J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No.

6A

at;at;xGef;*

þpmwrf;onf jrefrmpmaye,fy,fuAsmu@&Sd e0a';\ rkd;awm &wk

(19)yk'fESifh ewf&Sifaemif\ rdk;awm&wk (24)yk'fwkdYrS armifr,fwkdY\
tcspf? tvGrf;cHpm;csufESifh tawG;pdwful; wkdYukd EIdif;,SOf avhvmwifjy
xm;aompmwrf; jzpfygonf/ e0a';&wk aygif;csKyfESihf ewf&Sifaemif
pmqkd&wkrsm;ukd tavhvmcHe,fy,f tjzpfowfrSwfygonf/ *E¦0ifpmqkd
BuD;rsm;jzpfaom jynfe0a';ESihf ewf&SifaemifwkdY\ rkd;awm&wkrsm;rS
pmqkdwkdY tcspf? tvGrf;? tawG;pdwful;rsm; uGefYjrL;EkdifyHk? jynfe0a';
BuD;\ tcspf? tvGrf;? tawG;pdwful;rsm;ukd ewf&Sifaemifu enf;rSD;
zJGUqkdxm;yHkrsm;? tMuHwlaemufvlaumif;pjrJ [lonfhtwkdif; e0a';xuf
ewf&Sifaemif\ tcspf? tvGrf;? tawG;pdwful;rsm;u ykdrkdaumif;rGefyHk
rsm;ukd u@tvkduf EIdif;,SOfwifjyvkdaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh a&;om;jyKpk
jcif;jzpfygonf/ þpmwrf;onf *E¦0ifpmaye,fy,frS &wkuAsmrsm;ukd
pdwf0ifpm;avhvm vkdolrsm;ESifh jrefrmpmtxl;jyK q&m? q&mrrsm;?
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ &wkuAsm oifMum;a&;twGuf tusdK;
aus;Zl;jyKEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/

jynfe0a';ESihfewf&SifaemifwkdYonf awmifilacwfwGif &wkuAsmavmu

ukd OD;aqmifcJhMuolrsm; jzpfygonf/ jynfe0a';BuD;onf rif;rIxrf;pmqkdjzpfí
ewf&Sifaemifu rif;ysdKrif;vGif pmqkdjzpfygonf/ pmqkdwkdY\ &wkuAsmrsm;onf
aESmif;acwfpmqkdwkdYtwGuf enf;rSDpHjyKzG,f&m jzpfcJh&jcif;taMumif;ukd odvkdpdwf
xufoefonfESihftrQ EIdif;,SOf azmfxkwfwifjyvkdpdwfvnf; jzpfay:rdygonf/
xkdYaMumifh yg&*lusrf;acgif;pOftjzpf jynfe0a';ESihf ewf&SifaemifwkdY\ rkd;awm
&wkrsm; EIdif;,SOf avhvmcsuf[laom acgif;pOfukd wifoGif;jcif;jzpfygonf/
Ä a'gufwm? uxdu? jrefrmpmXme? rEÅvm'D*&Daumvdyf
300 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

þpmwrf;onf yg&*lusrf;rStaMumif;t&mykdif;\ tcef;pdwfjzpfaom armifr,f

wkdY\ tcspf? tvGrf;? cHpm;csufESifh tawG; pdwful;rsm;ukd u@tvkduf
EIdif;,SOfavhvmwifjyxm;aom pmwrf;jzpfygonf/

[Hom0wDqifjzLrsm;&Sifu e0a';bJGUcsD;jr§ifhcH&aom jynfe0a';onf

awmifilacwfwGif xif&Sm; ausmfMum;cJhaom pmqkdBuD;jzpfonf/ rif;ay;e0a';
bJGUukd yxrqHk;&cJhaomaMumifh yxre0a';BuD;[k pmayorkdif;wGif todtrSwf
jyKMuonf/ xkdYjyif ykd'fpHk&wktpHk 400 cefY 1 a&;om;pyf qkdcJhjcif;? &wkq&m\
yk*F0 a&SUoGm;vrf;jyq&mBuD;jzpfjcif;wkdYaMumifh 2 &wke0a';[kvnf; ausmfMum;
onf/
ouú&mZf (860)cefYwGif jynfjrdKUü zGm;jrifcJhaom e0a';BuD;onf3
ouú&mZf (894)ckü jynfjrdKUukd rif;jyKaom bk&ife&ywd a,mufzawmf
rif; bapm\ txdef;awmfom; jzpfonf/ rif;bapmukd yGwfv,f&GmwGif
jynfbk&if e&ywduGyfrsufí ESrawmfe&ywdr,fukd pvif;pnfol ausmfxifokdY
ay;onf/ xkdtcg ESrawmfbk&m;ESifhtwl pvif;odkY vkdufygoGm;&onf/
pvif;wGif rif;vusfmbJGU&cJhonf/
xkdYaemuf pvif;jrdKUysufí ouú&mZf (970)ckESpfwGif ppfukdif;ü pnfol
ausmfxifrif;jyKaomtcg ppfukdif;okdYvkdufyg&onf/ rif;vusfmtm; axmifoif;
ukd BuD;rSL;aponf/ axmifoif;rSL; bJGUrnf&onf/ ouú&mZf(913)wGif ppfukdif;
pnfolausmfxifonf e&ywdpnfol[laomtrnfjzifh tif;0a&Teef;ukd odrf;jref;
pkd;pHonf/ ouú&mZf(916)wGif qifjzLrsm;&Sif(bk&ifhaemif) vkyfMuHawmfrlí tif;0
ysufvQif jynfbk&if owkd;"r®&mZm (bk&ifhaemif\nDawmf)u qifjzLrsm;&SifxH
avQmufxm;awmif;,lí axmifoif;rSL;ukd jynfokdYac:oGm;cJhonf/

1
okw? armif? 2002? 89/
2
vSaz? a'gufwm? 2002? 60/
3
okw? armif? 2002? 89/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 301

ouú&mZf (928)ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDqifjzLrsm;&Sif rif;w&m;BuD;onf

[Hom0wD aejynfawmfBuD;ukd jrdKUt*FgckESpfyg;ESihftnD jyefvnf wnfaxmif
awmfrlonf/ wm0ef; (3400) &Sdaom [Hom0wDaejynfawmfopfBuD;onf eef;r
taqmifaqmif wkdYjzihf wifhw,f vSyaeonf/ pmqkd axmifoif;rSL;onf
[Hom0wDokdY a&mufckdufjzpfí [Hom0wDrif;aejynfawmfBuD;\ ½IrjiD;zG,f
crf;em; BuD;us,fyHkukd ]]&mZXmeD? jynfBuD;yDí wkodwmrS? bHkvQifusokdY}} 1 [k
tpcsDum &wkykd'fpHka&;zJGUjyD; qifjzLrsm;&SifxH qufoGif;avonf/ rif;w&m;
BuD;vnf; tm;&ESpfoufum e0a';bJGUukd csD;jr§ifhawmfrlcJhonf/ xkdtcgrSpí
jynfe0a';BuD;[k eD;a0;ausmfMum;cJhonf/ xkdtaMumif;wkdYukd&nfí ]]ppfukdif;
axmifoif;? pvif;vusfm? jynfrSe0a';}} [kjrefrmpmayorkdif; wGif trnfarT;
xif&Sm;cJhonf/
touf(10)ESpf t&G,fuyif uAsmtvuFmukd vkdufpm;a&;pyfcJhaom
pmqkde0a';onf ysdKUuAsm? vuFm? {csif;? &wkpyfqkdrIt&mü OmPfynm
xufjrufoljzpfonf/ xkdYjyif t&Sif ocifrsm; jrdKUajymif;a&TU&mvkdufyg&jcif;?
t&Sifocifrsm; ppfcsD&m e,ftoD;oD;okdY vkdufyg&jcif; wkdYaMumifh a'oEÅ&
A[kokwrsm;ukd pmqkd\ tawG;pdwfulrsm;jzifh aygif;pyfjyD; &wkaygif; (7)t*Fg
ausmf yk'fa&(400)cefY pyfqkdcJhonf/
pmqkda&;om;jyKpkcJhonfh tjcm;pmrsm;rSm ouú&mZf(904)wGif ok"Ek
ukrm&Zmwf(jrefrmjyef)? ouú&mZf(913)wGif rif;w&m;r,fawmf{csif;? ouú&mZf
(940)wGif ,kd',m;rdzk&m; {csif;? ouú&mZf(941)wGif &mZAsL[mysdKUESihf raemf
[&DysdKUwkdY jzpfonf/ pmqkde0a';BuD;onf touf (90)ausmfwGif jynfjrdKUü
tedpöa&mufcJhygonf/2

1
e0a';? 1964? 105/
2
okw? armif? 2002? 90/
302 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

pmqkdewf&Sifaemifudk &wkuAsmzJGUqkdrIwGif &wkbk&if &wkwHcGefpdkufol[k

aESmif;pmay okawoDrsm;u todtrSwfjyKxm;Muygonf/ ewf&Sifaemifonf
awmifil a&Teef;wnfrif;oD[ol& r[m"r®&mZmbGJUcH rif;&JausmfxifESifh rdzk&m;
acgifBuD; twkvt*¾r[ma'0DbGJUcH rif;cifapmwdkUrS zGm;jrifaom om;awmfBuD;
jzpfonf/ nDawmfrsm;rSm rif;&JausmfpGm? rif;&JoD[olESifh rif;&Jausmfxif wdkUjzpf
onf/
ewf&Sifaemif\ arG;ouú&mZfudkrl &mZ0ifrsm;wGif twdtus azmfjy
rxm;ay/ rSefeef; r[m&mZ0ifü oufawmf (35)ESpfwGif uG,fvGefaMumif;
azmfjyyg&Sdonf/ 1 ewf&Sifaemifonf i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;uyif crnf;awmf\
vuf½Hk;ozG,ftm;udk;cJh&oljzpfonf/ ouú&mZf (952)ck rdk;aumif;wdkufyGJwGif
atmifjrifrI&cJhí ig;ql'g,umrif;udk,fwdkif taqmifta,mif pm;aus;pm;
vufrsm;udk ay;tyfcsD;jr§ifhcJhonf/ 2 ouú&mZf (948)ckESpfESifh (954)ckESpfwGif
,dk;',m;odkU ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif csDwufwdkufcdkuf&müvnf; wyfrSL;tjzpfyg0ifcJh
onf/ 3ewf&Sifaemifonf crnf;awmf awmifilbk&if rif;&Jausmfxif [Hom0wD
udk atmifawmfrlaomtcg eef;usbk&if ig;ql'g,umESifhtdrfa&SUrif; rif;&Jausmf
pGmudk r,fawmfESifhwdkifyifí vkyfMuHuGyfrsufcJhonf/ awmifilbk&if rif;&Jausmf
xifonf ouú&mZf (965)ckwGif eef;wufawmfrlNyD; om;awmfBuD;ewf&Sifaemif
udk [Hom0wDqifjzLrsm;&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;\ orD;awmf "mwkuvsmESifh pHkzuf
um tdrfa&SUt&may;awmfrlonf/4&mZ"mwkuvsmonf xdkESpf wefaqmifrkef;v
wGif uG,fvGefawmfrlaMumif;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
ouú&mZf (971) ckESpfwGif crnf;awmf awmifilbk&if ewf&GmpHaomf
om;awmftdrfa&SUpH ewf&Sifaemifonf 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (6)&uf aomMum
aeUwGif bk&ifoD[ol&bGJUtrnfudk cH,lumawmifila&Teef;udk odrf;jref; pdk;pH
awmfrlonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif taemufzufvGefrif;onf awmifiludk csDwuf
wdkufcdkuf atmifjrifNyD; ewf&Sifaemifudk vufatmufcHbk&ifi,ftjzpftkyfpdk;&ef
1
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;(wwd,wJG)? 1993? 170/
2
-,if;-? 91/
3
-,if;-? 84-93/
4
-,if;-? 110/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 303

awmifilNrdKUudk jyefvnftyfESif;cJhonf/ ouú&mZf (974)ckwGif oHvsifNrdKUpm;

iZifumonf awmifilodkU csDwufvmNyD; ewf&Sifaemif\ nDawmf rif;&JausmfpGm
ESifh OD;pGmwdkufyGJjzpfyGm;&m rif;&JausmfpGm us½IH;onf/ awmifilbk&ifewf&Sifaemif
udkvnf; oHvsifodkU ac:aqmifoGm;cJhavonf/ 1 taemufbufvGefrif;onf xdk
ESpfrSmyif oHvsifodkU csDwufvkyfMuH&m ouú&mZf (975) ckESpfwGif atmifjrif
awmfrlonf/ ewf&Sifaemifudk ppfaq;ar;jref;&m iZifumESifh yl;aygif;rI&SdaMumif;
xif&Sm;ojzifh oHvsifNrdKUv,fwGif uGyfrsufí nDawmfrif;&Jausmfxifudk oN*ØK[f
aponf/ awmifilbk&if ewf&Sifaemifonf oHvsifwGif tedpöa&mufonfudk
taMumif;jyKum oHvsifa&mufrif;w&m;BuD;[kvnf; trnfwGifonf/2
pmqdk\b0onf wdkawmif;vSaomfvnf; pmqdka&;zGJUcJhaom &wkuAsm
wdkUonfum; ,aeUxufwdkif jrefrmpmayordkif;ü *E¦0ifwGifvsuf usef&Sd
aeqJjzpfygonf/ jrefrmpmay e,fy,f&Sd a&S;*E¦0ifpmqdkawmfBuD; (2)OD;\ &wk
uAsmrsm;udk avhvmazmfxkwfcGifh&aomaMumifh txl;yif 0rf;om *kPf,lrdyg
onf/

