausmuf (Plateau Limestone)
jzpfonf/ vdkPf*ltjzpf yDjyifpGm rawGU&Sd&yg/ vdkPf*ltrdk;ESifh
ab;ESpzf ufrS vdP k *f el &H rH sm; NyKd usaeojzifh ausmufurf;yg;,H
BuD;tjzpfom awGU&Sd&onf/ tqdkyg xHk;ausmufurf;yg;,H
onf tMurf;tm;jzifh taemufajrmufrS ta&SUawmifodkY
wef;vsuw f nf&o dS nf/ urf;yg;,H\ atmufajcwGif wpfzufavQm
taetxm;jzifh tenfvmT rsm; pkyykH cYkd sxm;onf/ urf;yg;,HwGif
*layguf&Sdr&Sdudk cefYrSef;í r&yg/ taMumif;rSm urf;yg;,H
tv,fwnfhwnfhwGif zdkYajrrsm;jzihf ydwfqdkYxm;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf/ zdkYajrvTmrsm;onf 25 'D*&DcefY ta&SUbufodkYedrfh
avQmaeNyD; rlvu tvsm; 14 rDwmESifh teH 10 rDwmcefY
txd us,f0ef;cJhaomfvnf; umv&Snfvsm;pGm &moDOwk
154
1983 ckEpS w f iG f z,fcNkH rKd UteD; ausmufacwfopf ae&m
a[mif;udk z,fcHkNrdKUrS vli,facgif;aqmif udkat;a&Tupwif
awGU&SdcJhonf/ udkat;a&Tu 4if;awGU&Sdxm;aom ypönf;rsm;udk
awmifBuD;NrdKUae OD;pHatmifodkY jyocJhygonf/ tqdkygypönf;
rsm;udk OD;pHatmifESifh udkat;a&TwdkYu wm0efodpGmjzifh &efukef
wuúodkvf? rEkóaA'XmeodkYvnf;aumif;? tcsKdUrSm vuf
axmufpmMunfhwdkufrSL; a':aMumhaMumhrSwpfqifh &efukef
wuúodkvf pmMunfhwdkufrSL; OD;aomfaumif;odkY ay;tyfcJhonf/
4if;ypönf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk &efukefwuúodkvf? blrdaA'XmerS
q&ma'guf w mwif o d e f ; u yPmr avh v mppf a q;cJ h & m
ausmufacwfopfu&d , d m[k ,lq&aom ausmufuiG ;f ? ausmuf
acwfopfvlom;[k ,lq&aom OD;acgif;cGH tydkif;tpESifh
atmufar;½d;k ? uR?J EGm;tEG,0f ifEiS hf orif tEG,0f if owå0gwdYk
\ oGm;rsm;? t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ tqdkyg
ppfaq;awGU&Scd suaf Mumifh 4if;ae&modYk blrad A'XmeESihf rEkó
aA'XmewdkY yl;aygif;NyD; yPmravhvmppfaq;&ef oGm;a&muf
oifah Mumif;udk ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;csKy?f xdpk Ofu txufwef;ynm
OD;pD;XmeodYk a'gufwmwifoed ;f u tpDt&ifcw H ifjycJ&h m cGijhf yK
csuf&&SdcJhygonf/

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .82
156 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
cGifhjyKcsuf&&SdNyD; &efukefwuúodkvf? blrdaA'XmeESifh
rEkóaA'XmewdkYyl;aygif;í yPmravhvma&; uGif;qif;cJh
Muygonf/ tqdkygtzGJUwGif tzGJUacgif;aqmiftjzpf blrdaA'
XmerS a'gufwmwifodef;? tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf blrdaA'XmerS
a'gufwmazarmifoef;ESifh rEkóaA'XmerS OD;'AvsLa*s
uHBu;D wdYk yg0ifMuonf/ a'gufwmwifoed ;f rSm ausm½d;k &Sd owå0g
wdkY\ ausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;ynm&SifjzpfNyD;? a'gufwmazarmif
oef;rSm ausm½dk;rJhowå0gwdkY\ ausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;ynm&Sif
jzpfum OD;'AvsLa*suHBuD;rSm rEkóaA'ynm&Sif jzpfygonf/
( 3 ) vd k P f * l w l ; azmf j cif ; ES i f h awG U &S d c suf r sm;
pma&;olwt Ykd zGUJ onf ydrk ckd ikd v
f akH om taxmuftxm;
rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf zdkYajrvTmrsm;\ ab;bufususae&mwGif
tvsm; 8 rDwm? teH 1 rDwm? teuf 1.30 rDwm&Sdaom
wl;ajrmif;wpfckudk tvsm;vkduf 1 rDwmpD tuGuf½dkufNyD;
prf;oyfwl;azmfcJh&m tay:,HrsufESmjyifrS 1 rDwmcefYteuf
wGif zdkYajrvTmrsm; ukefqHk;NyD; ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY aexkdifcJh
[efwlonfh tvTmudk pwifawGU&Sd&onf/ 4if;ae&mrSpí 10
pifwrD w D mpD txl owfrw S xf m;aom tvTmoH;k vTmudk wl;azmf
cJhygonf/
yxrtvT m - 4if;tvTmwGif ausmufacwfopf
vlom;wkdY oHk;pGJcJh[efwlaom oJrIefausmuf (Siltstone) jzifh
jyKvkyfxm;onfh ausmufvHk;rsm; (Hammerstones and
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 157
Pebbles) ESifh ausmufuGif;rsm; (Stone Rings) udk awGU&Sd&
onf/ uREJ mG ;tEG,0f if owå0g (Bovidae) rsm;\ t½d;k tydik ;f
tprsm;ESifh oGm;rsm;? oriftEG,f0if owå0g (Cervidae)rsm;
\ t½dk;ESifh OD;csKdtydkif;tprsm;ESifh oGm;rsm;? awm0uf\
oGm;rsm;? rD;avmifxm;aom t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;? rD;aoG;tp
tersm;ESihf td;k jcrf;uGt J csKUd wku
Yd kd awGU&S&d onf/ ausmufvufeuf
ESifh t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;onf rdkvyfpum (Mollusca) rsKd;EG,f
rsm;jzpfonfh *wfpwm½dkaygY (Gasteropod) apwDc½krsm;?
yavpDaygY (Pelecypod) a,mufomG ;rsm;? xH;k ausmuf tpte
rsm;? eDnKd a&mif ajrBu;D rsm;ESihf a&maESmvsu&f MdS uonf/ tqdyk g
yxrtvTmonf aysmhyGí wl;azmf&mwGifvG,fulonf/
'k w d , tvT m - 4if ; tvT m onf yxrtvT m \
atmufwGif&Sdí twdkif;twmtm;jzifh 10 pifwDrDwmtxl
,lxm;onf/ tqdkygtvTmwGifrl ausmufuGif;rsm;ESifh tdk;jcrf;
yJrh sm;udk rawGU&S&d yg/ odaYk omf ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm; toH;k jyK
cJh[efwlaom oJrIefausmufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;onfh ausmufvHk;
tcsKdUudk awGU&Sd&onf/ uRJEGm;tEG,f0if owå0grsm;? orif
tEG,f0if owå0grsm;wd\ Yk t½d;k rsm;? apwDc½krsm;? a,muf
oGm;rsm;udk xH;k ausmuf tydik ;f tprsm;? eDnKd a&mifajrBu;D rsm;ESihf
a&maESmvsuaf wGU&onf/ 'kw, d tvTmonf yxrtvTmxuf
ydkrdkrmausmvmí wl;azmf&mwGif cufcJvmonf/
wwd , tvT m - 4if ; tvT m onf 'k w d , tvT m
atmufwGif&Sdí twdkif;twmtm;jzifh 10 pifwDrDwmtxl
,lxm;onf/ tqdyk gtvTmwGirf l ausmufuiG ;f rsm;? ausmufv;kH
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .83
158 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 159
rsm;ESifh tdk;jcrf;yJhrsm;udk vHk;0rawGU&awmhyg/ uRJEGm;tEG,f0if &Sjd cif;? reD;ra0;ae&mwGif a&tdkif&Sdjcif;? vdkPf*lonf ta&SU
owå0gESihf oriftEG,0f if owå0gwd\ Yk t½d;k tydik ;f tprsm;udk bufodkY rsufESmjyKaejcif;wkdYaMumifh ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY
om c½krsm;? a,mufoGm;rsm;? xHk;ausmuftydkif;tprsm;? aexkdifcJhMuaMumif; odomxif&Sm;ayonf/
eDndKa&mif ajrBuD;rsm;jzifh uspfvspfpGm a&maESmaeNyD; t*Faw
uJhodkY rmausmaeayonf/
tvTmoHk;vTmpvHk;wGif vl\t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;udk
rawGU&yg/ udak t;a&T awGU&Scd ahJ om OD;acgif;cGt H ydik ;f tprsm;ESihf
atmufar;½dk;rSm xHk;ausmufeH&H\ atmufajc&Sd zdkYajrvTm\
txuf oHk;rDwmcefYwGif&Sdaom urf;yg;,Htay:qifh&Sd ajruRH
aygufxJrS &&SdcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ tqdkyg ajruRHaygufxJrSyif
ausmufacwfvlom;\ oGm;wpfacsmif;udk a'gufwmwifodef;
u awGU&SdcJhygonf/
uR?J EGm;tEG,0f if owå0grsm;taejzihf awmuR(J 0g)ajymif?
awmEGm;(0g)pdkifwkdY\ t½dk;prsm;ESifh oGm;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/
oriftEG,0f if owå0grsm;taejzifh qwf? orifEiS hf *sD owå0g
wk\ Yd t½d;k prsm;ESihf oGm;rsm;udk awGU&S&d onf/ xdjYk yif awm0uf\
oGm;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&jcif;aMumifh z,fcHkvdkPf*lae ausmufacwf
vlom;\OD;acgif;cGH½dk;rSm ,ckacwfvlom;\ OD;acgif;cGH½dk;xuf
ydkrdkxlxyf odyfonf;aeonfjzpf&m a&S;usonfh vlom;jzpf
aMumif; aocsmygonf/
pma&;olawGU&Sad om oGm;wpfacsmif;rSm ausmufacwf
vlom;\ tay:(odrYk [kw)f atmufp, G o
f mG ; jzpf[efwo l nf/
z,fcHkvdkPf*lonf ywf0ef;usifajrxuf jrifhaomae&mwGif

