National institute of Pakistan studies

Syeda Laiba Bukhari

Samiya Javed
Naveen Munir
Javeria Riaz
Umer Mehmood

BS 6th semester

Establishment as a pressure Group

PKS- 320 Political Parties of Pakistan

Submitted to Dr. Mariam Asif

Dated: June 12th, 2023

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Contents
Definition of establishment..........................................................................................5
Overview of the role of establishment and influence.....................................................5
Significance of establishment as pressure group.........................................................6
Evolution of the establishment influence since Pakistan’s independence.....................8
Role of the military in governance and political transition............................................9
Collaboration with civilian Government and political parties.....................................10
Power-Sharing Arrangements.................................................................................10
Political Support:...................................................................................................11
Influence over Policy Decisions:..............................................................................11
Role in Crisis Management:....................................................................................11
Constraints and Tensions......................................................................................11
National security concern and regional dynamics......................................................12
Security Threats:....................................................................................................12
India-Pakistan Rivalry:...........................................................................................12
Afghanistan and the Region...................................................................................12
Regional Alliances and Geostrategic Positioning:....................................................13
Perception of military as a stabilizing force................................................................13
Economic interest and influence on state institutions...............................................14
Business Ventures and Investments:......................................................................14
Defense Sector:......................................................................................................14
State-Owned Enterprises........................................................................................15
Public Contracts and Procurement:........................................................................15
Foreign Economic Relations:..................................................................................15
Ideological considerations and national identity........................................................15
Direct intervention in governance and policy making.................................................18
Coup d'états and Martial Law.................................................................................18
Appointment and Removal of Political Leaders:......................................................18
Control over Key State Institutions:........................................................................18
Policy Formulation and Implementation.................................................................19
Balancing Civil-Military Relations:..........................................................................19
Appointment and removal of political leaders............................................................19
Control over key state institutions and intelligence agencies......................................20

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 Intelligence Agencies:.............................................................................................20
Security Forces:.....................................................................................................21
National Security Council:......................................................................................21
Judicial Appointments:..........................................................................................21
State-Owned Enterprises and Financial Institutions:..............................................21
Manipulation of electoral process..............................................................................22
Coups and military interventions in Pakistani politics...............................................24
1958 Coup by General Ayub Khan:........................................................................24
1977 Martial Law and Zia-ul-Haq's Regime:...........................................................24
1999 Military Coup by General Pervez Musharraf:..................................................24
Influence over foreign policy and security decision....................................................25
Afghanistan Policy:....................................................................................................25
India-Pakistan Relations:.......................................................................................25
Nuclear Policy:.......................................................................................................26
Counterterrorism Efforts:.......................................................................................26
Role in shaping domestic policies and legislative agenda:..........................................26
Economic Policy:....................................................................................................26
Security Policy:......................................................................................................27
Legislative Agenda:.................................................................................................27
National Identity and Ideological Considerations:...................................................27
Support or opposition to specific political parties or individual..................................27
Case study of 2018 election:...................................................................................28
Support for Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI):.........................................................28
Opposition to Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N):......................................28
Support for Interim Governments:..........................................................................28
Opposition to Regional Parties:...............................................................................28
Debate on civil military relations and democratic governance....................................30
Criticism and resistance to the establishment influence:...........................................31
Erosion of Democratic Principles:...........................................................................31
Suppression of Political Dissent.............................................................................31
Limited Civilian Oversight:.....................................................................................31
Human Rights Concerns:.......................................................................................32
Marginalization of Minority Voices:.........................................................................32
Press Freedom and Media Control..........................................................................32

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Support and justification for establishment action....................................................33
National Security:..................................................................................................33
Efficiency and Stability:..........................................................................................33
Historical Precedence:............................................................................................34
Expertise and Professionalism:...............................................................................34
Cultural and Ideological Considerations:................................................................34
References.................................................................................................................37

Introduction
Definition of establishment

The term "establishment" in the context of Pakistani politics refers to a powerful

network of military officials, intelligence agencies, and civil servants who exert
significant influence over the country's governance and decision-making processes. It
represents a deep-rooted system that shapes and maintains the power dynamics
within the political landscape of Pakistan. The establishment operates behind the
scenes and often plays a crucial role in determining political outcomes, influencing
policy-making, and controlling key state institutions. It encompasses the military
establishment, intelligence agencies, and influential bureaucrats who exercise
significant control and influence over the country's political affairs.

Overview of the role of establishment and influence

The establishment in Pakistan holds a dominant position in the country's political

landscape, exercising substantial influence over governance and decision-making
processes. Comprising military officials, intelligence agencies, and influential civil
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servants, the establishment's role extends across various spheres, including national
security, foreign policy, domestic policies, and the functioning of state institutions. It
directly intervenes in governance and policy-making, often through military coups or
martial law, shaping the course of the nation. The establishment's control over key
state institutions, such as the military and intelligence agencies, allows it to exert
significant influence and ensure its interests are prioritized. It also plays a crucial role
in the appointment and removal of political leaders, influencing the composition of
governments and the direction of policies. Additionally, the establishment's sway over
foreign policy decisions and its economic interests further cement its grip on power.

However, the establishment's influence in Pakistani politics is not without controversy

and debate. Critics argue that its overwhelming presence undermines democratic
principles and civilian authority, limiting the scope for genuine democratic
governance. Calls for greater civilian control and democratic reforms persist,
advocating for a more balanced power dynamic between the establishment and elected
representatives. Conversely, there are those who support the establishment, viewing it
as a stabilizing force in a politically volatile country, particularly during times of
security challenges and economic uncertainty. The establishment's influence remains
a subject of intense scrutiny, shaping public perception, reactions, and ongoing
discussions regarding the future of democratic governance in Pakistan

Significance of establishment as pressure group

The establishment in Pakistan holds significant influence as a pressure group within

the country's political landscape. Comprised of military officials, intelligence agencies,
and influential civil servants, the establishment is able to exert pressure on the
government and political parties to align with its interests. It plays a crucial role in
shaping decision-making processes and policy formulation, particularly in areas such
as national security, defense, and foreign affairs. Through its control over state
institutions and behind-the-scenes influence, the establishment can effectively
advocate for policies that align with its preferences. Moreover, it exerts its pressure
group tactics in the appointment and removal of political leaders, ensuring that
individuals occupying key positions are in line with its objectives. The establishment's
control over state institutions, including the military and intelligence agencies, gives it

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significant leverage as a pressure group. It can manipulate electoral processes,
influence media narratives, and shape public opinion to further its agenda.

