b2 Organisation

Name: ________________________
B2 Organisation
35 Questions Class: ________________________
Date: ________________________
Time:
Marks:
Comments:
Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 1 of 112

Figure 1 shows an animal cell.
1
Figure 1
© alex-mit/iStock/Thinkstock
(a) What is structure A?
Tick one box.
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chromosome
Cytoplasm
(1)

(b) What is structure B?
Tick one box.
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuole
(1)
(c) Figure 2 shows a sperm cell.
Figure 2
Describe how a sperm cell is adapted to carry out its function.
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(1)

(d) Substances can move into and out of cells by three processes.
The diagrams show the concentration of different substances inside and outside a root hair
cell.
How would each substance move into the root hair cell?
Draw one line from each root hair cell to the correct process.
Root hair cell Process
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

The figure below shows a scale drawing of one type of cell in blood.
2
(a) Use the scale to determine the width of the cell.
Give your answer to the nearest micrometre.
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Width of cell = _________________ micrometres

(1)
(b) Complete the table below.
Part of the blood Function
Carries oxygen around the body
Protects the body against infection
Plasma
(3)

(c) Platelets are fragments of cells.
Platelets help the blood to clot.
Suggest what might happen if the blood did not clot.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
When an organism grows, new cells are produced by cell division.

3
(a) What type of cell division happens to produce new body cells?
Tick one box.
Differentiation
Meiosis
Mitosis
(1)
(b) Why can cancers grow very large?
Tick one box.
Cancer cells are specialised
Cell division is slow
Cell division is uncontrolled
(1)
(c) Give one factor which increases the risk of getting cancer.
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(1)

(d) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot.
People who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are usually considered to be cured.
The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and 2001.
78% of people diagnosed with breast cancer in 2001 were alive 10 years later.
Complete the figure above to show this information.

(1)
(e) Which type of cancer diagnosed in 1961 had the highest survival rate?
Tick one box.
Breast
Prostate
Skin
Testicular
(1)
(f) Which type of cancer shows the biggest improvement in the percentage of people alive after
10 years?
Tick one box.
Breast
Prostate
Skin
Testicular
(1)
(g) Suggest two reasons why the survival rates for all cancers have increased.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Amylase is an enzyme that digests starch.
4
A student investigated the effect of pH on the activity of amylase.
This is the method used.
1. Mix amylase solution and starch suspension in a boiling tube.
2. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 °C.
3. Remove a drop of the mixture every 30 seconds and test it for the presence of starch.
4. Repeat the investigation at different pH values.
The table below shows the students’ results.
Time when no starch was detected

pH
in minutes
5.0 7.0
5.5 4.5
6.0 3.0
6.5 2.0
7.0 1.5
7.5 1.5
8.0 2.0
(a) The student concluded pH 7.25 was the optimum pH for the amylase enzyme.
This is not a valid conclusion.
Suggest two reasons why.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The student did another investigation.
This is the method used.
1. Put amylase solution and starch suspension into a boiling tube.
2. Make the pH 7.25.
3. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 °C.
4. Measure the amount of sugar produced every 30 seconds.
The results are shown in the figure below.
Calculate the mean rate of sugar produced per minute during the first 5 minutes.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Mean rate = ________________ units per minute

(2)

(c) Iodine solution is added to a sample taken from the boiling tube after 10 minutes and 60
minutes.
Suggest what you would see in these samples.
After 10 minutes _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
.After 60 minutes _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) The scientist repeated the investigation at 37 °C.
Draw a line on the figure above to show the predicted results.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Malignant tumours are called cancers.

5
(a) Describe how a tumour can spread to different parts of the body.
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(2)

(b) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot.
Some people who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are considered to be cured.
The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and 2001.
Look at the data in the figure above for skin cancer.
Calculate the percentage increase in the survival rate of people diagnosed with skin cancer
in 1961 compared to 2001.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Survival rate increase = _______________ %

(2)

(c) Look at the data in the figure above for bowel and prostate cancer.
Compare the survival rates for bowel and prostate cancer.
Suggest reasons for the comparisons you have made.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
(a) Blood is made up of four main components.

6
Red blood cells and white blood cells are two of these components.
Describe the functions of the two other components of blood.
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(2)
(b) The heart is often described as a double pump.
Describe why.
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(1)

(c) In coronary heart disease (CHD) layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary
arteries. This can cause a heart attack.
Statins and stents can be used to reduce the risk of a heart attack in people with CHD.
Evaluate the use of statins and stents in people with CHD.
Remember to include a justified conclusion.
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(6)
(Total 9 marks)

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the human heart.
7
Figure 1
(a) Name parts A and B.
A _________________________________________________________________
B _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) What is the function of blood vessel C?
Tick one box.
To take blood from the heart around the body
To take blood from the body to the heart
To take blood from the heart to the lungs
To take blood from the lungs to the heart
(1)

(c) Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops when layers of fatty material build up in the
coronary artery.
One treatment for CHD is to insert a stent into the coronary artery.
Figure 2 shows a stent in a coronary artery.
Figure 2
Explain why the stent helps to prevent a heart attack.
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(4)

(d) Look at the table below.
Number of deaths from Amount of fruit and

Country CHD per 100 000 vegetables eaten in kg
population per year per person per year
A 285 180
B 250 320
C 198 250
D 151 220
E 125 244
Plot the missing bars for countries D and E on Figure 3.
Use data from the table above.
Figure 3
(2)

(e) People in country B are more likely to die from CHD than people in country E.
How many more times as likely are people to die from CHD in country B than in country E?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f) A student concluded:
‘The factor that causes CHD is not eating enough fruit and vegetables.’
Evaluate the student’s conclusion.
Use data from Figure 3, and your own knowledge, in your answer.
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(6)
(Total 16 marks)

Statins are drugs used to treat coronary heart disease (CHD).
8
New drugs must be trialled before they can be licensed for use.
Some scientists trialled two different types of statin.
The scientists:
• conducted the trial on 325 patients with a history of CHD in their family
• used a double-blind trial method
• measured the change in blood cholesterol levels over two years
• measured the change in thickness of an artery wall over two years.
(a) During the trials the statins are tested for side effects.
Give two other reasons why the statins are trialled before use.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Describe how the double-blind method is used in this trial.
___________________________________________________________________
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(2)

(c) The results of drug trials are peer reviewed before they are published.
Why are peer reviews important in drug trials?
Tick one box.
To calculate the best dose
To check the drug works
To make sure the scientist gets credit
To prevent false claims
(1)

(d) The table below shows the results of the trial.
Drug A Drug B
Number of patients who died

1 2
during the trial
Number of patients who reported

16 17
aching muscles
Number of patients who reported

18 16
mild abdominal cramps
Change in blood cholesterol level

–50.5 –41.2
in percentage
Change in thickness of artery

–0.0033 +0.032
wall in mm
Drug A is more effective than Drug B.
Give two reasons that support this conclusion.
Use information from the table above.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e) A scientist concludes that Drug A is a safer drug than Drug B.
Give two reasons why this is not a valid conclusion.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Coronary heart disease (CHD) can be caused by many factors.
9
The table below shows data related to CHD for five countries.
Number of
Amount of fruit
deaths from Percentage of Percentage of
and vegetables
CHD the population the population
Country eaten in kg per
per 100 000 who smoke who drink
person per
population per tobacco alcohol heavily
year
year
A 285 36 19 180
B 251 63 34 404
C 186 47 36 251
D 149 23 34 218
E 128 27 12 222
(a) Name one risk factor for CHD that is not shown in the table above.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) A student concludes that the main cause of CHD is not eating enough fruit and vegetables.
Give three reasons why the student’s conclusion is not correct.
Use information from the table above.
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(3)

(c) Explain how the build-up of fatty material can damage the heart.
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(4)
(d) Describe how statins can help to reduce deaths from CHD.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
The figure below shows a cross-section through a plant root.