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .84
160 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 161

z,fcHkNrdKU (421) wyf&if;teD;&Sd vdkPf*lESifh prf;oyfw;l ajrmif;

uGrf;vHk&Gm wnfae&mjy ajryHk
tvsm; - 8 rDwm
teH - 1 rDwm
teuf - 1.30 rDwm
z,fcHkvdkPf*l\ a&SUrsufESmpmjrifuGif;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .85
162 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 163

prf;oyfwl;ajrmif;\ a'gifvkdufjzwfydkif;yHk z,fcHkvdkPf*lrS ausmufuGif;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .86
164 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 165

z,fcHkvdkPf*lrS ausmufuGif;rsm; z,fcHkvdkPf*lrS ausmufacwfvlom;\ pG,foGm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .87
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
tcef; ( 13 )
vHu
k muke;f ausmufacwf ,Ofaus;rI
1/ vHkumukef;\wnfae&mESifh ajrrsufESmoGifjyif
t ae aett xm;
vHu
k muke;f onf [J[;kd NrKd Ue,f&dS anmifyif&n
S f aus;&Gm
\ ajrmufbufEiS hf bk&m;NyKd aus;&Gm\ taemufbufü uyfvsuf
wnf&adS om uke;f wef;i,fwpfcjk zpfí jrefrmjynfajryHk tñTe;f
. .
93 D / 14 Grid NS 380 , EW 070 wGif wnf&Sdonf/
vHkumukef; wnfae&monf blrdoufwrf;tm;jzifh
yvdkifpwdkqif;tPk,k*f (Pleistocene epoch) tcsdef? vGefcJh
onfh ESpf wpfoef;cefY tukeyf ikd ;f wGif cef;ajcmufcahJ om [J[;kd
tif;a[mif;\ wpfpw d w
f pfa'ojzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh a&uef\
tenfrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom þcsKid 0hf rS ;f onf tv,f
odcYk u
G af eaom ',ft;kd uJoh Ykd oGijf yifvu©Pm &Sad eonf/ tvG,f
tm;jzifh 4if;udk [J[dk;ajredrfhcsKdifh0Srf; (Heho Plain) [kac:
onf/ vHkumukef;onf tqdkygajredrfhcsKdifh0Srf;\ ta&SUbuf
tpyfü ywf0ef;usix f uf av;aycefjY rifah om awmifuek ;f i,f
tjzpf wnf&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/ ukef;wef;i,fonf awmif
166
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 167
ajrmuf&Snfvsm;í ta&SUtaemufusOf;onf/ awmifajrmuf
ay 2000 cefY&Snfvsm;NyD; ta&SUtaemuf ay 1000 cefYus,f
0ef;onf/ trSefpifppf vHkumukef;rSm ta&SUajrmuf-taemuf
awmif (NE - SW)taetxm;twdkif; wl½lwef;aeaom
ukef;jzpfí tjrifhqHk;ukef;i,f ESpfckyg0ifonf/ taemuf
awmifbuf&Sd tjrifhqHk;tydkif;rSm vHkumukef;jzpfí ta&SU
ajrmufbuf&Sd tjrifhqHk;tydkif;rSm awmifydkYBuD;[k trnfwGif
aom ukef;i,fjzpfonf/ tqdkyg tjrifhqHk;ukef;i,f ESpfckudk
Mum;rS ukef;½dk;wef;i,fwpfcku qufoG,fxm;ygonf/
2/ vH k u muk e f ; a'o\ bl r d a A'qd k i f & m tcsuf t vuf
rsm;
vHu k muke;f a'otygt0if [J[;kd ajredrchf sKid 0hf rS ;f onf
tif;a[mif;rS ydkYcscJhaomtenfrsm; (Lacustrine Deposits)
jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onf/ tqdkyg ajredrfhcsKdifh0Srf;udk oufOD;
uyfatmufydkif; (Lower Paleozoic) oufwrf;&Sdaom
ouf&ifhausmufrsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onfh awmifukef;
awmifwef;rsm;u ywfvnf0dkif;&Hxm;onf/ ajrmufbufwGif
[ufoif;awmifESifh [J[dk;teD;&Sdawmifrsm;? taemufbuf
wGif or®cef awmif½dk;wef;rsm;? awmifbufwGif rdzk&m;awmif
ES i f h tpG , f t yG m ;rsm;? ta&S U buf w G i f vuf a rmif ; auG ;
awmifwef;rsm;u 0ef;&Hxm;onf/ [J[dk;ajredrfhcsKdifh0Srf;onf
wwd,,k*faESmif;ydkif; oufwrf;&Sd tenfrsm;ESifh pwkw¬,k*f
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .88
168 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
oufwrf; (Quartarnary) &Sd tenfrsm;udk ydkYcsrIjzpfay:
apcJhaMumif;awGU&Sd&onf/
xkdYaMumifh csKdifh0Srf;wGif tif;a&rS ydkYcsaom tenf
rsm;jzpfonhf ausmufp&pfrsm;? oJrsm;? &THUrsm;tjyif tif;xJ&Sd
a&nd§ a&arSmfyifrsm;\ ½kyf<uif;rsm;jzpfaom opfaqG;ajrrsm;?
a&ae c½kaumifrsm;\ tcGHrsm;jzifh tvTmvkduf xyfqifh
wnfaqmufxm;aMumif; awGU&S&d onf/ ,if;tenfvmT rsm;udk
csKdifh0Srf;\ tv,fjzpfaom ykef;tif;&GmteD;&Sd acsmif;urf;yg;
rsm;wGif ay:xGufaeonfudk aumif;pGmjrifawGUEdkifayonf/
3/ wl ; azmf a wG U &S d c suf r sm;
vHkumukef;ESifh awmifydkYBuD;ukef;wkdYrS wl;azmf&&Sd
aom ypönf;rsm;ukd (u) ouf&Sdypönf;ESifh (c) oufrJhypönf;
[lí tMurf;tm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;cGJjcm;xm;onf/ opfaqG;ajr\
twGif;ü awGU&Sd&í atmufpD*sif0ifa&mufrI enf;yg;jcif;
aMumifh aMurGysufpD;rI enf;yg;onfudk awGU&Sd&onf/
(u) ouf & S d y pö n f ; rsm;
awGU&Sd&aom ouf&Sdypönf;rsm;wGif ta&;tBuD;qHk;
rSm ausmufacwfaESmif;vlom; (Late Neolithic Man)
\ ar;½dk;ESifh oGm;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&jcif;yif jzpfonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 169
(u) (1) ausmufacwfvlom;½kyf<uif;
vHkumukef;rS wl;azmf&&Sdaom ausmufacwf
vlom;\ ar;½dk;ESifh oGm;rsm;? OD;acgif;cGH tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;udk avhvmMunfhaomtcg atmufyg
twdkif; awGU&Sd&onf/
- atmufar;½d;k \ wpfzufwpfcsupf w D iG f tHomG ;
oHk;acsmif;ESifh a&SUtHoGm;ESpfacsmif; yg&Sdonf/
oGm;rsm;\yHo k P m² efrmS arsmufomG ;ESirhf wlbJ
,ckacwf vl\oGm;rsm;ESifh qifwlonf/
odkYaomf t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;onf/
- ar;½dk;onf ,ckacwf vl\ar;½dk;ESifh qifwlí
t&G,ftpm; tenf;i,f ydkrdkBuD;rm;onf/
- rsufcHk;½dk;rsm;rSmvnf; *sm;Am;vl(Java Man)?
yDuif;vl (Peking Man)wdkYuJhodkY jrifharmuf
rdkYwufjcif;r&SdbJ ,ckacwf vluJhodkY ajyjypf
vsuf&Sdonf/
- ezl;rSmvnf; *sm;Am;vl? yDuif;vlrsm;rSmuJhodkY
aemufbufodkY ,dkifí ydjym;aejcif; r&SdbJ?
wnfrh wfí a'gifvu kd t
f aetxm;&SNd y;D ? rsucf ;kH
&S&d modYk ajzmifrh wfpmG wef;qif;vsuf &Sad eonf/
,if;uJhodkY ezl;a'gifvdkuf ajzmifhrwfaejcif;
aMumifh OD;aESmuftwGuf ae&mus,f0ef;ojzifh
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .89
170 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
OD;acgif;ydik &f iS o
f nf Bu;D rm;aom OD;aESmuf&NdS y;D
todÓPf ydkrdkjrifhrm;ayrnf/
txufyg tcsurf sm;udk axmufqí vHu k muke;f rS
vlom;onf ,ckacwfvl [dkrdkaqyD,ef (Homo Sapien)
jzpfí ausmufacwfaESmif;tcsed u f vHu
k muke;f a'owGif aexdik f
usufpm;cJhMuolrsm; jzpfayonf/
(u) (2) owå 0 gwd k Y \ ½k y f < uif ; rsm;
owå0gwdkY\ t½dk;rsm;ESifh oGm;rsm;udk vHkum
ukef;a'o? ae&mtESHYtjym;rS wl;azmf&&Sdonf/
4if;wdkYwGif owå0gtaumifvdkuf\ t½dk;pkrsm;udk
rawGU&bJ? OD;csKdrsm;? oGm;rsm;ESifh t½dk;tydkif;tp
rsm;udkom awGU&Sd&onf/ t"dutm;jzihf uRJ? EGm;
rsK;d EG,0f if owå0g (Bovidae) rsm;ESihf orifrsK;d EG,0f if
owå0g (Cervidae) rsm; jzpfMuonf/ orifE, G 0f if
owå0grsm;\ OD;csKdtydkif;tprsm;udk trsm;qHk;
awGU&Sd&m 4if;wdkYudk cGJjcm;avhvmaomtcg orif
(Rucervus eldi) rsm;xuf qwf (Rusa unicolor)
rsm;u ydkrdkrsm;jym;aMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
vHkumukef;a'orS ausmufacwfopf aESmif;vlom;
wko Yd nf qwfrsm;udk trsm;qH;k trJvu kd f pm;aomuf
cJhMuaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ 4if;wdkY zrf;qD;pm;aomuf
aom owå0grsm;wGif uRJESifh EGm;rsm;vnf; yg0if
Muonf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 171
vHkumukef;a'orS ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;
zrf ; qD ; pm;aomuf c J h a om tjcm;owå 0 grsm;\
oGm;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&Sd&onf/ 4if;wkdYrSm-
- 0ufrsm; (Suidae)
- BuUH rsm; (Rhinocerotidae)
- aMumifrsdK;EG,f0ifrsm; (Felis sp)
- vdyfcGHrsm; (Chelonia sp)
- arsmufrsm; (Macque sp)
ESihf a&tdik w f iG u
f supf m;aom c½krsm;udk awGU&SMd u
&onf/ xl;jcm;csufrSm acG;\ OD;acgif;cGHwpfckudk
wl;azmf&&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ OD;aESmufudk&&Sd&ef
OD;acgif;cGHudk ausmufvufeufjzifh xkcGJpm;oHk;jcif;
cH&ojzifh orif? qwf? uRJ? EGm;wkdY\ OD;acgif;rsm;
onf taumif;yuwdr&SdbJ usKd;yJhaMurGaeMu
onf/ acG;\ OD;acgif;cGHrSmrlum; taumif;yuwd
twdkif; awGU&onf/ þtcsufrsm;aMumifh vHkum
ukef;rS ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf acG;rsm;udk
arG;jrLNyD; trJvu kd &f mwGif toH;k jyKcMhJ uonf[k ,lq
&ayonf/
(c) oufrJhypönf;rsm;
ausmufacwfvlom;\ t½dk;rsm;ESifh owå0gwdkY\
t½d k ; rsm;onf a&uef a [mif ; \ yd k Y c stenf j zpf a om
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .90
172 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
opfaqG;ajr twGi;f rS wl;azmf&&Sjd cif;jzpfonf/ 4if;t½d;k
rsm;ESifhtwl wGJzufí ausmufvufeufrsm;? aoG;xm;
aom OD;csKrd sm;? aoG;xm;aom t½d;k rsm;? ausmufvufeuf
jzifh xkzJhjyKvkyfxm;aom opfcRefrsm;udkvnf; wl;azmf
&&Sdonf/ xkdYjyifrD;zkwfxm;aom tdk;jcrf;uGJrsm;? rD;aoG;
rsm;? opfaphrsm;udk ½dkufcGJxkaxmif;&ef toHk;jyK[efwl
aom usnfayGUrsm;? rD;uRrf;aeaom t½dk;prsm;? xif;½SL;
oD; (Pine Cone) rsm;? opfyifrsm;\ yifpnfEiS hf tjrpfrsm;
ponfwu Ykd kd wl;azmfawGU&S&d onfjzpf&m ausmufacwfopf
aESmif;ydik ;f tcsed f (Late Neolithic) u vHu k muke;f a'orS
ausmufacwfvlom;wkdYonf pdkufysKd;arG;jrLjcif;ESifh tdk;rsm;
jyKvyk Nf y;D csujf yKwpf m;aomufcMhJ uaMumif; od&&dS ayonf/
ausmuf v uf e uf r sm;
vHkumukef;a'owGif ausmufvufeufrsm;tjzpf toHk;
jyKxm;aom ausmufrsm;rSm xHk;ausmufrsm; (Limestones)?
cswaf usmufrsm; (Cherts)? a0blausmufrsm; (Schists)? oJreI f
ausmufrsm; (Siltstones) jzpfMuonf/ tqkdyg ausmufrsm;
udk vHkumukef;ywf0ef;usif&Sd ouf&ifhausmufawmifrsm;rS
vnf;aumif;? acsmif;rsm;rS o,faqmifvmaom ausmufp&pf
wHk;rsm;ukd o,faqmifívnf;aumif; toHk;jyKcJhMu[efwl
onf/ cswfausmufrsm;rSm tif;a[mif;\ taemufbuf&Sd
ukef;jyifjrifh xHk;ausmuf (Plateau Limestone) rsm;wGif
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 173
udef;atmif;wnf&Sdaeaom usnfayGUoP²mefcswftwHk; tcJ
rsm; (Nodular Cherts) udk,lí toHk;jyKcJhMu[efwlonf/
ausmufvufeuftrsm;pkrSm toGm;cRefxufatmif aoG;xm;
ojzifh trJvkduf&mwGif vufeuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? tom;
rsm;vSD;jzwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? ta&cGHrsm;rS tom;rsm;udk
jcpf,&l mwGiv f nf;aumif;? owå0gwk\ Yd OD;csKrd sm;? opfom;rsm;
udk cRexf ufap&ef jyKvyk &f mwGiv f nf;aumif; toH;k jyKcMhJ u[ef
wlonf/
xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfrSm ,if;ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifhtwl
tifMuif;ausmufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom wpfawmifcefY t&Snf
&Sdonfh ausmufvufeufudk awGU&Sd&jcif;jzpfonf/ tifMuif;
ausmufrsm;onf jrefrmEkid if t H v,fyikd ;f ? txl;ojzihf {&m0wD
jrpf½dk;wpfavQmufü tawGU&rsm;onf/ {&m0wD\ jrpfjyKqifh
(Terrace) rsm;ay:wGif awGU&Sd&onfh tnmom;,Ofaus;rI
(Anyathian Culture) rS ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm trsm;tm;
jzihf tifMuif;ausmufrsm;jzifh jyKvyk x f m;aMumif; awGU&S&d onf/
xkdYaMumifh {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;rS ausmufacwfaESmif; vlom;rsm;
u tifMuif;ausmufrsm;udk vHu k muke;f odYk o,faqmifvmoavm
[k awG;awm,lqEkid o f nf/ rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap? ausmufacwfaESmif;
umvuyif jynfrESihf &Sr;f jynfe,fwYkd ul;vl;qufqrH &I adS Mumif;
rSmrlum; 4if;tifMuif;ausmufvufeufu oufaojyvsuf
&Sdayonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .91
174 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
(c) (1) acsmarG U pG m aoG ; xm;aom ausmuf v uf
eufrsm; (0g) rdk;BudK;oGm;rsm;
4if;ausmufacwf vufeufrsm;rSm toGm;rsm;
cRejf raeap&ef aoG;xm;aom vufwpfqkyfpm&Sd
ykqdefuJhodkY ausmufvufeufrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdY
udk tom;rsm; vSD;jzwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? ta&cGH
rsm;ESifh t½dk;rsm;wGif wG,fuyfaeaom tom;rsm;
udk jcpfxw k &f mwGiv
f nf;aumif; toH;k jyKcMhJ u[efwl
onf/ xkdYjyif oD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;&eftwGuf ajrBuD;udk
wl;qG&eftwGufvnf; toHk;jyKcJhMuayvdrfhrnf/
(c) (2) wpfzuft oGm;cRefvufeufrsm; (0g)
ck w f x pf u d & d , m
4if;wdkYonf t&G,ftpm; trsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonf/
,if;wdu Yk dk ajrjyifatmufteuf ESpaf ycefüY owå0g
wdkY\½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh twl opfaqG;ajrtwGif;rS
wl;azmf&&Sdonf/ awGU&Sd&aom owå0gwdkY\ t½dk;
rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh usKd;yJhaeMuonf/ aygif½dk;
rsm;? vufEiS hf ajcaxmuf½;kd rsm;rSmvnf; tydik ;f ydik ;f
usKd;yJhaeavh&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;wpfzufcRef
ausmufvufeufrsm;onf trJvu dk &f mwGif toH;k jyK
½Hrk ubJ tom;rsm;udck w k jf zwf&mwGif vnf;aumif;?
t½dk;rsm;udkcsKd;zJhí twGif;&SdcsOfqDrsm;udk xkwf,l
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 175
pm;&efvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKcJhMuaMumif; ,lq
&ayonf/
(c) (3) aoG;xm;aom t½dk;rsm;? OD;csdKrsm;
orifESifhqwfwdkY\ OD;csKdtzsm;ydkif;rsm;udk cRefjr
atmif aoG;íxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;OD;csKd
tydkif;tprsm;wGif tcsKdUrSmwpfawmifcef&Y n S v
f sm;Ny;D
wpfzufwiG f xkzí h J vnf;aumif;? aoG;ívnf;aumif;
tzsm;cRef x m;NyD ; ajrwl ; jcif ; ? opf O opf z k r sm;
wl;azmfjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfcJh[efwlonf/ xdkYaMumifh
t&if;ydkif;ESifh cg;tv,fydkif;rsm;wGif vufjzifh
tBudrfBudrf udkifxm;aomaMumifh acsmrGwfvsuf&Sd
aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ OD;csKdrsm;tjyif t½d;k rsm;udk
vnf; tzsm;cRejf raeatmif aoG;xm;aMumif; awGU&
onf/ pl;? aqmufESifh "m;OD;cRefrsm;uJhodkY toHk;jyK
cJhMuonf[k ,lq&ayonf/
(c) (4) opf c Ref r sm;
vufwpfzufqkyfpmt&G,f&Sd opfom;acsmif;
rsm;udkvnf; tzsm;ydik ;f rsm;ü ausmufvufeufrsm;
jzihf cRex
f m;aMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;wdkYudk opfO
opfzrk sm;wl;&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? ajrBu;D udk wl;qGí
rsKd;aphESifh tyifrsm; pdkufysKd;&mwGifvnf;aumif;
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .92
176 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
toH;k jyKc[
hJ efwo l nf/ xkjYd yif trJvu
kd f&mrS &&Sad om
wd&pämefrsm;\ ta&cG H r sm;ud k c G m í aevS e f ; NyD ;
t0wftpm;twGuf toHk;jyK&eftwGuf ,if;ta&
cGHrsm;udk jzefYMuufí aevSef;onfhtcg tqdkyg
opfcRefrsm;udk ikwftjzpftoHk;jyKcJhMuvdrfhrnf[k
,lqygonf/
(c) (7) xif ; ½S L ;oD ; rsm;? opf y if \ yif p nf a tmuf
(c) (5) td k ; jcrf ; uG J r sm;
td;k jcrf;uGrJ sm;udk toGit f rsKd;rsKd;? t&G,t f pm;
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh awGU&Sd&onf/ tBuD;qHk;tdk;\ EIwfcrf;
rSm vufwpfrdkufcefY tapmuf&Sdonf/ trJvkdufí
&&Sdaom om;aumifwkdY\ tom;ESifh t½dk;rsm;udk
,if;tdk;BuD;jzifhjyKwfí pm;aomufMu[efwlonf/
ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifhtwl 4if;tdk;jcrf;uGJrsm;udk
ajrwpfvmT wnf;rS wl;azmfawGU&S&d ojzifh vHu k muke;f
ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf tjcm;aom ausmuf
acwfaESmif;vlom;wkx Yd uf todÓPf ydrk &kd ifoh efNy;D
,Ofaus;rItqifhtwef; ydkrdkjrifhrm;aMumif; cefYrSef;
od&Sd&onf/
(c) (6) rD ; uRrf ; aeaom t½d k ; tyd k i f ; tprsm;
rD;uRrf;aeaom t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;udkvnf;
wl;azmf&&SdcJhonf/ rD;aoG;rsm;ESifhtwl rD;uRrf;ae
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 177
aom t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;udk awGU&Sd&ojzifh vHkum
uke;f ausmufacwfvo l m;wkoYd nf trJvu dk í
f &&Sad om
tom;rsm;ud k td k ; rsm;jzif h jyKwf í vnf ; aumif ; ?
rD;jzifhuifívnf;aumif; pm;aomufcJhMu[efwl
onf/
ajc ESifh jrpfqHkrsm;
ajcES
t½dk; tydkif;tprsm;? tkd;uGJrsm;? ausmufvuf
eufrsm;? rD;aoG;rsm;ESifhtwl opfaqG;ajrvTmxJrS
xif;½SL;oD;rsm;udv k nf; wl;azmf&&Sdonf/ qufvuf
í wl;azmfMunfhaomtcg tjrpfrsm;ESifh opfyifikwf
wdkBuD;rsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;wdkYonf
xif;&SL;yifBu;D rsm; jzpf[efwo l nf/ ,ckvuf&t dS ae
txm;rS m xif ; &S L ;yif B uD ; rsm;onf vH k u muk e f ;
uGif;jyif\ ta&SUbuf wpfrdkifcefYtuGm&Sd awmifajc
ESifh awmifukef;rsm;wGif aygufa&mufaeMuaMumif;
awGU&S&d onf/ txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nft
h wdik ;f vHuk m
ukef;onfta&SUajrmufrS taemufawmifodkY ay
2000 cefY &Snv f sm;pGm wef;qif;aeaom awmif½;kd i,f
wpfcjk zpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;onf xkdtcsdefu
&Scd ahJ om [J[;kd tif;a&jyiftwGi;f odYk xd;k qif;aeaom
uRef;qG,fuav; jzpfcJh[efwlonf/ xif;½SL;yifBuD;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .93
178 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
rsm;onf ta&SUbufawmifwef;rsm;rS vHkumukef;odkY
wkdifatmif xlxyfpGm aygufa&mufaeaom xif;&SL;
awmBuD;wpfck jzpfcJh[efwlonf/
( 4 ) a&S ; acwf & moD O wk ? vH k u muk e f ; ausmuf a cwf
vl r sm;aexk d i f c J h y H k E S i f h bl r d a A'taxmuf t xm;
txufazmfjyygtwkdif; vHkumukef;\ taetxm;?
opfyifBuD;rsm; aygufa&mufyHkESifh tjcm;aom blrdaA'qdkif&m
taxmuftxm;rsm;tay: rlwnfí a&S;acwf&moDOwk
(Paleoclimate) ESihf vHu k muke;f ausmufacwfvo l m;wdYk aexkid f
cJhyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; cefYrSef;Edkifonf/
blrod ufwrf;tm;jzifh pwkw, ¬ *k f (Quarternary Pe-
riod) tcsdefwGif rdk;rsm;aom umv (Pluvial Period) ESifh
ajcmufaoGUaom umv (Interpluvial Period) [lí umv
tydkif;tjcm;rsm; &Sdygonf/ ,if;umvrsm;onf ESpfaygif;
odef;aomif;csDí Mumjrifhavh&Sdonf/ jrefrmjynfESifh vwåDwG'f
wpfwef;wnf;usaom ta&SUtmz&du wkid ;f jynfrsm;ü pwkwå
,k*\ f blrdaA'udkavhvmNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkif;jynfrsm;ü
rdk;rsm;umvonf vGefcJhaomESpf ESpfoef;cefYtwGif; tenf;
qHk; av;Budrfjzpfay:cJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ vHkumukef;
ywf0ef;usi\ f blrad A'udk avhvmcJ&h m? vHu k muke;f \ awmif
buf ig;rdkifcefYtuGm&Sd rdzk&m;awmifajcü acsmufurf;yg;BuD;
rsm; wGif rdk;rsm;umvudkñTefjyaom blrdaA' taxmuf
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 179
txm;rsm;udk awGU&SdcJhonf/ omreftm;jzifh rdk;rsm;umv\
taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm awmifajcrsm;wGif ausmufp&pfvTm
rsm; ydcYk sjzpfay:avh&NdS y;D ? a&uef\twGi;f ydik ;f wGif opfaqG;ajr
tvTmrsm;? a&ae c½kcGHtvTmrsm; ydkYcsrIjzpfay:avh&Sdonf/
rdz&k m;awmifajcü ausmufp&pfvmT av;ckukd oJreI f (Silt) vTm
rsm; Mum;n§yv f suf xyfqifah wGU&&m? ta&SUtmz&duwdik ;f jynf
rsm;uJhodkYyif jrefrmjynfü pwkw¬,k*t f csed t
f wGi;f rd;k rsm;umv
tenf;qH;k av;Burd jf zpfay:cJah Mumif; xif&mS ;ygonf/ tay:qH;k
ausmufp&pfvTmonf aemufqHk;rdk;rsm;umvudk azmfjyojzifh
þtcsdefonf vHkumukef; ausmufacwfvlom;wdkY [J[dk;
csKd i0hf rS ;f wGif tajccsaexkid Mf uaom umv[k ,lqrdonf/ tif;
twGi;f a'ojzpfaom vHu k muke;f ywf0ef;usiüf &TUH EGrH sm;ESit hf wl
opfaqG;ajrjzpfaprnfh 'du k yf ifrsm;? a&arSmyf ifrsm; zH;k vTr;f aecJh
ayvdrfhrnf/ vHkumukef;\ ukef;½dk;wef;ürlum; awmifajcrS
qif;vmaom xif;&SL;awmwef;BuD;u xlxyfpGmaygufa&muf
ayrnf/ rdk;rsm;umvjzpfívnf; opfawmBuD;jzpfNyD;? opfBuD;
0g;BuD;rsm; aygufa&mufaernfrSm rvGJygacs/
[J[dk;tif; tv,facgifjzpfcJhaom ae&mü ,cktcg
yke;f tif;&Gm[laom aus;&Gmwpf&mG &So d nf/ yke;f tif;&Gm\ ywf0ef;
usifü tmvl;cif;rsm;\atmufwGif a&pufusxHk;ausmuf
(Traventine Limestone) vTmrsm;udk awGU&onf/ ,if;xHk;
ausmufvmT rsm;txJwiG f aemufq;kH rd;k rsm;umvu aygufa&muf
cJhaom oufi,fyifrsm;\ yifpnfESifh tjrpfrsm;udk a&maxG;
awGU&Sd&\/ vHkumukef;ürlum; tqdkyg xHk;ausmufvTmrsm;
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .94
180 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 181
r&Sí d opfaqG;ajrrsm;twGi;f ü oufi,fyif tptetcsKUd udk ojzifhvnf; obm0ql;ajimifhrsm;tjzpf &efou l t
kd umtuG,f
om awGU&onf/ þtcsufudk rlwnfí pOf;pm;&ygrl opfyif jyKxm;ouJhodkY jzpfaeayrnf/
BuD;rsm;\atmufajcwGif oufi,fyifrsm;ESifh jruf½dkif;awm þuJo h Ykd taetxm; aumif;rGeaf omaMumifh vHu k m
BuD;rsm; aygufa&mufaernf jzpfygonf/ uke;f ausmufacwfvo l m;wdoYk nf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmMumjrifo
h nfh
ausmufacwfaESmif;vl(odrYk [kw)f vHu k muke;f ausmuf wdkifatmif vHkumukef;ü pcef;cs aexdkifcJhMuayvdrfhrnf/
acwfvo l m;rsm;onf ,if;opfyifBu;D rsm;\atmufajc&Sd ouf tqrwef rsm;jym;vSaom t½dk;rsm;ESifh OD;csdKrsm;udkawGU&Sdjcif;
i,fawmBu;D rsm;ü wd&pämefrsm;\ta&cGrH sm;udk rd;k umívnf; u ,if;t,ltqudk axmufcHvsuf&Sdayonf/
aumif;? oufi,frsm; jruf½dkif;rsm;udkpkpnf;NyD; trdk;tum
jyKvyk í f vnf;aumif;? aetdrjf yKvyk í f aexkid cf MhJ uayvdrrhf nf/ ( 5 ) vH k u muk e f ; ywf 0 ef ; usif a 'o&S d ausmuf a cwf
rdzk&m;awmifajc&Sd ausmufp&pfvTm av;ckteuf tay:qHk; ,Ofaus;rI taxmuftxm;
tvTmonf tyg;qHk;jzpfí aemufqHk;rdk;rsm;umvonf a&S;OD; vHu k muke;f ausmufacwfvo l m;wdEYk iS hf qufpyfEikd o
f nf
rd;k rsm;umvrsm;xuf rd;k &GmoGe;f rI&n S v f sm;jyif;xefjcif; r&Sv d [
S k [k,lqí vHkumukef;ywf0ef;usif&Sd tjcm;ae&mESpfae&mudk
,lqp&m&Sdonf/ þuJhodkY rdk;rBuD;vSaomumvwGif vHkum &SmazGavhvmcJhygonf/ xdkae&mrsm;rSm vHkumukef;\ ta&SU
ukef; ausmufacwfaESmif;vlom;wkdYonf vGifjyifodkYxGufí ajrmufbuf av;rdik cf eftY uGmrS e*g;&pfawmifEiS hf awmifBu;D -
wJrsm;xd;k um aexkid rf nfjzpfaMumif; aumufcsucf s&ayonf/ &yfapmufum;vrf;ab;&Sd vl½dk;awmifwdkYjzpfMuonf/
xkaYd Mumifh ausmufacwfaESmif;umvwGif vHu k muke;f
ausmufacwfvlom;wkdYonf tif;twGif;odkY xkd;xGufaeaom (u) e*g;&pfawmif
ukef;½dk;wef;wGif wpfzufwpfcsufü a&ESifh &THUEGHrsm;udk obm0 e*g;&pfawmifonf [J[dk;NrdKU\ awmifbufwGif uyf
jzpf usKH;rsm;ozG,f toHk;jyKNyD; awmtkyfxJü aexkdifMurnf[k vsufwnf&Sdonf/ 4if;udk e*g;&pfawmif[kvnf;aumif;? e*g;
,lqrdonf/ &THUEGHrsm;jzifhNyD;aom usKH;rsm;aMumifh tjcm;aom ywfawmif[kvnf;aumif; ac:wGifonf/ ,if;awmifonf
&eforl sm;tvG,w f ul 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u
kd rf aI b;rS uif;a0;Mu vnf; [J[dk;tif;a[mif;\tpyfü wnf&Sdojzifh vHkumukef;
ayrnf/ usKH;a&ESifh &THUEGHrsm;twGif;odkY pm;<uif;pm;usefrsm;jzpf ESihf qufpyfEidk o
f nf[k blrad A'ygarmu©\ tBuaH y;ñTeMf um;
aom wd&pämefw\ Ydk t½d;k rsm;? oGm;rsm;ESihf OD;csKrd sm;udk ypfcsxm; csuft& oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhygonf/