However, the establishment's influence as a pressure group also raises concerns about
democratic principles, transparency, and accountability. Critics argue that its
dominant role undermines civilian authority and limits the scope for genuine
democratic governance. The extent of the establishment's influence and its impact on
democratic institutions and processes remain subjects of debate and ongoing
discussions within Pakistani society. Efforts to strike a balance between the
establishment's influence and democratic values continue, with calls for greater
civilian control and transparency in decision-making processes.

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 Historical background
Evolution of the establishment influence since Pakistan’s
independence

Since Pakistan's independence in 1947, the influence of the establishment has evolved
significantly. Initially, the establishment consisted of a nascent bureaucracy and
military with limited political involvement. However, over time, the establishment
expanded its role and solidified its influence within the political landscape. Here is an
overview of the evolution of the establishment's influence since Pakistan's
independence.

Early Years (1947-1958): During the early years of Pakistan's independence, the
establishment had a relatively limited influence on political affairs. The civilian
governments led the country, and the military remained largely apolitical. However,
there were occasional interventions by the establishment in key political and security
matters.

Ayub Khan Era (1958-1969): The establishment's influence significantly increased

during the presidency of General Ayub Khan. In 1958, Ayub Khan seized power
through a military coup, establishing military rule in Pakistan. The establishment
played a dominant role in governance, with the military assuming control over key
state institutions. Ayub Khan's era saw the centralization of power and a shift towards
a technocratic model of governance.

Zia-ul-Haq Era (1977-1988): General Zia-ul-Haq's military regime marked another

significant phase in the establishment's influence. Zia-ul-Haq took power through a
military coup in 1977 and ruled until his death in 1988. Under his regime, the
establishment's influence expanded further, and the military played a central role in
decision-making processes. Zia-ul-Haq implemented Islamization policies and
suppressed political dissent, consolidating the establishment's power.

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Transition to Democracy (1988-1999): The period following Zia-ul-Haq's death
witnessed a transition towards democracy, but the establishment's influence
persisted. Civilian governments came to power, but the establishment continued to
exert influence through behind-the-scenes interventions, often known as "controlled
democracy." Frequent political instability and interferences in the democratic process
undermined the consolidation of civilian rule.

Musharraf Era (1999-2008): General Pervez Musharraf's military regime marked

another significant phase of the establishment's influence. He seized power through a
military coup in 1999 and ruled until 2008. The establishment's influence was
particularly pronounced during Musharraf's tenure, as the military maintained direct
control over governance, and political parties were subject to restrictions.

Post-Musharraf Era (2008 onwards): In recent years, there has been a gradual
transition towards a more democratic system with periodic civilian governments.
However, the establishment's influence remains significant. It continues to play a role
in key policy decisions, appointments of political leaders, and shaping the political
landscape.

Overall, the establishment's influence has evolved from a relatively limited role in the
early years of Pakistan's independence to a significant force that shapes political
dynamics and decision-making processes. While there have been periods of civilian
rule, military interventions and behind-the-scenes influence have been recurring
features, impacting the consolidation of democratic governance in the country.

Role of the military in governance and political transition

The military has played a significant role in governance and political transitions in
Pakistan since its independence. The military's involvement in politics has been
marked by periods of direct military rule, military coups, and its influence behind the
scenes. During periods of direct military rule, such as the tenures of Generals Ayub
Khan, Yahya Khan, Zia-ul-Haq, and Pervez Musharraf, the military assumed complete
control over governance, suspending the constitution and suppressing political
dissent. These military dictators implemented their own policies and ruled the country
with an iron fist.

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In addition to direct military rule, the military has also exerted influence in the
political sphere during civilian governments. This influence often takes the form of
behind-the-scenes interventions, where the military shapes key policy decisions and
influences the appointment and removal of political leaders. The military's
interventions are typically driven by a desire to protect its institutional interests,
ensure stability, and align policies with its strategic objectives. The military's influence
is particularly evident in areas related to national security and foreign policy, where its
expertise and perspectives heavily influence decision-making processes.

The military's economic interests also contribute to its influence in governance. The
military in Pakistan has a presence in various economic sectors, including defense
production and commercial enterprises. This economic influence strengthens its
position within the governance structure and provides additional leverage to protect
and promote its interests. However, this economic involvement has also raised
concerns about the military's accountability and transparency in managing its
economic ventures.

While the military's role in governance and political transitions has been seen by some
as providing stability and effective governance, it has also faced criticism. Critics argue
that military interventions undermine democratic principles, civilian authority, and
the institutional checks and balances necessary for a thriving democracy. Balancing
the military's role with civilian control and ensuring a transparent and accountable
governance structure remains a key challenge for Pakistan's democratic consolidation.

Collaboration with civilian Government and political parties

The collaboration between the establishment and civilian governments or political

parties in Pakistan has been a complex and dynamic relationship. While there have
been instances of cooperation and collaboration, there have also been periods of
tension and power struggles. Here are key points highlighting the collaboration
between the establishment and civilian government/political parties in Pakistan:

Power-Sharing Arrangements: In some cases, the establishment and civilian

governments have engaged in power-sharing arrangements. These arrangements often

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emerge during political transitions or times of political instability. The establishment
may play a role in overseeing the formation of caretaker governments or facilitating
political alliances to ensure stability and continuity. Power-sharing arrangements aim
to strike a balance between civilian governance and the establishment's interests.