10
(a) What is tissue A?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) A student is given samples of two fluids.
One fluid is from the phloem of a plant and one from the xylem of a plant.
The student is asked to work out which fluid is from the phloem and which is from the
xylem.
She measures the pH and the concentrations of sugar, nitrate ions and potassium ions of
each fluid.
The table below shows the student’s results.
Fluid A Fluid B
pH 7.3 5.6
Sugar in mg / cm3 118 1.18
Nitrate ions in mg / cm3 10 600
Potassium ions in μg / cm3 1.18 2500
Which fluid is from the phloem, and which is from the xylem?
Explain your answer.
Use the information from the table above.
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(4)
(c) In fluid A, how many times greater is the concentration of sugar than the concentration of
potassium ions?
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(2)

(d) The concentration of potassium ions in the soil is 3.9 μg / cm3
The concentration of potassium ions in the root tissue is 2500 μg / cm3
Explain why the concentration is so much higher in the roots than in the soil.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Blood sugar levels in the body are controlled by insulin.

11
(a) How does insulin travel around the body?
___________________________________________________________________
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(1)

(b) The table below shows the blood sugar levels for two people after eating a meal.
Blood sugar levels in mg per 100 cm3 of blood

Time after eating
in hours
Person A Person B
0 70 130
1 150 230
2 90 185
3 80 165
4 75 140
Use data from the table above to complete the graph in the figure below.
Plot the points for person A.
The first two points have been plotted for you.
Draw a line through all the points.
(3)
(c) How long after the meal is person B’s insulin production at its peak?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) What is the greatest decrease in the blood sugar level of person B in an hour?
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
Decrease = ___________________ mg per 100 cm3

(2)
(e) Estimate how long after eating the meal it will take for person B’s blood sugar level to
return to the level before the meal.
Show your working on the figure above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
The human body is organised to carry out many different functions.

12
(a) Use words from the box to complete Figure 1 by putting the parts of the body in order of
size from smallest to largest.
The smallest one has been done for you.
(2)

(b) The stomach is made of different types of tissue.
Draw one line from each type of stomach tissue to the correct description.
(3)
(c) Animals can react to their surroundings because they have nervous systems.
A student investigated the behaviour of small animals called woodlice.
The student set up the investigation as shown in Figure 2.
• The student covered one half of a Petri dish with black paper to make that side of the
Petri dish dark.
• The other side had no cover.
• The student put five woodlice into each side of the dish and then put the clear Petri
dish lid back on the dish.
Figure 2
After 30 minutes, all the woodlice had moved to the dark side of the Petri dish.

(i) In this investigation, what is the stimulus that the woodlice responded to?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) In this investigation, what is the response that the woodlice made?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) The student concluded that woodlice prefer dark conditions.
Give two ways in which the student could improve the investigation to be sure that
his conclusion was correct.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
The parts of the blood can be separated from each other by spinning the blood in a centrifuge.
13
The image below shows the separated parts of a 10 cm3 blood sample.
(a) Calculate the percentage of the blood that is made up of plasma.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Answer = _______________ %
(2)

(b) Name three chemical substances transported by the plasma.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
(3)
(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
White blood cells are part of the immune system. White blood cells help the body to defend
itself against pathogens.
Describe how pathogens cause infections and describe how the immune system defends
the body against these pathogens.
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)

A potometer is a piece of apparatus that can be used to measure water uptake by a leafy shoot.
14
Figure 1 shows a potometer.
Figure 1
Some students used a potometer like the one shown in Figure 1.
• They measured the water taken up by a shoot in normal conditions in a classroom.
• As the water was taken up by the shoot, the level of water in the capillary tube went down.
• The students recorded the level of the water in the capillary tube at 2-minute intervals for
10 minutes.
Table 1 shows the students’ results.
Table 1
Time in minutes 0 2 4 6 8 10
Level of water (on scale) in

2.5 3.6 4.4 5.4 6.5 7.5
capillary tube in mm

The area of the cross section of the capillary tube was 0.8 mm2.
(a) (i) Complete the following calculation to find the volume of water taken up by the shoot
in mm3 per minute.
Distance water moved along the scale in 10 minutes = ______ mm
Volume of water taken up by the shoot in 10 minutes = ______ mm3
Therefore, volume of water taken up by the shoot in 1 minute = ______ mm3

(3)
(ii) The students repeated the investigation but this time placed the potometer next
to a fan blowing air over the leafy shoot.
Suggest how the results would be different. Give a reason for your answer.
______________________________________________________________
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(2)

(b) The students repeated the investigation at different temperatures.
The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Temperature Rate of water uptake

in °C in mm3 per minute
10 0
15 0.4
20 1.0
25 2.1
30 3.2
35 4.0
40 4.4
Plot the data from Table 2 on the graph paper in Figure 2.
Choose suitable scales, label both axes and draw a line of best fit.
Figure 2
(5)

(c) What would happen to the leaves if the potometer was left for a longer time at 40 °C?
Explain your answer.
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(3)
(Total 13 marks)
Catalase is an enzyme found in many different tissues in plants and animals.It speeds up the rate
15 of the following reaction.
hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
Figure 1 shows a 25-day-old broad bean seedling.
Some students investigated whether different parts of bean seedlings contained different
amounts of catalase.
The students:
• put hydrogen peroxide into five test tubes
• added a different part of a bean seedling to each tube
• recorded the results after half a minute.
If there was catalase in part of the seedling, oxygen gas was given off.
When oxygen gas is given off, foam is produced in the tubes.

Figure 2 shows the results.
The students made the following conclusions:

• most parts of a bean seedling contain catalase
• the seed contains a lot of catalase
• stems and roots have quite a lot of catalase
• the leaves have a little bit of catalase
• the seed coat has hardly any catalase.
The students’ teacher said that the students needed to improve their investigation in order to
make valid conclusions.
(a) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
Describe how you would carry out an investigation to compare the amounts of catalase in
different parts of bean seedlings.
You should include details of how you would make sure your results give a valid
comparison of the amounts of catalase.
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(6)
(b) Scientists investigated the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme catalase in a fungus.
The table below shows the scientists’ results.
Enzyme activity in arbitrary units

pH
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Mean
3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.0 6 5 8 4 7 6
5.0 38 65 41 42 39
5.5 80 86 82 84 88 84
6.0 100 99 96 103 102 100
6.5 94 92 90 93 91 92
7.0 61 63 61 62 63 62
8.0 22 22 21 24 21 22
(i) Calculate the mean enzyme activity at pH 5.0.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Mean = _____________ arbitrary units

(2)

(ii) On the graph paper in Figure 3, draw a graph to show the scientists’ results.
Remember to:
• add a label to the vertical axis
• plot the mean values of enzyme activity
• draw a line of best fit.
Figure 3
(4)

(iii) At what pH does the enzyme work best?
____________________
(1)
(iv) Predict the activity of the enzyme at pH 9.0.
____________________ arbitrary units

(1)
(v) Suggest why the enzyme’s activity at pH 3.0 is zero.
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(1)
(Total 15 marks)

Scientists investigated the effect of different factors on health.
16
(a) People who are not active may have health problems.
The graph shows the percentage of 16-year-olds in some countries who are not active.
(i) What percentage of 16-year-olds in the UK are not active?
_____________ %
(1)
(ii) What percentage of 16-year-olds in the UK are active?
_____________ %
(1)
(iii) A newspaper headline states:
Information in Figure 1 does not support the newspaper headline.
Suggest one reason why the newspaper headline may be wrong.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Doctors gave a percentage rating to the health of 16-year-olds.
100% is perfect health.
The table shows the amount of exercise 16-year-olds do and their health rating.
Amount of exercise done

