Chapter Objectives

 Determine shear stress in a prismatic beam

 Determine the shear flow in a built-up beam
 Determine the shear flow in thin-walled beam
 Determine the shear centre of a cross section
In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Shear in a straight beam
4. Shear formula
5. Shear stresses in beams
6. Shear flow in built-up beams
7. Shear flow in thin-walled beams
8. Shear Centre
9. Concept Quiz
READING QUIZ

1) Which of the following statement is not true?

a) Shear stresses cause warping of cross section

b) Warping effect is negligible for slender beams

c) “Plane section remains plane” is valid for bending of deep

beam

d) Shear forces in beams cause non-linear shear-strain

distributions over the cross section
READING QUIZ (cont)

2. Which of the following statement is not

true?

The shear formula should not be used to determine the shear

stress

a) On cross sections that are short or flat

b) At points of sudden cross-sectional changes

c) At a point on an inclined boundary

d) None of the above

APPLICATIONS
SHEAR IN A STRAIGHT BEAM
• Transverse shear stress always has its associated
longitudinal shear stress acting along longitudinal
planes of the beam.
SHEAR IN A STRAIGHT BEAM (cont)
• Effects of Shear Stresses:

• Warping of cross section

make or become bent or

twisted out of shape
Warping due to
shear can be
neglected for
slender beam with
small depth over
length ratio
SHEAR IN A STRAIGHT BEAM (cont)

Note:
1. Warping” violates the assumptions of “plane section
remains plane” in flexure and torsion formulae

2. “Warping” is negligible in “slender beam”

SHEAR FORMULA

Q is area above y'

multiplied with centroid
V is vertical force in
newtons (often given)
VQ T is thickness
 I is the moment of inertia
along the NA
It
where Q   ydA'  y ' A'
A'
 VQ
Shear Formula: 
It
where Q   ydA'  y ' A'
A'
 SHEAR IN BEAMS
Rectangular cross section
• Shear –stress distribution is
parabolic

b  0 .5 h
( 'max  max ) x %  3%

b  2h
( 'max  max ) x %  40%

Calculating Q: https://youtu.be/oXYYJbNL9c4?feature=shared
SHEAR IN BEAMS (cont)

Wide-flange beam
• Shear-stress distribution is parabolic Shear formula not
but has a jump at the flange-to-web applicable to wide-
junctions. flange beam

Limitations on the use of shear formula

• Not on cross sections that are short or flat
• Not at points of sudden cross sectional changes (e.g.
flange-to-web junction in wide flange beam)
• Not at a joint on an inclined boundary
EXAMPLE 1
A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in Fig.
7–11a. If it is subjected to a shear of V = 80kN, plot the
shear-stress distribution acting over the beam’s cross-
sectional area.

check 7.1 in book as well

ex 7.3 in book

Similar ex: https://youtu.be/pXusCZyIGWg?feature=shared

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis
is
1
I   0.015 0.23  
12 
1
 2  0.3 0.023    0.30.020.11   155.610  m
2 6 4

12 
Here's how:
https://skyciv.com/docs/tutorials/section-tutorials/calculating-the-moment-of-inertia-of-a-beam-secti
on/
• For point B, tB’ = 0.3m, and A’ is the dark
shaded area shown in Fig. 7–11c

QB '  y ' A'  0.110.30.02   0.66 10 3 m 3  

 B' 
VQB ' 80 103 0.66 10 3

 
 1.13 MPa
 
ItB ' 155.6 10 0.3
6
 
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• For point B, tB = 0.015m, and QB = QB’,

B 
VQB

  
80 103 0.66 103 22.6 MPa
ItB  
155.6 10 0.015
6

• For point C, tC = 0.015m, and A’ is

the dark shaded area in Fig. 7–11d.

• Considering this area to be composed of two rectangles,

 
QC   y ' A'  0.110.30.02  0.050.0150.1  0.735 10 3 m 3

• Thus,  C   max  
 
VQc 80 103 0.735 10 3 
 25.2 MPa
ItC  
155.6 10 0.015
6
Area A=bh and y=0
SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP BEAM

• Shear flow ≡ shear force per unit length along longitudinal

axis of a beam.
VQ q = shear flow
q V = internal resultant shear
I I = moment of inertia of the entire cross-sectional area
important for midterm
SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP BEAM (cont)
https://youtu.be/iacYzpal0C8?feature=shared

calculating along
this black line

most difficult part is finding Q value

when not symmetric about

axis center
EXAMPLE 2
Nails having a total shear strength of 40 N are used in a beam
that can be constructed either as in Case I or as in Case II, Fig.
7–18. If the nails are spaced at 90 mm, determine the largest
vertical shear that can be supported in each case so that the
fasteners will not fail.