Political Support: The establishment has, at times, supported specific political

parties or individuals to advance its interests. This support can manifest in various
ways, such as providing resources, political backing, or strategic guidance. Political
parties or leaders that align with the establishment's agenda may receive support and
enjoy a certain level of influence in policymaking and governance.

Influence over Policy Decisions: The establishment has significant influence over
key policy decisions, even in civilian governments. Through behind-the-scenes
interventions, the establishment can shape policy directions to align with its strategic
interests, particularly in areas such as national security, defense, and foreign affairs.
This influence often leads to policies that prioritize the establishment's concerns.

Role in Crisis Management: During times of crises, such as political instability,

security threats, or natural disasters, the establishment often plays a significant role
in crisis management. Its expertise, resources, and influence can be crucial in
stabilizing the situation and ensuring the continuity of governance. In such cases, the
establishment collaborates closely with civilian authorities to address the crisis
effectively.

Constraints and Tensions: The collaboration between the establishment and civilian
government/political parties is not without constraints and tensions. There is a
constant struggle for power and influence between the civilian and military spheres.
Political parties and leaders who challenge or confront the establishment's interests
may face resistance, pressure, or even direct intervention. This can lead to a strained
relationship between the establishment and certain political actors.

It is important to note that the nature and extent of collaboration between the
establishment and civilian government/political parties can vary depending on the
specific circumstances, geopolitical dynamics, and the interests of the individuals and

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institutions involved. The relationship is subject to change over time and can be
influenced by various factors, including national security concerns, public sentiment,
and institutional dynamics

Factors driving the establishment

influence
National security concern and regional dynamics

National security concerns and regional dynamics play a significant role in shaping
the establishment's influence in Pakistan. Here are some key points highlighting their
impact:

Security Threats: Pakistan faces various security challenges, including border

disputes, militancy, terrorism, and regional conflicts. These threats create a sense of
urgency and necessitate a strong security apparatus, often led by the military and
intelligence agencies. The establishment gains influence as it is seen as the guardian
of national security, responsible for safeguarding the country's territorial integrity and
protecting its interests.

India-Pakistan Rivalry: The long-standing rivalry with India shapes Pakistan's

security and foreign policy dynamics. The establishment, particularly the military,
plays a critical role in managing this relationship. The perceived security threat from
India and the need to maintain a credible defense posture influence the
establishment's influence, as it is responsible for developing military capabilities and
formulating security strategies.

Afghanistan and the Region: Pakistan's proximity to Afghanistan and its role as a
major regional player contribute to the establishment's influence. The security

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situation in Afghanistan directly impacts Pakistan's stability and security. The
establishment plays a crucial role in managing the cross-border dynamics, supporting
Afghan factions, and influencing the Afghan peace process to ensure that Pakistan's
security interests are protected.

Nuclear Weapons and Strategic Stability: Pakistan's possession of nuclear weapons

adds another layer of complexity to its national security concerns. The establishment
is responsible for the security and management of Pakistan's nuclear assets, and their
influence extends to strategic decision-making regarding nuclear policy and
deterrence. The perceived need to maintain a credible nuclear deterrent shapes the
establishment's influence and impact on national security strategies.

Regional Alliances and Geostrategic Positioning: Pakistan's alliances and

partnerships with regional and global powers influence the establishment's role and
influence. Pakistan's strategic alliances, such as its relationship with the United
States and China, have implications for its security dynamics. The establishment
leverages these alliances to secure economic and military assistance, enhance defense
capabilities, and influence regional dynamics

Perception of military as a stabilizing force

In Pakistan, the military is often perceived as a stabilizing force due to its historical
role and various factors. Throughout the country's history since independence, the
military has intervened in politics during times of perceived crisis or instability,
assuming the role of a stabilizing force to restore order and maintain national unity.
Its active involvement in addressing internal security challenges, including
counterterrorism operations and maintaining law and order, is seen as crucial for
preserving stability within the country.

Additionally, the military plays a significant role in border security, safeguarding

Pakistan's territorial integrity, and preventing external threats. Its presence and efforts
to secure the borders are viewed as essential for maintaining stability amidst regional
conflicts and tensions. The military also contributes to disaster management and relief

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operations, swiftly responding to natural calamities and providing assistance to
affected communities, which is perceived as a stabilizing factor during times of crisis.

The military's efficiency, discipline, and professionalism have earned it a reputation as

an institution that upholds order and stability. The hierarchical structure, rigorous
training, and successful operations contribute to the perception that the military
enforces law and order, ensures accountability, and efficiently executes tasks. This
further strengthens the notion of the military as a stabilizing force.

Moreover, the military's involvement in infrastructure development, such as the

construction of schools, hospitals, and roads in remote and underserved areas, is seen
as an effort to bring stability, improve livelihoods, and provide basic services to
marginalized communities. This aspect of the military's role is often appreciated for
addressing social and developmental challenges, contributing to stability in the long
run.

While the perception of the military as a stabilizing force is prevalent in Pakistan, it is

important to note that there are ongoing debates and discussions about civil-military
relations, democratic governance, and the appropriate role of the military in a
democratic society. Different segments of society hold varying views, with some
emphasizing the importance of civilian-led governance and democratic institutions

Economic interest and influence on state institutions

Economic interests and the influence of the establishment over state institutions are
significant factors in Pakistan. Here are some key points highlighting this relationship:

Business Ventures and Investments: The establishment, particularly the military,

has been involved in various business ventures and investments in sectors such as
defense, construction, and infrastructure. These economic interests provide the
establishment with a stake in the country's economy and influence over economic
policies and decision-making.

Defense Sector: The military has a substantial presence in the defense sector, with
its own industrial complex and production facilities. It exercises influence over defense

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procurement, technology transfers, and strategic industries, which not only serve
defense needs but also have economic implications. This influence extends to state
institutions responsible for defense-related decision-making.