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .95
182 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
awmifukef;onf ywf0ef;usif ajrrsufESmjyifxuf
170 aycefYjrifhNyD; [J[dk;tif;a[mif;udk txufpD;rSjrif&aom
ae&mjzpfonf/ awmif\ta&SUbufjcrf;wGif ajrqDrsm;zH;k vTr;f
aeNyD; awmif\taemufbufjcrf;üom ausmufvTmrsm; ay:
xGufaeonf/ ausmufvTmrsm;rSm blrdoufwrf;tm;jzifh vGef
cJhonfh ESpfoef; 400 cefYtcsdefu yifv,fwGiftenfxdkif
jzpfay:cJah om atmf'Akd pfp, D efoufwrf; (Ordovician Preiod)
&Sd xHk;ausmufrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,if;xHk;ausmufrsm; ay:xGuf
aeaom awmif\taemufbufjcrf;ü *li,fav;ckESifh rdk;cdk
ausmufpGef; (Rock Shelter)wpfckudk awGU&onf/ ajrmuf
bufq;kH vdP k *f \ l tjyifbufuiG ;f pyfrS ausmufvufeuftcsKd U?
uR?J EGm;EG,0f if owå0gESihf orifE, G 0f if owå0grsm;\ oGm;tcsKd U
udk awGU&Sd&onf/
vdPk *f tl wGi;f &Sd atmufcMH urf;jyifukd wpfayceftY euf
txd wl;azmfMunf&h m ausmufvufeuftydik ;f tptcsKUd udk &&Sd
onf/ vHkumukef;uJhodkY aygrsm;pGmrawGU&yg/ ausmufvuf
eufrsm;rSmvnf; aoG;xm;aom ausmufacsmvufeufrsm;
r[kwMf uyg/ ausmufMurf;vufeufrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ awGU
&SdorQ taxmuftxm;jzifh qef;ppfMunfh&onfrSm e*g;&pf
awmifvdkPf*lrS ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf vHkumukef;rS
ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYxuf oufwrf;tm;jzifh ydkrdkapmcJhMu
[efwlonf/ 4if;wkdYonf vdkPf*lrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhMuí
vlO;D a&rSmvnf; enf;yg;cJMh uayrnf/ vHu k muke;f rS vlom;rsm;
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 183
rSm vdkPf*lrsm;udkpGefYcGmcJhMuNyD; ukef;wef;vGifjyifa'owGif
wJrsm;xdk;íaexdkifcJhMujcif; jzpf[efwlayonf/
( c ) vl ½ d k ; awmif
vl½;kd awmifonf awmifBu;D -&yfapmuf um;vrf;eHab;
&Sd aus;&Gmjzpfí a&TanmifrS ajrmufbufodkY 14 rdkifcefYuGma0;
onf/ &Gm\ awmifbufwGif um;vrf;\vuf0Jbufü apwD
i,fwpfql&Sdaom awmifukef;wpfck&Sdí vl½dk;awmifbk&m;[k
yif ac:onf/ awmifuek ;f i,fonf ywf0ef;usix f uf ay 30
cefYjrifhonf/ awmifukef;\ taemufbufajc&if;&Sd uGif;jyifü
opfaqG; ajrrnf;rsm;ESifh a&ae c½kaumifrsm;\ tcGHrsm;udk
ajrvTmtwGif;ü awGU&\/ þae&monfvnf; tif;av;
tif;a[mif;ae&mjzpfcahJ Mumif; xif&mS ;onf/ vl½;kd awmifuek ;f
onf tif;av; tif;a[mif;twGif; uRef;i,ftjzpf wnf&SdcJh
[efwo l nf/ awmifuek ;f \ta&SUbuf qifajcavQmwpfavQmuf
ü ausm½dk;&Sdowå0gwkdY\ oGm;rsm;ESifh t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;udk
ae&mtESt YH jym;wGif awGU&S&d onf/ xH;k ausmuf awmifuek ;f jzpf
aomaMumifh rdk;a&ESifhaysmfí ygvmaom xHk;rIefYrsm;u txyf
xyfuyfaeojzifh t½dk;tydkif;tprsm;onf rlvyHo k P²mefrsm;
ysuaf eonf/ t½d;k \ rlvyHo k P²mefukd tvG,wf ul razmfxw k f
Ekdifay? oGm;rsm;udkrlum; tvG,fwul cGJjcm;í&ygonf/
oGm;rsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh uRJ? EGm;EG,f0ifowå0grsm;ESifh
orifrsKd;EG,f0if owå0grsm;jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&ayonf/
vHu k muke;f ESihf rwlonfh tjcm;wpfcsurf mS tom;pm;
owå0g (Carnivore) rsm;\ oGm;rsm;udk rawGU&jcif;yif jzpfonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .96
184 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
,if;tcsufudk axmufcsifh&aomf vl½dk;awmifrSausmufacwf
vlom;wkdYonf vufeufraumif;ojzifh om;pm;owå0gwdkYudk
wku
d cf ukd jf cif;rjyKbJ a&SmifMuOfcMhJ u[efwo l nf/ ajrjyifatmuf
wpfaycefYteuftxd wl;azmfMunfh&m t½dk;rsm;? oGm;rsm;ESifh
ausmufvufeufrsm;udk wl;azmf&&So d nf/ tqdyk g ausmufvuf
eufrsm;rSm vHkumukef;rS ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifh rwlbJ
ausmuf M urf ; vuf e uf r sm;om jzpf a Mumif ; awG U &S d & onf /
xkdYaMumifh vHkumukef;xuf vl½dk;awmifrS ausmufacwf
,Ofaus;rIu ydkí apmaMumif;od&Sd&ayonf/
vl½dk;awmifrS ausmufvufeufrsm;onf acsmrGwfpGm
aoG;xm;aom ausmufvufeufrsm;r[kwMf ubJ? ausmufp&pf
wHk;rsm;udkcGJí toGm;&atmif xkqpfxm;aom ausmufMurf;
vufeufrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ trsm;tm;jzihf tvTmyg;rsm;
yg&Sad om oJreI af usmuf (Laminated Siltstone) rsm;rS jzpfay:
vmaom vHk;0dkif;onfh ausmufp&pfwHk;rsm;udk tcsyfvdkuf
(Flake) rsm;tjzpf toGm;rsm;ygatmifxq k pfí ausmufvuf
euftjzpf toHk;jyKaMumif; awGU&onf/ xkcGJíyJhoGm;aom
toGm;rsm;udk ydkrdkítoGm;xufatmif xyfrHxkqpfjcif;
(Retouch)? aoG;jcif;rsm;udk rjyKvy k o
f jzifh tvGeaf &S;usaom
ausmufvufeuf jyKvyk ef nf;yifjzpfonf/ tqkyd gausmufvuf
eufrsm;onf ausmufacwfO;D tapmydik ;f (Early Paleolithic)
tcsed uf ausmufvufeufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkaYd Mumifh [J[;kd ESihf
a&Tanmifa'o&Sd e*g;&pfawmif? vl½dk;awmifESifh vHkumukef;
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 185
ae&mrsm;wGif ausmufacwfvlom;wdkYonf ausmufacwfOD;
tapmydkif;tcsdefrSonf ausmufacwfopfaESmif;ydkif; (Late
Neolithic) tcse d t
f xd tpOftquf aexkid cf MhJ uaMumif; od&dS
&ayonf/
or®cef-[J[;kd -tif;av;tif;rsm;onf blro d ufwrf;
t& wwd,,k*af ESmif;ydik ;f (Late Tertiary) rStpjyKí a&rsm;
cef;ajcmufvmcJh&m? tif;a&onf uef\A[dkodkY OD;wnfí
a&qkw, f wk o f mG ;cJo h nf/ tif;a&pyfwiG f ausmufacwfvo l m;
rsm; aexdik cf o hJ jzifh ausmufacwfvo l m;wd\ Yk ,Ofaus;rIonf
vnf; tif;\A[dk&Sd&modkY wjznf;jznf;a&GUvsm;um wkd;wuf
ajymif;vJcJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf acwfrsm;onf
tif;\A[do k OYkd ;D wnfí wjznf;jznf; oufwrf;i,fNy;D a&GUvsm;
oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ þ,lqcsuf rSefuefaMumif;udk ausmuf
vufeuf trsKd;tpm;uGJjym;vmrIjzifh qef;ppfaomtcg? vl½dk;
awmifESifh e*g;&pfawmifrsm;u oufwrf;tBuD;qHk;jzpfí
vHkumukef;onf oufwrf;ti,fq;kH jzpfaMumif; oufaojy
vsu&f adS yonf/
or®cef-[J[dk;-tif;av; a'orsm;onf tmz&duwkduf
ta&SUydkif;&Sd ajruRHcsdKifh0Srf; (Rift Valley) &Sd a&uefBuD;rsm;rS
ydkYcscJhaom tenfrsm;uJhodkY tif;a[mif;rsm;rS ydkYcsaomtenf
rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;&m þa'oonf ta&SUtmz&du
wku d &f dS a&S;ausmufacwfvo l m;rsm;\ ae&mrsm;ESihf vnf;aumif;?
ywf0ef;usif taetxm;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; rsm;pGmqifwl
aMumif;udk blrdaA'taxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&Sd&ayonf/
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .97
186 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 187