&wka0g[m&onf jrefrmbmompum; &wkvnf;&Sdonf/ ygVd? ouúw

bmomrS qif;oufvmonfvnf; &Sdonf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u trsdK;rsdK;MuHqMu
ygonf/
&wk[laoma0g[m&ESifh ywfoufí ]u0dwm&wDusrf;} wGif
&wkonf ouúwpum;ysufrQomjzpfonf/ 0oEÅ paom
Owkudk a[monf/ a&S;u rdk;bGJU? aqmif;bGJU paom
&moDbGJUudkom &wk[lí ac:a0:cJhMu&mrS aemiftvm;wl
av;vHk;pyfvuFm? awmvm;? bkef;awmfbGJU? aus;apbGJU?

1
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;(wwd,wJG)? 1993? 164-165/
2
-,if;-? 168/
304 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

r,fbGJU? armifbGJU ponfwdkU udkvnf; &wk[lí ac:a0:

vmMujcif; jzpfonf/1
[kzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif
&wk[lonf ouúwbmom&dwkrS ysufvmaom &wkvnf;
&Sdonf/ ayg&mPoufouf &wkvnf;&Sdonf/ ouúw
bmom&dwkrSm tcg&moD teuf&í jrefrmbmom&wkrSm
obif[laom teuf? tajctae[laom teuf? tcrf;
tem;[laom teuf oHk;rsdK;&onf/ þodkY Xmetm;jzifh
oHk;rsdK; uGJjym;vsuf&Sd&m tMuiftzGJUwpfckonf trsm;ESifh
pyfqdkifvQif xdktrsdK;rSm obifteuf&\/ trsm;ESifhrouf
qdkifbJ wpfOD;wpfa,mufxJtwGufom pyfqdkvQif tcrf;
tem;yuwd jzpfxGef;onfh obm0"r® tajctaersm;udk
jyvQif tajctaeoabm oufa&mufonf2
[kqdkxm;ygonf/
jrefrmtbd"mefwGif
&wk? ,'k? e-av;vHk;wpfydk'f a&;zGJUaom uAsmwpfrsdK; (o?
&dwk)3
[k zGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
uAsmom&w¬oN*ØK[fwGif
&wk[laom pum;\teuft"dyÜm,f tusOf;csKyfrSm? *drSEÅ
Owk? 0oEÅOwk? a[rEÅOwk [laom aEG? rdk;? aqmif;
umvtcsdefrsm;udk ygVdbmomü Owk? ooFu½dkXfbmomü
&dwk[k ac:ojzifh? qJhESpf&moDbGJUuAsmwkdYukd &wk[kac:
onf/ ¤if;&moDbJGUuAsmvuFm pyfenf;udkvdkufí aemif
aomtcg bk&ifrif;jrwfwdkUudk csD;yaom tzGJUrsdK;rsm;ukd

1
ausmf&if? OD;(ykym;)? r-1321? 351/
2
azarmifwif? OD;? 1958? 49/
3
jrefrmpmtzJGU? 2008? 303/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 305

ckumv'gbmac: rif;yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsdK;wdkUü csD;usL;

aom r*FvmMobmpmrsdK;rsm;udk pyfqdkMuav\1
[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/
þodkUynm&SiftoD;oD;\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm; t& &wk[laom
a0g[m&rSm ouúw bmom&dwk? ygVdbmomOwkwdkUrSvmí tcg&moDteuf&
aMumif;? xdkrS tcg&moD\ wifhw,frI ESifh arGUavsmfaysmfydkufzG,f om,mrI
tajccHcsif; wlonfh uAsmvuFmtzGJU\trnftjzpf owfrSwf ac:a0: vm
aMumif;? ayg&mP&wkrSmrl obif? tcrf;tem;? tajctae[kqdkaMumif; awGU&
onf/
&wkuAsmzGJUqdkonfhtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí pmqdkwdkUonf rdrdwdkU\
cHpm;csufrsm;udk pdwful;OmPfjzifh yHkazmfzefwD;&mü bk&m;wdkif? odMum;wdkif?
NrdKUbGJU? r,fbGJU? armifbGJU? yef;bGJU? &moDbGJU? aus;ap? ppfcsD ponfjzifh trsdK;pHk
atmif a&;zGJUcJhMuaMumif; awGU&onf/ tcsD? tcs? towfum&ef nD&onf/
ydk'fpHkpyfenf;wGif oHk;csufnDpyfenf;? oyfaphESufoHk;csufnDpyfenf;? udk,fwGif;
jynfhoyfaphESuf oHk;csufnDpyfenf;? pMumpyfenf;? awmifhwJwGefUpyfenf;[k
(5)rdsK; uGJjym;onf/
&wkuAsmzGJUpyfrIESifhpyfvsOf;í jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif
wpfydk'fwnf;zGJUvQif {uydk'f? ESpfydk'fcGJvQif tjznfhcH? oHk;ydk'f
pyfzGJUvQif ydk'fpHk[lí ac:onf/ oHk;ydk'fxuf ydkrdkívnf;
rpyfzGJUMuacs/ wpfydk'fwGifvnf; y'ta&twGuf tm;jzifh
(108) y'xuf ydkrdkí rzGJUEGJUMuacs/2
[líazmfjyxm;ygonf/
xdkaMumifh &wkuAsmzGJUqdkrIwGif pmqdkwdkU\ tm½kH (6) yg;ü awGUMuHK
xif[yfaeonfrsm;udk tajccHí pdwful;OmPf uGefUjrL;um ESpfoufzG,f jzpf
atmif a&;zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkodkU a&;zGJU&mwGif ydk'fa&t&vnf;aumif;?
y'ta&twGuft& vnf;aumif; uefUowfcsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/

1
vGef;? OD;? 1955? 234/
2
azarmifwif? OD;? 1958? 24/
306 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

&wkonf vuFmrS aygufzGm;vmaom uAsmtzGJUtEGJUjzpfonf/ &wk

uAsmordkif;aMumif;udk avhvmvQif yif;,acwfwGif jrefrmpmayordkif;ü
tapmqHk;[k trsm;uvufcHxm;Muaom ]a&Tz0g; awmfatmuf? uRef\
avQmufjzifh} tpcsDaom&wkudk awGU&onf/ pwk&*FAvtrufBuD;u jrefrm
ouú&mZf (700)ausmf avmufwGif zGJUqdkcJhjcif;jzpfí jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif
xdk&wkonf ayguúHq&mawmf (odkUr[kwf) ql;wGif;ypf
q&mawmf tm; jrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmftaMumif;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í ar;jref;um a&;om;xm;aom tar;ykpäm&wk
jzpf\1
[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/
jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif tapmqHk;awGU&aom xdk&wkonf awmawmif
&moDOwk?cspfcifjcif;? arwåmtpkwdkUudk zGJUEGJUxm;jcif; r[kwfbJ ql;wGif;ypf
q&mawmftm; jrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfESifh pyfvsOf;í ar;jref;xm;jcif; jzpfyg
onf/ xdkUaMumifh avmukwå&maMumif;udk zGJUEGJUxm;aom &wktjzpfawGU&onf/
tif;0acwfwGif &wkuAsmyg taMumif;t&mwdkUonf avmukwå&mrS
avmuDodkU e,fy,f us,fjyefUvmNyD; uAsmtzGJUyHkoP²mefESifh taMumif;t&m
vnf; pHkvifvmygonf/ yxr rif;acgifBuD;\ ]eE´0efvQif} csDaus;ap &wk?
&Sifol&J\ ppfcsD&wkrsm; tygt0if 0Hawmifv,f bkef;awmfBuD;? &Sifr[m
oDv0Ho? &Sifr[m&Xom&? &SifawaZmom& paom&wkpmqdkwdkU\ avmuD?
avmukwå&mqdkif&m &wkrsm;pGm ay:xGufvmcJhonf/ trsdK;orD;pmqdkrsm;yg ay:
xGufvmcJhonf/ eef;wGifrdjzL? eef;wGifrdndKwdkU\ udk,f&nfaoG;&wkrsm;udk
awGU&onf/ uAsmyHkoP²mef ydkif;wGifvnf; awmifhwJwGefUqdkenf;? ykvJwpfwefU?
oEÅmwpfwefUqdkenf;? y'kr®mMumqdkenf;? pMumqdkenf; ponfhjzifh trsdK;rsdK;
wDxGifpyfqdkrIrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&onf/ xdkUaMumifh yif;,acwfwGif tpydsK;cJh
aom &wktzJGUonf tif;0acwfwGif ykdrkdpnfyifvmonf[k qkd&ygonf/
awmifilacwfonf ppfrufa&;&mxlajymaom acwf? wkdif;opfjynfopf
xlaxmifaomacwf jzpfí e,fy,fcsJUxGif&ef? pnf;½Hk;&eftvkdYiSm t&yfrsufESm
1
azarmifwif? OD;? 1958? 16/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 307

toD;oD;okdY ppfcsDxGufMu&onf/ ppfcsD&if; ppfonfawmfwkdYonf rdrdwkdY

tawGUtMuHK? tawG;pdwful;ESihf cHpm;csufrsm;ukd &wkuAsm rsm;tjzpf zJGUoDvm
Muonf/ awmifilacwfwGif &wkuAsmESihf pmqkd tajrmuftjrm;ay:xGufcJhonf/
xif&Sm;onfh pmqkdrsm;rSm avSmfum;oHk;axmifrSL;? &SifaxG;emodef? jynf
e0a';BuD;? ewf&Sifaemif? rif;aZ,s&EÅrdwf? &SifoHckd? OuúmysH? rif;apmESihf
&SifaxG;vS? &a0&SifaxG;? cifraxG;? oa&pnfoluawmf? jynfrdzk&m;? Zif;r,f
rdzk&m;? yJcl;rdzk&m;? wefaqmifrdzk&m;wkdYjzpfonf/ tif;0acwfwGif zGHUjzdK;vmcJh
aom &wkuAsmta&;tzJGUonf awmifilacwfwGif &wkacwf qkd&avmufatmif
xl;jcm;xGef;um;vmaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
anmif&rf;acwfwGif &wkpmayESihf pmqkdtajrmuftjrm; ray:xGef;cJhaomf
vnf; &Sifu&0du? jrif;cGmpm;rif;&mZm paom &wkpmqkdwkdYay:xGef;cJhonf/
anmif&rf;rif; q,fqufajrmuf [Hom0wDa&muf rif;w&m;BuD;onfvnf;
tif;0ysufí [Hom0wDwGifpHaepOf ewf&GmpHcgeD;tcsdefwGif ]]yk*¾dKvfajcmufrnf}}
tpcsDaom oHk;csufnDoHa0*ykd'fpHk&wkukd pyfqkdcJhygonf/ 1 xkdYaMumifh anmif&rf;
acwfwGif awmifilacwfavmuf &wkuAsmrxGef;um;aomfvnf; txkduf
tavsmuf ay:xGef;cJhonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/ ukef;abmifacwf yxrykdif;wGif
bkef;awmfbJGU&wkrsm;? jyefvnf ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;vmygonf/ vuf0JokE´& trwf
BuD;\ ukd,fa&;ukd,fwm cHpm;csuf &wkrsm;? OD;wkd;\ &ckdifcsD &wkrsm;?
pdEÅausmfolOD;Mo\ ppfonfb0o½kyfazmf&wkrsm; ay:xGef;cJhygonf/ tjcm;
xif&Sm;aom &wkpmqkdrsm;rSm pOfhul;rif;\ rdzk&m;&Sifrif;? zkd;olawmfOD;rif;?
0ufrpGwfe0a';? OD;ykn? uif;0efrif;BuD;OD;aumif;? qD;befeDq&mawmfwkdY jzpf
Muygonf/
xkdYaMumifh yif;,acwfu pwifcJhaom &wkuAsmpmayonf ,aeYxuf
wkdif xdrf;jrm;r*FvmyJGrsm;? &SifjyKem;o? bdodufr*FvmyJGrsm;wGif &GwfzwfMu
vsuf *E¦0ifwGifpGm &yfwnfaeaMumif; awGU&ygonf/