Economic Institutions: The establishment holds influence over key economic

institutions such as the central bank, planning commission, and development
authorities. This influence allows them to shape economic policies, allocate resources,
and influence investment decisions. The establishment's close ties with state
institutions enable it to have a significant say in economic matters.

State-Owned Enterprises: State-owned enterprises (SOEs) play a substantial role in

Pakistan's economy. The establishment has significant influence over these entities,
including strategic sectors such as energy, telecommunications, and transportation.
The control and influence over SOEs provide the establishment with economic leverage
and influence over state institutions responsible for their management.

Public Contracts and Procurement: The establishment's influence over state

institutions allows it to have a role in public contracts and procurement processes.
This influence can shape the awarding of contracts, the selection of contractors, and
the allocation of resources, affecting economic outcomes and benefiting certain
stakeholders aligned with the establishment's interests.

Foreign Economic Relations: The establishment's influence extends to foreign

economic relations, including bilateral trade agreements, investment partnerships,
and economic cooperation. It plays a role in shaping the country's economic ties with
other nations, influencing trade policies, and prioritizing economic engagements based
on strategic interests.

Ideological considerations and national identity

Ideological considerations and the defense of national identity play a significant role in
shaping the influence of the establishment in Pakistan. The establishment,
particularly the military, has traditionally been seen as the guardian of Pakistan's
Islamic identity. It upholds the ideology of Islam, which was the founding principle of

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the country as a homeland for Muslims. The establishment assumes the responsibility
of defending and promoting Islamic values and principles, both within Pakistan and
on the international stage. This ideological commitment influences its role in policy-
making and governance, as it seeks to ensure that Pakistan's laws, institutions, and
practices align with Islamic teachings.

The establishment places a strong emphasis on national security and territorial

integrity. It considers the defense of Pakistan's borders and the safeguarding of its
national security as paramount. The defense of national identity is closely linked to
the establishment's role in protecting the country against external threats and internal
challenges that may undermine its stability and sovereignty. This includes countering
terrorism, combating insurgencies, and addressing security concerns in the region.
The establishment views itself as the vanguard of Pakistan's national identity,
defending it against any forces that may seek to undermine it.

Issues related to the Kashmir dispute and India-Pakistan relations also shape the
establishment's influence. Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir issue is driven by its
ideological commitment to self-determination for the people of Kashmir. The
establishment plays a crucial role in shaping Pakistan's policy towards Kashmir and
defending its national identity in the face of India's claims over the region. It supports
diplomatic efforts, raises awareness internationally, and provides backing to groups
advocating for the rights of the Kashmiri people.

Furthermore, the establishment's influence is influenced by considerations of strategic

depth and regional dynamics. It seeks to establish Pakistan as a key player in the
region and protect its interests against perceived threats from neighboring countries.
This involves support for proxy groups, involvement in regional conflicts, and strategic
alliances, all in the name of safeguarding Pakistan's national identity and ideological
objectives.

Preserving and promoting Pakistan's cultural and linguistic identity is also part of the
establishment's influence. It supports initiatives that highlight the diverse regional
identities within the framework of national unity. Cultural events, heritage
preservation, and the promotion of regional languages are all part of this effort. By
fostering a sense of nationalism and patriotism, the establishment strives to unite the

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nation under a shared sense of pride, loyalty, and commitment to Pakistan's national
identity.

While the defense of national identity and ideological considerations provide a basis for
the establishment's influence, it is essential to strike a balance between upholding
these values and ensuring democratic governance, human rights, and inclusivity. The
challenge lies in navigating these issues while promoting a pluralistic society that
respects diverse identities and perspectives. Striving for an inclusive and progressive
Pakistan requires continuous dialogue and efforts to harmonize national identity with
democratic principles and individual rights.

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 Mechanism of Influence
Direct intervention in governance and policy making

The establishment in Pakistan, particularly the military, has historically exerted direct
intervention in policy-making and governance. This intervention has taken various
forms and has had a significant impact on the country's political landscape. Here are
some key aspects of the establishment's direct intervention:

Coup d'états and Martial Law: The most overt form of direct intervention has been
the military's takeover of the government through coups d'état or the declaration of
martial law. Pakistan has experienced several instances of military interventions in
which the establishment, dissatisfied with the civilian government's performance or
perceived instability, has assumed direct control of the country's governance. These
interventions have resulted in the suspension of the constitution, the dissolution of
elected bodies, and the imposition of military rule.

Appointment and Removal of Political Leaders: The establishment has played a

role in the appointment and removal of political leaders, particularly the prime
minister and key government officials. This influence is exercised through behind-the-
scenes maneuvering, pressure tactics, and sometimes even open coercion. The
establishment's preferences and interests have often guided the selection of leaders,
ensuring individuals sympathetic to their objectives are in positions of power.

Control over Key State Institutions: The establishment has maintained control
over key state institutions, including the intelligence agencies, security forces, and
strategic organizations. This control allows them to shape the national security
agenda, influence policy decisions, and monitor political activities. The intelligence
agencies, such as the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), have been particularly
influential in gathering information, conducting covert operations, and exerting their
influence on policy matters.

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Policy Formulation and Implementation: The establishment exercises its
influence in policy formulation and implementation by actively participating in the
decision-making process. Through its representation in the National Security Council
and other advisory bodies, the military provides inputs on matters related to national
security, foreign policy, defense spending, and other strategic issues. This involvement
ensures that the establishment's perspective is taken into account in policy decisions.

Balancing Civil-Military Relations: The establishment's direct intervention is often

justified as a means to maintain stability and balance civil-military relations. It
positions itself as the guardian of national security and asserts that its intervention is
necessary to prevent corruption, political instability, or threats to the country's
ideological foundations. The establishment portrays itself as the stabilizing force that
can steer the country in the right direction when civilian governance is perceived to be
faltering.