awm0uf\ar;½dk;ESifh tom;pm;owå0g\ ar;½dk;

vHkumukef;a'ojyajryHk

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .98
188 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 189

owå0gwkdY\ ½kyf<uif;rsm;ESifhtwl awGU&Sdaom

awm0uf\ ar;½dk;ESifh tpG,frsm;
cRefxm;onhfopfom;acsmif;rsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .99
190 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 191

orif\ OD;csKdrsm;

orifwkdY\ ar;½dk;ESifh oGm;rsm;

qwf\ OD;csKdrsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .100
192 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 193

ausm½dk;&Sd owå0gwkdY\ ajcaxmuf½dk;rsm;

ausmufacwfopf ausmufacsmvufeufrsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .101
194 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 195

tkd;½dkufwHrsm;? usnfayGUESifh ajrZGef;rsm;

ausmufacwfvlom;\ ar;½dk;? tHoGm;ESifh a&SUtHoGm;rsm;

vl½dk;awmifrS awGU&Sd&aom ausmufMurf;vufeufrsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .102
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 197
wdkifawGUjrif&onfomru? a&S;ysLNrdKUa[mif;rsm;wGif toHk;jyK
cJhonfh vufpif;&mygaom tkwfcsyfrsm;udkyg awGU&onf/
r&rf;ukef;aus;&GmwGifvnf; *0H,Ofaus;rI"avh taxmuf
tcef; ( 14 ) txm;rsm;jzpfMuonfh *0HapwDt<uif;tusefrsm;? *0H Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh NrdKU½dk;t<uif;tusefrsm;udkyg ,aeYwkdif
r&rf;uke;f ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI
awGUjrifEdkifayonf/
oxHak 'orS ausmufacwfopf "avhtaxmuftxm;
( 2 ) pk a qmif ; &&S d o nf h ausmuf v uf e uf r sm;
rsm;udk rGejf ynfe,f? oxHNk rKd Ue,fwiG &f o
dS nfh r&rf;uke;f aus;&GmrS
r&rf;ukef;aus;&GmrS pkaqmif;&&Sdaom ausmufacwf
pkaqmif;&&Scd o hJ nf/ ausmufacwfopf "avhtaxmuftxm;
opfvufeuf pkpkaygif;rSm 135 ckjzpfonf/ pkaqmif;&&Sdonhf
rsm;qdkonfrSm ausmufacwfopftcsdefumvwGif toHk;jyKcJh
ausmufacwfopfvufeuf 135 ckrSm a&S;a[mif;okawoe
onfh ausmufvufeufrsm;udkom azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/
XmerS wl;azmfjcif;aMumifh &&Sdjcif;r[kwfay? aus;&Gm\
taemufbuf r&rf;ukef;acsmif;rS aus;&GmodkY qufoG,fxm;
( 1 ) wnf a e&m
onhf wl;ajrmif;\ urf;yg;,HrSawGU&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ pepfwus
r&rf;uke;f aus;&Gmonf oxHNk rKd U\ taemufajrmufbuf
wl;azmfawGU&Sjd cif;rsK;d r[kwb f J ajrrsuEf mS jyiftay:,HrS awGU&Sd
8 rdik cf eft
Y uGmwGif wnf&NdS y;D &efuek -f armfvNrKd irf ;D &xm;vrf;\
jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; rk;d OD;umv rk;d onf;onf; wpfBurd f ESpBf urd f
taemufbufwiG f wnf&o dS nf/ vwåu D sK? avmifww D 'G t
f m;jzifh
&GmNyD;aomtcg rkd;a&wkdufpm;rIaMumifh ajrom;urf;yg;,HrS
ajrmufvwåDusK 16 'D*&D 59 rdepfESifh ta&SUavmif*sDwG'f
ausmufvufeufrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif; jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;
97 'D*&D 15 rdepfwGif wnf&Sdonf/ r&rf;ukef;aus;&Gm\
okawoeynmt& a&S;a[mif;ypönf;wpfckonf pepfwus
taemufbufwGif ppfawmif;jrpf0? ajrmufbufwGif uwkduf
wl;azmfjcif;jzifhawGU&SdrSom taxmuftxm;ckdifvHkonf[k
BuD;aus;&Gm? uwkdufuav;aus;&GmwdkY &SdMuonf/ uwdkufBuD;?
owfrSwfEkdifonf/ ajrjyifay:rS awGU&Sdaoma&S;a[mif;ypönf;
uwku d u f av;aus;&GmwGif rGew f \
Ykd *0H"avhtaxmuftxm;
rsm;rSm aESmif;vlwdkYo,faqmifvmEdkifjcif;aMumifh twdwf\
rsm;jzpfMuonfh NrdKU½dk;? usKH;a[mif;t<uif;tusefrsm;udk ,aeY
orkid ;f udjk yefvnfazmfxw k &f mwGif rrSeu f efEidk af omaMumifjh zpf
196