1
azarmifwif? OD;? 1958? 18/
308 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

rkd;awm&wkuAsmonf pmqkdwkdY\ awGUMuHKcHpm;odjrifrIrsm;ukd tajccHí

jzpfay:vmaom pdwful; pdwfoef;? tawG;tjrifcHpm;csufwdkYjzifh zefwD;yHkazmf
xm;aom uAsmrsm;jzpfygonf/
e0a';ESihfewf&SifaemifwkdYonf ppfonfpmqkdrsm; jzpfMuonfESihftnD
cspfwwf? vGrf;wwf? cHpm;wwfolrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf/ pmqkdwkdY\ &wkrsm;
wGif awGU&aomcspfolrsm;onf rsdK;½kd;Zmwd jrifhrm;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ tqifh
twef;jrifhaom txufwef;vTmrS aygufzGm;vmolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ vkvifysdK
wkdY obm0tavsmuf cspfolxHrS wkHUjyefarwåm&&ef arQmfvifhBudK;pm;Muonf/
cspfolb0okdYa&mufonfhtcgwGifvnf; rdrdwkdY\ cspfoltay: wefzkd;xm;um
cspfMuifemMuonf/ rcGJrcGmaevkdMuonf/ cspfolwkdY\ obm0twkdif; twl
ae& vQif aysmf&TifMunfEl;í cJGcGm&onfhtcg aMuuJGMu&onf/
jynfe0a';onf rif;rIxrf;ppfonfpmqkdjzpfí ewf&Sifaemifum; rif;nD
rif;om;ppfonfpmqkd jzpfonf/ pmqkd (2)OD;pvHk;rSm ppfonfpmqkdrsm; jzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm rif;a&;0efwmaMumifh cspfolESihf cJGcGm&onfhtcsdefwGif cspfol
r,fav;\tvS *kPft&nftaoG;rsm;ukd jyefvnf awG;awmum owd& vGrf;
qGwfMujrJjzpfonf/ omreftajctae tcsdeftcgrsm;xuf tvGrf;ukd tm;ay;
EdI;qGwwfaom oabm&Sdonfh rkd;&Gmcsdefrsm;wGif a0;uGmaeaom cspfolr,fav;
ukd vGrf;onfhpdwfaMumifh ajzrqnfEkdifatmif cHpm;Mu&onf/ cspfolESifhcJGcGm
vm&aom pmqkdtm; rkd;utvGrf;pdwfukd ykdrdkjzpfapygonf/ xkdYaMumifh aejynf
awmfwGif usefcJh&Smaom cspfolr,fav;tm; owd&vGrf;qGwfpdwfu rajzom
atmif cHpm;vm&aMumif;wkdUjzifh ay:vGifatmif a&;zGJUvmMuygonf/
pmqkdjynfe0a';BuD;ESihf ewf&SifaemifwkdY\ rkd;awm&wkrsm;wGif armifr,f
wkdY\ tcspf? tvGrf;rsm;omru rkd;ESifh ywfoufí cHpm;&aom pmqkd\
cHpm;csufESihf tawG;pdwful;rsm;ukdyg xnfhoGif;zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqkd(2)OD;\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGif tcspfukd azmfusL; zJGUqkd&mü cspfolr,fav;
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 309

ESifh pwifawGUqHkcsdef? ae&m? wkHYjyefarwåm&,l&ef BudK;pm;yHk? cspfol\ touf

t&G,f? vSaoG;vS&nf? rsdK;½kd;ESihf qHkqnf;cGifh&yHkwkdYukd xnfhoGif; zJGUqkdxm;
ygonf/
pmqkdjynfe0a';BuD;\ Zmwdcsufa<uarG;&yfajrjzpfaom jynfjrdKUwGif
wefcdk;BuD;bk&m; rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf jynfa&TqHawmfbk&m;onfvnf; wpfql
tygt0ifjzpfonf/ uqkefvjynfh aeYa&mufwkdif; jynfjrdKUywf0ef;usifrS uqkef
anmifa&oGef;avmif;ylaZmf&ef qHawmf&SifapwDokdY vma&mufMupjrJ jzpfonf/
þrdef;uav;ukd awGUjrifonfhtcsdefrSpí cspfolESihfywfoufonfh taMumif;
t&mwkdYukd trSwfxifxif&SdaecJh&onf/ rdrdcspfolonf tvSqHk;? tjrifhjrwfqHk;?
usufoa&t&SdqHk; £a`E´&Sifav;[k rSwf,lxm;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdef;uav;
ESihf pwifqHkqnf;&m ae&m? tcsdefwkdYukd pmqkd\ ]&wkanmifa&} csD rkd;awm
&wkwGif
&wkanmifa&? cgvkdufaEG0,f
naecsrf;cg? oif;jrLwmESihf
eHUomjzdK;jynfh? yef;pHkxnhfrS
ywfvSnfhvuf,m? jrdwfZdem0,f
o'¨gMunfqG? oGef;rnfhnudk 1
[lí zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/ pmqkdonf anmifa&oGef;onfh naecsrf;csdefcg
a&TqHawmfbk&m;wGif cspfolr,fav;ESihf pwifawGU&SdyHk wkdYukd trSwfxifxif
tao;pdwfzJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqkdewf&Sifaemif\ rkd;awm&wkrsm;wGifrl cspfolr,fav;ESihf pwif
awGUqHkonfhae&m tcsdefwkdYukd azmfusL;zJGUqkdaom tzJGUrsdK;ukd rawGU&ay/
pmqdke0a';BuD;onf cspfolr,fav;xHrS wHkYjyefarwåmudk&&ef cJ,Of;pGm
BudK;yrf;cJh& aMumif;udkvnf; zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ cspf&ol\ wHkUjyefarwåmudk
&½Sd&ef BudK;yrf;cJh&onfrSm vrS ESpfodkUwdkif ul;ajymif;cJhygonf/ cspfolr,fav;
\ txdef;awmfrSwpfqifh cspfpum;yg;cJhaomfvnf; rdef;uav;u wHkUjyefpum;
rqdkbJ trsufxGufonfh trlt&mrsufESmxm;jzifh xa&SmifoGm;cJhygonf/ cspfol

1
e0a';? 1964? 139/
310 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

r,fav;xHrS arwåmwHkUjyefrI &&Sd&ef BudK;yrf;cJh&yHkudk pmqdk\ ]xpfcsKef;&ifhí} csD

rdk;awm&wkwGif
&SifESifhuRefppf? rSefaomjzpfjzifh?
vESpful;ajymif;? wacsmif;acsmif;vQif?
jzm;a,mif;oHcsdK? avQmufyefqdkvnf;?
,dk,dk½HkU½HkU? EIwfwHkUr>ruf?
q,fjrwfoufvQif? rsufxGufrlxm;?
xa&SmifoGm;í1
[lízGJUqdkxm;ygonf/
pmqdkewf&Sifaemifonfvnf; toufay;í cspf&olr,fav;udk arwåm
aESmifBudK;jzifh txyfxyf&pfywfum cdkifNrJpGm cspfcJhygonf/ r,fav;\ tcspfudk
&&ef rdrdtoufudk iJhn§m axmufxm;rIuif;pGm BudK;yrf;cJhaMumif;rsm;udk ]&Tef;ajrh
onfvQif} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
r,Gef;Muifcspf? q,fjyef&pfí?
ysdKrspfpHwifh? bkef;rsdK;jrifhudk?
2
rzifha0ouf? BudK;acguf&ufwnfh
[lízGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ cspfolr,fav;udk tav;teufcspfMuifemcJhaMumif;
tcspftwGuf toufudkyif a0iS&eftoifhjzpfaeaMumif;? r,fav;tcspfudk&&ef
Budrfzefrsm;pGm BudK;yrf;cJhaMumif;ESifh tcspfwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;ESifh
q,fjyefq,fcg&pfywfí xm;cJhaMumif;wdkUjzifh tav; teufxm;um zGJUqdkxm;
aMumif;awGU&ygonf/

1
-,if;-/
2
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 108/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 311

pmqdke0a';BuD;onf tcspfbGJUudk zGJUqdk&mwGif cspfolr,fav;\ touf

t&G,fudkyg zGJUqdkxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ touft&G,ftm;jzifh vufoif
qHxHk; xHk;umpt&G,f Eke,fysdKrspfolav;jzpfaMumif;? tom;ta&rSm a&Tpif
a&Tom;uJhodkU 0if;0gpdkajyum txGwftxdyfxm;& avmufatmif vSyolav;
jzpfaMumif; zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ xdktaMumif;rsm;udk ]oGef;jrL;apGxef} csD rdk;awm
&wkwGif
oHk;abmfa&Gv,f? &GufoG,fauom? xHk;umpp?
&G&Gvufoif? a&Tpiftom;? vSxGwfxm;1
[lí zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ xdkodkUzGJUqdkxm;&m <u,f0csrf;omí tqifhtwef;jrifh
rm;aom rdbrsm;u txdef;awmftcsDawmfwdkUjzifh csD;ajr§mufxm;aomrdef;uav;
jzpfaMumif; *kPfwifzJGUqkdxm;ygonf/
pmqdkewf&Sifaemif\ &wkrsm;wGif cspfolr,fav;\ t&G,fudk zGJU&mü
q,fausmfouf t&G,fjzpfaMumif; ]oufvnf;q,fjrwf} [lí xdrdpGmzGJUqdkxm;
aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
cspfolr,fav;onf trsdK;tEG,f pifMu,fjrifhjrwfí tjypfqdkzG,f r&Sd
atmif vSyolav;jzpfonf/ q,fausmfouft&G,f ydsKrspfEke,fNyD; ewforD;
av;ESifh EdIif;íyifr&avmufatmif vSyolav;jzpfaMumif; csD;usL; zGJUqdkxm;yg
onf/ ewfjynfajcmufxyfwGif cspfolr,fav;ESifh tvScsif;&nfwloludk &SmazG
a&G;,laomfvnf; awGU&efcufcJaMumif;wdkUjzifh *kPfwifzGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ avmu
obm0 udk,fhcspfolom tvSqHk;[k xifjrif,lqwwfMupjrJ jzpfygonf/ rdrd
cspfolonfom ewforD;ruvSyolav; jzpfaMumif;udk pmqdkewf&Sifaemif\
]&Tef;ajrUonfvQif} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif

1
e0a';? 1964? 151/
312 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

ajcmufjynfbHkol? &Sma&G;,lvnf; wl&cuf\? oufvnf;

q,fjrwf? ewfvnf;rEIef;? bkef;vnf;NzdK;nGefU? pifoefUrsdK;
rnf? jypfjcnfuif;a0;? vSNidrfhav;1
[lí zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/
awmifilacwfwGif ausmfMum; xif&Sm;cJhMuaom pmqdk jynfe0a';ESifh
ewf&SifaemifwdkU\ tcspfbGJUrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif e0a';BuD;u cspfol\
i,f&G,fEkysdKyHk? <u,f0csrf;omaom rdb todkif;t0dkif;wGif txdef;awmf
tcsDawmfrsm;ESifh ajr§mufpm;xm;olav;jzpfyHk? tom;ta& 0if;0gpdkjynfolav;
jzpfí ewforD;wrQ vSyolav;jzpfyHkwdkUudk tav;xm;zGJUqdkavh&Sdygonf/
xdkUjyif cspfolr,fav;ESifh awGUqHkonfhtcsdefae&m wdkUudkvnf; trSwfxifxif
tao;pdwfzGJUqdk wifjyxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqdkewf&Sifaemif\ tcspfbGJUrsm;wGifrl tcsif;vS? tqif;vS ESpfrsdK;
pvHk;jzifh cspfoltvSudk azmfusL;xm;onf/ pifMu,faomtrsdK;EG,frS qif;ouf
vmol q,fausmfouft&G,f ewforD;ru tvSaoG;MuG,fol? tjypfqdkzG,f
r&Sdatmif vSyol? bkef;usufoa&ESifhjynfhpHkol jzpfaMumif; wdkUjzifh cspfol
r,fav;\ tvSudk xif&Sm;ay:vGifvmatmif zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ pmqdkESpfOD;vHk;
wGif tcspfESifhyufoufí tav;teuf wefzdk;xm;jrwfEdk;pGm cspfcJhyHkwdkUudk
ay:vGifatmifzGJUqdkxm; EdkifaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqdkwdkUonf tcspfbGJUrsm;udk zGJUqdk&mwGif a&S;uay;vSLcJhzl;aom 'ge
ukodkvf? a&S;bkef; a&S;uHwdkUaMumifh cspfolr,fav;ESifh qHkqnf;cGifh&aMumif;
r,drf;r,dkif razmufrjyefaom arwåmjzifh cspfcGifh&aMumif;udkvnf; zGJUqdkavh
&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqdke0a';BuD;\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGif tjypfqdkzG,fr&Sdatmif vSyaom
r,fav;ESifh awGUqHkcspfMudKufcGifh&jcif;rSm a&S;ujyKcJhaom ukodkvfuH tudsK;quf
aMumihf jzpfaMumif;udk ]rGef;,drf;uvQif} csDrdk;awm&wkwGif
aemifESifhr,fom? Mur®mbufxpf? bkef;aMumifhjzpf&Sifh?
wifjypfr&Sd? rsufpdtm½Hk? BudKifeHUxHkonf? MuHKMuonfvnf;?
a&S;aumif;usdK;1
1
rdrdav;? a':? 2003? 140/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 313

[lízGJUqdkxm;&m armifESifhr,fonf a&S;ujyKcJhaom ukodkvfa&pufaMumifh

qHkqnf;cGifh&aMumif;udk ydkrdkay:vGifapygonf/
&wkbk&ifewf&Sifaemif\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGifvnf; a&S;ujyKcJhzl;aom
ukodkvfuHaMumifh cspfolr,fav;ESifh qHkqnf;cGifh&aMumif; zGJUqdkxm;onfudk
awGU&ygonf/ a&S;uay;vSLcJhzl;aom 'geukodkvfaMumifh r,fav;tay:
razmufrjyefaom cspfjcif;arwåmjzifh cspfcGifh&aMumif; zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ xdkodkU
awGUqHkcspfBudKufcGifh&aMumif;ukd ]rajzmufjznf;yg} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
razmufonf;csm? r,fhudkomvQif vSL'gay;zl;? a&S;aus;Zl;
aMumifh? wdrf;rl;rwnf? &Sd&onfudk2
[lízGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ cspfolr,fomvQif rdrd\ twdwfuHu nTefjyaom
zl;pmzuftrSef jzpfaMumif; pGJruf,HkMunfaeyHkudkvnf; ay:vGifapygonf/
awmifilacwfwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhaom pmqdkjynfe0a';ESifh ewf&Sif
aemifwdkU\ tcspfbGJUrsm;udk EIdif;,SOfavhvm&mwGif pmqdkwdkU\ tawG;pdwful;
wlnDrI&Sdonfudkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ e0a';&wkwGif cspfolr,fav;ESifh pwif
awGUqHkcsdefrSpí cspfolESifh ywfouforQaom taMumif;t&mwdkUudk tao;pdwf
zGJUqdkxm;onfh xl;jcm;csufudkawGU&ygonf/
pmqdk ewf&Sifaemif\ rdk;awm&wkwGifrl cspfolr,fav;\ rsdK;½dk;ADZ
jrifhjrwfaMumif; bkef;usufoa&ESifhjynfhpHkí pdwfoabmxm; wnfMunfolav;
jzpfaMumif; tav;xm;zGJUqdk avh&Sdygonf/ cspfívS? vSí cspfrdjcif; jzpfaMumif;
wdkUudk zGJUoDxm;Muav&m e0a';ESifh ewf&Sifaemif wdkU\ &wkrsm;wGif tcspfESifh
tvSonf wpfom;wnf;jzpfaeaMumif; awGU&ygonf/

awmifilacwf pmqdk e0a';BuD;ESifh ewf&Sifaemif wdkUonf ppfonf

pmqdkawmfrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ppfxGufcsdefwGif cspfolESifh cGJcGmae&aomaMumifh
cHpm;&aom tvGrf;a0'emudk pmqdkwdkU\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGif awGUjrifEdkifyg
onf/

1
e0a';? 1964? 137/
2
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 114/
314 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

armifr,fwdkU\tvGrf;udk zGJUqdk&mü ppfonfarmiftm; r,fav;vGrf;ae

&SmrnfhtaMumif;udk r,fbGJU&wktjzpf zGJUqdkavh&Sdygonf/ ppfajrjyif&Sdarmifonf
vnf; r,fav;enf;wl owd& wrf;wum vGrf;aqG;aernf[k awG;xifae[ef
udk armifbGJU&wktjzpf zGJUqdkMuygonf/ tvGrf;bGJUrsm;udkzGJUqdk&mwGif Moumo
avmu? &moDobm0ywf0ef;usifwdkUudk aemufcHtjzpfxm;í zGJUqkdavh&SdaMumif;
awGU&ygonf/ ppfxGufcsdefwGif cspfolESifhcGJcGmaeMu&onf/ xdkUaMumifh rdrdwdkU
&if0,f cHpm;aeMu&aom vGrf;aqG;rIwdkUudk &wkpmom;wdkUwGif xif[yfapcJhMu
ygonf/ ,if;wdkU a&;zGJUaom rdk;awm&wkuAsmrsm;wGif pmqdkwdkU\tvGrf;
cHpm;csuf wdkUudk avhvmawGUjrifEdkifygonf/
pmqdkwdkUonf ppfonf pmqdkrsm;jzpfMu&m ppfcsDxGufcsdefwGif cspfolwdkU
bm0 tcsif;csif; trSmpum;a>ccJhMuonf/ ppfajrpcef;rS tvsiftjref jyefvm
rnfjzpfaMumif; cspfolr,fav;tm; rSmMum;cJhygonf/ odkUaomf ppfa&;ppf&mwdkU
[lonf BudKwifrSef;qí &paumif;aomt&m r[kwfay/ ppfcsDwufpu rSmcJh
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tvGrf;pdwfaMumifh nd§K;EGrf;aernfwdkUudk ppfonfarmiftaejzifh ylyefaerd&Sm
onf/ þodkU armifjyefvmrnfh&ufudk vufcdsK;a&wGufí arQmfvifhapmifhpm;um
wrf;wylaqG;aernfh tjzpfudk ]MuH&Smrdacs} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
csDpOD;u? rul;aEGvQif? a&mufrnfxifí? 0rf;wGifrSwfydkuf?
vTwfvdkufrd&Sifh? wdrfwdkufajcmif;ajcmif;? avvQifavmif;u?
waygif;wefcl;? usL;avwdkUvSnfh? Mumarm\[k? ajzjznfh
0rf;0,f? qHrjc,fonf? MumES,fcsnf;vs? vSyfvdrfhrnf 1
[lívnf;aumif;?
r&Tifa,mif;EGrf;? aeaMumifh orf;onf? a&csrf;um;a0;?
yef;MumarT;odkU? Nidrfhav;pvS? qif;jrjronf/ aysmif;ys
2
puf&m acGvdrfhrnf

1
e0a';? 1964? 141/
2
-,if;-? 145/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 315

[lívnf;aumif; zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/ rdrdtm;vGrf;aompdwfjzifh puf&mcGif0,f

r&Tifrys EGrf;vs aernfh cspfolr,fav;tjzpfudk cspfolarmiftaejzifh awG;awm
ylyefaeyHkudk ay:vGifatmif zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/
ewf&Sifaemif\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGifvnf; ppfajrjyifwGif Mumanmif;ae
aom cspfolarmif jyefvmrnfhowif;udk arQmfvifhapmifhpm;um vGrf;aeaom
cspfolr,fav;\ toGifudk ]rnf;rQywfvnf} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
vSrSefuif;rl? cspfwif;Mum;csif? vifhvsufyifwnfh? &nf;xif
1
Nidrf;0g? vajrmfMumodkU? yrmoP²mef? &Sdvdrfh[efudk
[lízGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ r,fav;u cspfolarmiftm; arQmfvifhaeyHkudk va&mifudk
iHhvifhaeonfh ukrkj'mMumESifh cdkif;EIdif;zGJUqkdxm;onfrSm tH0ifcGifus vdkufzufrI
&SdvSygonf/
pmqdke0a';\ tvGrf;bGJUrsm;wGif cspfolarmifppfajrpcef;wGifMumanmif;
aeonfudk EIwfrS xkwfazmfrajymbJ taMumif;b,fodkU&Sdí ppfajrpcef;wGif
Mumanmif;aeaMumif; zGifh[ rar;&uf&Smonfh r,fav;\tjzpfudk awG;um
oem; u½kPm oufrdaMumif;ukd ]wpdwfpdwfvQif} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
wxdwfxdwfvQif? acGNrdwfqHp? jyifrjywnfh? EIwfrS jcnf
rGuf? rjrGuforf;rJ? ESvHk;xJu? ol&Joufa0? MuifaqGrsdK;
&Snfh? Mumarm\[k? wonfAsL[m? &Hcgrwif? qHrQifjrL
zsm;? xdyfem;r0Sef? rjyefarhwHkU? rvSKHUvScsif? 0rf;wGifrSwf
axG? wnf;csKyfaeí2
[lía&;zGJUxm;ygonf/
pmqdkewf&Sifaemifonf rif;nDrif;om; ppfonfawmfjzpfonfhtm;avsmf
pGm ppfcsDxGuf&onf/ aejynfawmfwGif usefcJh&Smaom cspfolr,fav;onf
ppfajrpcef;rS cspfolarmif jyefvmawmhrnf[k owif;Mum;aeyg aomfvnf;
cspfolarmif a&mufrvmcJhyg/ aeUaeUnn armifjyefvmrnf[laom todESifh