Appointment and removal of political leaders

The establishment in Pakistan, particularly the military, has historically played a role
in the appointment and removal of political leaders. This influence begins during the
electoral process, where the establishment can manipulate dynamics, support specific
candidates or parties, and exert pressure on electoral commissions or the judiciary to
favor certain outcomes. Backroom dealings and negotiations are also common, with
the establishment engaging in behind-the-scenes interactions with political parties
and leaders. These interactions involve offering incentives, making promises, or
applying pressure to influence the selection of leaders who are more aligned with the
establishment's interests.

Coercion and pressure tactics are sometimes employed by the establishment to shape
the appointment and removal of political leaders. This can include threats of legal
action, political vendettas, or public campaigns aimed at tarnishing the reputation of
leaders who do not align with the establishment's preferences. The fear of adverse
consequences often leads political leaders to comply with the establishment's
demands. Additionally, the establishment's influence extends to the removal of
uncooperative leaders. Those who challenge or defy the establishment's authority may

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face legal actions, disqualification, or forced resignations. The establishment leverages
its influence over state institutions, the judiciary, and the media to create an
environment conducive to the removal of leaders deemed uncooperative.

A crucial aspect of the establishment's involvement in the appointment and removal of

political leaders is the shaping of public perception and support. Control over media
outlets, propaganda campaigns, and strategic messaging are employed to create a
narrative that justifies the establishment's actions and presents them as necessary for
national security or stability. Maintaining a certain level of public perception and
support is essential for the establishment to exercise its influence effectively.

While there have been ongoing debates and efforts to strengthen democratic processes
and reduce the establishment's interference in political affairs, the issue remains a
challenge in Pakistan. Civil society organizations, human rights activists, and
democratic forces within the country advocate for fair elections, the autonomy of
elected representatives, and a more inclusive and participatory political system.
Striking a balance between the need for stability and security and the principles of
democracy and political independence continues to be a significant consideration in
Pakistan's political landscape.

Control over key state institutions and intelligence agencies

The establishment in Pakistan, particularly the military, exercises significant control

over key state institutions and intelligence agencies, which in turn contributes to its
influence over the country. Here are the ways in which this control manifests and
influences Pakistan's political landscape:

Intelligence Agencies: The establishment maintains a firm grip over intelligence

agencies, most notably the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). These agencies play a
crucial role in gathering intelligence, conducting covert operations, and monitoring
political activities. The establishment's control over these agencies enables it to
influence the decision-making process, shape national security policies, and exert
pressure on political leaders and institutions.

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Security Forces: The establishment also maintains control over the security forces,
including the Pakistan Army, Air Force, and Navy. This control allows the
establishment to influence security-related policies and decisions. It can use the
security forces to project power, safeguard national interests, and protect its own
influence. The security forces often play a significant role in political affairs, including
the appointment and removal of leaders, ensuring compliance with the
establishment's objectives.

National Security Council: The establishment's influence is further consolidated

through the National Security Council (NSC), a key advisory body comprising military
and civilian leaders. The NSC provides a platform for the establishment to shape and
influence national security policies, foreign relations, and defense strategies. The
establishment's representation within the NSC ensures that its perspective is taken
into account in important policy decisions.

Judicial Appointments: The establishment's influence extends to judicial

appointments, particularly within the higher courts. The judiciary plays a crucial role
in interpreting the constitution and safeguarding democratic principles. The
establishment's control over judicial appointments can shape the composition of the
judiciary, ensuring the presence of judges sympathetic to its interests and objectives.
This influence allows the establishment to exercise indirect control over the judiciary
and influence its decisions.

State-Owned Enterprises and Financial Institutions: The establishment's

influence also extends to state-owned enterprises and financial institutions, where it
can exert control and influence over economic policies and decision-making processes.
This control allows the establishment to shape economic agendas, prioritize national
security objectives, and influence the allocation of resources. The establishment's
presence and influence within these institutions ensure that its interests are protected
and prioritized.

The establishment's control over key state institutions and intelligence agencies grants
it a significant degree of influence over Pakistan's political landscape. It enables the
establishment to shape policies, influence decision-making processes, and ensure

20
compliance with its objectives. This influence extends to various aspects of
governance, national security, and economic affairs. Balancing this influence with
democratic principles and ensuring the independence of institutions remains an
ongoing challenge in Pakistan's political context

Manipulation of electoral process

The establishment in Pakistan, particularly the military, has faced accusations of

manipulating the electoral process to exert influence over political outcomes.
Manipulation of the electoral process occurs through various tactics that shape the
political landscape and affect the choices available to voters. One such tactic is the
manipulation of party nominations, where the establishment can influence the
selection of candidates to promote those who align with its interests and sideline those
who are perceived as challenging its authority. Additionally, the establishment
employs tactics such as media control and propaganda campaigns to support or
discredit specific candidates or parties, thereby influencing public opinion and
skewing the electoral playing field in its favor.

The establishment's influence extends to the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP),

which is responsible for overseeing the electoral process. Pressure can be exerted on
the ECP through various means, including influencing the appointment of officials or
imposing restrictions on the commission's independence. This influence allows the
establishment to manipulate critical aspects of the electoral process, such as voter
registration, constituency delimitation, and the handling of complaints and disputes.
By exerting control over the ECP, the establishment can shape the electoral landscape
and impact the fairness and transparency of the process.

Intimidation and coercion tactics are also employed by the establishment to influence
the electoral process. Opposition parties, candidates, and their supporters may face
threats, violence, or harassment, creating an environment of fear and inhibiting
political competition. Such tactics limit the ability of opposition parties to effectively
campaign and hinder voters' freedom to choose their preferred candidates. Candidates
or parties perceived as challenging the establishment's interests may face obstacles
that undermine their participation in the electoral process.