Health rating as %
in minutes every week
Less than 30 72
90 76
180 82
300 92
What conclusion can be made about the effect of exercise on health?
Use information from the table.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Inherited factors can also affect health.
Give one health problem that may be affected by the genes someone inherits.
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
being having a high having a

malnourished cholesterol level deficiency disease
(1)
(d) White blood cells are part of the immune system.
Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
antibiotics antibodies pathogens vaccines
(i) When we are ill, white blood cells produce _______________________ to kill
microorganisms.
(1)
(ii) Many strains of bacteria, including MRSA, have developed resistance to drugs called
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

The diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food.
17
It also shows some details about the structure of the stomach.
(a) Complete the table to show whether each structure is an organ, an organ system or a
tissue.
For each structure, tick ( ) one box.
Organ
Structure Organ Tissue
system
Stomach
Cells lining the stomach
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver,

pancreas, small and large intestine
(2)
(b) (i) The blood going to the stomach has a high concentration of oxygen.
The cells lining the stomach have a low concentration of oxygen.
Complete the following sentence.
Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells lining the stomach by
the process of ___________________________________ .

(1)

(ii) What other substance must move from the blood to the cells lining the stomach so
that respiration can take place?
glucose protein starch
(1)
(iii) In which part of a cell does aerobic respiration take place?
cell membrane mitochondria nucleus
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Lipase is an enzyme that digests fat.

18
(a) (i) Complete the equation to show the digestion of fat.
Use the correct answer from the box.
glucose glycerol glycogen
fat fatty acids + ___________________

(1)
(ii) Name one organ that makes lipase.
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Some students investigated the effect of bile on the digestion of fat by lipase.
The students:
1 mixed milk and bile in a beaker
2 put the pH sensor of a pH meter into the beaker
3 added lipase solution
4 recorded the pH at 2-minute intervals
5 repeated steps 1 to 4, but used water instead of bile.
Suggest two variables that the students should have controlled in this investigation.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) The graph shows the students’ results.
(i) Why did the pH decrease in both investigations?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Bile helps lipase to digest fat.
What evidence is there in the graph to support this conclusion?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Suggest one reason why the contents of both beakers had the same pH at the end of
the investigations.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

During exercise, the heart beats faster and with greater force.
19
The ‘heart rate’ is the number of times the heart beats each minute.The volume of blood that
travels out of the heart each time the heart beats is called the ‘stroke volume’.
In an investigation, Person 1 and Person 2 ran as fast as they could for 1 minute. Scientists
measured the heart rates and stroke volumes of Person 1 and Person 2 at rest, during the
exercise and after the exercise.
The graph below shows the scientists’ results.
(a) The ‘cardiac output’ is the volume of blood sent from the heart to the muscles each minute.
Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume
At the end of the exercise, Person 1’s cardiac output = 160 × 77 = 12 320 cm 3 per minute.
Use information from Figure above to complete the following calculation of Person 2’s
cardiac output at the end of the exercise.
At the end of the exercise:
Person 2’s heart rate = _______________ beats per minute
Person 2’s stroke volume = _______________ cm 3
Person 2’s cardiac output = _______________ cm 3 per minute

(3)

(b) Person 2 had a much lower cardiac output than Person 1.
(i) Use information from Figure above to suggest the main reason for the lower cardiac
output of Person 2.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Person 1 was able to run much faster than Person 2.
Use information from Figure above and your own knowledge to explain why.
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(5)
(Total 9 marks)

Our lungs help us to breathe.
20
The image below shows the human breathing system.
(a) (i) Name part A.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Give one function of the ribs.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
active transport diffusion osmosis
Oxygen moves from the air inside the lungs into the blood by the
process of __________________________ .
(1)
(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
arteries capillaries veins
Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood through the walls
of the __________________________ .
(1)

(iii) Inside the lungs, oxygen is absorbed from the air into the blood.
Give two adaptations of the lungs that help the rapid absorption of oxygen into the
blood.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Plants need different substances to survive.

21
Figure 1 shows the roots of a plant.
(a) (i) Mineral ions are absorbed through the roots.
Name one other substance absorbed through the roots.
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The plant in Figure 1 has a higher concentration of mineral ions in the cells of its
roots than the concentration of mineral ions in the soil.
Which two statements correctly describe the absorption of mineral ions into the
plant’s roots?
Tick ( ) two boxes.
The mineral ions are absorbed by active transport.
The mineral ions are absorbed by diffusion.
The mineral ions are absorbed down the concentration gradient.
The absorption of mineral ions needs energy.
(2)
(iii) The plant in Figure 1 has roots adapted for absorption.
Figure 2 shows a magnified part of a root from Figure 1.
Describe how the root in Figure 2 is adapted for absorption.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The leaves of plants have stomata.
What is the function of the stomata?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Figure 3 shows the underside of two leaves, A and B, taken from a plant in a man’s house.
(i) In Figure 3, the cells labelled X control the size of the stomata.
What is the name of the cells labelled X?
Tick ( ) one box.
Guard cells
Phloem cells
Xylem cells
(1)
(ii) Describe how the appearance of the stomata in leaf B is different from the
appearance of the stomata in leaf A.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) The man forgets to water the plant.
What might happen to the plant in the next few days if the stomata stay the same as
shown in leaf A in Figure 3?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
The circulatory system transports substances such as glucose and oxygen around the body.
22
(a) Name two other substances that the circulatory system transports around the body.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) (i) Blood is a tissue. Blood contains red blood cells and white blood cells.
Name two other components of blood.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) The heart is part of the circulatory system.
What type of tissue is the wall of the heart made of?
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
Every year, many patients need to have heart valve replacements.
The table gives information about two types of heart valve.
Living human heart valve Cow tissue heart valve
• It has been used for transplants for

• It has been used since 2011.
more than 12 years.
• It can take many years to find a suitable • It is made from the artery tissue of a
human donor. cow.
• It is transplanted during an operation • It is attached to a stent and inserted

after a donor has been found. inside the existing faulty valve.
• During the operation, the patient's chest • A doctor inserts the stent into a blood
is opened and the old valve is removed vessel in the leg and pushes it through
before the new valve is transplanted. the blood vessel to the heart.
A patient needs a heart valve replacement. A doctor recommends the use of a cow tissue
heart valve.
Give the advantages and disadvantages of using a cow tissue heart valve compared with
using a living human heart valve.
Use information from the table and your own knowledge in your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 11 marks)

Gas exchange takes place in the lungs.
23
The diagram shows an alveolus next to a blood capillary in a lung.
The arrows show the movement of two gases, A and B.
(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
diffusion.
Gases A and B move by osmosis.
respiration.
(1)
(ii) Gas A moves from the blood to the air in the lungs.
Gas A is then breathed out.
Name Gas A.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Which cells in the blood carry Gas B?
platelets red blood cells white blood cells

(1)
(b) The average number of alveoli in each human lung is 280 million.
The average surface area of 1 million alveoli is 0.25 m2.
Calculate the total surface area of a human lung.
___________________________________________________________________
Answer ___________________________________ m2
(2)

(c) An athlete trains to run a marathon. The surface area of each of the athlete’s lungs has
increased to 80 m2.
Give one way in which this increase will help the athlete.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
The photograph shows a fossil of a prehistoric bird called Archaeopteryx.