1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 99/
2
e0a';? 1964? 145/
316 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

apmifharQmfaecJhygonf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifh Mumjrifhaeonfudk rar;&uf

bJ vGrf;qGwfae&aMumif;ukd ]waygif;upif} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
aeUna&mufvSm? Mum;umMum;jyef? rrSefwdkUbl;? aEGOD;udk rQ?
aeUnrjynfh? xifwHkvSnfh&Sifh? b,fonfha&;&m? ppfajr
wm0,f? aMumif;csm&SdaxG? jrifharmav[k? rif;aerSmouf?
rar;&ufwnfh1
[lía&;zGJUxm;ygonf/ cspfolarmifukdwrf;wum tvGrf;a0'em cHpm;ae&yg
aomfvnf; odkodkodyfodyf&Sdav[ef? tvdk rus[ef? tjypfwif[efwdkUjzifh
rdef;uav;wdkU\ obm0ESifh xif[yfum tvGrf;udk yDjyifatmif zGJUqdkxm;
aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
&wkpmqdkwdkU\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGif rdk;&moD\ obm0aemufcHjzifh
tvGrf;udk azmfusL; zGJUqdkxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ rdk;onf azmfuGma0;oltm;
tvGrf;ydkatmif zefwD;wwfonfudk owdxm;rdMu[efwlygonf/ xdkUaMumifh
tvGrf;cHpm;csufudk zGJUqdk&mwGifrdk;&moDobm0udk tvGrf;aemufcH yef;csDum;csyf
ozG,f xnfhoGif;zGJUqdkxm;ojzifh tvGrf;bGJUudk ydkítm;aumif;vmapygonf/
tvGrf;aemufcHyef;csDum;wpfcsyftjzpf rdk;o½kyfudk OD;pGmzGJUNyD;rS cspfazmf
uGJolr,fav;rSm tvGrf;cHpm;csufaMumifh EGrf;vsnd§K;acGaeyHk tvGrf;o½kyfudk
azmfusL;zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ ]xpfjrnf½dkufí} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
xpfjrnf½dkufí? wdrfwdkuf0ef;usif? ywfukef;qifvsuf?
aumif;uif w&Snfh? pufoGm;jynfhrl? Ncdrf;wnfhrnH? ysHvnf;
rpJ? 0JumckefawG;? zGJao;raus? apGBuD;apGí? a0a0xyfqifh?
MuL;{&ifhaomf? tHk;jzifhrSDjrJ? ETJ;vnf;rwwf? aysmif;nGwf
acGacG? ajzír&Tif? vufiifnd§K;i,f? EGJUEGJUoG,fudk? ae0,f
csdefoifh? yGifhrnfvifhonf? MumESifhrwl? vSnfh avavm2
[lízGJUoDxm;ygonf/
aumif;uifwpfcGifvHk; rkd;om;wdrfwdkufwdkUjzifh jynfhaeygonf/ ywf0ef;
usif wpfckvHk; rdk;Ncdrf;oHwdkUjzifh qlnHvsuf&Sdygonf/ rdk;pufrdk;aygufwdkUuvnf;
1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 105-106/
2
1e0a';? 1964? 132/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 317

tqufrjywfusum tapGBuD; apGí &GmoGef;aeygonf/ þodkUapGí &Gmaeaom

rkd;aMumifh cspfazmfa0;ol r,fav;rSm ajzrqnfEdkifatmif vGrf;aqG;ae&ygonf/
rSDtHk;xufwGif aysmif;ysñGwfacGvsuf &Sdaeygonf/ r,fav;\ EGrf;vsaeaom
toGifukd y'kr®mMumyef;\ toGifESihf yrmjyKumzJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ y'kr®mMumyef;
yGifhvef;&ef aea&mifjcnfudk iHhvifhyHkESifh cspfolarmifjyeftvmudk apmifhpm;ae&
onfh r,fhtjzpfudk cdkif;EIdif;zGJUqdkxm;&m r,fav;\ tvGrf;rSm ydkrdkay:vGif
xif&Sm;vmapygonf/
pmqdkewf&Sifaemif\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGifvnf; &moDobm0udk aemufcH
jyKvsuf tvGrf;udk zGJUqkdxm;aMumif;awGU&ygonf/ aEGaESmif;vtcgwGif
,k*E¨dK&fawmifqDu rdk;om;rdk;wdrfwdkUjzifh a0arSmiftHkUysum rdk;Ncdrf;oHwdkUjzifh &ifh½l
[pfa<u;vmygonf/ rdk;oHay;½Hkru avjyif;uyg aMumufrufzG,faumif;
atmif wdkufcwfvmygonf/ þodkUaom &moDobm0 tajctaewdkUu
azmfuGma0;olwdkUtm; onf;tljywfatmif aMuuGJ0rf;enf;rIukd jzpfapygonf/
ewf&Sifaemif\ ]qGwfysHUbG,fatmif}csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
qGwfysHUbG,fatmif? ,k*efawmifu? a0arSmiftHkYys? aEG
aESmif;vukd? jcdrfhrQoHav;? &ifh½la<u;u? eD;a0;ywfuHk;?
wkdif;tvHk;0,f? nGwf½Hk;Mumwl? azmfenf;olwkdY? onf;tl
jywfacgif? a<uvG,fatmifvQif? avaqmifjyif;xef?
aMumufzG,fvGefpG1
[lí &moDobm0\ yHhykd;axmufulrIaMumifh cspfazmfa0;olwkdY\ tvGrf;rSm ykdrkd
ay:vGifvmaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqkdewf&Sifaemifonf aEGaESmif;v rkd;&GmoGef;yHkukd aemufcHjyKí ppfxGuf
armifukd vGrf;qGwfwrf;wae&aom r,fav;\ tvGrf;ukd zJGUqkdxm;aMumif;
awGU&ygonf/ ]aEGaESmif;&ufvQif} csDrkd;awm&wkwGif
acGaysmif;vsufyif? raysmf&Tifwnfh rdcifxdef;,? nDraqG rsdK;?
odcefYpkd;í rn§dK;ap&? rGwfacsrsufESm? auomqD&Trf;?
ylonfh0rf;ukd? rEGrf;apatmif? om½kyfaqmifí? wHha,mif
csKyfajz? aeapckdufukd? rnf;rkduftHk;ys? ajrmuf&yfuvnf;?

1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 89/
318 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

tp½kdufqifh? usL;vm&ifhí? avESifhrdk;yg? &GmvSmxyf

avmif;1
[lí zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ &moDobm0aemufcHaMumifh r,fav;\ tvGrf;rSm ykdrkd
xif&Sm;ay:vGifvm &ygonf/ raysmfEkdifr&TifEkdifbJ vGrf;rdk;apGum n§dK;acGaeonfh
rdrd\toGifukd rdcifzcif? txdef; t,? aqGrsdK;rsm; rod&avatmif [efaqmif
umaecJhonf/ rsufESmn§dK;EGrf;raebJ rsufESmacsukd vdrf;jc,fxm;onf/
qHauomukdqDvdrf;í zD;oifxm;onf/ xkdodkY rdrdpdwfukd wnfjidrfatmif
xdef;csKyfxm;csdefwGif ajrmuft&yfqDu ava&mrkd;yg &GmoGef; wkdufcwfvmonf
rSm rdrdtm; wrif ESdyfpufavovm;[k xifrSm;vm[efwkdYjzifh rdef;uav;wkdY \
obm0ukd ay:vGifatmif azmfusL; zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ azmfuGma0;ol? tvGrf;
"mwfcH&SdolwkdY\ cHpm;csufukdvnf; yDjyifatmifzJGUqkdxm;EdkifaMumif; awGU&yg
onf/
&Ha&TawmfwkdYtv,fwGif jydKifbufuif;atmif ewforD;wrQ vSyaom
cspfolr,fav; aysmfpH&m rif;aejynfawmfwGif rkd;&dyfrsm;qifaeawmhrnf jzpf
aMumif; zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ xkdtaMumif;rsm;ukd e0a';\ ]MuH&Smrdacs} csDrkd;awm
&wkwGif
pH&mwday? aomhcgaEGü? rif;aeMuiSef;? vTwfwkuRef;om;?
jyifpGef;&a0? onf;zsm;a<uu? aqmfav0ef;Mu? awmifjyef
caomf? zkdrac:nD? zefwDzefwGwf? qGwfvGwf&uf,l?
jrifbdrlum;? onf;tla<uvk? a&GwpfpkwGif? twkrajrmf?
qif;ewfausmf\? aeaysmf½kduf&m? wkdif;atmifcsm0,f? axG
vmvIvI? anmif;Ek&pfvdyf? a&Tjynfodyfonf;? ndK&dyfrnf;p?
pyfvdrhfrnf2
[kzJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ aEG&moD\ trSwfvu©Pmrsm;jzpfaom awmifjyefav
aus;iSufarmifESHwkdY\ MunfEl;zG,fjrifuGif; &GufEkuav;rsm; rkd;om;rkd;wdrf wkdY
jzifh om,mMunfEl;zG,f &moDobm0 ½Icif;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif; a&;zJGUxm;&m
tvGrf;bJGUukd ykdí ½kyfvHk;<uvmatmif taxmuftul jzpfapygonf/

1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 120/
2
e0a';? 1964? 141/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 319

pmqkdewf&Sifaemifuvnf; ppfc&D;wpfavsmufwGif awGUjrif&aom

awmawmifa&ajr obm0½Icif;wkdY\ om,mMunfEl;zG,ftoGifwkdYuvnf;
azmfuGma0;olwkdYtzkdY tvGrf;ykdap aMumif;ukd ]xpfjrnfvkdrI} csDrdk;awm&wkwGif
jrpfem;urf;cGif? oJjyifawmawmif? yGifha,mifvkvk? &GufEk
vJhvJh? EGJUEJGUaESmif;aESmif;? iSufaygif;usL;oD? omrsdK;NyDu?
ETJrSD,k,? MuifayvSonf? arG;br,hfaqG? rrSmaevnf;?
q,faxGq,fxyf? pdwfvyfrvpf? vGrf;onfhjzpfESihf1
[lízJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ jrpfurf;wcGif oJaomifjyifwGif aus;iSufwkdYonf
om,mMunfEl;zG,f toHav;rsm;jzifh aw;oDaeMuum wpfaumifESihfwpfaumif
w,kw, ETJrSDaeMuonf/ awmawmif0ef;usifwGifvnf; yGihfvkeD;eD; yef;zl;yef;iHk
&GufEkwkdYjzihf MunfEl;vGrf;armzG,ftoGifukd aqmifaeMuygonf/ þodkY om,m
MunfEl;jrifuGif;wkdYaMumifh r,fav;rSm cspfolarmiftm; q,fjyefq,fqwkd;í
vGrf;armae&Smonf/
awmifilacwfpmqkde0a';ESihf ewf&SifaemifwkdYonf rkd;awm&wkrsm;wGif
armifr,fwkdY\ tvGrf;ukd zJGUqkd&mü owåavmu&Sd aus;iSufwkdY\ om,mpGm
wGefusL;oHukd aemufcHjyKívnf; zJGUqkdavh&SdMuygonf/ pmqkde0a';BuD;\
rkd;awm&wkwGif r,fav;u cspfolarmiftm; owd& vGrf;qGwfaepOfwGif
Ak'¨o&Pyef;yifay:rS ydefn§if;iSufuav;onf oH&SnfqJGum wGefusL;vm
aMumif;jzifh zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ xkdokdYav;av;wJGUwGJU wGefusL;aejcif;onf
r,fav;tm; tvGrf;ykd ap&ef wGefusL;vmonf[k awG;xifrd[efukd
]rnf;bdonfvnf; rnf;bdonf}csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
MuL;jrnfoDav;? wajc;ajc;vQif? vGrf;a&;r,fhwl? vGrf;ap
[lokdY? &ifh½lxl;vnf? MuL;ajrmufjrnfaomf? trnfAk'¨
o&P[k? omvSrnf&if;? yef;yifrif;0,f? ydefn§if;vnf;
usL;? av½l; vnf;xef? rkd;vnf;oGef;aomf2
[lí zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ rdrdrsufpda&SUwGif awGUjrif&aom jrifuGif;orQonf
tvGrf;"mwfcH&SdolwkdYtzdkY vGrf;p&m[kyif awG;wwfjrifwwfyHk vlobm0ukd
vnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 117/
2
e0a';? 1964? 150/
320 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

pmqkdewf&Sifaemif\ rkd;awm&wkwGifvnf; owåavmu 0ef;usifukd

aemufcHjyKí tvGrf;ukd zJGUqkdxm;aMumif;awGU&ygonf/ ppfajrjyifa&mufcspfol
armifu aejynfawmfwGif usefcJhaom r,fav;tm; vGrf;qGwfwrf;waepOf
OMoiSufuav;onf om,mMunfEl;zG,ftoHav;jzihf wGefusL;vmygonf/
xkduJhokdY wGefusL;aejcif;onf rdrdtm;tvGrf;pdwfykdatmif jyKaeoavm[k awG;rd
jyefygonf/ xkdtaMumif;rsm;ukd ]tmumooGef} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
okdYvnf;touf? MuifbufMuifol? twlrpHk? a0;wHkí
rQ? wonfvnf;aumif;? taysmif;twdrf;? t,drf;tacG?
&Sdavap[k? a0umrQarm? vGrf;n§da&mokdY? OMoazmf&Sm?
cspfoHomESihf/ / ETJvmonfvnf; wa&;Eld;1
[lí zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ wpfa&;Ekd;Mum;vkduf&aom Muifazmf&Smaeonfh OMo
iSufi,f\ om,mpGm wGefusL;oHuav;uyif armifhtm; azmfuGma0;olcsif;
vGrf;azmfvGrf;zufn§daeovm;[k xifvm[ef pdwful;OmPf uGefYjrL;zJGUoDxm;
aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
xkdYjyif pmqkdewf&Sifaemifonf Moumo avmu0ef;usifukd zJGU&mwGif
awmawmif&*HktwGif;&Sd opfyifyef;refwkdY\ zl;yGifhae[efwkdYukdyg tao;pdwf
zJGUqkdavh&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ awmjrdKifwGif;&Sd opfyifwkdifwGif &GufEkzl;yk&pf
av;rsm;jzifh vSypdrf;pdkvsuf &Sdygonf/ rdk;&moDjzpfí yGifhvkvktzl;tiHk uav;
rsm;rSm qefuJGaphav;rsm; MuJyufxm;ouJhokdY &Sdaeygonf/ tjzLa&mif? tjym
a&mif? t0ga&mif tzl;tiHkao;ao;av;rsm;uvnf; yif,Hzsm; xufwGif
tpDt&DESihfay:xGuf aeMuygonf/ a&mifpHkyef;rsm;zl;yGifhvsuf om,mvSyaom
awmjrdKifxJwGif aus;iSufuav;rsm;onfvnf; todkufwGif;rS bmombm0
tavsmuf om,mEJGUaESmif;aomtoHav;rsm;jzifh zkdrac:xl; &TifjrL;vsuf &Sdae
Muygonf/ þuJhokdYaom om,mMunfEl;zG,f jrifuGif;wkdYukd jrif&avwkdif;
aejynfawmfwGif usef&pfcJhaom r,fav;ukd wrf;w vGrf;armrdjyefygonf/
r,fav;taejzihf cspfolarmiftm;vGrf;&onfh tvGrf;rsm;u qifhuJqihfuJyif
jzpfae&mawmhrnf[k awG;awmcHpm;rdaMumif;ukd ]wq,hfESpfcGif} csDrdk;awm&wk
wGif

