Counter Current Braking (Plugging) and Reversal of Induction Motor :

Counter current braking and reversal of I.M is accomplished by interchanging any

two terminals. Curve 1 represents braking with the rotor short circuited; while
curve 2 and 3 represents braking with resistance inserted in the rotor circuit.
(R2<R3)

𝝎𝒐 𝝎
Assuming TL =0; 𝒔 = the motion equation become:
𝝎𝒐

𝟐𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝝎
−𝒔 𝒔 =𝑱 ;
𝑻
+ 𝒅𝒕
𝒔 𝒔𝑻
𝒅𝝎 𝒅𝒔
𝒔𝝎𝒐 = 𝝎𝒐 + 𝝎; ∴ −𝝎 = 𝝎𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒔); = 𝝎𝒐
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑱𝝎𝒐 𝒔𝑻 𝒔
𝒅𝒕 = − + 𝒅𝒔
𝟐𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔 𝒔𝑻

Taking sin =2 and sfin= 1,

 𝑻𝒆𝒎 𝟏 𝒔𝑻 𝒔
𝒕𝒃𝒓 =− + 𝒅𝒔
𝟐 𝒔 𝒔𝑻
𝟐

𝟏
𝑻𝒆𝒎 𝟏 𝟐
= −𝒔𝑻 𝐥𝐧 𝒔 − 𝒔
𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝑻 𝟐

𝟏
= 𝑻𝒆𝒎 . 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝒔𝑻 − (𝟏 − 𝟒)
𝟒𝒔𝑻
𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
= 𝑻𝒆𝒎 . 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝒔𝑻 +
𝒔𝑻

𝒕𝒃𝒓 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝒔𝑻 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
=
𝑻𝒆𝒎 𝒔𝑻

Differentiating and equating to zero, we get

𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟓 × 𝟐𝒔𝑻 . 𝒔𝑻 − ( 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝒔𝑻 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓) = 𝟎; ∴ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟓 𝒔𝑻 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓;

𝒕𝒃𝒓
∴ 𝒔𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕 for to be min
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝒕𝒃𝒓
For 𝒔𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕; = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝑱𝝎𝟎
𝑻𝒆𝒎 (𝒆𝒍𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) = ∴ 𝑻𝒆𝒎 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑱𝝎𝒐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑱𝝎𝒐 𝑱𝝎𝒐 𝑻𝒆𝒎 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒕𝒃𝒓 = ; ∴ 𝑻𝒆𝒇𝒇.𝒃𝒓 = ; 𝑻𝒆𝒇𝒇.𝒃𝒓 = ; 𝑻𝒆𝒇𝒇.𝒃𝒓 = 𝟎.𝟕𝟓
𝑻𝒆𝒇𝒇.𝒃𝒓 𝒕𝒃𝒓 𝒕𝒃𝒓 .𝟑𝟒𝟓𝒔𝑻
𝒔𝑻

At sT = 1.47 Teff.br = 0.98Tmax

At sT=1.47 the effective torque reaches its maximum value

For constant load torque TL

𝑱𝝎 𝑱𝝎
𝒕𝒔𝒕 = ; 𝒕𝒃𝒓 =
𝑻𝒆𝒇𝒇.𝒔𝒕 𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝒆𝒇𝒇.𝒃𝒓 𝑻𝑳
Reversing time is the sum of counter current breaking time + the accelerating
time to full speed.
Dynamic Braking :

It is accomplished by switching the motor from a.c. supply to a suitable d.c.

supply. Rs is inserted to limit the current. Curve ‘1’ is for rotor circuit resistance R b
=0.