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .103
198 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
onf/ odkYaomf,ckawGU&Sd&aom ausmufvufeufrsm;onf
ta&twGuftm;jzifh 135 ck&Sdojzifh tvGefrsm;vSonf[k
rqkdomaomfvnf; tvGefenf;onf[kvnf; r,lqoifhay/
xkdYjyif r&rf;ukef;aus;&GmrS txufwpfae&mwGif azmfjyxm;
onhf a&S;rGefwkdY\ *0Hqif;wkrsm;ESifh NrdKU½dk;t<uif;tusefrsm;
udkyg awGU&Sdxm;ojzifh r&rf;ukef;aus;&GmrS pkaqmif;&&SdcJhonhf
ausmufacwfopf "avhtaxmuftxm;rsm;onfvnf; þ
a'o\ tBudK orkdif;avhvma&;wGif txkduftavsmuf
taxmuftuljyKEkdifayonf/
( 3 ) ausmuf v uf e uf r sm;ud k trsKd ; tpm;cG J j cm;jcif ;
r&rf;uke;f ausmufacwfopf vufeufypön;f rsm;udk
toH;k csyo
kH abm pdppf&mwGif tajccH taMumif;t&if;jzpfonfh
ausmufvufeufrsm;\ yHkoP²mefESifh toGm;azmfxm;yHk Munfh
jcif;tm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; (10) rsKd;awGU&onf/
u - ykqdef
c - yJcGyf
* - aqmufoGm;
C - ausmufwHpOf
i - ausmufuGif; tESpfom;
p - ausmufuGif;
q - ausmufcsyfvTm
Z - ausmufysOftyJh
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 199
ps - ausmufvSHoGm;
n - &Syf'dk;
[lícGJjcm;EdkifaMumif;od&onf/
(u) yk q d e f
ykqdefwGif toGm;onf rsufESmESpfzufvHk;wGif aoG;
xm;onf/ taESmifhrSm tcRef;? t0dkif;? av;axmifh? pwk*H
trsK;d rsK;d &So
d nf/ (Sankalia, 1964, 84) ausmufacwfa[mif;
vlwdkYonf ykqdefudk yJcGyfxufapmí wDxGiftoHk;jyKaMumif;
,HkrSm; zG,fr&Sdacs/ (Sankalia, 1964, 86)
( c ) yJ c G y f
yJcGyf\ rsufESmwpfzufonf jyefY\/ tjcm;wpfzuf
onf tenf;i,fcHk;onf/ ,if;wkdYESpfrsufESmonf toGm;wGif
qHMk uonf/ ab;wdu k Mf unfv
h Qif wpfzufc;kH wpfzufjym;oP²mef
ay:onf/ yJcGyfudkvuform;oHk; opfrsm;tacsmudkif&mwGif
vnf;aumif;? pdkufysKd;a&;wGifvnf;aumif; toHk;csonf[k
tcsdKUu qdkonf/ (jrifhatmif? 1979? 128)
( * ) aqmuf o G m ;
aqmufoGm;onf ao;i,fí jAufusOf;aompwk*H
(odkYr[kwf) usnfawmufoP²mef&Sdonf/ udk,fxnfwpf0uf
avmufrSm toGm;bufodkY &SL;qif;oGm;wwfonf/ (jrifhatmif?
1979? 129)
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .104
200 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 201
(C) ausmufwHpOfoGm; ( Z ) ausmuf v S H o G m ;
ausmufwpH OfomG ;rSm ,aeYacwf toH;k jyKonfh oHwpH Of opfom;vufwH&Snf\ xdyfwGif toGm;cRefatmif
uJhodkYr[kwfbJ? vjcrf;auG;oP²mefrQom ay:atmifazmfxm; yHak zmfxm;aom ausmufvo HS mG ;udw
k yfqifí toH;k jyKEidk o
f nf/
onf/ tajcwGif Bu;D rm;us,jf yefNY y;D tzsm;bufov Ykd jcrf;auG;
oP²mef&SL;oGm;onf/ ( p s ) ausmuf y sOf
ausmufvufeufrsm;udk tem;aoG;&ef aoG;ausmuf
( i ) ausmuf u G i f ; tjzpf toH;k jyKEikd o
f nfomru qefpyg;uJo
h aYkd om tcGzH ;kH taph
ausmufuGif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh t0dkif;oP²mef rsm;udk BudwfícRwf&mü toHk;jyKonf/
&So
d nf/ tv,fü taygufyg&So d nf/ ud;k uG,,f MkH unfrEI iS q
hf ikd f
aom ud&, d m[k ,lq&onf/ xkxnfBu;D rm;aom ausmufuiG ;f (n) &Syf'dk;
udk pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf ajrBuD;udk pl;xkd;&mü pl;wHpGyfaom &Syf'dk;rSm tdk;jyKvkyf&mwGif vufcktjzpf toHk;jyKEkdif
ud&,d mtjzpf toH;k jyKonf[k qdMk uonf/ (Sankalia, 1964, onf/
86)
(4) ausmuf v uf e uf r sm; jyKvk y f y H k t qif h q if h
( p ) ausmuf u G i f ; tES p f o m; ausmufacwfopfvufeufrsm; jyKvyk &f mwGif a,bk,s
ausmufuiG ;f \ tv,fA[du k kd taygufjyKvyk &f mwGif tm;jzifh ausmufw;kH Murf;rS pif;vH;k acsmtqifxh ad tmif jyKvyk f
usef&pfonfh twGif;tESpfom; jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf/ yHk tqifhoHk;qifhxm;í vkyfudkifaqmif&GufaMumif; awGU&
onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(q) ausmuf c syf v T m (1) ausmufvufeufjyKvkyf&eftwGuf oifhavsmf
tvGeyf g;vTmonfh ausmufcsyv
f mT jzpfNy;D "m;tjzpftoH;k aom yuwdausmufwHk; (odkYr[kwf) xkzJhí
jyKEkdifonf/ yHkMurf;azmfxm;aom ausmufwHk;ukd tEkpdwf
jyKjyifacsmarGUxm;jcif;?