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Another concerning aspect is the manipulation of electoral results. The establishment
has been accused of tampering with the vote-counting process, inflating or deflating
voter turnout figures, and manipulating the announcement of results to favor its
preferred candidates or parties. Such actions undermine the integrity of the electoral
process, erode public trust, and can lead to outcomes that do not reflect the genuine
will of the electorate.

Addressing concerns about electoral manipulation is crucial for upholding democratic

principles and ensuring a fair and transparent electoral process in Pakistan.
Strengthening the independence and integrity of electoral institutions, promoting
transparency, and fostering a culture of free and fair elections are essential for a
robust democratic system that truly represents the will of the people.

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 Case studies
Coups and military interventions in Pakistani politics

Coups and military interventions have played a significant role in shaping Pakistani
politics throughout its history. Several notable cases highlight the influence of the
military in the country's political landscape:

1958 Coup by General Ayub Khan: In 1958, General Ayub Khan staged a military
coup against the civilian government of Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon. Ayub Khan
justified the coup by citing corruption and inefficiency in the government. He
suspended the constitution, dissolved the elected assemblies, and assumed power as
the President of Pakistan. This marked the first military intervention in Pakistani
politics, establishing a precedent for future military involvement in governance.

1977 Martial Law and Zia-ul-Haq's Regime: In 1977, General Muhammad Zia-
ul-Haq took power through a military coup, ousting Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto. Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law, suspended the constitution, and established
a military-backed regime. He held elections in 1985 under a controlled environment,
leading to the formation of a new civilian government that operated within the
framework of his authoritarian rule. Zia-ul-Haq's regime lasted until his death in a
plane crash in 1988.

1999 Military Coup by General Pervez Musharraf: General Pervez Musharraf led
a military coup in 1999, deposing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Musharraf assumed
power as the Chief Executive, suspended the constitution, and declared a state of
emergency. He justified the coup by citing corruption and misgovernance. Musharraf's
regime lasted until 2008 when he faced widespread protests and was eventually forced
to resign.

These case studies demonstrate how military interventions have resulted in the
suspension of democratic processes, the dissolution of elected assemblies, and the

23
imposition of martial law. The military leaders who orchestrated the coups often
justified their actions by citing corruption, inefficiency, or a need for stability.
However, these interventions have been met with criticism for their negative impact on
democratic governance, the rule of law, and the political development of the country.

While there have been periods of civilian rule in Pakistan, the military's intervention in
politics has had a lasting impact on the country's democratic institutions and
governance. The frequent interruption of democratic processes by military coups has
hindered the development of strong civilian institutions, weakened the political
parties, and created a culture of political instability.

Influence over foreign policy and security decision

The establishment in Pakistan, particularly the military, wields significant influence

over foreign policy and security decisions. This influence can be seen in various case
studies that highlight the establishment's role in shaping Pakistan's approach to
international relations and security:

Afghanistan Policy: The establishment's influence on Pakistan's foreign policy

is particularly evident in its approach towards Afghanistan. Throughout the decades,
Pakistan's establishment has sought to maintain strategic depth in Afghanistan,
viewing it as crucial for its own security interests. This has resulted in the
establishment supporting certain Afghan factions and groups that align with its
objectives, while opposing others. The establishment's influence has shaped Pakistan's
stance on issues such as the Taliban insurgency, peace talks, and regional stability,
as it seeks to safeguard its security concerns and maintain influence in Afghanistan.

India-Pakistan Relations: The establishment's influence is also notable in the

context of India-Pakistan relations. The military's deep involvement in security matters
and its historical conflicts with India have shaped Pakistan's approach towards its
neighbor. The establishment's influence can be observed in decisions related to
dialogue, peace initiatives, and military strategies. It has often advocated for a robust
defense posture and maintained a significant influence over policy decisions that
impact bilateral relations with India.

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Nuclear Policy: The establishment has a crucial role in formulating and
implementing Pakistan's nuclear policy. It ensures the security, development, and
deployment of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal, which it sees as essential for maintaining
deterrence against potential adversaries. The establishment's influence over nuclear
decision-making includes issues such as command and control, doctrine, and
engagement with international non-proliferation regimes.

Counterterrorism Efforts: The establishment's influence is significant in shaping

Pakistan's counterterrorism efforts. It plays a key role in formulating strategies,
coordinating security operations, and engaging with international partners. The
establishment's influence is particularly evident in decisions related to tackling
extremist groups and addressing internal security challenges.

These case studies illustrate how the establishment's influence extends to foreign
policy and security decisions, which are crucial for safeguarding Pakistan's national
interests and security concerns. While the civilian government has a role in
policymaking, the establishment's expertise and involvement in security matters often
lead to its dominant influence in these areas. Balancing civilian oversight, democratic
principles, and the establishment's security concerns remains an ongoing challenge
for Pakistan's foreign policy and security apparatus.

Role in shaping domestic policies and legislative agenda:

The establishment in Pakistan, particularly the military, has played a significant role
in shaping domestic policies and the legislative agenda. Several case studies highlight
the establishment's influence in this regard:

Economic Policy: The establishment's influence on economic policy is evident in its

involvement in decision-making related to major economic projects and reforms. For
instance, the establishment has played a significant role in shaping policies related to
infrastructure development, energy projects, and investment strategies. Its influence is
often driven by considerations of national security, economic stability, and
development priorities.

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Security Policy: The establishment's influence extends to domestic security policies,
including counterterrorism strategies, law enforcement, and intelligence operations.
Given its expertise and involvement in security matters, the establishment often
shapes policies aimed at addressing internal security challenges and maintaining law
and order. Its influence in this area is crucial for ensuring stability and combating
threats to national security.

Legislative Agenda: The establishment's influence can also be observed in the

legislative agenda of Pakistan. While the elected civilian government has the primary
responsibility for legislative decision-making, the establishment often plays a
significant role in shaping the priorities and direction of legislation. This influence is
exerted through behind-the-scenes negotiations, lobbying, and coordination with
political parties to advance its own interests and policy objectives.