1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 118/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 321

tv,f&pfqif? &*HkcGifvnf;? ndKcif&Gufcsyf? vSyfvSyfvS

wifh? jruHk;qihfokdY? edrfhjrihfyifwkdif;? qkdif;qkdif;vlvl? tjzL
tjym? t0gwcsdKU? rkd;yef;wkdYonf? cgokdYvkdufMu? iHkp qefuJG?
MuJumay:xGuf? aus;iSuf okdufwGif;? vnfcsif; wifí?
om&Tif,SOfazmf? rESifhaysmfvsuf? pkdufac:oem;? 0rf;yg;
zG,fyif? vlYtoGifukd? jrif&bdrl? Zmwd atmifcsm? a&Tjynf
omü? uvsmig;&yf? ajcmufjypfvyfom;? csnf;vQyf ndK0g?
rGwfjymvJhvJh? EGJUonfwkdYESihf? vGrf;wmjrifcJh? xyfqifh
nGwfacG? onf;avavESifh1
[lízJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ pmqkdewf&Sifaemifonf owåavmu0ef;usif Moumo
avmu0ef;usif wkdYukd aemufcHjyKí tvGrf;bGJUrsm; zGJUoD&mwGif &*HktwGif;&Sd
opfyifyef;refwkdYu &moDtvkduf tvSqifMuyHk? aus;iSufom&umwkdYuvnf;
zkdrwlpHkETJaysmfaeyHkwkdYukd tao;pdwfzGJUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ xkdokdYaom
om,mMunfEl;zG,f jrifuGif;wkdYaMumifh aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESihf jynhfpHkí tjypf
ajcmufyg;uif;atmif vSyaom cspfolr,fav;tm; ykdí vGrf;qGwfwrf;wrd
aMumif; zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/
awmifilacwfpmqkd jynfe0a';BuD;ESihf ewf&SifaemifwkdY\ rkd;awm&wk
rsm;rS tvGrf;bJGU rsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfavhvm&mwGif ppfcsDoGm;aom cspfolarmifukd
apmifharQmfum vGrf;ae&aom r,fav;\toGifukd aea&mifxdaomMum? a&csrf;
ESihfa0;aom Mumyef;ESifhEIdif;í EGrf;vsaernfhtaMumif; wkdYjzifh e0a';BuD;
zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ xkdYjyifppfajrjyifwGif Mumanmif;aeí cspfol
armifjyefvmrS &Tifvef;&rnfh r,fav;tjzpfukd aea&mifjcnf&rS yGifhvef;&rnfh
y'kr®mMumyef;ESifhvnf; yrmjyKí zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ &moDobm0
ESihf Moumo avmu0ef;usifukd aemufcHjyKívnf; tvGrf;ukdzJGUqkdxm;aMumif;
awGU&ygonf/ xl;jcm;csuftaejzifh tvGrf;bJGUrsm;wGif orm;½kd;us OMoiSuf
wGefoHukdom zJGUqkdavh&Sd&m e0a';BuD;onf Ak'¨o&Pyef;yifay:rS ydefnif;
iSuf\ wGefusL;oHESihftvGrf;ukd zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqkdewf&Sifaemifonfvnf; tvGrf;bJGUrsm; zJGUqkd&mwGif cspfolarmif
jyeftvmukd arQmfvifhapmifhpm;um vGrf;ae&&Smaom r,fav;\ tjzpfukd
1
-,if;-? 112/
322 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

va&miftm; arQmfvifhapmifhpm;í yGifhvef;&aom ukrkjcmMumyef;ESihf EIdif;um

zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ xkdYjyif cspfolarmifppfajrjyifwGif Mumanmif; ae&jcif;rSm
taMumif;b,fokdY&Sdí MumaeaMumif; odvkdaomfvnf; rar;&ufbJ rsdKodyfum
vGrf;ae&aMumif; zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ cspfolarmiftm; vGrf;ae&onfhtaMumif;ukd
rdbaqGrsdK;rsm; rodatmif okdodyf0SufuG,fí vGrf;aeaom r,fav;\ tvGrf;
ukdvnf; zJGUonf/ aEGaESmif;&moD obm0ESihf Moumoavmu 0ef;usifwkdYukd
aemufcHjyKívnf; tvGrf;ukdzJGUonf/ awmawmif 0ef;usifukd zGJUqkd&mwGif
opfyifyef;refwkdY\ zl;yGifhaeyHk? aus;iSufarmifESHwkdY\ bmombm0 tavsmuf
zkdroHay;um MunfEl;vGrf;qGwfzG,f wGefusL;aeyHkwkdYjzifh tao;pdwf zJGUqkdavh
&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ awmawmifa&ajr obm0ywf0ef;usifwGif om,m
MunfEl;zG,fjrifuGif;rsm;ukd awGUjrifav&wkdif; cspfolarmiftm; vGrf;qGwfwrf;
wpdwfwkdYrSm tcgrvyf jzpfay:vsuf&SdaMumif; wkdYjzihf zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/ rnfokdY
yifqkdap pmqkdewf&Sifaemifonf armiftvGrf;xuf r,ftvGrf;ukd ykdítqef;
wMu,fzJGUqkdavh&SdaMumif;ukdawGU&ygonf/ tvGrf;bJGUrsm;ukdzJGU&mwGif rdef;uav;
wkdY\ obm0ESihfukdufnDatmif zJGUqkdEkdifjcif;? &moDobm0ESihf Moumoavmu
0ef;usifwkdYudk tao;pdwf zGJUqkdEkdifjcif;? rdrd\tvGrf;cHpm;csufrsm;ukd wpfyg;ol
&ifxJokdY ul;pufcHpm;vm&atmif zJGUqkdEkdifjcif;wkdYaMumifh &wkwHcGefpdkuf pmqkd
tjzpf xif&Sm;aejcif;jzpfygonf/

awmifilacwfpmqkd jynfe0a';BuD;ESihf ewf&SifaemifwkdY\ rdk;awm&wk

rsm;wGif armifr,fwkdY\ tcspf? tvGrf;qkdif&mcHpm;csufESifh tawG;pdwful;rsm;
ukdvnf; xnfhoGif; zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; avhvmawGU jrifEkdifygonf/
cspfrIa&;&mESihfywfoufí cspfolarmifonf rdrdtcspfckdifjrJaMumif;ukd
wpfzufom; ,HkMunfvufcHvmatmif usdefwG,f ajymqkdcJhygaomfvnf; uwd
opömrwnfaomaMumifh &ifem&aom r,fav;\ cHpm;csufrsm;? tcspfESifh
ywfoufí ,HkrSm;oHo,tawG;pdwfrsm;ukd rkd;awm&wkrsm;wGif xnhfoGif;
zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ xkdYtjyif ESpfukd,fwl cspfMunfjzLcJhjyD;rS cspfolarmifu
a&Smifwdrf; aoGznfcJhojzifh cHpm;&aom r,fav;\ aomua0'emwkdYukd zJGUqkd
xm;aMumif;vnf; awGU&ygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 323

e0a';BuD;\ rkd;awm&wkwGif pum;rwnfaom cspfolarmifaMumifh

r,fav;\ cHpm;csuftzGJUrsm;ukd awGU&ygonf/ armifESihfr,fwkdYonf pdwfwl
ukd,fwl cspfMunfjzLcJhMuygonf/ ,cktcg armifu r,fav;tay: a&S;u
ajymqkdcJhaom uwdpum;rsm; rwnfEkdifbJ vspfvsL½Iaeygonf/ r,hftay:
xm;&Sdaom cspfjcif;arwåmwkdYrSmvnf; ,kwfavsmhwGefUwkdaeaMumif;? r,fav;
taejzifh tonf;ESvHk;wkdY a<uvkrwwf ylavmifpGm cHpm;ae&aMumif;wkdYukd
]oefwGif;0gvQif} csD rdk;awm&wkwGif
onfvsmpdwfwl? r,fwrlvnf;? vspfvsLwGefUwkd? rnfokdY
pum;? rlxm;cRwfvGJ? a&S;ESihfuJGaomf? onf;xJaysmif;ys?
ylarmvS\1
[lí zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ cspfolarmif\uwdpum;rwnfrI? rdrdtay: vspfvsL½IrI
wkdYaMumifh cHpm;vm&aom r,fav;\ &ifemzG,fcHpm;csufwkdYukd awG;jrifvm&
ygonf/
pmqkd\ ]rGef;csufya&Smif} csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
&mZlob? blrpkd;&ef? xGwfbkef;oefrl? aoGvSefa,mifa,mif?
cGma&Smifvkdvkd? qkd>rufbdav? &ufaomaxGukd? uka#axmif
&m? ESpf&SnfMumvnf;? b,frSmarhusef? MuifqvGefcJh2
[lí zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/ þtzGJUwGif wpf&maomxD;aqmif;rif;wkdY\ t&Sifocif
bkef;wefckd; BuD;jrwfvSaom cspfolarmifonf r,fav;ukd cspfjrwfEkd;cJhygonf/
okdYaomf,cktcg r,fav;tm; aoGznfvkd[ef? a&SmifvTJvkd[efrsm;jzifh
cspfolarmifu &ufpufaom pum;rsm;qkdcJhygonf/ xkdokdYaom pdrf;um;onfh
pum;rsm;ukd r,fav;taejzihf ESpf? vrnfrQMumjrifhaomfvnf; rarh &ufEkdifyg/
cspfolarmiftay: pdwfremEkdifbJ cspfcifMuifemrIrsm;om wkd;yGm;aeaMumif;wkdYjzihf
cspfolpGefYcGmjcif; cH&&Smaomr,fav;\ &ifeifhzG,fcHpm;csufukd ay:vGifvm
atmif zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqkdewf&Sifaemif\ rkd;awm&wkwGif rdrd\tcspfckdifjrJaMumif; usdefqkd&m
ü topfxyfrH usdefqkdp&mrvkdawmhygaMumif;? xkdokdYusdefqkdjyD;aemuf r,fhtay:

1
1e0a';? 1964? 133/
2
-,if;-? 138/
324 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

opömazmufzsufaeygaMumif;wkdYjzifh zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ xkdYaMumifh

r,fav;taejzihf &ifemzG,f&mcHpm;csufrsm; awGUMuHKcHpm;ae&aMumif;ukd ]b0*f
uyif} csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
0rf;wGifrSwfacG? wdrfjrKyfae&Sifh? axGaxGcc? ysysom anmif;?
nHhnHhacsmif;ESihf? ,HkaMumif;r,fhrSm? opöm>rufqkd? usdefrsdK;ukd
vnf;? jrifhrdk&fESihfrQ? EIdif;ruwnf;? rmCrvGwf? ewfvnf;
rusef? "d|mefjrwfEkd;? ½kdnGwfusdK;onf? usdefrsdK; azGESnf?
pifawmhonf1
[lí zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ cspfolr,fav;,Hkatmif trsdK;rsdK;usdefqkdcJhaomfvnf;
uwdopömrwnf aom cspfolarmifaMumihf &ifem&aom r,fav;\ cHpm;csuf
ukd awGUjrifvm&ygonf/
wpfzef awmifilacwfpmqkdewf&Sifaemif\ rkd;awm&wkwGif pum;<u,f
vGef;aom cspfolarmiftay: awG;jrifcHpm;&aom r,fav;\ cHpm;csufukdvnf;
zJGUqkdcJhjyefonf/ cspfolarmif\ ajympum;rsm;onf r,fav;twGuf ,HkrSm;zG,f
jzpfapcJhaMumif; cspfolarmif\ uwdpum; rwnfrIESifh a0hvnfvnf jyKrl
wwfyHkwkdYonf wefcl;avESihfwlaMumif; zJGUqkdcJhygonf/ xkdtaMumif; rsm;ukd
]jyqef;rqif}csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
,HkrS,HkrSm;? wpfyg;trSwf? awG;cRwfayawmif;? olESifhaygif;
í? aEGaESmif;vrS? awmifu awmifajrmuf? a&SUaemuf
axmihf,Gef;? rnfrSef;rjrif? rxifwyfwyf? &Spf&yfvnfauGU?
qkdoa&GUrl? b,fa0hnmul;? yHkrxl;onf? wefcl;avESihf
avsmhawmh\2
[lízJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ uwdopömrwnfaom cspfolarmif\ tjyKtrlESihf pdwf
oabmxm;tay: awGUjrifcHpm;&aom r,fav;\ cHpm;csufESihf tawG;pdwful;
wkdYukd awGUjrifvm&ygonf/

1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 102/
2
-,if;-? 107/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 325

cspfolarmiftaejzihf cspfolrsm;pGm&Sdaejcif;onf r,fhtay: twnfwus

cspf&mra&mufaomaMumifh cspfolarmifonf wnfMunfrSefuefaom pum;ukdom
qkdoifhaMumif; ]rnf;rQ qifonf} csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
enf;rSMuifonf? rsm;vQifcspfwnf? rusrnfaMumifh? vGrf;
onf 0dk;0g;? pum;rvGifh? aepwifh&Sifh1
[lí zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ uwdopömrwnfaom cspfolarmif\ tjyKtrlESihf pdwf
oabmxm;tay: awGUjrifcHpm;&aom r,fav;\ cHpm;csufESihf tawG;pdwful;
wkdYukd awGUjrifvm&ygonf/
wpfzefcspfolarmifonf r,fav;tjyif tjcm;wpfa,mufukd toufcsif;
vS,fí cspfjrwfEkd;aejyefygonf/ r,fav;\pdwfu r,HkMunf0HhaMumif;ukd
]rnf;rQqifonf} csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
olESihfolES,f? oufvS,frwwf? MunfnGwfonfjzpf? Mum
vpfumum? r,fhrSmwpfcsdKU? olokdYa&mufjyef? ruefajrrkd;?
qkdprsdK;xuf? eef;½kd;&G,fysdK? vGefíqkdvnf;? pdwfukd<uif;rJh?
odavcJhokdY? jcdrf;zGJU ,HkbG,f? r,fha0a0;ap2
[lí zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ uwdopömrwnfaom cspfolarmiftm; jcdrf;ír&Gmaom
rkd;ESihf Oyrmoabm wifpm;um zJGUqkdxm;onf/ uwdpum; rwnfaom
cspfolarmifaMumifh cHpm;&aomr,fav;\ cHpm;csufESihf tawG;pdwful;rsm;ukd
ay:vGifpGm awGUjrifvm&ygonf/
e0a';\rkd;awm&wkwGif cspfolarmifonf aemifaomtcg bk&ifrif;jrwf
\ tm;xm;&aom trwfppfolBuD; jzpfvmvQif rdrdtay: tcspfrwnf? uwd
opömaoGznfoGm;rnfukd r,fav;taejzifh awG;awmylyefae&aMumif; zJGUqkdxm;
ygonf/ xkdtaMumif;ukd pmqkd\ ]rnf;bdonfvnf; rnf;bdonf} csD rkd;awm
&wkwGif
bkef;oefrif;a&SU? &Javhpifppf? rwfBuD;jzpfvQif? tcspf
rwnf? vnfwkdYtHh[k? wpkabmv,f? r,fatmufarhaomf3
1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 97/
2
-,if;-/
3
e0a';? 1964? 150/
326 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

[lí zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/ r,fav;taejzifh cspfolarmifonf trwfppfolBuD;

jzpfvQif uwdopöm rwnfaoGznfawmhrnf[k awG;awmylyef&aom cHpm;csuf
ukd awGUjrifEkdifygonf/
pmqkdewf&Sifaemif\ rkd;awm&wkwGifvnf; cspfolarmifonf ZrÁL'Dyg
vufsmawmifuRef;wGif a&S;bkd;avmif;awmf? ab;avmif;awmfwkdYuJhokdY bdodufcH
ajr§mufí rif;tjzpfokdYa&mufvQif rdrdtay:tcspfrwnf uwdopömysuf,Gif;rnf
ukd pkd;&drfaomujzpfaeaom r,fav;\ cHpm;csufukd zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ pmqkd\
]]vGrf;vS&mwGif}} csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
aomif;cGifvusfm? uRef;atmifcsm0,f? pMum&[wf? av;
rnfywfom;? rE¨wfwGifarm? ab;avmif;apmokdY? rkaemcH
ajrmuf? bdodufajr§mufí? uGef;ajymufobif? bHkomcGif
0,f? &Guf&SifvpfwGef;? axmifaexGef;okdY? jzefY0ef;&dyfjzL?
pHawmfrlu? ESpf[layoifh? vGrf;&ufjrifhcJh1
[lí zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/ cspfolarmifonf bkef;wefckd;BuD;jrwfaom rif;tjzpfokdY
a&mufvQif r,fav;tay: tcspfrwnf? opömaoGznfrnfukd pkd;&drfylyefaeaom
r,fav;\ cHpm;csufukd awGUjrifvm&ygonf/
pmqkdwkdYonf cHpm;csuftawG;pdwful;rsm;ukd zJGUqkd&mwGif rdrdwkdY\ b0
ywf0ef;usif tajctae tqifhtwef;rsm; rwlnDaomaMumifh zGJUqkdaom
taMumif;t&mwlaomfvnf; zGJUEGJU wifjyyHkcsif;? uJGjym;rI&SdaMumif; rdk;awm&wk
rsm;wGif awGUEkdifygonf/
e0a';\ rdk;awm&wkwGif cHpm;rIESihf,SOfaom tawG;pdwful;rsm;ukd zJGUqkd
xm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ ppfajrjyifwGif Mumanmif;aeaomaMumifh tif;0
aejynfawmfü usefcJh&Smaom cspfolr,fav;xH tvsiftjrefa&mufvkdvSaMumif;
pmqkd\ cHpm;csuftawG;pdwful;ukd ]]rnf;avcGav}}csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
oabmiSufwl? ysHwwfrlu? awG;,lrcG? a&mufcsifvS\2

1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 103/
2
e0a';? 1964? 148/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 327

[lí zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ xkdokdYzJGUqkdxm;&m cspfolr,fav;tm; awGUjrifvkdaom

qE´jyif;jyaeonfh pmqkd\ tawG;pdwful;ESifh cHpm;csufrSm ykdrdkav;eufvmap
ygonf/
pmqkdewf&Sifaemif\ rkd;awm&wkwGifrl cspfolr,fav;xH iSufuav;
ozG,f ysHoef;oGm; a&mufvkdaom tzJGUrsdK;ukd rawGU&ay/
pmqkdppfonfarmifonf rif;rIa&;&mrsm;aMumifh ppfajrjyifwGif ae&aomf
vnf; pdwftpOfrSmrl aejynfawmfwGif usef&pfcJh&Smaom cspfolr,fav;xHyg;
wGifom w0Jvnfvnf &SdaecJhygonf/ cspfolr,fav;tm; zl;awGUcsifygaomf
vnf; tcGifhromcJhay/ cspfoltm;vGrf;onfhpdwfaMumifh ppfxGuf cspfolarmif
taejzifh rdrdtdyfpuf&m teD;tyg;wGif cspfolr,fav;&Sdaeoa,mif xifrSwf
aerdygonf/ xkdokdYcHpm;csufESihf,SOfaom tawG;pdwful;rsm; jzpfay:aeyHkukd
]]wm&ufvukd}} csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
qufqufwkdif;yif? vGefíMuifonf? zl;csifaeUn? rGwfrGwf
vSukd? qHrQrwHh? vGrf;nGefYxyf&pf? ppfwyfajrwm? &yf&m
xl;jcm;? a0;avjim;vnf;? pufyg;wGifyif? xifwHka&;a&;?
cspfpdwfajy;onf? ra0;½Iajrmfrd\okdY1
[lí zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/
&moDOwk om,maom rdk;aESmif;v&moDwGif ppfcsD&jrJ jzpfaomfvnf;
cspfolarmif ppfcsDoGm;aomtcsdefonf ajrmufavzsef;í at;csrf;aom tcsdef?
0oefrdk;<uif;uvnf; tNidK;ESifh&GmoGef; aecsdefvnf;jzpfygonf/ xkdtajctae
rsdK;wGif cspfolESihfa0;uGmaeaom ppfonfarmifrSm tcsrf;'Pfa&m tvGrf;'Pf
ukdyg wpfukd,fwnf; cHpm;ae&ygonf/ cspfolr,fav;\ trSmpum;rsm;ukd
vnf; jyefvnf Mum;a,mifaerdygonf/ av,l&m &pfa0harsmygaeaom wdrfrQif
uav;rsm;uJhokdYyif cspfolr,fav;\ trSmpum;oHrsm;onfvnf; ppfonf
armif\em;wGif txyfxyf jyefvnf Mum;a,mifum aerdygaMumif; wkdYukd
zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ pmqkd\ ]]pufjcnfvQHa0}} csD rkd;awm&wkwGif
ajrmufavjznf;ys? &GmoGef;csaomf? ukd,fyukd,fwGif;?
wcsif;wnf;om? csrf;aomcgü? b,fnmvyfcJh? pufazmf
1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 121/
328 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

rJhí? acsmEJGUa&mifajrh? rSmoa&GUukd? &pfa0hwdrfES,f? toG,f

oG,fonf? vGrf;bG,fukdomazGawmhonf1
[lízJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ tcspf? tvGrf; wkdYukd tajccHí jzpfay:vmaom
cHpm;csuftawG;pdwful;rsm;ukd zJGUqkdwifjy&mwGif pmqkd ewf&Sifaemifonf
wpfyg;ol&ifxJokdY ul;pufcHpm;vmatmif zJGUqkdEkdifpGrf;&SdaMumif; avhvmawGU
jrif&ygonf/

jynfe0a';ESifhewf&SifwkdY\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;rS tcspf? tvGrf;? tawG;

pdwful;rsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfavhvm wifjycJhygonf/ pmqkd (2)OD;\ tcspfbJGUrsm;ukd
EIdif;,SOfavhvm&mwGif e0a';onf cspfol rdef;uav;ESifh pwifawGUqHkaom
tcsdef? ae&mESifh r,fav;\ touft&G,f? i,f&G,fEkysdKí vSaoG;<u,fyHkwkdYukd
tao;pdwfzJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ pmqkdewf&Sifaemif\ tcspfbJGUwGif
cspfolrdef;uav;\ rsdK;½kd;jrifhjrwfyHk? bkef;usufoa&ESihfjynhfpHkí pdwfoabm
xm; wnfMunfoljzpfaMumif;wkdYukd zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ e0a';BuD;
uJhokdY cspfolESifh pwif awGUqHk&aom tcsdefae&mwkdYukdrl xnfhoGif;zJGUqkdxm;
aMumif; rawGU&ay/ cspfolr,fav;ESihf cspfBudKufcGifh&jcif;onf a&S;u ay;vSLcJh
zl;aom tvSL'gea&pufaMumifh jzpfaMumif;ukd pmqkd(2)OD; pvHk;zJGUqkdxm;onf
ukd awGU&ygonf/
wpfzef tvGrf;bJGUrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfavhvm&mwGif rkd;awm&wkrsm;jzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm rkd;&moDobm0ukd aemufcHxm;í tvGrf;ukd ½kyfvHk;<uvmatmif
pmqkd(2)OD;vHk; zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ e0a';BuD;\ tvGrf;bJGUrsm;wGif
cspfolarmifukd arQmfvifhapmifhpm;um vGrf;aeaom r,fav;\ tvGrf;ukd aexd
Mum? a&a0;Mumyef;wkdYESifh Oyrmckdif;EIdif;zJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ pmqkd
ewf&Sifaemifurl va&mifqrf;rSyGifhvef;&rnfh ukrkj'mMumyef;ESihfEIdif;í zGJUqdkxm;
&m tawG;qef;opfí pum;toHk;tEIef; EkEJGUaomaMumifh taMumif;t&mESifh
vkdufzufaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ rdbaqGrsdK;rsm;rodatmif tyl½kyfukd [efvkyf
zHk;uG,fum vGrf;&aom r,fav;\ tvGrf;ukd rdef;uav;wkdY\ obm0ESifh