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .105
202 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
(2) toH;k jyKrnfh EIwcf rf;tem;rsm; aoG;xm;jcif;?
(3) rsufESmjyifwpfckvHk; pif;vHk;acsm aoG;jcif;ESifh
ta&mifawmufajymifapjcif; [líjzpfonf/
(Sankalia, 1964, 82 ESifh jrifhatmif? 1979? 125)
txufazmfjyygtqifhoHk;qifhonf ausmufacwf
opfvufeufrsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tajccHtcsufrsm;tjzpf owf
rSwEf ikd af omfvnf; r&rf;uke;f ausmufvufeufrsm;udk avhvm
&mwGif ausmufpdkifausmufom;rsm;udk ½dkufcGJxkwf,lNyD;rS aoG;
xm;aom taetxm; tenf;i,fomawGU&NyD; trsm;pkrSm
obm0jzpf ausmufp&pfcJrsm;rS wpfqifh vkdtyfaom yHkpH
azmfxm;yHk&aMumif; awGU&onf/ ausmufvufeufrsm;wGif
obm0wdkufpm;rI rsufESmjyifrsm; awGU&aomaMumifh obm0
jzpfausmufp&pfcJrS yHkazmfaMumif; ,lqjcif;jzpfonf/ obm0
jzpfausmufp&pfcJrS yHkazmfvufeufrsm;udk aqmufoGm;rsm;?
ykqdefESifh yJcGyftrsm;pkwGif xif&Sm;pGmawGU&onf/
( 5 ) ausmuf v uf e uf w d k Y \ t&G , f t pm;rsm;
r&rf;uke;f ausmufacwfopf vufeufypön;f rsm;\
t&G,ftpm;udk pifwDrDwmjzifh wdkif;wmxm;onf/ r&rf;ukef;
ausmufvufeufrsm;udk wpfckcsif; wkdif;wmMunfhaomtcg
tvsm;t&SnfqHk; vufeufonf 16 pifwDrDwm&Sdaom ykqdef
wpfckjzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ tvsm;twkdqHk; vufeufrSm
2.6 pifwDrDwm&Sdaom aqmufoGm;wpfckjzpfonf/ teH
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 203
tus,q f ;kH vufeufrmS 6 pifwrD w
D m&Sad om ykqed yf if jzpfonf/
teHtusOf;qHk;rSm 1.2 pifwDrDwm&Sdaom aqmufoGm;
jzpfonf/ þwGif tvsm;t&SnfqHk; vufeufjzpfaom ykqdef
onf teH t us,f q H k ; vnf ; jzpf o nf / xk t xl q H k ; aom
vufeufrSm 3 pifwDrDwm&Sdaom yJcGyfjzpfNyD; xktyg;qHk;rSm
0.1 pifwDrDwm&Sd ausmufcsyfvTm("m;) jzpfonf/
( 6 ) vuf e uf j yKvk y f o nf h ausmuf t rsKd ; tpm;rsm;
blro
d rdik ;f aMumif;t& jrefrmEdik if \
H ajrom; xkwnf
aeyHrk mS umAGeef zD m;&wf,*k f (Carboniferous Period) a&SUydik ;f
(ESpfoef;aygif; 310 cefYrS 345 txd) umvü rGefjynfe,fESifh
weoFm&Dwikd ;f wdw Yk iG f a,Svausmufrnf;rsm; (Black Shales)
ESifh oJausmufrsm; (Sandstones) qufvuftenfxdkif
usa&mufaeMuonf/ umAGefeDzm;&wf ,k*faemufydkif;rS
ygrD,ef,k*f (Permian Period) (ESpfoef;aygif; 230 rS 310
cefYtxd) ydkif;twGif; &Srf;? u,m;? u&ifESifh rGefjynfe,fwdkYü
ygrD,eftxufydkif; oufwrf;&Sdaom oJausmufESifh a,Sv
ausmufvTmrsm;yg0ifonfh vTmpOfwpfckonf Mum;n§yfum
usa&mufcJhonf[k ,lq&onf/ r&rf;ukef;ausmufvufeuf
trsm;pkonf umAGefeDzm;&wf- ygrD,ef (Carboniferous-
Permian) oufwrf;[k owfrSwfxm;aom Merqui Group
rS toGifajymif;tenfusausmufrsm; (Metasedimentary
Rocks) rsm;? tenfusausmufrsm; (Sedimentary Rocks)
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .106
204 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/ þausmufvmT tkypf k (Merqui Group)
onfvnf;aumif;? rD;oifhausmufrsm; (Igneous Rocks)
onfvnf;aumif;? oxHt k a&SUajrmufbufEiS hf ta&SUbufwiG f
ay:xGufaeayonf/
r&rf;ukef; ausmufvufeufrsm;onf pkpkaygif; 135
ck&odS nf/ ,if;wkuYd jkd yKvyk af om ausmuftrsK;d tpm;rsm;udk blrd
aA'qdik &f mavhvmenf;jzifh avhvm&mwGif toGiaf jymif;ausmuf
jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom vufeufrsm;rSm pkpkaygif; 90 jzpfí
&mcdkifEIef;tm;jzifh 66.7 jzpfonf/ rD;oifhausmufjzifh jyKvkyf
xm;aom vufeufrsm;rSm23 ckjzpfí &mcdkifEIef; 17.0 jzpf
onf/ tenfusausmufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom ud&d,mrSm 22
ckjzpfí 16.3 &mcdkifEIef;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh r&rf;ukef;
ausmufacwfopf vufeufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&mwGif &mcdkifEIef;
trsm;qH;k rSm toGifajymif;ausmufrsm; jzpfayonf/ rD;oifh
ausmufESifh tenfusausmufrsm;rSm &mcdkifEIef;tm;jzifh odyf
ruGmjcm;ay/ azmfjyyg ausmuftrsKd;tpm;t&vnf;aumif;?
ausmufvmT rsm; ysHUESUH wnf&adS eyHtk &vnf;aumif;? ausmufvuf
eufrsm;jyKvkyf&eftwGuf ukefMurf;ausmufrsm;onf tjcm;
jyifya'orSr[kwfbJ oxHk0ef;usifa'orSom jzpfonf[k
owfrSwfEdkifayonf/
toGifajymif;ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfaom vufeufyHkpHESifh
ta&twGufudkMunfh&mwGif toGifajymif;ausmufjzifh yJcGyf
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 205
33 ck jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh trsm;qHk;jyKvkyfaom vufeuftjzpf
vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,trsm;qHk;rSm ykqdefjzpfNyD; 29 ck jyKvkyf
xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ xkdYaMumifh r&rf;ukef;ausmufacwf
opf"avhwiG f t"duusaom yJcyG Ef iS yhf q k ed w
f u Ykd kd toGiaf jymif;
ausmufrsm;jzifh jyKvyk x f m;aMumif;awGU&onf/ rD;oifah usmuf
jzifh trsm;qHk;rSm yJcGyf 11 ck? tenfusausmufjzifh trsm;qHk;
rSm ykqdef 16 ck toD;oD;jyKvkyfxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
r&rf;uke;f ausmufvufeufrsm;wGif ykqed u f t kd rsm;qH;k toH;k jyK
NyD; 53 ck jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/ wpfzef trsm;qHk; toHk;jyK
onfh ausmuftrsKd;tpm;jzpfonfh toGifajymif;ausmufwGif
ykqdefonf 29 ck jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkYjyiftenfus
ausmufwGif ykqdef 16 ckESifh rD;oifhausmufwGif ykqdef 8 ck
awGU&ojzifh ykqed u f akd usmuftrsK;d tpm; oH;k rsK;d pvH;k jzihf jyKvyk f
oHk;pGJaMumif;awGU&onf/ r&rf;ukef; ausmufvufeufrsm;rS
'kwd,trsm;qHk;aom ausmufvufeufrSm yJcGyfjzpfNyD; ta&
twGuf 44 ck jzpfonf/ yJcGyfudk toGifajymif;ausmufjzifh
33 ckjyKvkyfojzifh toGifajymif;ausmufjzifh trsm;qHk;jyKvkyf
aom vufeufjzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/ rD;oifah usmufjzifh yJcyG f
11 ckjyKvyk Nf y;D tenfusausmufjzifjh yKvyk af om vufeufwiG f
yJcyG rf ygay? txufygtcsurf sm;t& r&rf;uke;f ausmufvuf
euf pkpkaygif; 135 ckwGif toGifajymif;ausmufrSm ta&
twGuf 90 jzpfí trsm;qHk; toHk;jyKonfh ausmufjzpfonf/
wpfzef trsm;qHk;toHk;jyKonfh toGifajymif;ausmufrS yJcGyf
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .107
206 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
33 ckukd trsm;qH;k awGU&ojzifh yJcyG jf yKvyk &f mwGif toGiaf jymif;
ausmufudk OD;pm;ay;aMumif; odomEkdifonf/
toGifajymif;ausmufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom ausmuf
vufeufrsm;onf &G,af o;aph ovif;ausmuf (Fine - grained
Quartzite)? oifye k ;f ausmuf (Slate)? tyfy'D w k f ovif;ausmuf
(Epidote Quartzite) ESihf &G,Bf u;D aph ovif;ausmuf (Coarse-
grained Quartzite) rsm;jzpfMuonf/ rD;oifhausmufjzifh
jyKvkyfxm;aom ausmufvufeufrsm;udk rdkufc½dk*&if;Edkuf
(Microgranite)? ½di k t
f v
kd u
kd af y:z&D (Rhyoliteporphyry) ESihf
[Gef;Avif;'dkuf (Hornblendite) ausmufjzifh jyKvkyfonf/
tenfusausmufjzifh jyKvkyfaom ausmufvufeufrsm;wGif
oJausmuf (Sandstone)? oJrIefausmuf (Siltstone) ESifh
&THUausmuf (Mudstone) wkdYudktoHk;jyKaMumif; awGU&onf/
ykqdef (Axe)
r&rf;ukef; ausmufvufeufrsm;wGif ykqdefudk ta&
twGuf trsm;qHk;awGU&onf/ ykqdefrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh
obm0jzpfausmufp&pfcJ (Pebble)rS aoG;,lyHkazmfNyD; ajymif
acsmatmif aoG;xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;wku Yd kd &TUH ausmuf
trm (Indurated Mudstone) jzifh vdk&myHkazmfNyD;rS tem;udk
aoG;xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ tem;rsm;udk rsufESmESpfzuf
pvHk;wGif aoG;xm;onf/
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 207
yJ c G y f (Adze)
yJ c G y f u d k 'k w d , trsm;qH k ; awG U &NyD ; obm0jzpf
ausmufp&pfcu J dk aoG;íyHak zmfxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ 4if;wGif
rsufESmwpfzufudkom aoG;íyHkazmfxm;NyD; wpfzufrScHk;í
qif;vmaomtem;ESihf toGm;wGiq f MkH uonf/ ab;wdu k Mf unfh
vQif wpfzufc;kH ? wpfzufjym;oP m² ef xif&mS ;pGm awGU&onf/
aqmufoGm; (Chicle)
aqmufomG ; 12 ck awGU&S&d Ny;D 3 ckrmS Microgranite
ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ usef 9 ckrSm Fine- grained
Quartzite ausmufrsm;jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ &Snfarsmarsm
yHkoP²mef&SdNyD; toGm;bufodkY cyf&SL;&SL;qif;oGm;onf/
ausmufwHpOfoGm; (Stone Sickle)
ausmufwHpOfoGm; pkpkaygif; 9 ck awGU&Sd&onf/ 7
ckrSm oifykef;ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfxm;NyD; 2 ck rSm oJausmufjzifh
jyKvkyfxm;onf/ vjcrf;auG;oP²mef yHkazmfxm;NyD; tcsKdUrSm
Bwd*HyHkoP²meftaESmifhrS tzsm;bufodkY cyfauG;auG; yHkazmf
xm;onf/ twGif;om;rsm;udk xufjrufatmif aoG;xm;NyD;
toGm;cRefrsm;udkyg awGUEdkifonf/ tBuD;qHk; ausmufwHpOfrSm
tvsm; 16 pifwrD w D m? teH 5 pifwrD w D mESihf xk 1 pifwrD w
D m
&Sdonf/ tao;qHk;rSm tvsm; 10 pifwDrDwm? teH 4 pifwD
rDwm? xk 0.9 pifwDrDwm &Sdonf/ ausmufwHpOfoGm;onf
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .108
208 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
qefpyg;uJhokdY pm;oHk;&onfhtyifrsm; &dwfodrf;&mwGif ta&;
ygaom ud&d,mjzpfonf/ txufjrefrmjynf ausmufacwf
okawoevkyif ef;wGif ausmufwpH OfomG ;udk rawGU&Sad o;aMumif;
od&onf/
ausmufuGif; (Stone Ring)
ausmufuiG ;f ig;rsKd ; awGU&onf/ av;ckrmS oifyek ;f ausmuf
(Slate)jzpfNyD; wpfckrSm &G,fao;aphovif;ausmuf (Fine-
grained Quatzite) jzpfonf/ MYGR-1 onf tjynfhpHkqHk;
ausmufuiG ;f wpfcjk zpfonf/ 4if;udk oifyek ;f ausmufjzifh jyKvyk f
xm;onf/ tjyifpuf0dkif;tcsif;rSm 10.5 pifwDrDwm&SdNyD;
twGif;puf0kdif;tcsif;rSm ajcmufpifwDrDwm&Sdonf/ EIwfcrf;
jym;tus,frSm ESpfpifwDrDwm&SdNyD; T yHkoP²mefMunfhvQif
tjrifh 2 pifwDrDwm&Sdonf/ MYGR-2 onf rjynfhpHkaomf
vnf; tjyifpuf0dkif;\tcsif;rSm 8.5 pifwDrDwmESifh twGif;
puf0dkif;rSm tcsif;av;pifwDrDwm&Sdonf/ EIwfcrf;jym;tus,f
ESifh T yHo
k P²mefwrYkd mS vnf; ESppf ifwrD wD mpD &SMd uonf/ 4if;udk
oifykef;ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfxm;NyD; teufa&mifjzpfonf/ r&rf;
ukef;ausmufuGif;rsm;ESifh yHkpHwlausmufuGif;rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiH?
ta&SUajrmufydkif; Ban Lum khao , Ban Na Di ESifh xdkif;
EdkifiH? tv,fydkif; Nong Nor wdkYwGifawGU&onf/ (Higham
and Thosarat , 1998 , Figures. 136 , 171 , 180 - 183 and
196)/ 4if;ae&mrsm;rS aMu;acwf (Bronze Age) toHk;
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 209
taqmifypön;f rsm;ESit
hf wl ausmufuiG ;f rsm;udk vlt½d;k pkrsm;\
vufaumuf0wfae&mwGif awGU&Sd&onf/ xkdif;EdkifiHwGif
aMu;acwfukd ESpf 3500 ESihf 3000 Mum; (1500-1000 BC)
owfrwS x
f m;onf/ (Higham and Thosarat, 1998 - 126) /
ausmufvSHoGm; (Spear Head)
ausmufvSHoGm;[k ,lq&aom vufeufwpfckudkom
awGU&onf/ Fine - Grained Quartzite jzifjh yKvyk x
f m;onf/
tzsm;odkYcRefoGm;aom xkzJhp&mrsm;udkawGU&ojzifh vSHoGm;jzpf
rnf[k cefYrSef;&onf/ taESmifhae&mwGif opfom;½dk;&Snfudk
BudK;jzifh &pfywfcsnfaESmifum vSHozG,ftoHk;jyKrnf[k ,lq&
onf/
&Syf'dk; (Pebble)
&G , f B uD ; aph ovif ; <u,f o J a usmuf (Coarse-
grained Quartzose Sandstone) jzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom &Syf'dk;
wpfckudk awGU&onf/ tcsif;rSm 9 pifwDrDwmESifh txl 2.5
pifwrD w D m&Sod nf/ ajrtd;k jyKvyk &f mwGif td;k vufct
k jzpf toH;k
jyKonfh ud&d,mtjzpf ,lq&onf/ ausmufacwfopfumv
wGif ajrtdk;udkaumif;pGm toHk;jyKwwfaeNyD jzpfonf/
r&rf;uke;f ausmufacwfopfvufeufrsm;udk toH;k jyK
onfhyHkpHtvdkuf trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;Munfh&mwGif vufeufyHkpH
10 rsKd;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ta&twGuftm;jzifhvnf;
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .109
210 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
pkpak ygif; 135 ck&&dS m ausmuftrsK;d tpm;rsm;rSm toGiaf jymif;
ausmuf (Metamorphic Rock) ? rD;oifhausmuf (Igneous
Rock) ESifh tenfusausmuf (Sedimentary Rock) oH;k rsKd ;
pvH;k udk toH;k jyKxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ tenfusausmuf
trsdK;tpm;jzpfaom oJausmufjzifh ykqdef? wHpOf? ausmufcsyf
vTmwdkYudk jyKvkyfaMumif;awGU&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xif&Sm;
onfh ausmufacwfopf ae&mwpfckjzpfaom vufyHajcay:
wGif ausmufvufeufjyKvyk &f mü oJausmufukd toH;k rjyKaMumif;
awGU&onf (jrifah tmif? 1979? 140)/ ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifh
twlawGU&aom ausmufysOftyJhrsm;onf ausmufvufeuf
rsm;udk aoG;onfhausmufrsm;jzpfygu ausmufvufeufrsm;udk
r&rf;ukef;üyif jyKvkyfrnf jzpfayonf/
txufjrefrmjynf ausmufacwfokawoevkyfief;
rsm;wGif rawGU&Sd&ao;onfh ausmufwHpOfoGm;udk r&rf;ukef;
a'owGif awGU&Sjd cif;rSm xl;jcm;rIwpfcjk zpfonf/ txufjrefrm
jynfausmufacwfopf okawoersm;pGmrS ausmufvufeuf
rsm;pGmudk awGU&Scd o hJ nf/ txufjrefrmjynf ausmufacwfae&m
rsm;ESifhEIdif;pmvQif atmufjrefrmjynf okawoevkyfief;rSm
vGepf mG enf;yg;aeao;onf/ 1873 ckEpS x f w
k f tdE,
´d blrad A'
Xme? rSwfwrf;pmapmiftwGJ 10? tydkif; 2 wGif rGefwdkYa'o
]]yJc;l NrKd U blrad A'ESihf aemufqufwJG ausmufvufeufu&d ,d mrsm;}}
ac: pmwrf;wpfapmifudk yHkESdyfazmfjycJhzl;onf/ (jrifhatmif?
1978? 57) ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;a'owGif ausmufacwfopf
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 211
,Ofaus;rIwpf&yf xGef;um;cJhjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í jrefrmEdkifiH
a*ZufwD;,m;? yJcl;c½dkif? pmtkyf(u)wGJwGif rpöwm at? a*s?
ayh(*sf) uwifjyxm;onf/ 1974 ckESpfcefYrSpwifí wl;azmf
cJhaom ok0PÖblrdNrdKUa[mif;wpf0dkuf wnf&Sd&ma'o[k rSwf
wrf;jyKxm;onfh t&ufonfr? 0if;uwpf0dkufrS ausmuf
acwfopf vufeufu&d , d mig;ck pkaqmif;&&Scd o hJ nf/ (jrifah tmif?
1978? 58) ausmufvufeufig;ckpvH;k rSm ajrrsuEf mS jyifay:rS
pkaqmif;&&Sjd cif;jzpfonf/ ausmufvufeufig;ckudk trsKd ;tpm;
cGJjcm;&mwGif aqmufoGm;ESpfckESifh yJcGyfoHk;ckwdkYjzpfonf/
(jrifhatmif? 1978? 59)/
weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD; Budrfacsmif;? oaygYvdyfESifh
armfwHk&Gmrsm;rS ausmufacwfopfvufeuf 14 ck pkaqmif;
&&SdcJhzl;onf/ ,if;ausmufacwfopf vufeufrsm;wGif opf
acgufxk&ef ausmufusnfayGU? wHpOfoGm;? trif;yg "m;&Snf?
trif;yg yJcGyf? ykqdefoGm;? ydpyfzl;yJcGyf tp&Sdojzifh trsdK;pHk
aMumif; awGU&onf/ (jrifhatmif? 1978? 60) ausmufusnfayGU
onf csnfrQifxk&ef vufeufjzpfygu ausmufacwfopf
0wfpm;qif,ifa&;twGuf taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/ wHpOf
oGm;rSmvnf; v,f,mxGe, f uf pduk yf sK;d rIordik ;f twGuf ta&;
BuD;aomud&d,m jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfopfonf urÇm
t&yf&yf&Sd vlYordkif;wGif atmifjrifaom awmfveS af &;toGiu f kd
aqmifco hJ nf/ taMumif;rSm tpm;tpmtwGuf trJvdkufjcif;?
pkaqmif;jcif;rS wpfqifh pdkufysKd;a&;? arG;jrLa&;odkY ajymif;vJ
a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .110
212 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 213
vmjcif;jzifh vlom;wdkY\ aexkdifrItqifhtwef;udk jrifhrm;vm
apjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ ordkif;wpfavQmufwGif ay:aygufcJh
aom awmfvSefa&;rsm;wGif a&S;OD;tusqHk; awmfvSefa&;onf
ausmufacwfopf awmfvSefa&;yif jzpfonf/ (acwfa[mif;
ta&SUawmiftm&Sordik ;f ? 1991? 62)
ok0PÖblrd? weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh oxHk? r&rf;
ukef;a'orS awGU&SdorQ ausmufacwfopf vufeufrsm;rSm
wl;azmfrIaMumifh &&Sdjcif;r[kwfay/ ajrtay:,HrS &&Sdvmjcif;
omjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;wkdY\ ckESpf? ouú&mZfudk twd
tus rodEdkifao;ay? ausmufvufeufrsm;onf tvGefacsm
arGUaejcif;? ausmufuGif;jyKvkyfonhfpepfrSm tqifhtwef;
jrifhrm;aejcif;wkdYaMumifh ausmufacwfopf[kqkdaomfvnf;
ausmufacwfopf aESmif;ydkif;umv[k tMurf;tm;jzifh
owfrSwfEdkifayonf/