24
By Ghedoghedo (own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-SA-3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft

/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons; By Steenbergs from Ripon, United Kingdom (Small Fishing Boat In North Sea) [CC-BY-2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
(a) Describe three ways fossils can be made.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The drawing shows what an Archaeopteryx might have looked like when it was alive.
Scientists think that Archaeopteryx was a predator.
(i) Look at the drawing.
Write down three adaptations that might have helped Archaeopteryx to catch prey.
How would each adaptation have helped Archaeopteryx to catch prey?
Adaptation 1 ___________________________________________________
How it helps ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Adaptation 2 ___________________________________________________
How it helps ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Adaptation 3 ___________________________________________________
How it helps ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) Archaeopteryx is now extinct.
Give two reasons why animals may become extinct.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Diagram 1 shows a section through the heart.

25
Diagram 1
(a) Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B on Diagram 1.
arota atrium pulmonary artery ventricle
A ___________________________________________________________
B ___________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The tissue in the wall of the heart contracts.
(i) What type of tissue is this?
Tick ( ) one box.
muscular
glandular
epithelial
(1)
(ii) What does the heart do when this tissue contracts?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Draw arrows on Diagram 2 to complete the route taken by deoxygenated blood through the
heart.
Diagram 2
(2)

(d) The graph shows the percentage (%) of adults in the UK who have coronary heart disease.
Age group
(i) Look at the graph.
Which group of people is most at risk of having coronary heart disease in the UK?
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) Explain what happens to the heart in coronary heart disease.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

The diagram below shows the human digestive system.
26
(a) (i) What is Organ A?
gall bladder liver stomach

(1)
(ii) What is Organ B?
large intestine pancreas small intestine

(1)

(b) Digestive enzymes are made by different organs in the digestive system.
Complete the table below putting a tick (✓) or cross (✕) in the boxes.
The first row has been done for you.
Organ producing enzyme
salivary small
stomach pancreas
glands intestine
amylase ✓ ✕ ✓ ✓
Enzyme lipase
protease
(2)
(c) The stomach also makes hydrochloric acid.
How does the acid help digestion?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) Draw one line from each digestive enzyme to the correct breakdown product.
Digestive enzyme Breakdown products
amino acids.
Amylase breaks down

starch into……
bases.
Lipase breaks down fats

into…
fatty acids and

glycerol.
Protease breaks down

proteins into…
sugars.
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
The image below shows some cells on the lower surface of a leaf.
27
© Stefan Diller/Science Photo Library
(a) What are the cells labelled X called?
guard cells palisade cells mesophyll cells

(1)
(b) Water loss by evaporation from leaves is called transpiration.
A student set up an experiment to investigate water loss from leaves.
The student:
• took two leaves, A and B, from a plant
• put Vaseline (grease) on both sides of Leaf B; did nothing to Leaf A
• wrote down the mass of each leaf
• attached the leaves onto a string as shown in the diagram below.

Leaf A Leaf B
(no treatment) (both surfaces covered
in Vaseline)
• left the leaves for 48 hours
• wrote down the mass of each leaf again
• calculated the percentage (%) change in mass for each leaf.
(i) Give one variable that the student controlled in this investigation.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) The mass of Leaf A was 1.60 g at the start of the investigation. After 48 hours it was
1.28 g.
Calculate the % decrease in mass over 48 hours.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
% decrease = __________________
(2)
(c) Vaseline blocks the stomata.
The % change in mass of Leaf B was less than Leaf A after 48 hours.
Explain why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give three environmental conditions that would increase transpiration.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
The diagram below shows a cross-section of a plant root. The transport tissues are labelled.
28
(a) (i) What is tissue A?
cuticle epidermis xylem

(1)
(ii) Name two substances transported by tissue A.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Phloem is involved in a process called translocation.
(i) What is translocation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain why translocation is important to plants.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Plants must use active transport to move some substances from the soil into root hair cells.
(i) Active transport needs energy.
Which part of the cell releases most of this energy?
Tick (✓) one box.
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosome
(1)
(ii) Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

The image below shows some cells in the lining of the stomach.
29
(a) (i) Use words from the box to name structures A and B.
cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm vacuole
A _____________________________________
B _____________________________________
(2)
(ii) What is the function of the nucleus?
Tick ( ) one box.
To control the activities of the cell
To control movement of substances into and out of the cell
To release energy in respiration
(1)

(b) Draw one line from each part of the human body to its correct scientific name.
Part of human body Scientific name
An organ
Layer of cells lining the stomach
An organism
Stomach
An organ system
Mouth, stomach, intestines,

liver and pancreas
A tissue
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Some students investigated the effect of pH on the digestion of boiled egg white by an enzyme
30 called pepsin. Egg white contains protein.
The students:
• put a glass tube containing boiled egg white into a test tube
• added a solution containing pepsin at pH 7
• set up six more tubes with solutions of pepsin at different pH values
• left the test tubes for 24 hours at room temperature.
The image below shows one of the test tubes, at the start and at the end of the 24 hours.
At start 24 hours later
(a) (i) Name the product of protein digestion.
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) What type of enzyme digests protein?
Tick ( ) one box.
amylase
lipase
protease
(1)
(b) The egg white in each tube was 50 mm long at the start of the investigation.
The table below shows the students’ results.
Length in mm of boiled
pH
egg white after 24 hours
1 38
2 20
3 34
4 45
5 50
6 50
7 50
(i) At which pH did the pepsin work best?
pH _________________
(1)

(ii) The answer you gave in part (b)(i) may not be the exact pH at which pepsin works
best.
What could the students do to find a more accurate value for this pH?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) There was no change in the length of the egg white from pH 5 to pH 7.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Pepsin is made by the stomach.
Name the acid made by the stomach which allows pepsin to work well.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

(a) (i) Blood is part of the circulatory system.
31
Draw one line from each part of the blood to its correct function.
Part of the blood Function
carry glucose around

the body
White blood cells
carry oxygen around

the body
Red blood cells
help the blood to clot
Platelets
destroy
microorganisms
(3)
(ii) Name one waste product that is transported by the blood plasma.
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The heart is also part of the circulatory system.
Figure 1 shows a section through the human heart.
Figure 1
(i) Which arrow, A, B, C or D, shows blood leaving the heart in the pulmonary artery to
go to the lungs?
(1)
(ii) Which arrow, A, B, C or D, shows blood from the lungs entering the heart in the
pulmonary vein?
(1)
(iii) Valves in the circulatory system make sure blood only travels in one direction.
Name the type of blood vessel that has valves.
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) A person’s coronary artery has become narrower.
The person has a heart attack.
A doctor puts a stent into the person’s coronary artery.
Figure 2 shows a stent inside a coronary artery.
Figure 2
(i) How does the stent help to prevent another heart attack?
Give one way.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Figure 3 shows a surgeon putting a stent into a patient.
Figure 3
© Science Photo Library

The surgeon puts the stent into an artery in the leg. He moves the stent through the
artery to the coronary artery.
Suggest two possible risks of this operation.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Substances are transported through plants.