National Identity and Ideological Considerations: The establishment has a role

in shaping the national identity and promoting specific ideological considerations in
Pakistan. This influence is particularly evident in areas such as education policies,
cultural initiatives, and media regulation. The establishment seeks to promote a sense
of national unity, preserve cultural values, and protect the ideological foundations of
the country.

These case studies demonstrate how the establishment's influence extends beyond
security and foreign policy matters to shape domestic policies and the legislative
agenda. While the elected civilian government has a constitutional mandate to govern,
the establishment's involvement is often driven by considerations of national security,
stability, and strategic priorities. Balancing the role of the establishment with
democratic governance and ensuring accountability and transparency in policy-
making processes remain ongoing challenges for Pakistan's political system.

Support or opposition to specific political parties or individual

The establishment in Pakistan, particularly the military, has been observed to support
or oppose specific political parties and individuals based on various factors, including
perceived alignment with national security interests, ideological considerations, and

26
the establishments own strategic objectives. Here are a few case studies that illustrate
the establishment's involvement in supporting or opposing specific political parties or
individuals:

Case study of 2018 election:

Support for Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI): In the 2018 general elections, the
establishment was perceived to have supported the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) led
by Imran Khan. The PTI was seen as more aligned with the establishment's policy
objectives, including anti-corruption measures, national security concerns, and a
focus on good governance. The establishment's support was evident in the favorable
media coverage, strategic alliances, and alleged interventions in the electoral process,
which contributed to the PTI's electoral success.

Opposition to Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N): The establishment has had a

contentious relationship with the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) led by
Nawaz Sharif. The PML-N government's clashes with the establishment over issues
such as civilian supremacy, governance, and national security led to strained
relations. The establishment's opposition was evident in the form of corruption
charges and legal cases against PML-N leaders, disqualification of Nawaz Sharif from
holding public office, and alleged attempts to undermine the party's electoral
prospects.

Support for Interim Governments: The establishment has historically played a

role in supporting interim governments during the transition periods between general
elections. These interim governments, appointed to oversee the electoral process, are
often seen as a mechanism to ensure a fair and transparent election. The
establishment's involvement in the appointment of interim governments is aimed at
facilitating a smooth transition and preventing any potential disruptions to the
electoral process.

Opposition to Regional Parties: The establishment has also been observed to

oppose certain regional parties that are perceived as challenging the country's
territorial integrity or promoting separatist movements. Baloch nationalist parties, for

27
example, have faced opposition from the establishment due to their demands for
greater autonomy and rights for Balochistan. The establishment's opposition has been
manifested through security crackdowns, restrictions on political activities, and efforts
to co-opt or weaken these parties.

These case studies demonstrate the establishment's involvement in supporting or

opposing specific political parties or individuals based on various factors. However, it
is important to note that the establishment's influence can evolve over time, and
political dynamics may change based on shifting priorities and circumstances. The
role of the establishment in political affairs is a subject of debate and criticism, with
calls for greater transparency, accountability, and a level playing field for all political
actors.

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 Public perceptions and reaction
Debate on civil military relations and democratic governance

The debate on civil-military relations and democratic governance in Pakistan has been
a recurring and significant topic of discussion within the public sphere. It reflects the
ongoing struggle to strike a balance between civilian oversight and the influence of the
military in the country's political affairs. At the heart of the debate is the concept of
civilian supremacy, where elected civilian institutions should have ultimate authority
and control over the military. Advocates for civilian supremacy argue that the
military's role should be limited to defense and national security, while policy-making
and governance should be the domain of elected representatives.

The nature of democratic governance in Pakistan is another key aspect of the debate.
Some argue that sustained military interventions have undermined democratic
processes and institutions, leading to a cycle of political instability. In response, there
are calls to strengthen democratic institutions, ensure free and fair elections, and
promote transparency and accountability in governance. These proponents seek to
consolidate democratic norms and practices, fostering a system where civilian
institutions have the primary responsibility for policy-making and governance.

Supporters of a strong military role contend that Pakistan's security challenges, such
as internal terrorism, border disputes, and regional tensions, necessitate the military's
involvement in policy-making. They argue that the military's experience and expertise
in security matters make it a crucial actor in shaping national security policies and
ensuring stability. However, critics of an expanded military role raise concerns about
the potential erosion of civilian authority and the impact on democratic processes.

The role of institutions, such as the judiciary and the media, also plays a significant
part in the debate. There are discussions about the need for an independent judiciary
that upholds the rule of law and safeguards democratic principles. Additionally, the
media's role in promoting transparency and holding all institutions accountable is

29
emphasized. These institutions serve as important checks and balances on the
military's influence and play a vital role in maintaining democratic governance.

Public opinion shapes and contributes to the ongoing debate on civil-military relations
and democratic governance. Various segments of society, including political parties,
civil society organizations, and the media, actively participate in discussions and
express their views on the role of the military and the need for democratic governance.
These diverse viewpoints and perspectives further enrich the debate and contribute to
the ongoing efforts to establish a stable and democratic political system in Pakistan.

Criticism and resistance to the establishment influence:

The establishment's influence in Pakistan has faced criticism and resistance from
various quarters within the country. Here are some common criticisms and forms of
resistance to the establishment's influence:

Erosion of Democratic Principles: One of the main criticisms is that the

establishment's influence undermines democratic principles and the supremacy of
elected civilian institutions. Critics argue that frequent military interventions, both
overt and covert, disrupt the democratic process and impede the development of a
robust democratic system.

Suppression of Political Dissent: The establishment's influence has been accused of

stifling political dissent and limiting the space for opposition parties and activists.
Critics argue that political opponents, particularly those perceived as challenging the
establishment's interests, face harassment, intimidation, and even imprisonment,
leading to a restricted political environment.

Limited Civilian Oversight: Critics point out that the establishment's influence
often leads to limited civilian oversight of the military's activities and budgetary
allocations. The lack of transparency and accountability can result in a concentration
of power within the military and hinder the establishment of effective checks and
balances.