F IS SHEAR STRENGTH OF NAIL

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Since the cross section is the same in both cases, the moment of inertia
about the neutral axis is
or solve in different

  1
 
3 
way by calculating
I  30  50  2  10  40   205833 mm moment of inertia for
1 3 4

12 12  top and bottom piece

Case I added to middle piece
• For this design a single row of nails holds the top or bottom flange onto
the web.
• For one of these flanges,
Q  y 'A'  22.530 5  3375 mm3

VQ
q
I
40 V 3375

90 205833
V  27.1 N (Ans)
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Case II
• Here a single row of nails holds one of the side boards onto the web.
• Thus,

Q  y 'A'  22.510 5  1125 mm3

less Q means more efficient
VQ formation
q
I
40 V 1125

90 205833
V  81.3 N (Ans)
SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED BEAM
• Approximation: only the shear-flow component that acts
parallel to the walls of the member will be counted.
 SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED BEAM (cont)
Great vid: https://youtu.be/fT5TQP91qU0?feature=shared
• In horizontal flanges, flow varies linearly,
linear so graph for shear flow is linear

VQ V d / 2b / 2   x t Vtd  b 
q     x
I I 2I  2 

• In vertical web(s), flow varies parabolically,

VQ Vt  db 1  d 2 2

q      y 
I I  2 2 4 
quadratic so graph for shear flow is quadratic
EXAMPLE 3
The thin-walled box beam in Fig. 7–22a is subjected to a shear
of 10 kN. Determine the variation of the shear flow throughout
the cross section. datum along web not middle
for this case
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• The moment of inertia is I 
1
683  1 463  184 mm4
12 12
• For point B, the area A'  0 thus q’B = 0.

• Also, QC  y A'  3.551  17.5 cm3

+(3.5)(1)(4) =16+14=30 cm3
QD   y A'  2214  30 cm 3

cuz we have two area of red highlight

webs or two vertical
parts in pink
• For point C, divide by 2 cuz 2 black lines,
distributed shear flow about
20 mm

VQC 1017.5 / 2 0.476

or 2cm
47.6
qC    0.951 kN/cm  91.5 N/mm
I 184
• The shear flow at D is
47.6 N/mm
VQD 1030 / 2 0.815 81.5 81.5 N/mm
qD    1.63 kN/cm  163 N/mm
I 184
47.6 N/mm
SHEAR CENTRE
https://youtu.be/9QyY55J1mtA?feature=shared
• Shear center is the point through which a force can be
applied which will cause a beam to bend and yet not twist.

• The location of the shear center is only a function of

geometry of the cross section and does not depend upon
the applied load.

Ff d
e
P
SHEAR CENTRE (cont)

e -> eccentric from center of mass

Ff d
e
P
EXAMPLE 4
Determine the location of the shear center for the thin-walled
channel section having the dimensions shown in Fig. 7–25a.

Watch this example:

https://youtu.be/VqSZp8CusS8?feature=shared
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The cross-sectional area can be divided into three component
rectangles—a web and two flanges.

1 3   h   th 2  h
2

I  th  2bt       b
12   2   2  6 

• q at the arbitrary position x is

VQ V h / 2 b  x t V b  x 
q  2 
I  
th / 2 h / 6   b hh / 6   b

• Hence, the force is

Vb2
 b  x dx 
b V b
Ff   qdx 
0 hh / 6   b  0 2hh / 6  b
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• Summing moments about point A, Fig. 7–25c, we
require 2
Vb h
Ve  F f h 
2hh / 6   b 
b2
e (Ans)
h / 3  2b

• As stated previously, e depends only on the geometry

of the cross section.
CONCEPT QUIZ

1) Which of the following statement is not true?

a) The shear center always lie on an axis of symmetry of the cross

section.

b) A crack along the member at a distance a/3 above/below the

neutral axis will first start to appear due to shear.

c) A crack along the member at the

neutral axis will first start to appear
due to shear.

d) The centroid of the cross section

coincides with the neutral axis.
 Exam type question
Exercise
Solution
Exercise
Solution
 Test Q similar but different arrangment (built up
beam) - wooden box beam

if S value is large, beam is strong and sufficient, if not,

increase number of nails

LIKE MIDTERM Q (TEST Q IS t SHAPE)

ASKED ABOUT MORE EFFICIENT DESIGN, EX, MAKE S BIGGER

continued on next slide

less Q means more efficient formation
example07_05b

continued on next slide

example07_05c

B/C WE HAVE 2 CONTACT SURFACES

B/C WE HAVE 2 CONTACT SURFACES

continued on next slide
example07_04b

continued on next slide