1
ewf&Sifaemif? 1963? 111/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 329

ukdufnDatmif zGJUxm;aMumif; pmqkd(2)OD;vHk;\ rdk;awm&wk rsm;wGif awGU&yg

onf/
jynfe0a';ESihfewf&SifaemifwkdY\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGif tvGrf;ukd zJGUqkd&mü
om,mrItaygif;ESihf jynfhpHkaeaom Moumoavmu0ef;usif? owåavmu
0ef;usif obm0wkdYukd aemufcHjyKí tao;pdwfzJGUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
owåavmu0ef;usifom,myHkwkdYukd aemufcHjyKí tao;pdwfzJGUqkdxm;aMumif;
awGU&ygonf/ owåavmu0ef;usifom,myHkukd ewf&Sifaemifu e0a';BuD;xuf
ykdí tao;pdwfzJGUqkdEkdifaMumif; awGU&onf/ e0a';BuD;onf tvGrf;ukdzJGUqdk
&mwGif Ak'¨o&Pyef;yifay:rS ydef;n§if;iSufuav;\ oH&SnfqJGwGefusL;vmyHkukd
tawG;pdwful; qef;opfpGm zGJUqkdxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
pmqkdwkdY\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;wGif armifr,fwkdY\ tcspf? tvGrf;wkdYay:ü
tajccHí jzpfay:vmaomcHpm;csuf pdwful;rsm;ukdvnf; EIdif;,SOfavhvm wifjy
cJhygonf/ e0a';BuD;\ rkd;awm&wkwGif cspfolarmifonf bk&ifrif;jrwf\
tm;ukd;&aom trwfppfolBuD;tjzpfokdY a&mufvQif r,fav;tm; opömaoGznf
arhusefrnfukd pkd;&drfylyefrdaMumif; zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ ewf&Sifaemifurl rif;ysdK
rif;vGif ppfonfpmqkdjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm a&S;ab;avmif;awmfrsm; uJhokdY
bkef;wefcdk; BuD;jrwfaom rif;tjzpfa&mufvQif rdrdtm;opömaoGznf arhusef
rnfukd pkd;&drfylyefrdaMumif; zJGUqkdxm;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh pmqkdwkdY \ b0tajc
tae rwlonfhtavsmuf a&;zJGUaomtaMumif; t&mwlaomfvnf; wifjyzJGUqkdyHk
uJGjym;aMumif;awGU&ygonf/ uwdpum;rwnfaom cspfolarmifaMumifh &ifem
zG,f cHpm;&aom r,fav;\ cHpm;csufrsm;ukdvnf; pmqkd(2)OD;pvHk; zJGUqkdxm;
aMumif; awGU&onf/
jynfe0a';ESihf ewf&SifaemifwkdY\ rkd;awm&wkrsm;wGif r,fav;\ cHpm;
csufomru ppfonfpmqkdwkdY\ tawG;cHpm;csuf tawG;pdwful;rsm;udkvnf;
zGJUqdkxm;aMumif;awGU&ygonf/ e0a';BuD;\ rdk;awm&wkwGif ppfajrjyifa&muf
cspfolarmifu aejynfawmfwGif usefcJh&Smaom cspfolr,fav;xH iSufuav;
ozG,f ysHoef;oGm;a&mufvdkaMumif; zGJUqdkxm;ygonf/ ewf&Sifaemif\ rdk;awm
&wkwGifrl xdktzGJUrsdK;udk rawGU&ay/ odkUaomf ppfajrjyifa&muf cspfolarmifonf
r,fav;\ trSmpum;rsm;udk tzefwvJvJ Mum;a,mifrdyHk? cspfolr,fav;
rdrdteD;wGif &Sdaeoa,mif cHpm;aeyHkwdkUjzifh tvGrf;cHpm;csufESifh ,SOfaom
tawG;pdwful;rsm;udk zGJUqdkxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
330 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&aomf &wkpmayacwfBuD;udk OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKol pmqdk

e0a';BuD;ESifh &wkvrf;aMumif;udk ajzmifhjzL;atmif BudK;yrf;cJhol pmqdkewf&Sif
aemifwdkY\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;rS tcspf? tvGrf;? tawG;pdwful;bGJUrsm;udk EIdif; ,SOf
avhvm wifjycJhygonf/ xdkodkUavhvm&mwGif tMuHwl aemufvlaumif;pjrJ
qdkonfh pum;twdkif; pmqdkewf&Sifaemifu e0a';\ tawG;pdwful;rsm;udk
enf;rSDí qef;opfaom tawG;pdwful; uAsmOmPf&nfwdkUjzifh xHkrGrf;zGJUoDvdkuf
&m *E¦0ifuAsmtjzpf jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif ,aeUwdkif &yfwnfEdkifjcif;jzpfonf
[k ,HkMunfrdygonf/

awmifilacwfpmqdk jynfe0a';ESifh ewf&SifaemifwdkU\ rdk;awm&wkrsm;udk

EIdif;,SOfavhvmjcif;jzifh tcspf? tvGrf;wdkUay:wGif tajccHí jzpfwnfvmaom
pmqdkwdkU\ tawG;pdwful;cHpm;csuf tzGJUtEGJUpGrf;&nfwdkUudk av;pm;zG,fawGUjrif
&ygonf/ &wkpmayacwfBuD;udk OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKol e0a';BuD;ESifh &wkpmay
vrf;aMumif;udk acsmarGUajzmifhjzL;atmif BudK;yrf;cJhol ewf&SifaemifwkdY\ BudK;yrf;
rIrsm;rSm ,aeYwkdif *E¦0ifpmayavmuukd tusdK;jyKvsuf&Sdonf[k qkdcsifyg
onf/ xkdYaMumifh pmqkdBuD;(2)yg;\ pmaytarGukd aESmif;vlwkdYu vufqifhurf;
xdef;odrf;Mu&rnf jzpfygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 331

ausmf&if? OD;(ykyÜm;)/ (r-1321)/ u0dbm&wDusrf; (y-wJG)/ &efukef? [Hom0wDyHkESdyfwkduf/

csrf;jr? OD;(wnf;jzwf)/ (1963)/ ewf&Sifaemifqkd&wkrsm;/ rEÅav;? wufaevif;yHkESdyfwkduf/
e0a';/ (1964)/ e0a';&wkaygif;csKyf/ &efukef? [Hom0wDyHkESdyfwkduf/
ynm&Sdrsm;/ (1993)/ rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;(w-wGJ)? (yͮrtBudrf)/ &efukef? jrefrmh
tvif; owif;pmwkdufESihf *g'D,efowif;pmwkduf/
azarmifwif? OD;/ (1958)/ jrefrmpmayorkdif;/ &efukef? wuúokdvfrsm;yHkESdyfwkduf/
bmomjyefpmaytoif;/ (1971)/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;(twJG-10)/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef
yHkESdyfwkduf/
rdrdav;? a':/ (2003)/ trsdK;orD;pmqkdavmuESihf b0aMu;rHk/ &efukef?
wuúokdvfrsm;yHkESdyfwkduf/
jrefrmpmtzJGU/ (2008)/ jrefrmtbd"mef('k-Budrf)/ &efukef? wuúokdvfrsm;yHkESdyfwkduf/
vGef;? q&m(ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;)/ (1955)/ uAsmom&w¬oN*ØK[f/ &efukef? &efatmif
r*FvmyHkESdyfwkduf/
vSab? a'gufwm/ (2002)/ jrefrmpmay{nfhcHpmwrf;/ &efukef? a'gif;pmay/
okw? armif/ (2002)/ pmqkdawmfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd('k-Budrf)/ &efukef? &mjynhfyHkESdyfwkduf/
332 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

tcsdefumvMumaomtcg r,fav;xH wpfzefa&muf&Sdvmjyefonf/ xkdYaMumifh

cspfolarmiftaejzifh r,fav;,HkMunfavmufatmif rnfokdYyifajymqkdapumrl
armifhpdwf ukd t<uif;rJhodaecJhjyD;jzpfygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 333
334 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

tcef; taMumif;t&m
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 335

pmqkdewf&Sifaemifudk &wkuAsmzJGUqkdrIwGif &wkbk&if&wkwHcGefpdkufol[k

aESmif;pmayokawoD rsm;u todtrSwfjyKxm;Muygonf/ ewf&Sifaemifonf
awmifila&Teef;wnfrif;oD[ol& r[m"r®&mZmbGJUcH rif;&JausmfxifESifh rdzk&m;
acgifBuD; twkvt*¾r[ma'0DbGJUcH rif;cifapmwdkUrS zGm;jrifaom om;awmfBuD;
jzpfonf/ nDawmfrsm;rSm rif;&JausmfpGm? rif;&JoD[olESifh rif;&Jausmfxif wdkUjzpf
onf/

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336 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

vuf½Hk;ozG,ftm;udk;cJh&oljzpfonf/

3 ewf&Sifaemifonf crnf;awmf awmifilbk&if rif;&Jausmfxif [Hom0wD

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onf awmifilodkU csDwufvmNyD; ewf&Sifaemif\ nDawmfrif;&JausmfpGmESifh OD;pGm
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 337

jzpfygonf/ jrefrmpmay e,fy,f&Sd a&S;*E¦0ifpmqdkawmfBuD; (2)OD;\ &wkuAsm

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wpfa,mufxJtwGufom pyfqdkvQif
338 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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rif;yGJobiftcrf;tem;rsdK;wdkUü csD;usL;aom r*Fvm
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 339

NrdKUbGJU? r,fbGJU? armifbGJU? yef;bGJU? &moDbGJU? aus;ap? ppfcsD ponfjzifh

trsdK;pHkatmif a&;zGJUcJhMuaMumif; awGU&onf/ tcsD? tcs?
towfum&efnD&onf/ ydk'fpHkpyfenf;wGif oHk;csufnDpyfenf;?
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ydkrdkívnf; rpyfzGJUMuacs/ wpfydk'fwGif vnf;
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awGUMuHKxif[yfaeonfrsm;udk tajccHí pdwful;OmPfuGefUjrL;um
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tapmqHk;[k trsm;u vufcHxm;Muaom ]a&Tz0g; awmfatmuf?
uRef\avQmufjzifh} tpcsDaom &wkudk awGU&onf/ pwk&*FAvtrufBuD;u
jrefrmouú&mZf (700)ausmfavmufwGif zGJUqdkcJhjcif;jzpfíjrefrmpmayordkif;wGif
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340 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A

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avmuDodkU e,fy,f us,fjyefUvmNyD; uAsmtzGJUyHkoP²mefESifh
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&wkuAsm rsm;tjzpf zJGUoDvmMuonf/ awmifilacwfwGif &wkuAsmESihf
pmqkdtajrmuftjrm;ay:xGuf cJhonf/ xif&Sm;onfh pmqkdrsm;rSm
avSmfum;oHk;axmifrSL;? &SifaxG;emodef? jynfe0a';BuD;? ewf&Sifaemif?
rif;aZ,s&EÅrdwf? &SifoHckd? OuúmysH? rif;apmESihf&SifaxG;vS? &a0&SifaxG;?
cifraxG;? oa&pnfoluawmf? jynfrdzk&m;? Zif;r,frdzk&m;? yJcl;rdzk&m;?
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xl;jcm;xGef;um;vmaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6A 341

anmif&rf;acwfwGif &wkpmayESihf pmqkdtajrmuftjrm;

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