For TL = 0,
𝟐𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝝎
−𝒔 𝒔 = 𝑱 ;
𝑻
+ 𝒅𝒕
𝒔 𝒔𝑻
𝝎
𝒔= ; 𝝎𝒐 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝝎
𝝎𝒐
𝑱𝝎𝒐 𝒔𝑻 𝒔
𝒅𝒕 = − + 𝒅𝒔
𝟐𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔 𝒔𝑻
 𝑻𝒆𝒎 𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝑻 𝒔
𝒕𝒃𝒓 =− + 𝒅𝒔
𝟐 𝒔 𝒔𝑻
𝒔𝒊𝒏

𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒏
𝑻𝒆𝒎 𝟏 𝟐
= −𝒔𝑻 𝐥𝐧 𝒔 − 𝒔
𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝑻 𝒔𝒊𝒏

𝟏
Taking sin = 1 and sfin =.05 𝒕𝒃𝒓 = 𝑻𝒆𝒎 𝟏. 𝟓𝒔𝑻 +
𝟒𝒔𝑻

𝑡 𝟏 (𝟔𝒔𝑻 𝟐 + 𝟏)
= 𝟏. 𝟓𝒔𝑻 + =
𝑇 𝟒𝒔𝑻 𝟒𝒔𝑻

Differentiating and equating to zero, we get

𝟔 × 𝟐𝒔𝑻 × 𝟒𝒔𝑻 − 𝟒 × (𝟔𝒔𝑻 𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟎; 𝟔𝒔𝑻 𝟐 = 𝟏; 𝒔𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟕

While motoring the stator and the rotor m.m.f rotate in the same direction at
synchronous speed. If the a.c. supply is disconnected and d.c. is applied to the
stator, the stator field become stationary in space. Thus the rotor field moves past
the stator field at a speed 𝝎𝒓 = 𝝎𝒐 (𝟏 − 𝒔) = 𝑺𝝎𝒐 The current induced in the
rotor conductors will be opposite in direction, corresponding to motoring
operation.

Initially the rotor frequency will be almost equal to synchronous frequency, but
decreases as speed decreases. So, frequency of the rotor can be expressed as Sf .
similarly rotor e.m.f is maximum at starting and is finally zero. So, induced e.m.f =
SE [ E is e.m.f induced if the rotor moves at synchronous speed] therefore
rheostatic braking, the change in rotor e.m.f and speed is similar to motor
operation. So, the equivalent circuit is given by
As stator voltage is d.c. stator inductance has no effect. The d.c. voltage applied is
fixed ( only depends on value of Rs ). There is no stator core loss, but rotor core
loss is appreciable. Hence rotor resistance referred to the stator must be
corrected to take this into account.

The rotor current is alternating in nature, though it is created by a constant flux,

caused by mmf ImN1, which is stationary in space. But if viewed from rotor both
mmf and flux are changing with time. The rotor ampere turn I2N2( I2’N1) must be
balanced by the stator ampere turn, so as to maintain the magnetic ampere turn
ImN1. The stator ampere turn as viewed from the rotor is the vector sum of ImN1
and I2’N1. The effective I1 depends on the magnitude of DC current carried by the
stator and the nature of stator winding connection.

The braking torque is given by

3 𝑅
𝑇 = 𝐼
𝜔 𝑠

= 𝐼

I1 corresponds to an equivalent AC, which would have produced the same mmf as
that by the actual DC carried by the stator windings.

Differentiating Tb with respect to S and equating to zero, we get:

𝑑𝑇 3 𝑅 𝑅 + 𝑆 (𝑋 + 𝑋 ) − 2𝑆 (𝑋 + 𝑋 ) 𝑅
= 𝐼 𝑋
𝑑𝑆 𝜔 (𝑅 ) + (𝑋 + 𝑋 )

𝑜𝑟, 𝑅 + 𝑆 (𝑋 + 𝑋 ) − 2𝑆(𝑋 + 𝑋 ) = 0

𝑜𝑟, 𝑅 = 𝑆 (𝑋 + 𝑋 )
 𝑅
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆=
𝑋 +𝑋
3 3
𝑇 = 𝐼 2
𝜔𝑠 1
= 𝐼 2
𝜔𝑠 1 2

𝜔 = 𝑆𝜔 ;

𝑅′2 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜔 = 𝜔 , 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑆 = 1; ≪ 𝑋 +𝑋 ; ∴ 𝑇 ∝
𝑆 𝑆

𝑅′2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜔 ≪ 𝜔 , 𝑆 ≈ 0; ≫ 𝑋 +𝑋 ∴ 𝑇 ∝ 𝑆
𝑆

With increase in rotor resistance, the speed at which the maximum braking
torque occurs, increases, but magnitude of Tb is fixed. However Tb is not
proportional to I1, as Xm will decrease due to saturation if current is high.