r&rf;uke;f a'ojyajryHk

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .111
214 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 215

ykqdefoGm;rsm; aqmufoGm;rsm;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .112
216 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 217

r&rf;ukef;rS ausmufuGif; r&rf;ukef;rS ausmufuGif;

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .113
218 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 219

r&rf;ukef;rS ykqdefoGm;ESpfck (qGJyHk) ausmufwHpOfoGm; (qGJyHk)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .114
220 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 221

ausmufwHpOfoGm; (qGJyHk) ausmufwHpOfoGm; (qGJyHk)

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .115
 a'guf w mwif o d e f ;
ed * H k ;
jrefrmhausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIonf blrdoufwrf;
tm;jzifh yvdkifpwdkqif; (Pleistocene) tcsdef? vGefcJhonfhESpf
wpfoef;cefYupí jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;&Sd
jrpfjyKqifrh sm;ay:wGif pwiftajccHco hJ nf/ xkrd o S nf ausmuf
acwfopftcsdef (Neolithic) vGefcJhonfh ESpf 6000 rS 4000
cefYtcsdeftxd &Srf;jynfe,f? rGefjynfe,fESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;
a'oBuD ; wG i f ay:ayguf c J h o nf / uG i f ; jyef Y a usmuf a cwf
,Ofaus;rIudk [J[dk;? tif;a[mif;a'o&Sd vHkumukef;ae&mESifh
rGejf ynfe,f? oxHNk rKd Ue,f? r&rf;uke;f a'owdw Yk iG f awGU&S&d onf/
vdkPf*lae ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIudk &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd jy'g;
vif;vdkPf*l? Aka'¨gZdaemvdkPf*l? jrif;rxdvdkPf*l? rdk;NAJvdkPf*l?
z,fcHkvdkPf*lrsm;wGif awGU&SdMu&onf/ tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifrl
owå0gwd\ Yk ½ky<f uif;rsm;ESihf ausmufvufeufrsm;udo k m awGU&Sd
&ayonf/
þpmtkyw f iG f pma&;olvufvrS ;f rDorQ ausmufacwf
toGif yDjyifxif&Sm;aomvdkPf*lrsm;ESifh uGif;jyefYae&mrsm;
udkom azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ tjcm;aom ausmufvuf
eufrsm;udkom awGU&Sdonfhae&mrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/
222
jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI 223
yHpk t
H m;jzifh waumif;a'o? anmifOD;NrdKUe,frS vufyHajcay:
a'o? ok0PÖblrdESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD;rS ausmufacwf
opf taxmuftxm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ rd;k BuKd ;oGm;[kac:aom
ajymifacsmaeatmifaoG;xm;onfh ausmufacwfopfaESmif;
ausmufvufeufrsm;udk jrefrmEkid if &H dS wdik ;f a'oBu;D ESihf jynfe,f
tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif awGU&Sd&ayonf/ ausmufacwfvlom;wkdY
onf ausmufacwfa[mif; (Paleolithic) tcsdefwGif trsm;
tm;jzifh vdkPf*lrsm;wGifom aexdkifcJhMuNyD; trJvkdufjcif;ESifh
obm0 opfOopfzrk sm;? opfo;D opf&u G rf sm;udo
k m pm;oH;k cJMh u
ayvdrrhf nf/ ausmufacwfopf (Neolithic) tcsed w f iG rf l vdP
k *f l
rsm;udk pGecYf mG um a&Munf&m jrufE&k ma'orsm;odYk a&TUajymif;í
wJ x d k ; aexd k i f M uNyD ; pd k u f y sKd ; jcif ; twwf y nmud k v nf ;
wwfajrmufcJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ þodkYtm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif
ausmufacwfOD;(0g) ausmufacwfa[mif;,Ofaus;rIjzpfonfh
{&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f rS tnmom; ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rI (Anya-
thian Culture) rSonf ausmufacwfopf tcse d t
f xd ausmuf
acwfvlom;wdkYonf tqifhqifhwkd;wufysHUESHUvsuf aexdkif
cJhMuNyD; jrefrmEdkifiH\ ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIukd xlaxmif
cJMh uaMumif; od&&dS ayonf/
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cifpef;(a':) atmifEidk o
f (l OD;) ESihf blrad A' wwd,ESpf
(2001) atmifjrif;rxd uGif;qif;tzGJU?
jrif;rxdvdkPf*lrS ausmufacwfvo l m;?
ynma&;pHn k yD aJG wmf txdr;f trSwpf mwrf;?
'DZifbm? 2004/
jrifah tmif(OD;) ok0PÖbrl Ed iS hf weoFm&Dwikd ;f rS ausmufacwf
opf taxmuftxm;rsm;? rGefjynfe,faeY
txdrf;trSwfpmapmif? rwf 1978?
57-60/
jrifhatmif(OD;) anmif O D ; Nrd K Ue,f ? vuf y H a jcay:&G m rS
ausmufacwfopfoHk; vufeufypönf;rsm;
yPmr avhvmcsu?f wuúov kd f okawoe
pmapmif twGJ 1? 115 - 75? 1979 /
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 a'guf w mwif o d e f ; jref r mh a usmuf a cwf , Of a us;rI
oef;xGwf (OD;) atmifEdkifpdk;(OD;) pdk;ol&xGef;(OD;)? a0ykv’ wifodef;(a'gufwm) a0yk v ’ v d k P f * l r S ausmuf a cwf v l o m;
ausmuf*ltm; wl;azmfawGU&Sdcsufrsm;? taxmuftxm;? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm?
ar? 2000/ 25-6-2000/
oef;xGwf (OD;) u&if j ynf e ,f a0yk v ’ a wmif \ *l w G i f atmifaomf (OD;) jy'g;vif;*l ausmufacwf ,Ofaus;rI?
ausmufacwfvlom;rsm; aexdkifcJhonfh wuúov kd yf nmya'ompmapmif? twGJ 6?
taxmuf t xm;rsm; avh v mawG U &S d r I tydkif; - 1 ? 1971/
pmwrf;? Mo*kwf? 2000/
azarmifoef;(OD;) jy'g;vif;*lESifh blrdaA'tjrif? wuúodkvf
wifatmif[ef (OD;) [J [ d k ; tif ; av; tif ; a[mif ; rsm;ES i f h ynmya'ompmapmif? twGJ 6?
ausmufacwfvlrsm;? 'DZifbm? 1984/ tydkif;- 1? 1971/
oef;xGe;f (a'gufwm) topfjrifArmordkif;? 1975/ pdefxGef;(OD ;) jy'g;vif;*lEiS hf rEkóaA'tjrif? wuúov
kd f
ynmya'ompmapmif? twGJ 6?
wifoed ;f (a'gufwm) azarmifoef;(a'gufwm) a*s'AvsLuHBu;D (OD;)? tydkif; - 1? 1971/
&Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;? z,fcHkNrdKUteD;&Sd
ausmufacwfopf ae&ma[mif;odYk yPmr jrarmif( OD;) jy'g;vif;*lESifh owåaA'tjrif? wuúodkvf
oGm;a&mufavhvmcsuftwGuf tpD&if ynmya'ompmapmif? twGJ 6?
cHjcif;? rwf? 1983/ tydkif; - 1? 1971/
wifoed ;f (a'gufwm) Aka'¨gZdaemvdkPf*lrS ausmufacwfvlom;?
aMu;rHkowif;pm? 19-10-1997/
wifoed ;f (a'gufwm) rd k ; NAJ v d k P f * l r S ausmuf a cwf v l o m;?
aMu;rH k o wif ; pm? 29-4-1998/

a'gufwmwifodef; . . . . .119