32
(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
capillary guard cells phloem
stomata transpiration xylem
(i) Water is transported from the roots to the stem of a plant
in the ____________________________ .
(1)
(ii) Dissolved sugars are transported through the plant
in the ____________________________ .
(1)
(iii) Movement of water through the plant is called the
____________________________ stream.
(1)
(iv) Water vapour moves out of the plant through pores
called ____________________________ .
(1)

(b) Students investigated the effect of different conditions on water loss from leaves.
The apparatus is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
The students set up four flasks, A, B, C and D.
The students:
• used the same size plant shoot in each flask
• recorded the mass of the flask and plant shoot at the start of each experiment
• left each flask and plant shoot in different conditions
• recorded the mass of each flask and plant shoot after 2 hours.
Table 1 shows the conditions that flasks A, B, C and D were left in for 2 hours.
Table 1
Flask Temperature in °C Fan or no fan
A 20 No Fan
B 20 Fan
C 35 No Fan
D 35 Fan
(i) Suggest why the students used cotton wool in each flask.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The use of the same size of plant shoot made the investigation a fair test.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) Table 2 shows the students’ results.
Table 2
Conditions Mass at Mass Mass of

the start after water lost
Temperature Fan or in grams 2 hours in 2 hours
Flask
in °C no fan in grams in grams
A 20 No Fan 150.0 148.1 1.9
B 20 Fan 152.0 148.5 3.5
C 35 No Fan 149.0 145.9 3.1
D 35 Fan 150.0 145.5
What mass of water was lost by the plant shoot in flask D?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
___________ grams
(1)
(iv) Suggest what conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on water loss
from the plant shoot.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(v) Suggest what conclusion can be made about the effect of the fan on water loss from
the plant shoot.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) The students carried out another experiment at 20 °C, with no fan.
The students used the apparatus in Figure 2.
Figure 2
In this experiment, the students:
• recorded the mass of the flask and plant shoot before tying the plastic bag around the
plant shoot
• removed the bag after 2 hours and recorded the mass again.
(i) What mass of water would be lost from the plant shoot in 2 hours?
0.3 g 1.9 g 3.9 g
(1)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer to part (c)(i).
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
Plant roots absorb water from the soil by osmosis.

33
(a) What is osmosis?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) The image below shows part of a plant root.

The plant root is adapted for absorbing water from the soil.
Use information from the diagram to explain how this plant root is adapted for absorbing
water.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
The leaves of most plants have stomata.

34
(a) (i) Name the cells which control the size of the stomata.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Give one function of stomata.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) The image below shows part of the surface of a leaf.
The length and width of this piece of leaf surface are both 0.1 mm.

(i) Calculate the number of stomata per mm2 of this leaf surface.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________ per mm2

(2)
(ii) A different plant species has 400 stomata per mm2 of leaf surface.
Having a large number of stomata per mm2 of leaf surface can be a disadvantage to
a plant.
Give one disadvantage.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) A student investigated the loss of water from plant leaves.
The student did the following:
• Step 1: took ten leaves from a plant
• Step 2: weighed all ten leaves
• Step 3: hung the leaves up in a classroom for 4 days
• Step 4: weighed all ten leaves again
• Step 5: calculated the mass of water lost by the leaves
• Step 6: repeated steps 1 to 5 with grease spread on the upper surfaces of the leaves
• Step 7: repeated steps 1 to 5 with grease spread on both the upper and lower
surfaces of the leaves.
All the leaves were taken from the same type of plant.
The table below shows the student’s results.
Treatment of leaves Mass of water the leaves

lost in g
No grease was used on the leaves 0.98
Grease on upper surfaces of the leaves 0.86
Grease on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves 0.01

(i) What mass of water was lost in 4 days through the upper surfaces of the leaves?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Mass = ___________ g
(1)
(ii) Very little water was lost when the lower surfaces of the leaves were covered in
grease.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

LDL is one form of cholesterol found in the blood.
35
People with a high concentration of LDL in their blood may be treated with drugs called statins.
A high concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood may result in an increased risk of heart and
circulatory diseases.
The graph shows the effects of the treatment of one person with four different statins,
A, B, C and D, over a period of 8 years. The arrows show when each new treatment was started.
Each treatment was continued until the next treatment was started.
Year
Compare the effectiveness of the five treatments in reducing the risk of heart and
circulatory diseases for this person.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 4 marks)

Mark schemes
(a) cell membrane
1
extra boxes ticked negates mark
1
(b) nucleus
extra boxes ticked negates mark
1
(c) has a tail so it can swim (to an egg)

accept has many mitochondria to release energy to swim
1
(d)
all three correct for 2 marks

one or two correct for 1 mark
2
[5]
(a) 8 (micrometres)
2 1
(b) red blood cell(s)

1
white blood cell(s)

accept named cell
eg phagocyte / lymphocyte
1

(plasma)
transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea / hormones / blood
cells
1
(c) any one from:
• you could lose a lot of blood

• bleed internally
allow bleeding would not stop
allow could bleed to death
1
[5]
(a) mitosis
3
extra box ticked negates mark
1
(b) cell division is uncontrolled

1
(c) any one from:
• smoking / tar
• alcohol
• carcinogens
allow named chemical
• viruses (living in cells)
• (ionising) radiation
accept UV / X-rays / gamma waves
1
(d) bar plotted at 78%

ignore width of bar
1
(e) testicular
1
(f) prostate
1

(g) any two from:
• improved treatment / drugs

• earlier diagnosis
• more cancer screening
• improved patient knowledge (of risk factors)
allow improved patient diet / lifestyle
2
[8]
(a) any two from:

4
• same result at pH 7 and 7.5
or
could be any pH between 7 and 7.5
or
not tested at pH 7.25
or
need to test at smaller pH intervals (between 7 and 7.5)
• accuracy of result only to nearest 0.5 minutes
• no repeats
• difficult to determine end point (colour)
2
(b) 2.7 / 5
1
0.54 (units per minute)

allow 0.52 with no working shown for 2 marks
1
allow 1 mark for 0.52 or 0.56
(c) (after 10 minutes) solution goes black

1
(after 60 minutes) solution stays the same

or
does not go black
or
goes slightly orange
1
(d) steeper curve

1
levels off at 11.8 units and before 45 minutes

1
[8]
(a) cells can break off

5
allow cells invade other tissues
1

travel in blood
accept travel in lymph (fluid)
1
(b)
1
85.4 (%)
allow 85.4 (%) with no working shown for 2 marks)
1
(c) any two from:
• similar survival rates for diagnosis in 1961

• survival rate (for diagnosis in 2011) is 1.5 times greater for prostate cancer
compared to bowel cancer
• (survival rates) have improved for both cancers
• (survival rate) for prostate cancer has improved more
accept survival rate for bowel cancer has increased 2.4 times but
for prostate cancer 3.4 / 3.36 times
2
plus two from:
• earlier diagnosis
• improved screening programmes
• improved drugs
• difference in level of aggression of cancers
• difference in ease of removing tumours
reason must be correctly linked to comparison
2
[8]
(a) plasma transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea /

6 hormones
or
blood cells are suspended in the plasma
1
platelets are involved in blood clotting

1
(b) the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
and
the left side of the heart pumps blood around (the rest of) the body
1

(c) Level 3 (5–6 marks):
A detailed and coherent evaluation is provided which considers a range of relevant points
and comes to a conclusion consistent with the reasoning.
Level 2 (3–4 marks):

An attempt to relate relevant points and come to a conclusion. The logic may be
inconsistent at times but builds towards a coherent argument.

Discrete relevant points made. The logic may be unclear and the conclusion, if present,
may not be consistent with the reasoning.
0 marks:
No relevant content
Indicative content
pros of statins:
• decreases blood cholesterol
• slows down build-up of fatty material in arteries
• (so) blood can flow to heart muscle cells
cons of statins:
• drug has to be taken regularly or may forget to take drug
• drug will need to be taken long-term
• side-effects of taking the drug
• effects of drug will take time to happen
pros of stents:
• blocked artery is held open
• (so) blood can flow to heart muscle cells
• will remain in place / work for a long time
• rapid recovery time
cons of stents:
• risk of infection from procedure
• risk of surgery eg heart attack
• risk of thrombosis or blood clot
a justified conclusion
6
[9]
(a) (A) right atrium

7 1
(B) right ventricle

1
(b) To take blood from the lungs to the heart

1
(c) keeps the (coronary) artery open / wide

1

so the blood can carry glucose and oxygen
1
to the heart (muscle)

1
for respiration
1
if marking points 2, 3 and 4 not awarded allow 1 mark for ‘keep a
(constant) flow of blood to the heart (muscle)’
(d) bar D correctly plotted

1
bar E correctly plotted

1
± 0.5 small squares
(e) twice / two times (more likely)

1

(f) Level 3 (5–6 marks):
A detailed and coherent evaluation is provided that considers a range of relevant points
about how well the data correlates with the statement, quoting relevant comparisons and
comes to a conclusion consistent with the reasoning.