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Human Rights Concerns: The establishment's influence has been linked to human
rights violations, particularly in conflict-affected regions like Balochistan and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa. Accusations of enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and
restrictions on freedom of expression and assembly have drawn criticism from human
rights organizations and international observers.

Marginalization of Minority Voices: Some critics argue that the establishment's

influence perpetuates the marginalization of minority groups, both religious and
ethnic. They claim that the policies and actions influenced by the establishment often
favor certain dominant groups, leading to an unequal distribution of resources and
opportunities.

Press Freedom and Media Control: The establishment's influence has also been
associated with restrictions on press freedom and control over media narratives.
Critics argue that media outlets and journalists face censorship, self-censorship, and
intimidation, limiting their ability to provide unbiased and critical coverage of political
developments.

Resistance to the establishment's influence takes various forms, including:

1. Activism and Protests: Civil society organizations, human rights activists, and
political parties critical of the establishment's influence engage in activism and
peaceful protests to highlight their concerns and advocate for democratic
reforms.
2. b. Legal Challenges: Some individuals and organizations resort to legal means
to challenge actions or policies influenced by the establishment. They seek legal
remedies and pursue cases in courts to hold accountable those responsible for
alleged human rights violations or unconstitutional actions.
3. c. Political Movements: Opposition parties and political leaders critical of the
establishment's influence mobilize their support base and build political
movements centered on democratic principles, accountability, and
transparency.
4. d. International Engagement: Critics of the establishment's influence often seek
international support and engagement to raise awareness about the challenges

31
 faced and to urge international pressure for democratic reforms and respect for
human rights.

It is important to note that while there is criticism and resistance to the

establishment's influence, there are also segments of society that support and justify
the establishment's actions, considering them necessary for national security and
stability. The ongoing debate and discussions about civil-military relations and
democratic governance contribute to the broader conversation on how to strike a
balance between the roles of various institutions and the aspirations for a democratic
and inclusive Pakistan.

Support and justification for establishment action

There are segments of society in Pakistan that support and justify the actions of the
establishment based on various factors. Here are some common points that are often
cited to support and justify the establishment's actions:

National Security: Supporters argue that the establishment, particularly the

military, plays a vital role in safeguarding the national security of Pakistan. They
believe that the military's involvement in policy-making and governance is necessary
to address internal and external security threats, such as terrorism, border disputes,
and regional tensions. Supporters view the establishment's actions as crucial for
maintaining stability and protecting the country's sovereignty.

Efficiency and Stability: Some argue that the establishment's intervention in

governance and policy-making is necessary for efficient decision-making and the
smooth functioning of state institutions. They contend that civilian governments have
often been marred by corruption, inefficiency, and political instability, and the
establishment's influence can help bring stability and ensure the delivery of essential
services to the public.

Historical Precedence: Supporters of the establishment's actions often refer to

historical precedents where military interventions have been seen as necessary to
address political crises or restore law and order. They highlight instances where

32
civilian governments have faced governance challenges, leading to public
dissatisfaction, and argue that the establishment's intervention can provide temporary
relief and pave the way for more effective governance.

Expertise and Professionalism: The establishment, particularly the military, is

often perceived as having the expertise, discipline, and professionalism required to
manage complex issues such as national security, infrastructure development, and
disaster management. Supporters believe that the establishment's involvement in
governance can bring these qualities to the table and help overcome the challenges
faced by the country.

Cultural and Ideological Considerations: Some supporters view the establishment

as guardians of the country's cultural and ideological identity. They believe that the
establishment plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting the values and
principles on which Pakistan was founded, including the promotion of Islam, national
unity, and a strong defense posture. They argue that the establishment's actions are
in line with these principles and are necessary to protect the country's cultural
heritage.

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 Conclusion
In conclusion, the establishment's influence in Pakistani politics is a complex and
multifaceted phenomenon that has evolved since the country's independence. The
establishment, which includes the military and other key institutions, wields
significant power and plays a crucial role in shaping governance, policy-making, and
national security decisions.

The establishment's significance as a pressure group cannot be understated. It has

the ability to exert influence through direct interventions, appointment and removal of
political leaders, control over state institutions and intelligence agencies, manipulation
of electoral processes, and collaboration with civilian governments and political
parties. These mechanisms of influence have had far-reaching implications for
Pakistan's political landscape and have at times resulted in coups, military
interventions, and a high degree of control over domestic and foreign policies.

While the establishment garners support from segments of society who view its actions
as necessary for national security, stability, and efficient governance, it also faces
criticism and resistance. Critics argue that the establishment's influence undermines
democratic principles, limits civilian oversight, suppresses political dissent, and
perpetuates inequality. There are ongoing debates about civil-military relations,
democratic governance, and the need for strong institutions and accountability.

The challenges and prospects for overcoming these issues are immense. It requires a
commitment to strengthening democratic norms, promoting transparency, ensuring
civilian supremacy, and upholding human rights. It also calls for a more inclusive and
participatory political process that values diverse perspectives and respects the rights
of all citizens. Achieving these goals will require sustained dialogue, reforms, and a
collective effort from all stakeholders.

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In navigating the complex relationship between the establishment and democratic
governance, it is crucial to strike a balance that respects the role of the military in
national security while upholding the principles of democracy, accountability, and the
rule of law. By addressing the challenges and working towards a more inclusive and
transparent system, Pakistan can aspire to achieve a stable, democratic, and
prosperous future for all its citizens.

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References

1. (2022). establishment’s role. Dawn.

2. Kaushik. R. K, (2022). Role of establishment in troubled Pakistan. The Tribune.
3. Wilcox. W. (2023). Political Change in Pakistan; structures, function, constraints
and Goals. Pacific affairs, University of British Columbia.
4. Altaf. H. (2019). History of military interventions in Political Affairs in Pakistan.
City university of NewYork.

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