This method is convenient and used for active load. It ensures complete and
effective control, if corresponding to the speed of operation, I1 or R2 or both are
adjusted to maintain the necessary braking torque.

There are number of ways the stator winding can be connected to DC

In order to determine the braking torque corresponding to different speeds, it is
necessary to find the equivalent AC excitation. This can be found by equating the
mmf-s created by both DC and AC.

For connection (a) phase A and B carry equal direct current but in opposite
direction. Assuming space mmf-s produced by the DC are sinusoidal in nature (
neglecting harmonics), the space phasor diagram is as follows:
 𝐹 = 2𝐼 𝑁 cos 30° = √3𝐼 𝑁

Mmf due to Iac (rms) flowing in all the three phases = √2𝐼 𝑁

3 2
∴ √3𝐼 𝑁 = √2𝐼 𝑁 ; 𝑜𝑟, 𝐼 = 𝐼
2 3

𝑉 = 𝐼 2𝑅 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑃 =𝑉 𝐼 = 2𝑅 𝐼 = 3𝑅 𝐼

(a) (b) ( c) (d)

Equivalent rms AC, Iac 𝐼 √2 𝐼
2 𝐼
𝐼 √2 3 √6
3
DC excitation, Idc 1.22 Iac 1.414 Iac 2.12 Iac 2.45 Iac
DC excitation voltage, Vdc 2R1 Idc 1.5R1 Idc 2 1
𝑅 𝐼 𝑅 𝐼
3 2
Excitation Power Pexc 2R1 Idc2 1.5R1 Idc2 2 1
𝑅 𝐼 𝑅 𝐼
3 2
3R1 Iac2 3R1 Iac2 3R1 Iac2 3R1 Iac2

Energy loss under transient conditions in IM drives:

Energy loss due to in stator and rotor copper loss of an IM during starting is:

∆𝑊 = 3𝑅 𝐼 + 3𝑅 𝐼

Neglecting no load current 𝐼 = 𝐼

∴ ∆𝑊 = 3(𝑅 + 𝑅 )𝐼

If TL =0; 𝑇 = 𝐽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 = (1 − 𝑠)𝜔 ; ∴ = −𝜔

𝑑𝑠 𝐽𝜔
𝑇 = −𝐽𝜔 ; ∴ 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑇
 3𝐼 𝑅
𝑃 = = 𝜔 𝑇; ∴ 𝜔 𝑇𝑠 = 3𝐼 𝑅
𝑠
𝐽𝜔
∆𝑊 = − 3(𝑅 + 𝑅 )𝐼 𝑑𝑠
𝑇

𝑅 𝐽𝜔
= + 1 3𝑅 𝐼 𝑑𝑠
𝑅 𝑇

𝑅 𝐽𝜔
= + 1 𝜔 𝑇𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑅 𝑇

𝑅 𝐽𝜔
= + 1 𝜔 𝑇𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑅 𝑇

𝑅
= + 1 𝐽𝜔 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑅

For starting 𝑠 = 1.0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 ≈0

𝑅 𝐽𝜔 𝑅
∴ ∆𝑊 = + 1 𝐽𝜔 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = + 1
𝑅 2 𝑅

represents the loss in rotor circuit, equal to the amount of kinetic energy

stored in the motor, while represents the motor stator loss during starting.

The energy loss during counter current braking is determined by s in =2.0 and
sfin=1.0.

𝑅 3𝐽𝜔 𝑅
∴ ∆𝑊 = + 1 𝐽𝜔 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = + 1
𝑅 2 𝑅

Energy loss during full reversal without load

 4𝐽𝜔 𝑅
∆𝑊 = ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑊 = + 1
2 𝑅

The stator copper loss during transient condition depends on rotor circuit
resistance 𝑅 . As 𝑅 increases stator circuit copper loss decreases.

The energy loss during counter current braking is determined by the amount of
kinetic energy stored at the moment braking is initiated.

𝐽𝜔
∆𝑊 . = + 3𝐼 𝑅 𝑡
2