An attempt to relate relevant points within the data and come to a conclusion. The logic
may be inconsistent at times but builds towards a coherent argument.

Discrete, relevant points made, attempting to apply understanding of the factors involved in
development of CHD to the data in the table. The logic may be unclear and the conclusion,
if present, may not be consistent with the reasoning.
0 marks:
No relevant content
Indicative content
data that supports statement:

• country A has the highest death rate at 285 deaths per 1000 and the lowest
consumption at only 180 kg per person
• death rate in country E is less than half that in country A (125 compared with
285) and consumption is higher (244 compared with 180)
• other countries with lower death rates than A have higher consumption (eg
country B 250 deaths per 1000 but consumption of 320 kg per person)
arguments against statement:
• but most of the data on the graph does not show clear correlation between
death rates and consumption of data
• eg death rate in country B is second highest at 250 deaths per 1000 but
consumption is highest at 320 kg per person, nearly double that in A where
death rate is only 35 per 1000 more
• differences show no clear pattern – eg in countries where death rate is much
lower the consumption is not a similar proportion higher (cf country D death
rate just under half that in A but consumption not double that in A)
• there may be other factors affecting death rate that are not reported, such as
smoking, obesity, exercise, stress
6
[16]
(a) any two from:

8
• to work out the correct dose to be given
• to check that the drug is working correctly
• to check for toxic effects.
2
(b) patients are randomly allocated to receive statin or a placebo

1
so neither patient nor doctor knows who has received which

1

answer in terms of only the drug company knows who is taking the
statin or the placebo gains 2 marks
(c) To prevent false claims

1
(d) drug A reduced the blood cholesterol level more than drug B
1
drug A reduced the thickness of the artery or drug B increased the thickness of the artery
allow drug A made the artery thinner or drug B made the artery
thicker
1
ignore side effects
(e) differences in number of patients reporting side effects are very similar
1
we don’t know what the patients died of

1
[9]
(a) (lack of) exercise

9
allow description of type or amount of exercise
1
allow other risk factors not mentioned in table, eg high cholesterol
levels, blood pressure, levels of obesity, diabetes
(b) the second highest death rate has the highest fruit and vegetable consumption
the lowest death rates don’t have high fruit and vegetable consumption
lowest death rates have a low percentage of the population that smokes.
3
(c) (it builds up) inside the coronary arteries

1
(causing) them to narrow

1
(this) reduces blood flow

1
so less oxygen gets to the heart muscle

1
(d) (statins) reduce cholesterol in the blood

1
so there is less build up of fatty material (in coronary arteries)

allow slows the rate of fat deposit
1
[10]

(a) xylem
10 1
(b) A is phloem, B is xylem

1
any three from:
• phloem transports sugars

• there are more sugars in fluid A
• xylem transports mineral ions / potassium ions / nitrate ions
• there are more mineral ions in fluid B.
3
(c) correct conversion of 1.18 µg to mg / cm3

1
allow 1 mark for 100 (ie no conversion to mg)

allow 100 000 with no working shown for 2 marks
1
(d) potassium ions are transported into the root

1
against a concentration gradient

1
by active transport
1
[10]
(a) in the blood(stream)

11
allow plasma
ignore dissolved or in solution
1
(b) all three plots correct

accept two correct plots for 1 mark
2
suitable line drawn

1
(c) 1 hour
1

(d) 230−185
identification of steepest part of graph and correct readings taken
1
= 45
1
(e) line on graph showing extrapolation for person B
correct value read from graph (at 130 mg per 100 cm3)
allow 1 mark for a value of 4.5–5 hours if no extrapolation shown
2
[9]
(a) tissue → organ → organ system

12
one right for 1 mark
three right for 2 marks
2
(b) Epithelial tissue → covers the outside and the inside of the stomach
more than one line from a tissue = no mark
1
Glandular tissue → produces digestive juices

1
Muscular tissue → allows food to be churned around the stomach

1
(c) (i) light

ignore dark
1
(ii) moving (to the dark)

1
(iii) any two from:
• use more woodlice

• repeat the experiment
• run for a longer time
2
[9]
(a) 55%
13
2 marks for correct answer alone
accept 54 − 56
5.5 / 10 × 100 alone gains 1 mark
2

(b) any three from:
• amino acids
• antibodies
• antitoxins
• carbon dioxide
• cholesterol
• enzymes
• fatty acid
• glucose
• glycerol
• hormones / named hormones
• ions / named ions
• proteins
• urea
• vitamins
• water.
ignore blood cells and platelets
ignore oxygen
max 1 named example of each for ions and hormones
allow minerals
3
(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication
(QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer
to the information in the Marking Guidance and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the
marking.
0 marks
No relevant content.
Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)
There is a description of pathogens with errors or roles confused.
or
the immune response with errors or roles confused.
There is a description of pathogens and the immune response with some errors or
confusion
or
a clear description of either pathogens or the immune response with few errors or
little confusion.
There is a good description of pathogens and the immune response with very few
errors or omissions.

Examples of biology points made in the response:
• bacteria and viruses are pathogens

credit any ref to bacteria and viruses
• they reproduce rapidly inside the body
• bacteria may produce poisons / toxins (that make us feel ill)
• viruses live (and reproduce) inside cells (causing damage).
white blood cells help to defend against pathogens by:
• ingesting pathogens / bacteria / (cells containing) viruses

credit engulf / digest / phagocytosis
• to destroy (particular) pathogen / bacteria / viruses
• producing antibodies
• to destroy particular / specific pathogens
• producing antitoxins
• to counteract toxins (released by pathogens)
credit memory cells / correct description
• this leads to immunity from that pathogen.
6
[11]
(a) (i) 5.0

14 1
(5 × 0.8) or 4
allow ecf from distance
1
0.4
allow ecf from 10-min volume
1
(ii) increased (rate of uptake)

1
more transpiration / evaporation

1
(b) correct scales

allow reversed axes
1
correctly labelled axes with units

1
correct points
one plot error = max 1 mark
2
curved line of best fit

allow correct straight line
1

(c) leaves wilt
1
because plants lose too much water (by evaporation)

1
through the stomata

or
because cells become plamolysed
or
stomata close
controlled by guard cells
to prevent wilting
1
[13]
(a) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication (QC)
15 as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also refer to the
information in the Marking guidance and apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant content.
Level 1 (1−2 marks)

The method described is weak and could not be used to collect valid results, however
does show some understanding of the sequence of an investigation.

The method described could be followed and would enable some valid results to be
collected, but lacks detail.

The method described could be easily followed and would enable valid results to be
collected.
Examples of the points made in the response:

• bean seedlings of same age
• cut material from same part of each organ (for repeats) e.g. top 1 cm of stem / a
whole cotyledon / seed
• equal mass of each organ
accept weight for mass
• grind / homogenise
• in equal amounts of water / buffer
• equal volumes of hydrogen peroxide solution
• equal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide solution
• same temperature
• temperature maintained in water bath
• quantitative measure of gas production eg height of foam in mm / collect gas in
graduated syringe in cm3
• for same time period
• repetitions (3+ times)
• calculate mean for each.
6

(b) (i) correct answer: 40
1 mark for 45 as the anomalous result has been included in the
calculation
or
1 mark for
or
2
(ii) vertical axis correctly labelled:

‘Enzyme activity in arbitrary units’
allow ecf from (b)(i)
1
points plotted correctly ±1 mm

deduct 1 mark for each incorrect plot
2
suitable line of best fit

not feathery, not point to point
1
(iii) 6.0 / 6
allow ± 0.1
if 6.0 not given, allow correct for candidate’s graph ± 0.1
1
(iv) in range 0 to 14 units

allow correct for candidate’s graph
1
(v) enzyme denatured / enzyme (active site) shape changed

allow substrate no longer fits (active site)
ignore reference to temperature
do not allow enzyme dies
1
[15]

(a) (i) 64
16 1
(ii) 36
allow e.c.f from (i) i.e. 100 − answer given in (a)(i)
1
(iii) any one from:

• only considers 16-year-olds
ignore lack of evidence
allow does not refer to all ages
• only about some / 5 countries
allow does not refer to all countries.
1
(b) the more exercise done the healthier a person is

allow the more exercise done the higher the health rating
allow the less exercise done the lower the health rating
1
(c) having a high cholesterol level

1
(d) (i) antibodies

1
(ii) antibiotics
1
[7]
(a)
17
Organ
Structure Organ Tissue
system
Stomach
Cells lining the stomach
Mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, liver,
pancreas, small and
large intestine
all 3 correct = 2 marks

2 correct = 1 mark
1 or 0 correct = 0 marks
2
(b) (i) diffusion

allow phonetic spelling
1

(ii) glucose
1
(iii) mitochondria
1
[5]
(a) (i) glycerol

18 1
(ii) pancreas / small intestine

accept duodenum / ileum
ignore intestine unqualified
1
(b) any two from:

• type of milk
• volume / amount of milk
• vol. bile equals vol. water
• volume of lipase
• concentration of lipase
• temperature
ignore time interval
ignore solution unqualified
do not allow pH
ignore starting pH
ignore volume / amount of bile / water
ignore concentration of bile
accept amount of lipase if neither volume nor concentration given
2

(c) (i) fatty acid (production)
1
(ii) faster reaction / digestion (with bile)

or
pH decreases faster (with bile)
or
takes less time (with bile)
or
steeper fall / line (with bile)
allow use of data
ignore easier
1
(iii) all fat / milk digested

or
same amount of fatty acids present
or
(lower pH) denatures the enzyme / lipase
allow all reactants used up
ignore reference to neutralisation
allow enzyme won’t work at low pH
do not allow enzyme killed
1
[7]
(a) 5624
19
allow 2 marks for:
• correct HR = 148 and correct SV = 38 plus wrong answer / no
answer
or
• only one value correct and ecf for answer
allow 1 mark for:
• incorrect values and ecf for answer
or
• only one value correct
3
(b) (i) Person 2 has low(er) stroke volume / SV / described

eg Person 2 pumps out smaller volume each beat
do not allow Person 2 has lower heart rate
1
(ii) Person 1 sends more blood (to muscles / body / lungs)

1
(which) supplies (more) oxygen

1
(and) supplies (more) glucose

1

(faster rate of) respiration or transfers (more) energy for use
ignore aerobic / anaerobic
allow (more) energy release
allow aerobic respiration transfers / releases more energy (than
anaerobic)
do not allow makes (more) energy
1
removes (more) CO2 / lactic acid / heat

allow less oxygen debt
or less lactic acid made

or (more) muscle contraction / less muscle fatigue
if no other mark awarded,
allow person 1 is fitter (than person 2) for max 1 mark
1
[9]
(a) (i) alveoli / alveolus

20
allow air sacs
1
(ii) any one from:

• protection (of lungs / heart)
• help you breathe / inflate lungs.
1
(b) (i) diffusion

1
(ii) capillaries
1
(iii) any two from:

• (have many) alveoli
allow air sacs
• large surface / area
• thin (exchange) surface or short diffusion pathway
accept only one / two cell(s) thick
• good blood supply / many capillaries
allow (kept) ventilated or maintained concentration gradient.
2
[6]

(a) (i) water / H2O
21
accept oxygen
allow H2O
do not allow H2O or H2O
1
(ii) the mineral ions are absorbed by active transport

1
the absorption of mineral ions needs energy

1
(iii) have (many root) hairs

1
(which) give a large surface area (for absorption)

1
(b) carbon dioxide in

or
oxygen out
or
control water loss
accept gas exchange
ignore gases in and out
ignore gain / lose water
1
(c) (i) guard cells

1
(ii) (stomata are) closed

allow there is no gap / space
1
(iii) plant will wilt / droop

ignore die
1
[9]

(a) any two from:
22 • carbon dioxide / CO 2
• urea
• protein
• water / H 2O
• hormones / insulin.
ignore food / waste / alcohol / drugs / enzymes
ignore glucose and oxygen
allow two correct hormones for 2 marks
allow two correct food components for 2 marks
allow antibodies
allow antitoxins
2
(b) (i) plasma

1
platelets
1
(ii) (cardiac) muscle

allow muscular
1
(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners
should also refer to the information in the Marking Guidance and apply a ‘best-fit’
approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant content

There is a description of at least one advantage of the cow tissue valve
or
a description of at least one disadvantage of the cow tissue valve.

There is a description of at least one advantage of the cow tissue valve
and
at least one disadvantage of the cow tissue valve.

There is a description of the advantages and disadvantages of the cow tissue valve
or
a description of several advantages of the cow tissue valve and at least one
disadvantage.

Examples of the points made in the response
Advantages of cow tissue valve:
• abundant supply of cows

• so shorter waiting time
ignore can take many years to find a suitable human donor
• no need for tissue typing
• quicker operation
• less invasive or shorter recovery time
• cheaper operation costs
• less operation / anaesthetic risks.
Disadvantages of cow tissue valve:
• made from cow so possible objections on religious grounds

ignore ethical arguments
• new procedure so could be unknown risks
allow possible transfer of disease from cow
• risks of using a stent eg. blood clots, stent breaking or valve tearing
• not proven as a long term treatment
• may be rejected
ignore information copied directly from the table without value
added.
6
[11]
(a) (i) diffusion

23 1
(ii) carbon dioxide

accept CO2 / CO2
do not accept CO2
1
(iii) red blood cells

1
(b) 70
if no / incorrect answer then
70 000 000
or
280 x 0.25 gains 1 mark
ignore doubling the answer
2
(c) allows more gas / oxygen / CO2

(exchange)
do not accept air
1
[6]

(a) any three from:
24
• parts of organisms have not decayed
accept in amber / resin
allow bones are preserved
• conditions needed for decay are absent
accept appropriate examples, eg acidic in bogs / lack of oxygen
• parts of the organism are replaced by other materials as they decay
accept mineralised
• or other preserved traces of organisms, eg footprints, burrows and rootlet
traces
allow imprint or marking of organism
3
(b) (i) teeth for biting (prey)

must give structure + explanation
1
claws to grip (prey)

accept sensible uses
1
wing / tail for flight to find (prey)

1
(ii) any two from:
• new predators
• new diseases
• better competitors
• catastrophe eg volcanic eruption, meteor
• changes to environment over geological time
accept climate change
allow change in weather
• prey dies out or lack of food
allow hunted to extinction
2
[8]
(a) A - atrium
25
ignore references to right / left
1
B - ventricle
1
(b) (i) muscular

1
(ii) push blood

accept pump / force
1

(c)
arrows approx as indicated

1
arrow(s) showing flow from A to B

from B out / up / to artery
1
(d) (i) male

1
65 and over
1
(ii) fatty deposits / material in (coronary) arteries

allow correct points made about heart attacks
1
narrows / blocks / reduces flow

1
decreases oxygen supply (to heart muscle)

1
[11]
(a) (i) stomach

26 1
(ii) small intestine

1

(b)
salivary small
stomach pancreas
glands intestine
amylase ✓ ✕ ✓ ✓
lipase ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓
protease ✕ ✓ ✓ ✓
1 mark per correct row

or
if no correct row max 1 mark for any one correct column
2
(c) enzyme / protease / pepsin most effective in acid conditions / low pH

accept optimum / correct pH
do not accept ref to incorrectly named enzymes
ignore killing bacteria
ignore acid breaks down food
1
(d) Enzyme Breakdown products
3
[8]
(a) guard cells

27 1
(b) (i) any one from:
• species / plant
• length of time
ignore temperature and size of leaves
1

(ii) 20
correct answer = 2 marks
accept
or
for 1 mark
2
(c) less water loss / transpiration / evaporation

1
(d) hot
1
ignore bright / sunny conditions
dry / low humidity

1
wind(y)
1
[8]
(a) (i) xylem

28 1
(ii) water
1
minerals / ions / named example(s)

ignore nutrients
1
(b) (i) movement of (dissolved) sugar

allow additional substances, eg amino acids / correct named sugar
(allow sucrose / glucose)
allow nutrients / substances / food molecules if sufficiently qualified
ignore food alone
1
(ii) sugars are made in the leaves

1
so they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for respiration / growth /
storage
1
(c) (i) mitochondria

1
(ii) for movement of minerals / ions

Do not accept ‘water’
1

against their concentration gradient
1
[9]
(a) (i) A = (cell) membrane

29 1
B = cytoplasm
do not accept cytoplast
1
(ii) To control the activities of the cell

1
(b)
extra lines cancel

3
[6]
(a) (i) amino acid(s)

30
accept peptide(s)
do not allow polypeptide(s)
1
(ii) protease
1
(b) (i) 2
1
(ii) repeat
do not allow other enzyme / substrate
1

using smaller pH intervals between pH1 and pH3
allow smaller intervals on both sides of / around pH2
allow smaller intervals on both sides of / around answer to (b)(i)
1
(iii) enzyme / pepsin denatured / shape changed

do not allow enzyme killed
allow enzyme ‘destroyed’
1
enzyme / pepsin no longer fits (substrate)

allow enzyme / pepsin does not work
1
(c) hydrochloric (acid)

accept HCl
allow HCL
ignore hcl
do not allow incorrect formula –e.g. H2Cl / HCl2
1
[8]
(a) (i)
31
one mark for each line

extra line negates a mark
3
(ii) any one from:
• carbon dioxide / CO 2
• urea
do not allow urine
ignore water
ignore ions
1

(b) (i) B
1
(ii) D
1
(iii) vein
accept correct named
examples
1
(c) (i) any one from:
• keeps artery / blood vessel open or widens artery / blood vessel

• allows (more) blood to heart / cardiac muscle
• (allows) blood to flow more easily
• allows (more) oxygen to heart / cardiac muscle
1
(ii) any two from:
• bleeding
allow blood clots
• infection
• damaging blood vessels
• damaging the heart
• risk from anaesthetic
2
[10]
(a) (i) xylem

32 1
(ii) phloem
1
(iii) transpiration
1
(iv) stomata
1
(b) (i) any one from:
• reduce / prevent evaporation of water from flask

• holds plant shoot in place
• prevent damage to the plant
1

(ii) same surface area or number of leaves
(because if they used larger / smaller size shoots) there would be a
larger / smaller surface area or a larger/ smaller number of leaves
allow same number of stomata
1
from which (the same amount of) water evaporates

(and therefore) more / less water would escape
allow from which water escapes
1
(iii) 4.5
look for answer written in table
1
(iv) increasing temperature / heat increases (rate of) water loss / evaporation
1
(v) having moving air / a fan increases (rate of) water loss / evaporation
1
(c) (i) 0.3 g

1
(ii) plastic bag reduces air flow across leaves

or
air is humid around the leaves
allow plastic bag stops water (vapour) leaving
allow air (in plastic bag) becomes saturated (with water)
1
[12]
(a) any three from:

33
• (water through a) partially permeable
accept ‘semi permeable’ / selectively permeable
• membrane
• from dilute to (more) concentrated solution
allow ‘from a high concentration of water to a lower concentration
(of water)’
allow ‘from high water potential to low water potential’
allow ‘down a concentration gradient of water’
do not accept ‘along a concentration gradient of water’
• (it‘s a) passive (process)
allow requires no energy
3

(b) (there are) many hairs or thin hairs or hairs are one cell thick
1
(which gives) large / increased surface area or short diffusion pathway

1
(so there is) more diffusion / osmosis (of water into the root)
ignore absorption
1
[6]
(a) (i) guard (cells)

34
1
(ii) any one from:

ignore reference to cells
• allow carbon dioxide to enter

allow control loss / evaporation of water or control transpiration rate
• allow oxygen to leave.
allow ‘gaseous exchange’
1
(b) (i) 200

correct answer gains 2 marks with or without working
allow 1 mark for 0.1 × 0.1 = 0.01 (mm2)
2
(ii) more / a lot of / increased water loss

allow plant more likely to wilt (in hot / dry conditions)
1
(c) (i) 0.12

1
(ii) the lower surface has most stomata

1
stomata are now covered / blocked (by grease)

1
so water cannot escape / evaporate from the stomata

ignore waterproof
to gain credit stomata must be mentioned at least once
1
[9]
A + B most effective (treatment)

35
ignore descriptions of LDL levels
1

D is (the most) effective (treatment)
D is the best single (treatment)
1
neither A nor B (alone) are effective

allow increase risk of heart disease instead of not effective
1
can’t tell if C is effective

OR
A + C is not effective
1
[4]

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Name: ________________________

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 1 of 112

(a) What is structure A?

Tick one box.

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 2 of 112

Tick one box.

(c) Figure 2 shows a sperm cell.

Describe how a sperm cell is adapted to carry out its function.

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 3 of 112

Root hair cell Process

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 4 of 112

(a) Use the scale to determine the width of the cell.

Give your answer to the nearest micrometre.

Width of cell = _________________ micrometres

(b) Complete the table below.

Part of the blood Function

Carries oxygen around the body

Protects the body against infection

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 5 of 112

Platelets help the blood to clot.

Suggest what might happen if the blood did not clot.

When an organism grows, new cells are produced by cell division.

Tick one box.

(b) Why can cancers grow very large?

Tick one box.

Cancer cells are specialised

Cell division is slow

Cell division is uncontrolled

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 6 of 112

Complete the figure above to show this information.

Tick one box.

Tick one box.

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 8 of 112

This is the method used.

1. Mix amylase solution and starch suspension in a boiling tube.

2. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 °C.

4. Repeat the investigation at different pH values.

The table below shows the students’ results.

Time when no starch was detected

This is not a valid conclusion.

Suggest two reasons why.

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 9 of 112

This is the method used.

1. Put amylase solution and starch suspension into a boiling tube.

2. Make the pH 7.25.

3. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 °C.

4. Measure the amount of sugar produced every 30 seconds.

The results are shown in the figure below.

Mean rate = ________________ units per minute

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 10 of 112

Suggest what you would see in these samples.

After 10 minutes _____________________________________________________

.After 60 minutes _____________________________________________________

(d) The scientist repeated the investigation at 37 °C.

Draw a line on the figure above to show the predicted results.

Malignant tumours are called cancers.

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 11 of 112

Look at the data in the figure above for skin cancer.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

Survival rate increase = _______________ %

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 12 of 112

Compare the survival rates for bowel and prostate cancer.